DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL A RESURSELOR UMANE ADAPTABILITATE i FLEXIBILITATE, seciunea: FLUXURILE INFORMAIONALE I INFORMATICE OPTIMIZATE MOTOR AL DEZVOLTRII DURABILE A ORGANIZAIILOR

OR Sesiune tiinific Internaional organizat de UPM Tg. Mure, noiembrie 2010

DEZVOLTAREA DURABILA A ORGANIZATIILOR MARI REORIENTAREA TEHNOLOGIEI SI PUNEREA SUB CONTROL A RESURSELOR URBANE PRIN TEHNOLOGIA GIS LARGE ORGANIZATIONS SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IMPLEMENTATION AND CONTROL TECHNOLOGY SHIFT A URBAN RESOURCES BY GIS TECHNOLOGY
Veronica DEAC 1, Ioan RUS 1, Clin-Adrian COMES 1
1

Universitatea Petru Maior din TrguMure

Str. Nicolae Iorga, nr.1, Trgu Mure, MURE, 540088, Romnia e-mail: veronica.cucuiet@ea.upm.ro; rus.ioan@ea.upm.ro ; calin.comes@ea.upm.ro;

Abstract: Lucrarea analizeaz conceptul dezvoltrii

durabile, conceptul sistemului informatic geografic, prezint functionarea societilor comerciale a cror activitate este strns legat de administraia public, adic cele al cror obiect de activitate l reprezint reelele edilitare: alimentare cu ap i canalizare, gaze, electricitate, telefoane i propune implementarea tehnologiei GIS n cadrul acestora. Spre exemplu, dezvoltarea durabil subnelege i faptul c societile comerciale mai sus menionate, trebuie s utilizeze resursele cu grij i s le controleze concomitent cu reorintarea i optimizarea fluxului tehnologic. Lucrarea concluzioneaz c pentru a satisface nevoile generaiilor actuale ct i a celor viitoare, va trebui ca protecia i controlul resurselor urbane s fie o politic prioritar pentru aceste societi comerciale alturi de administraiile locale.

Abstract: The paper analyzes sustainable development and the concept of geographical information systems (GIS). It presents the activity of local administrations and the companies that manage the water, gas, energy or phone supplies and it suggests that all the above implement GIS techonologies. For example, sustainable development also implies the fact that local administrations and the companies that manage the local supplies must use them carefully; beyond the resource control, they also have to reorient and optimise their technological flow. The main points of the paper is that in order to respond to the needs of actual and future generations, the proper use of urban resources is a MUST for the responsible companies and local administrations as well.

Cuvinte cheie: Sistem informatic geografic, flux

tehnologic, optimizare

Keywords:

Geografical Information tehnological flow, optimization.

System,

Veronica DEAC, Ioan RUS, Clin-Adrian COMES

Clasificare JEL: H70, O31

JEL Classification: H70, O31

1 INTRODUCERE

1 INTRODUCTION

Conceptul de dezvoltare durabil a prins sens The concept of sustainable development became dup declanarea crizelor economice mondiale din understood after the onset of global economical anii 60, 70 care au atras dup ele probleme legate crisis of the 60s, 70s, which have led to problems de deteriorarea mediului ambient, de limitarea related to damage of environmental ambient, a modelelor de dezvoltare economic existente (din punct de vedere ecologic) dar i o diferen mai proteciei mediului natural. n acest context societatea a fost nevoit s gndeasc i s elaboreze programe ecologice, de protecie a mediului natural, relaia limitation of existing economic development models (ecologically) , and also a greater between the living standards of population and natural environment protection duty. In this context, the society was forced to think and

mare ntre nivelurile de trai ale populaiei i datoria difference

dintre to develop environmental programs, protection of human activities and natural environment being on The literature has made over the years many concept from the semnification of the word stave off / hold" or "support from below." A

activitile umane i mediul natural fiind vizat in natural environment, the relationship between primul rnd. anilor nenumrate definiii a acestui concept. Noi semnificaia cuvntului durabil care are rdcini sprijini de jos. O comunitate trebuie s fie Literatura de specialitate a formulat de-a lungul the top. nelegem acest concept cel mai bine pornind de la definitions of this concept. We best understand this n limba latin, nsemnnd a stvili/reine sau a "sustainable" which has roots in Latin, meaning "to sprijinit de jos de ctre locuitorii actuali i viitori. community must be supported from below by the Adic este vorba despre o continuitate ntr-un viitor current and future residents. There is a continuity in nedefinit, fr epuizarea resurselor cheie. Deasemenea principiul dezvoltrii integreaz trei domenii generale care trebuie regndite i reorientate: producia, consumul i protectia mediului. Sistemele GIS permit utilizatorilor din ntreaga an undefined future without key resource depletion. durabile Also, principle of sustainable development and integrates three areas that must be rethought and reoriented production, consumption environmental protection.

DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL A RESURSELOR UMANE ADAPTABILITATE i FLEXIBILITATE, seciunea: FLUXURILE INFORMAIONALE I INFORMATICE OPTIMIZATE MOTOR AL DEZVOLTRII DURABILE A ORGANIZAIILOR Sesiune tiinific Internaional organizat de UPM Tg. Mure, noiembrie 2010

lume s-i mprteasc ideile cu privire la modul de a rspunde nevoilor lor de resurse, utilizarea garanta supravieuirea generaiilor viitoare. 2 GIS I DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL 2.1. Sisteme GIS - concept i aplicabilitate

GIS systems allow worldwide users to share ideas on how to satisfy their resource needs, their ensure survival of future generations.

eficient a acestora i protejarea mediului pentru a efficient use and environmental protection to

2 GIS AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Ce sunt sistemele GIS? GIS constituie unica soluie 2.1. GIS systems - concept and aplicability prin care se pot rezolva raional, inteligent i What are GIS systems? GIS is the only solution eficient problemele tot mai dificile legate de that can rationally, intelligently and effectively utilizarea resurselor terestre, prin faciliti oferite n prelucrarea i analiza datelor spaiale. solve the more difficult problems related to use of land resources, through facilities offered in the

Aplicabilitatea GIS este practic nelimitat cci processing and analysis of spatial data. marea majoritate a activitilor umane au drept The applicability of GIS is practically unlimited trstur important localizarea n spaiu. n mod natural, un astfel de sistem este utilizat pentru de utilitate public (ap i canalizare, termoficare, electrice, telefonice, gaze, drumuri, ci ferate, linii de transport unui urban, obiectiv etc.), because the vast majority of human activities have the important feature - locatilization in space. and plans, management of public utility networks (water and sewage, heating, electrical, telephone, the optimal location for an

producerea de planuri i hri, gestionarea reelelor Naturally, such a system is used to produce maps

identificarea gas, roads, railways, urban transport lines, etc.), nuclear, investment, the study of the impact of an objective (nuclear power station, airport, etc..) on the

amplasamentului optim pentru o investiie, studiul identification of impactului (central aeroport, etc.) asupra mediului ambiant, etc.

GIS este o colecie organizat compus din environment, etc. hardware, software, date geografice i personal, GIS is an organized collection consists of destinat prelucrrii, achiziiei, analizei i stocrii, afirii actualizrii, hardware, software, geographic data and staff, for informaiilor the acquisition, storage, updating, processing, analysis and display of geographic information in accordance with the specifications of a domain of Concerning this definition must be specified following: hardware component means both

geografice n conformitate cu specificaii ale unui domeniu aplicativ. urmtoarele: 1. componenta hardware nseamn att platforma

Referitor la aceast definiie trebuie precizate application.

de calcul ct i echipamente periferice pentru 1. the

Veronica DEAC, Ioan RUS, Clin-Adrian COMES

introducerea rezultatelor;

datelor

pentru

afiarea

computing platform and peripheral equipment for data entry and for results communication (display); 2. the software component should provide a set of basic functions of general application, and at the same time to allow adaptation / extension to the specifics of any application; the functions provided should allow both vectorial analysis and automated with cartography database and image and processing and spatial modeling (raster), together management multimedia access; the most expensive and long-lived component of a GIS is geographic database. Data entry is an operation of a considerable importance and it can be done by: digitizing, scanning / tracing, field measurements (total station), image processing of remote sensing, digital photogrammetry, conversion of other formats (including CAD); 4. The staff component means a team of three specialist categories: those that implement the basic software, those who create and maintain digital database, and those who use the software and geographic data to solve practical problem. 2.2. Why using GIS technology? GIS integrates complex, homogeneous, distributed databeses and decision support facilities, this could be a crucial aid in the management of any complex GIS technology uses spatially referenced database

2. componenta software trebuie s ofere o serie de funcii de baz, cu aplicabilitate general, i n acelai timp s permit adaptarea/extinderea la specificul oricrei aplicaii; funciile oferite trebuie s permit att analiz vectorial i cartografie automat, ct i prelucrarea imaginilor i modelare spaial, laolalt cu gestiune de baze de date i acces multimedia; 3. componenta date geografice este determinant: cea mai costisitoare i longeviv component a Introducerea datelor este o operaiune de o importan considerabil i se poate face prin: digitizare, scanare/vectorizare, din msurtori n teren (staii totale), prelucrarea imaginilor de teledetecie, fotogrametrie digital, conversie din alte formate (n special CAD); 4. componenta personal nseamn o echip format din trei categorii de specialiti: cei care implementeaz software-ul de baz; cei care creeaz i ntrein baza de date digitale; cei care utilizeaz software-ul i baza de date geografice pentru a rezolva probleme concrete. 2.2. De ce utilizarea tehnologiei GIS? GIS integreaz baze de date complexe, omogene, distribuite i faciliti de suport al deciziilor, astfel poate fi un ajutor fundamental n managementul oricrei organizaii complexe, cu sarcini multiple, interdependente. spaial (prin coordonate), un sistem de tratare

unui GIS este baza de date geografice. 3. the geographical data component is decisive:

Tehnologia GIS utilizeaz baze de date referite organization with multiple, interdependent tasks.

DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL A RESURSELOR UMANE ADAPTABILITATE i FLEXIBILITATE, seciunea: FLUXURILE INFORMAIONALE I INFORMATICE OPTIMIZATE MOTOR AL DEZVOLTRII DURABILE A ORGANIZAIILOR Sesiune tiinific Internaional organizat de UPM Tg. Mure, noiembrie 2010

adecvat a acestora, echipamente specifice pentru (by coordinates), a proper treatment system, introducerea, stocarea, actualizarea i afiarea equipment for the placing, storing, updating and datelor spaiale, precum i un personal specializat. displaying spatial data and a specialized staff.

Tabel 1- Metode pentru construirea bazelor de date GIS / Methods for building GIS databases

Surse de date (Data sources) Hri i planuri manuscrise (Manuscripted maps and plans) Imagini satelitare, aeriene (Satellite, aerial images) Date digitale produse de sisteme CAD sau de cartografiere automat (Digital data produced by CAD systems or automatic mapping) Msurtori de teren: (Field Measurements:) informaii stocate ca fiiere ASCII (- Information stored as ASCII files) manuscrise (- Manuscripts) GPS (GPS) Tabele, foi de calcul (n format dBASE) (Tables, spreadsheets (dBASE format) )

Metode utilizate (Used methods) Digitizare sau scanare (i vectorizare) (Digitization or scanning (and tracing)) Clasificri de imagini (Classifications files) Import (Import)

Citire direct fiier text (Direct text file reading ) Introducere de coordonate de la tastatur (Coordinate input from the keyboard)

Import (Import) Citire direct fiier dBASE (Direct dBASE file reading )

Veronica DEAC, Ioan RUS, Clin-Adrian COMES

Surs: Petrescu (2007) / Source: Petrescu (2007)

Baza de date GIS: exemplu / GIS Database: Example

Orice sistem informatic GIS trebuie s includ A GIS system should include facilities to meet the faciliti pentru a rspunde urmtoarelor 5 ntrebri following five generic questions: generice: a. LOCALIZARE: "Ce se afl la ... ?" Aceast ntrebare urmrete a. LOCATION: "What is at ...?" This question seeks to identify the objects / identificarea phenomena located in a specific geographical geographical coordinates. b. CONDITION: "Where is ...?" This question aims at finding the exact position of an object/phenomenon or a specified set of requirements (eg. minimum of 2,000 square

obiectelor/fenomenelor amplasate la o anumit location specified by name, street address or poziie geografic specificat prin denumire, adres potal, sau coordonate geografice. b. CONDIIE: "Unde se afl ... ?" Aceast ntrebare urmrete aflarea poziiei exacte a unui obiect/fenomen sau a unui ansamblu de

cerine specificate (de exemplu: zon despdurit deforested area with soil suitable for construction de minimum 2000 m.p. cu sol propice construciei of buildings, located at less than 100 m of a road).

DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL A RESURSELOR UMANE ADAPTABILITATE i FLEXIBILITATE, seciunea: FLUXURILE INFORMAIONALE I INFORMATICE OPTIMIZATE MOTOR AL DEZVOLTRII DURABILE A ORGANIZAIILOR Sesiune tiinific Internaional organizat de UPM Tg. Mure, noiembrie 2010

de cldiri, situat la cel mult 100 m de o osea). c. TENDINE: "Ce s-a modificat de cnd ... ?" Aceast ntrebare urmrete

c. TRENDS: "What has changed since ...?" This question aims to reveal the changes occurred

evidenierea in a geographic area over a period of time. area ...?" searching for cause-effect correlations (eg, cancer is a major cause of death for residents near a nuclear power) or faults occurring at a time in an

modificrilor survenite ntr-o zon geografic de-a d. SPECIAL: "What features are manifested in the lungul unei perioade de timp. manifest n zona ... ?" Aceast ntrebare presupune o analiz complex cutnd corelaii de tipul cauz-efect (de exemplu: d. PARTICULARITI: "Ce particulariti se This question requires a complex analysis such as

este cancerul cauza major a morii pentru area with known characteristics. rezidenii din preajma unei centrale nucleare?) sau e. MODELING: "What would happen if ...?" anomalii aprute la un moment dat ntr-o zon cu This question involves a comprehensive analysis caracteristici cunoscute. e. MODELARE: "Ce s-ar ntmpla dac ... ?" Aceast ntrebare presupune o analiz complex urmrind anticiparea impactului unui eveniment (adugarea/eliminarea/transformarea unui obiect sau fenomen) asupra mediului nconjurtor. 2.3. Devoltarea durabil a organizaiilor mari 2.3. Sustainable development of large companies prin tehnologia GIS acestora se poate realiza cu ajutorul unui GIS through GIS tehnology achieved with a urban GIS. This is a particular case Utilizarea eficient a resurselor urbane i controlul Efficient use and control of urban resources can be urban. Acesta reprezint un caz particular de sistem of geographic information system for urban informatic geografic pentru aezrile urbane. settlements. Aplicaiile unui GIS urban n administrarea Applications of an urban GIS in urban resource resurselor urbane includ o mare diversitate de management include a wide variety of applications aplicatii printre care i proiectarea i ntreinerea implementate de regul n cadrul administraiei including network design and maintenance of within local government (municipalities and county reelelor edilitare. n mod natural acestea sunt utilities. Naturally, these are usually implemented locale (primrii i consilii judeene). Pe lng councils). In addition to these institutions, there is a aceste instituii, exist o serie ntreag de societi number of companies whose activity is closely comerciale a cror activitate este strns legat de linked to local government and whose business is aimed at anticipating the impact of an event (adding / removing / changing an object / phenomenon) on the environment.

Veronica DEAC, Ioan RUS, Clin-Adrian COMES

administraia local i a cror obiect de activitate l canalizare, termoficare, electricitate, telefoane, gaze, gospodrie comunal. Un sistem informatic GIS urban

municipal networks: water supply and sanitation, household. An urban GIS computer system dedicated to urban

reprezint reelele edilitare: alimentare cu ap i heating, electricity, telephones, gas, municipal

dedicat resource management must be built on the and assignation, environment, urban

administrrii resurselor urbane trebuie s fie following minimum layers: the basic plan, land, construit minim pe urmtoarele straturi suprapuse: zoning plan de baz, cadastru, zonri i arondri, mediu nconjurtor, reele edilitare i reeaua axelor strzilor. Acolo unde ntreprinderile tradiionale conduc la durabil ofer soluii viabile i de durat. De aceea networks and the network of streets axes. Where traditional enterprises lead to pollution and excessive consumption of resources, sustainable development provides sustainable and lasting companies through the implementation of GIS

poluare, consum excesiv de resurse, dezvoltarea solutions. The computerization of the work of this informatizarea activitii acestor ntreprinderi prin technology can be regarded as a mean of implementarea unei tehnologii GIS poate fi optimizing the use of urban resources. Moreover, considerat un mijloc de optimizare ale utilizrii resurselor urbane. Mai mult tehnologia GIS permite GIS allows the reorientation and optimization technology as a strategy for economic growth and

reorintarea i optimizarea fluxului tehnologic i ca environmental protection also, bringing quality of o strategie de cretere economic i de protejare a life benefits. These two objectives can be achieved mediului nconjurtor, aducnd beneficii calitii by using GIS technology since they allow: vieii. Cele dou obiective pot fi atinse deoarece network tehnologiile GIS permit: i echipamentelor din sistemul de distribuie; inventarierea cerinelor consumatorilor; cartarea distribuie; nregistrarea lucrrilor de defeciunilor, intervenie i planificarea i supravegherea reelelor planning and maintenance of equipment in the distribution system;

planificarea lucrrilor de ntreinere a reelelor inventory of consumer demands; mapping networks; de failures works registraion, and planning intervention of affected indentification and monitoring of distribution

consumers; pollutants, locating sources of pollution and to warn consumers; planning works to extend the distribution networks;

identificarea identify pathways affected by the infiltration of

consumatorilor afectai n caz de avarie; identificarea traseelor afectate de infiltrarea unor substane poluante, localizarea surselor de poluare i avertizarea consumatorilor;

DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL A RESURSELOR UMANE ADAPTABILITATE i FLEXIBILITATE, seciunea: FLUXURILE INFORMAIONALE I INFORMATICE OPTIMIZATE MOTOR AL DEZVOLTRII DURABILE A ORGANIZAIILOR Sesiune tiinific Internaional organizat de UPM Tg. Mure, noiembrie 2010

planificarea lucrrilor de extindere a reelelelor de distribuie; inventarierea, analiza i obiectivelor de pe teren; nou obiectiv; planificarea operaiilor de ntreinere, reparaii; proiectarea, reelelor; analize demografice pentru planificarea ntreinerea i optimizarea

inventory, analysis and monitoring of physical targets;

supravegherea identify the optimal location for a new target; planning maintenance and repair;

identificarea amplasamentului optim pentru un design, maintenance and network optimization; demographic analysis for planning and anticipation of the peak load distribution for electric networks; planning operations to solve consumer complaints and referrals; collection of bills by consumers assignation; de rezolvare a analysis of areas where failures occur frequently; identification and prompt notification to all consumers affected by the interruption of business networks; unde apar frecvente Other benefits bring by this technology to the companies that manage municipal networks are: Building a centralized spatial database that is accessible to all departments of the institution; The access to quality information becomes possible for decision-makers; afectai de ntreruperea

distribuiei i anticiparea vrfurilor de sarcin optimize the work of meter reading and n cazul reelelor electrice; planificarea operaiilor reclamaiilor i sesizrilor consumatorilor; optimizarea activitii de citire a contoarelor i ncasare analiza a facturilor prin arondarea consumatorilor; zonelor disfuncionaliti; identificarea i ntiinarea prompt a tuturor consumatorilor temporar a activitii reelelor; Alte beneficii pe care le aduce aceast tehnologie la

nivelul ntreprinderilor ce administreaz reelele Increase the efficiency of curent activities in edilitare sunt: communities; Construirea spaiale The emergence of new services for both users centralizate care s fie accesibil tuturor within the institution and for citizens; compartimentelor instituiei; Increasing the capacity of communication between departments of the institution and between the institution and the citizens; activitilor curente quickly finding a network, detecting all information related to the taps of an owner in al factorilor de decizie; Creterea eficienei desfurate n localiti; unei baze de date

Devine posibil accesul la informaie de calitate

Veronica DEAC, Ioan RUS, Clin-Adrian COMES

Apariia unor noi tipuri de servicii att pentru pentru utilizatorii din cadrul instituiei ct i pentru ceteni; compartimentele instituiei i ntre instituie i ceteni; Gsirea rapid a unei reele, aflarea tuturor informaiilor legate de branamentele unui proprietar n timpul cel mai scurt; Organizarea ct mai bun i mai corect, corespunztoare cu situaia real a datelor; Eliminarea informaiilor neutile clasei de utilizatori ce o folosesc i anume curbe de nivel, coordonate geografice; Posibilitatea actualizri n permanen i a extinderii GIS-ului prin adugarea de noi ridicri topografice GIS; Posibilitatea de cutare foarte uoar a oricrei informaii sau reea; Posibilitatea de a realiza statistici i analize extinderea reelelor in alte zone; i nu in ultimul rnd utilizatorilor. 3 CONCLUZII Pe plan internaional recunoaterea rolului crucial urbane a avut loc nc de la nceputul deceniului trecut. cu aceleai tipuri de

the shortest time; The best and most correct organizing, the data corresponding to the real situation; users that use it (contours, geographic

Creterea capacitii de comunicare ntre Removal unuseful information for class of coordinates); Ability and constantly updates the GIS's expansion by adding new topographic surveys with the same types of information suitable for framing in GIS; Ability of easy search of any information or network; Ability to perform useful statistics and analysis of feasibility studies on expanding networks in other areas; And last but not least productivity of users.

informaii pentru ncadrarea corespunztoare n 3 CONCLUSIONS Internationally recognition the crucial role of GIS technology in urban resource management took place early in the last decade. Nationally GIS is a young field and the application This situation is due on the one hand to the great productivitatea amount of knowledge to be assimilated by the staff assigned to work in the field and on the other hand, to considerable resources (financial, human and technological) to be allocated. Because the resources available within the

folositoare unor studii de fezabilitate privind of its results in practice is still in a fairly slow pace.

al tehnologiei GIS n administrarea resurselor perimeter of urban settlements are limited, it follows that, to ensure the solving of current problems of a city there is no other solution than

Pe plan naional GIS este un domeniu tnr iar using those resources more efficiently.

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DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL A RESURSELOR UMANE ADAPTABILITATE i FLEXIBILITATE, seciunea: FLUXURILE INFORMAIONALE I INFORMATICE OPTIMIZATE MOTOR AL DEZVOLTRII DURABILE A ORGANIZAIILOR Sesiune tiinific Internaional organizat de UPM Tg. Mure, noiembrie 2010

aplicarea rezultatelor sale n practic se face nca ntr-un ritm destul de lent. Aceast situaie se datoreaz pe de o parte volumului mare de

Such an approach can only be put into practice with the help of new technologies to be able to reduce both consumption and operating costs. GIS is just

cunotine ce trebuie asimilate de ctre personalul one of those technologies. Its use can contribute desemnat s lucreze n domeniu i, pe de alta parte, significantly to the efficient administration of urban resurselor considerabile (finaciare, umane, resources while meeting the needs of present generations and the future ones. tehnologice) care trebuie alocate. ntruct resursele disponibile n cadrul perimetrului unei aezari urbane sunt limitate, urmeaz c, pentru asigurarea rezolvrii problemelor curente ale unui ora nu exist alt soluie dect utilizarea ct mai eficient a acestor resurse. O astfel de abordare nu poate fi pus n practic dect pe baza unor noi tehnologii care s fie capabile s reduc att consumurile ct i costurile de exploatare. GIS este tocmai una dintre aceste tehnologii de vrf. Utilizarea sa poate contribui n mod hotrtor la administrarea eficient a resurselor urbane concomitent cu satisfacerea nevoilor generaiilor actuale ct i a celor viitoare.

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Veronica DEAC, Ioan RUS, Clin-Adrian COMES Database Design, and Storage, ESRI Inc., Redlands, CA, USA, 1994 Environmental Systems Research [10] [11] [12] [13] Institute What Is GIS?, http://www.esri.com/software/arcgis/concepts/overview.htm, 2005 Environmental Systems Research Institute Evolving Computing Architecture, http://www.esri.com/software/standards/evolving.html, ianuarie 2005. Petrescu Florian Sisteme informatice gerografice n urbanism i amenajarea terotoriului, Matrix Rom, Bucureti 2007 Savulescu, C., Srghiu, R., Abdulamit, A., Bugnariu, T., Turcu, L., Barbu, C. Fundamente GIS, *H*G*A*, Bucureti, 2000 Worboys, M. F. Geographic Information Systems: A Computing Perspective, Taylor and Francis, London, Philadelphia, 2000 [14] [15] www.ec-gis.org www.gis.com

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