FACULTATEA DE MEDICINA CATEDRA DE LIMBI MODERNE PROGRAMA ANALITICA PENTRU LIMBA ENGLEZA ANUL I - 2014-2015 Semestrul 2 1. Chirurgie + Surgery * Surgical instruments © The surgeon 2. Instrumente si aparaturit medicala * Hightech Medicine and its Consequences © Medical Imaging © Grammar and Vocabulary Test (TOEFL)- Cliff 1-5; Barron’s Test 7 ute afectiw + Disorders of the blood * Disorder of the circulatory system * Endocrine disorders * Disorders of the nervous system + Disorders of the respiratory tractcHAPe De suRcERY 73 1. One ofthe most dramatic medical procedures is surgery. Ever since ancica tines, people have ried to cure medical problems by eutting into the body. Surgical operations are depicted on the tombs of the Egyptian Pha- raohs, dating from 3000 a.c. These early operations were painful and hazardous. Ifan amputation was necessary, for example, alcohol was often ‘used fo dul the pain Somewhat, but the patient did not have the benefit of an effective anesthetic drug, And after the surgery was performed, there was reat risk of infection because the use of antiseptics was unknown, 2. Today, operations are performed under sterile conditions, and reat care is taken during and after each operation to avoid infection. A variety of anesthetic drugs are available to make the patient pain-free during the operation, and highly trained medical specialists (anesthesiologsts) can determine the proper drug and dosage to use. Many operations which used to require lengthy hospital stays are now performed under local anesthetic, often on an outpatient basis. Hernia repair (herniorshaphy), hemorthoidec- omy, and cataract removal are some of the operations that have been dramatically improved in recent years. Greater precision and smaller inc sions aceatly decrease the risk and pain of surgery as well asthe recuperation period and cost. - 3. In recent years, major advances have been made. Operationé are now performed that were not even imagined 30 years ago. Clogged blood vessels ean be cleaned out or replaced. Kidneys, livers, and even hearts and Jungs can be transplanted from one person to another. Heart valves are routinely replaced, and severed limbs sewn back onto the body. 4. Those sophisticated operations require extremely skilled and expe sicnced physicians, Most surgeons concentrate on learning and practicing in one atea of surgery. An otthopeste surgeon, for example, repairs of replaces broken or damaged bones, while a neurosurgeon handles surgery involving thenervous system. A plastic surgeon repairs or replaces defects of form and funetion, mast commonly on the skin, head, limbs, breasts, and extern: tenitalia. A thorasie sargson operates on paticnls with chest and respiratory Bilmenis, General surgeons operate mostly on the abdominal organs breass, and endocrine glands 5. Most patents are referred to a surgeon by their regular internist or family physician, who has recognized the possible need for surgical involve- ‘ment After examining the patient and the medical records from the patient's physician, the surgeon must determine whether surgery is needed and can, improve the patient's condition without undue risk. Sometimes, exploratory surgery must be done to determine whether corrective surgery should be undertaken. 6. Surgery may be classified as emergency, urgent, requited, elective, or optional. Emergency surgery is done when therc isa life-threatening crisisu SURGERY which demands immediate action (for example, a tracheotomy, which is done to enable a patient to breathe). Urgent surgery requires prompt but not immediate action. Required surgery is that which the patient needs to cure a particular health problem but which can be postponed for weeks or months, Elective surgery can correct a condition but is not necessary to the health of the patient (for example, middle-ear surgery 10 correct a hearing loss). Optional surgery is done primarily for cosmetic rather than health reasons, Exploratory surgery is performed for diagnostic purposes. 7. A patient about to undergo surgery is instructed not to eat or drink anything for several hours prior to the operation in order to make it easier for the surgeon to operate and to avoid complications from the anesthetic. A patient is often given an enema just before the operation to void the colon of waste material. Sometimes, a urinary catheter is used to drain the bladder. ‘The area to be operated on is shaved and scrubbed with soap, and an antiseptic is applied to avoid infection. 8. The patient is then whecled into the operating room and placed on the operating table, A blood pressure cuff is attached to one arm just above the elbow to measure the blood pressure at regular intervals, and an intra- venous (IV) line attached to a catheter is inserted into the other arm. This allows intravenous solution to be given to help maintain the body fluids and also to provide a way to administer essential drugs during the operation. The site of the operation is draped (sterile sheets placed around the operation site), leaving an opening at the incision area. A mask may be placed over the patient's mouth and nose, or a tube may be placed in the trachea through which a general anesthetic and oxygen are given. Some types of anesthetic drugs are administered directly with a hypodermic needle. Donated blood of the same type as the patient's may be on hand in case a transfusion becomes necessary. 9. ‘The surgeon is assisted by a large staff. There is usually an assistant sturgeon of two, who are probably interns or residents. The patiei’s physi- cian may also be present. The chief operating-room nurse supervises the operating-room nursing staff, which includes a scrub murse in charge of sirglent supple and equipmicit; a elrewlating nurse, wt ress in stele own, who Is in charge of aetlvities onside the sterile theater; and an orderly {© help move the patient. 10. An important member of the surgical team isthe anesthesiologist, ‘This specialist is responsible for administering the anesthetic that renders the patient insensible of pain during the operation, Great care must be taken to provide enough anesthetic to keep the patient unconscious, yet not so much that it will dangerously lower the patient’ respiration, pulse, or blood Pressure, The patient’s history of allergies must also be considered in deter ‘mining the type of anesthetic that is to be used. Anesthetics probably present the greatest risk to the patient during an operation. Improper use could cause severe allergic’reaction resulting in shock or cardiac or respiratory arrest. 11, Surgery requires a large variety of specialized equipment. In addi- tion to the special operating table, there ave high anesthesia machine, A main instrument luble is covered with @ tion of sealpels, forceps, suture needles, retsactors, and other instruments ‘There are vacwum machines to suck out excess blood and other Muids from the part of the body being operated upon, Containers of bloud and dextrose are on hand. There are wash basins and refuse bins. A special sponge stand hholds the used sponges (cotton pads used for mopping blood). 12. An operation may be completed in less than an hour, or it may last for several hours. Before the patient is sewn up, the used sponges and she instruments are always counted by the cisculating nurse and one other pevson to ensute that none have been left inside the patient's body, Once surgery is completed, careful postoperative care is begun. The wound is carefully bandaged, and the dressings are changed frequent. The patient is wheeled into a recovery room ad kept there until awakening irom the oreps,eractors, and section m speciaied equipment used in surgery. (Mark26 suncery anesthetic. Often, the patient is them taken to an intensive earé unit, where the vital signs are carefully monitored. Once out of danger, the patient is taken t0 a hospital room or ward, Early ambulation is prescribed to prevent blood cots and bed sores. When the services of the hospital staff and wipment are no longer needed, the patient is retumed home or to an intermediate-care facility, where recuperation is completed 13, During the first few days after surgery, a routine is followed which helps co prevent many of the problems that have killed surgical patients im the past. The hospital room is kept as sterile as possible through {he use of antiseptics, Paeumoniais prevented by antibiotics and respiratory herapy. The development of embolisms (clots which form in a blood vessel snl Havel co other. evitiet sites) is reduced by early postaperative ambula- tion, Aud shiek, which wed ft he the ns! enmninon enuge of postoperative death, if held to a sniaimuns by the use of blood and plasma transfusion. 4, Another risk associated with surgery is human ertor. A patient rusts the surgeon f© be competent and conscientious and presumes that everything possible will be done 10 make dhe operation a suecess, But anistakes may happen wel eesult in serious injury to the patient. Hospitals dnd niost medical professionals carry medical malpractice (professional Viability) insurance to compensate the patient for any injury resulting from negligence 15. Although modern surgery can produce amazing results with mini i. the benefits are likely to carry @ huge price tag. Despite a substan on in she number of days ome spends in a hospital for an opera 1 surgers is ikely to cost many thousands of dollars © account the cos ofthe hospital room, the operating oom, st's charge, and the surgeon's fee, along withthe expenses for drugs and equipment. People not covered by medical insurance can have their savings wiped out by the costs of surgery and related medical care yal tion, even the simp! when takin SPECIAL TERMS Some Reasons far Surgery corrective surgery —srgety in which the aim is to treat the problem, elective suc gical procedure that need not be performed imme: ia crelore be planned at the patient’s convenience; an ‘operation that is not essential for the patient's survival. exploratory surgery—surgery performed for diagnos cover the nature or extent of the problem. purposes, to dis- Operating Room Equipment and Instruments catheter~a tube for evacuating or injecting fuids, often used to give pa tients water, blood, oF medication during surgery; also used to remove dressing ~a protective or supportive covering for a wound. 1 instrument for holding, rubbing, or extracting, (There are ny different types for different surgleal procedures.) Fovceys intravenous line—a method of getting life-saving fluids and/or medication directly into the patient's vein. (Often, a catheter is used to create this line.) retragtors—instruments for holding back the margins of a wound; used to ‘hold the surgical site open during an operation, scalpel—a small, straight surgical knife with a convex edge on ts thin, very sharp blade. sponge—an absorbent pad made of gauze and cotton, commonly used in surgery to absorb blood. sutures-—another name for the stitches used in sewing up the opening (inci- sion) aftes,an operation, Other Medical Vocabulary wulation—walking about; moving of one’s own volition. Early ambula- ‘ion is encouraged after surgery to prevent complications such as a blood clot. amputation the cutting off of part of the body; a surgical procedure that may be necessary due to disease or infection. ‘medical malpractice —improper or negligent treatment of a patient. Patients sometimes sue physicians, claiming malpractice, so most physicians have malpractice insurance. operation ~a surgical procedure; cutting into the body for medical reasons.7) surasRy ‘outpattent—a patient who receives treatment at a hospital but is not hospi- talized overnight, shock~a clinical syndrome involving a disturbance of the oxygen supply to issues and the return of blood to the heart. During surgery, shock may be caused by hemorrhage, hypotension (low blood pressure), respira- tory failure, cardiac irregularity, or stroke, Sterile~perfectly clean; germfree. Ail surgical instruments must be ster- ilized to avoid infection, {rachea—a tube going from the larynx (voice box) to the bronchial tubes; ‘commonly called the windpipe. During surgery, a ube may be placed in the truchew 10 administer unesthetle oF oxygen, ‘ital signs indications of functions essential to life, Blood pressure, pulse, rate of respiration, and temperature are the major vital signs. ‘VOCABULARY PRACTICE 1, What do surgeons call an operation that is performed in order to determine the cause of a patient's symptoms? . What is an outpatient? . What things in an operating room must be sterile? . During surgery, what is a sponge used for? What insirument is used to make an incision atthe beginning of an operation? 6. What instrument would a surgeon be likely to use to remove a I sponge from the surgical site? 7. During surgery, what are retractors used for? 8. What are the major vital signs essential to human life that must be monitored during surgery? ] 9. Why might a patient go into shock during surgery? 10, What are some uses of catheters during operations? 1. Whi one is a surgical procedure: ambulation or amputation? 12, What do surgeons use (0 sew up the patient's incision after sur- gery? surgery 19 13, After the surgical incision has been closed, what is often put over itt 14, Whom does malpractice insurance protect? 15. If a patient has a hearing loss 3 might improve the patient's heating, woul sidered corrective or elective or both? the physician says that surgery the op: EXERCISES I. DISCUSSING MEDICAL MATTERS, 1, What are some general reasons why phys to patients? 2. How is a patient prepared for major surgery? Discuss what hap: pens from the time of hospital admission Co the time that the patient is wheeled into the operating coorn. 3. Once the patient is in the opera'ing room ens inne diately prior to surgery? Discuss peparations for an itoring vital signs, and creating 2 germ-free envi 4, What kinds of things can happer: during surgery tha the medical personnel or zhe hospital vulnerable 1o.9 ialpr: suit? cedure that you have had or are faa asan ote jan performed the surgery, Discuss a surgical with, Was it major or m of inpatient? Tell what type of ply the length of the operation, the ype of anesthetic use and type of postoperative cace nee.iet, andl she length surgery? Was i dor Il, ANALYZING WORDS AND WORD PARTS A. The suffixes at the top of page 80 indica ‘On the Hine next to each ward pat, write ils meaning, write a surgical procedure ending Is nthe nest line,List of instruments & equipment Bandage, catheter, curette, drain, forceps, gag, hook, pipette, probe, scalpel, sli 2, splint, stethoscope, stretcher, syringe, thermometer, tourniquet, wheelchair chair with wheels in which an invalid can sit and move around a small, sharp pointed knife used in surgery in instrument used to explore inside a cavity or wound iv instrument similar to a pair of scissors, used for holding and pulling, =a long spoon, used for scraping the inside of an organ thin glass tube used for taking and measuring samples of liquids =a device used to constrict an artery and reduce the flow of blood in instrument with a bent end, used for holding structures apart tube used to remove liquid from the body or the site of an operation = an instrument which is placed between the patient’s teeth to stop him closing the tube with a plunger which slides inside it, forcing the contents out through a needle =a tube which is passed into the body along ofie of the passages piece of cloth which is wrapped round a wound or injured limb a triangular piece of cloth attached around the neck, used to support a broken arm folding bed, with handles, on which an injured person can be carried by two people stiff support attached to a limb to prevent a broken bone from moving, = two earpieces connected to a tube and a metal disc, used to listen to sounds inside the =a device used for measuring temperature ‘Verbs - talking about patients Adapted, aggravated, broke, burnt, controlled, developed, exacerbated, fractured, overcame, picked up, prolonged, rebuilt, received, recovered, required, strained, suffered, trembled, underwent, weakened 1. He must have the disease when he was travelling in Africa 2. He ssseen anew kidney from his brother. 3. He his back lifting the table. 4. She ssoseeoe from her concussion in a few days. 5. The doctors decided that her condition ....... Surgery. 6. She... her disabilities and now leads a normal life 7. She ..suseo fom poor circulation, which made her feel the cold. 8. After the accident her pelvis was completely .. 9. She. several operations, 10. She well to her new diet. 11. She fell off the wall and her leg, 12, She ....ssee her hand on the hot frying pan 13. He ... his asthma with a bronchodilator. 14. The sore throat ......... into an attack of meningitis. 15. The cold damp weather . his chest condition. 16. His tibia . in two places. 17, He Was «se by the disease and could not resist further infection, 18. The treatment .. her life by three years. 19. Playing football only ........ his knee injury. 20. His hands ......... with the cold.Equipment! © Write the number of each piece of equipment nex! tin correct word. scissors onde forceps examination light scalpel weighing seales nal speculum sysinge tongue depressor Kidney dish stethoscope needle thermonicter catheter medlicing pot cotton woo! tourniquet sterile Latex gloves adhesive tape intravenous cannula deessing packReplace the words in bold type (4-26) with weal han the ist a2. Wiite the lotlors it the gtk ischaemia b deloots © sido effects Gaume © allargic 1 foatus 9 rmunological — 1 oreiary | eosyneratic 5 banige he exer | gangentia 1 pectasis 1) contagious: © degenerative P comosive 4 peoplacins "protozoa metabolic: + epidemic 4 malignant ¥ infectious W doliciency * —obystuction Y infestation % allergen 1A (1) dating trom bixth disease may be (2) passed down from parents “Lo offspring or may be the result of damage to the (3) unten baby. yen operations, accidents, excessive temperatures, radiation or (5) desteuetive chemicals Mechanical (6) faults lead to Une (2) blocking of tubes or vessels. ical damage may be the result of su An infection or (8) invasion of living organisms may be the cause of disease, These living organisms include viruses, bacterla, (9) worn:-tike parasites, fungi or animal parasites. Some of these diseases are (10) spicad easily between people and the cesult may be a (11) large number of people suffering: fire disease, 1s possible to have a (12) person with the disease but no symptosrs. Some diseases may be (13) passed on by touching. Most (umouts are (L4) new groivthis. Some of these are (15) mild and sel-Tiraiting, while others are (16) cancerous and spread. LITT) Wears; nat decks happens when tissue loses its normal tinction. There iuiy be (18) Lasuificient blood supply to ae orgen hu by snay result in infarction and subsequent (19) deoth oF the tissue, hhemical reactions in the body are upset, the result may be a (20) Ujecniivat conyersion disease, One possible cause Is an excess or (21) holige of certain nuttients in the diet. Coblens In the body's complex defeice mechanism can lead (0 (22) Hotnce cucchdalsma disease, One possible cause ts a (23) leyversensicave reaction to in (24) external substance which (o-iast pscaple ts hormless. ne ut oF polsans tway cause disease because of the 25) unwanted tia OF these drugs. This can be dose-related or (26) Ikave a Teal Heck only on a few people. ‘fafs[a 7[ elo [wl [ie fis] ; ; ii | ii] 16 | 17 | 18] 19 | 20} at] 22] 23 | 24 | 26 | 26 |The surgeon In medicine, a surgeon is a person who performs surgery. Surgery is a broad category of invasive medical treatment that involves the cutting of a body, whether human or animal, for a specific reason such to remove a diseased organ or to repair a tear or breakage. Surgeons may be physicians, dentists, podiatrists or veterinarians. In earlier times, they were also people trained solely in removing bladder stones, but at the present day specialised practitioners would have first been trained in one of the aforementioned professions. Minimally invasive procedures such as the procedures of interventional radiology are sometimes described as “minimally invasive surgery.” The field traditionally described as interventional neuroradiology, for instance, is increasingly called neurointerventional surgery. Some medical doctors who are general practitioners or specialists in family medicine or emergency medicine may perform limited ranges of minor, common, or emergency surgery. Anesthesia often accompanies surgery, and anesthesiologists and nurse anesthetists may oversee this aspect of surgery. First assistants, surgical nurses, surgical technologists and operating department practitioners are trained professionals who support surgeons. Terminology 1. Excision surgery names often start with a name for the organ to be excised (cut out) and end in - ectomy. 2. Procedures involving cutting into an organ or tissue end in -otomy. A surgical procedure cutting through the abdominal wall to gain access to the abdominal cavity is a laparotomy. 3. Minimally invasive procedures involving small incisions through which an endoscope is inserted end in -oscopy. For example, such surgery in the abdominal cavity is called laparoscopy. 4. Procedures for formation of a permanent or semi-permanent opening called a stoma in the body end in -ostomy. 5. Reconstruction, plastic or cosmetic surgery of a body part starts with a name for the body part to be reconstructed and ends in -oplasty. Rhino is used as a prefix for “nose”, so rhinoplasty is basically reconstructive or cosmetic surgery for the nose. 6. Reparation of damaged or congenital abnormal structure ends in -rraphy. Hemniorraphy is the reparation of a hernia, while perineorraphy is the reparation of perineum. ‘Types of surgery © General surgery, despite its name, is a surgical specialty that focuses on abdominal organs, ¢2. intestines including esophagus, stomach, small bowel. colon, liver, pancreas, gallbladder and bile ducts, and often the thyroid gland (depending on the availability of head and neck surgery specialists). They also deal with diseases involving the skin, breast, and hernias. © Cardiothoracic surgery is the field of medicine involved in surgical treatment of diseases affecting organs inside the thorax (the chest). Generally treatment of conditions of the heart (heart disease) and lungs (lung disease). Cardiac surgery (involving the heart and great vessels) and thoracic surgery (involving the lungs and any other thoracfe organ) are separate surgical specialties, except in the USA, where they are frequently grouped together, so that a surgeon training in the cardiothoracie specialty will receive a broader but less specialized experience in both fields. © Colorectal surgery is a field in medicine, dealing with disorders of the rectum or anus. The field is also known as practology, but the term is outdated in the more traditional areas of medicine. The word proctology is derived from the Greek words Proktos, meaning anus or hindparts, and Logos ‘meaning science or study. Physicians specializing in this field of medicine are more commonly called colorectal surgeons, or less commonly, proctologists. Colorectal surgeons often work closely with urologists. : © Pediatric surgery (AE) or paediatric surgery (BE) is a subspecialty of surgery involving the surgery of fetuses, infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. Many pediatric surgeons practice at children’s hospitals.Plastic surgery is @ medical specialty concemed with the correction or restoration of form and function, While famous for aesthetic surgery, plastic surgery also includes many types of reconstructive surgery, hand surgery, microsurgery, and the treatment of burns. The word “plastic” derives from the Greek “plastikos” meaning to mould or to shape. Vascular surgery is a specialty of surgery in which diseases of the vascular system, or arteries and veins, are managed by medical therapy, minimally-invasive catheter procedures, and surgical reconstruction. The specialty evolved from general and cardiac surgery. The vascular surgeon is trained in the diagnosis and management of ‘diseases affecting all parts of the vascular system except that of the heart and brain. Cardiothoracic surgeons manage surgical disease of the heart and its vessels. Neurosurgeons manage surgical disease of the vessels in the brain (e.g. intracranial aneurysms). Transplant surgery is the division of medicine that surgically replaces an organ that is no longer functioning with an organ from a donor that does function. Organs are donated by living and deceased donors in order to save the life of a recipient. Transplant surgeons may also care for the patient prior to their transplant, and continue to care for the patient after transplant surgery. There are many types of transplants in medicine, however, transplant surgery is the only division of surgery that is concemed with organs. Other surgical specialties such as dentistry and orthopedics will use human tissue to repair injuries and defects, but that is not considered “transplant surgery” but the use of a “tissue transplant”. Trauma surgery Trauma surgeons are physicians who have completed residency training in general surgery and often fellowship training in trauma or surgical critical care. The trauma surgeon is responsible for the initial resuscitation and stabilization of the patient, as well as ongoing evaluation. The attending trauma surgeon also leads the trauma team, which typically includes nurses, resident physicians, and support staff. Breast surgery is a form of surgery performed on the breast. Types include: breast reduction surgery, augmentation mammoplasty, mastectomy, lumpectomy, breast-conserving surgery, a less radical cancer surgery than mastectomy, mastopexy, or breast lift surgery. Surgical oncology is the branch ofisurgery which focuses on the surgical management of cancer. The specialty of surgical oncology has evolved in steps similar to medical oncology, which grew out of hematology, and radiation oncology, which grew out of radiology. Endocrine surgery is a surgical procedure that is performed to achieve a hormonal or anti-hormonal effect in the body. The commonest operation is thyroidectomy. Most thyroidectomies are performed through a 1.5-inch incision. This is called minimally invasive thyroid surgery. However, orchiectomy remains a common approach for the hormonal management of prostate cancer because of the simplicity of the procedure, its immediate effect, and the lack of side effects associated with the drugs used to achieve the same hormonal suppression. ‘Skin surgery Dermatology is the branch of medicine dealing with the skin and its diseases, a unique specialty with both medical and surgical aspects. A dermatologist takes care of diseases, in the widest sense, and some cosmetic problems of the skin, scalp, hair, and nails. Otolaryngology or ENT (car, nose and throat) is the branch of medicine that specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of ear, nose, throat, and head and neck disorders, The full name of the specialty is otolaryngology-head and neck surgery. Practitioners are called otolaryngologists-head and neck surgeons, or sometimes otorhinolaryngologists (ORL). Otolaryngology is one of the most competitive specialties to enter for physicians. Oral and maxillofacial surgery is surgery to correct a wide spectrum of diseases, injuries and defects in the head, neck, face, jaws and the hard and soft tissues of the oral and maxillofacial region, It is a recognized international surgical specialty. Orthopaedic surgery or orthopedics (also spelled orthopaedics) is the branch of surgery concerned with conditions involving the musculoskeletal system. Orthopedic surgeons use both surgical and non-surgical means to treat musculoskeletal trauma, sports injuries, degenerative diseases, infections, tumors, and congenital disorders. Nicholas Andry coined the word “orthopaedics”, derived from Greek words for orthos (“correet”, “straight”) and paideion (“child”),vin he published Orthopaedia: or the Art of Correcting and Preventing Deformities in Children in Neurosurgery is the surgery focused on treating structural diseases and spinal column, the central nervous system, and peripheral nervous system amenable to surgical intervention. Neurosurgeons ‘treat all of the same problems that orthopedic spine surgeons treat. The differences in the two specialists with regard to spine surgery have to do with the detailed micro-surgical approach Jeamed in a neurosurgical training program. Neurosurgery generally has the longest training period of all the medical specialties; in America, the neurosurgeon must complete the eight years of pre- medical and medical education, a one year-long surgical internship (where this is not a part of the residency), and five to seven years of neurosurgery residency. Many neurosurgeons pursue an additional one to three years of training in a subspecialty fellowship (like pediatric neurosurgery, epilepsy, tremor, or stroke (“functional”) neurosurgery, microneurosurgery, endovascular or open vascillar neurosurgery, or neuro-oncological surgery). + Ophthalmology is a branch of medicine which deals with the diseases and surgery of the visual pathways, including the eye, hairs, and areas surrounding the eye, such as the lacrimal system and eyelids. The term ophthalmologist is an eye specialist for medical and surgical problems. Since ophthalmologists perform operations on eyes, they ere considered to be both a surgical and medical specialty. The word ophthalmology comes from the Greek roots “ophthalmos” meaning eye and “logos” meaning word, thought or discourse; ophthalmology literally means “the science of eyes”. * Podiatric surgery is a branch of medicine devoted to the study, diagnosis and treatment of disorders of the foot, ankle and lower leg. Within the field of podiatry, practitioners can focus on. many different specialty areas, including surgery, sports medicine, biomechanics, geriatrics, peditrics, orthopedics or primary care. In many English-speaking countries, the older title of “chiropodist” may still be used by some clinicians but is gradually falling out of use. In many non- English-specking countries of Europe, the title used instead of podiatrist may be “podologist” or “podolog”. The level and scope of practice may vary in these counties as compared in the US. + Urology (from Greek oftron, “urine” and -logia “study of") is the surgicel specialty that focuses on ‘the urinary tracts of males and females, and on the reproductive system of males. Medi professionals specializing in the field of urology are called urologists and are trained to diagnose, treat, and manage patients with urological disorders. Both Urologists and General Surgeons operate ‘on the adrenal glands. Urology combines management of medical (i.e, non-surgical) problems such as urinary tract infections and benign prostatic hyperplasia, as well as surgical problems such as the surgical management of cancers, the correction of congenital abnormalities, and comecting stress incontinence. Urology is closely related to, and in some cases overlaps with, the medical fields of oncology, nephrology, gynecology, andrology, pediatric surgery, gastroenterology, and endocrinology. Description of surgical procedure ‘At a hospital, modern surgery is often done in an operating theater using surgical instruments, an operating table for the patient, and other equipment. The environment and procedures used in surgery are governed by the principles of aseptic technique: the strict separation of “sterile” (free of microorganisms) things from “unsterile” or “contaminated” things. Al} surgicel instruments must be sterilized, and an instrument must be replaced or re-sterilized if it becomes contaminated (i.e. handled in an unsterile manner, ot allowed to touch an unsterile surface). Operating room staff must wear sterile attire (scrubs, a sorub cap, a sterile surgical gown, sterile latex or non-latex polymer gloves and a surgical mask), and they ‘must scrub hands end arms with an approved disinfectant agent before each procedure. Prior to surgery, the patient is given a medicel examination and certain pre-operative tests. If these Tesults are satisfactory, the patient signs a consent form and is given a surgical clearance. If the procedure is expected to result in significant blood Joss, an autologous blood donation may be made some weeks prior to surgery. If the surgery involves the digestive system, the patient may be instructed to perform a bowel prep by drinking a solution of polyethylene glycol the night before the procedure. Patients are also instructed to abstain from food or drink. In the pre-operative holding area, the patient changes out of his or her street clothes and is asked to confirm the details of his or her surgery. A set of vitel signs are recorded, a peripheral IV line is placed, and pre-operative medications (antibiotics, sedatives, etc) are given. When the patient enters the operatingroom, the skin surface to be operated on is cleaned and prepared by applying an antiseptic such as chlorhexidine gluconate or povidone-iodine to reduce the possibility of infection. If hair is present at the surgical site, it is clipped off prior to prep application. Sterile drapes are used to cover all of the patient's body except for the surgical site and the patient’s head: the drapes are clipped to a pair of poles near the head of the bed to form an “ether screen”, which separates the anesthetistanesthesiologist’s working area (unsterile) from the surgical site (sterile), Anesthesia is administered to prevent pain ftom incision, tissue manipulation and suturing. Based on the procedure, anesthesia may be provided locally or as general anesthesia. Spinal anesthesia may be used when the surgical site is too large or deep for a local block, but general anesthesia may not be desirable. With local and spinal anesthesia, the surgical site is anesthetized, but the patient can remain conscious or minimally sedated. In contrast, general anesthesia renders the patient unconscious and paralyzed during surgery. The patient is intubated and is placed on a mechanical ventilator, and anesthesia is produced by a combination of injected end inhaled agents. ‘An incision is made to access the surgical site. Blood vessels may be clamped to prevent bleeding, and retractors may be used to expose the site or keep the incision open. The approach to the surgical site may involve several layers of incision and dissection, as in abdominal surgery, where the incision must traverse skin, subcutaneous tissue, three layers of muscle and then peritoneum. In certain cases, bone may be cut to further access the interior of the body; for example, cutting the skull for brain surgery or cutting the sternum for thoracic (chest) surgery to open up the rib cage. Work to correct the problem in body then proceeds. This work may involve: excision - cutting out an orgen, tumor, or other tissue. resection - partial removal of an organ or other bodily structure. reconnection of organs, tissues, particularly if severed, Resection of organs such as intestines involves reconnection. Internal suturing or stepling may be used. Surgical connection between blood vessels or other tubular or hollow structures such as loops of intestine is called anastomosis. ligation - tying off blood vessels, ducts, or “tubes”. grafts - may be severed pieces of tissue cut from the same (or different) body or flaps of tissue still partly connected to the body but resewn for rearranging or restructuring of the area of the body in question Although grafting is often used in cosmetic surgery, it is also used in other surgery. insertion of prosthetic parts when needed, Pins or screws to set and hold bones may be used. Sections of bone may be replaced with prosthetic rods or other parts. Sometime a plete is inserted to replace a damaged area of skull. Artificial hip replacement has become more common. Heart pacemakers or valves may be inserted. Many other types of prostheses are used. creation of a stoma, a permanent or semi-permanent opening in the body arthrodesis - surgical connection of adjacent bones so the bones can grow together into one. Spinal fusion is an example of adjacent vertebrae connected allowing them to grow together into one piece. repair of a fistula, hernia, or prolapse + other procedures, including: = clearing clogged ducts, blood or other vessels + removal of calculi (stones) © draining of accumulated fluids © debridement- removal of dead, damaged, or diseased tissue Blood or blood expanders may be administered to compensate for blood lost during surgery. Once the procedure is complete, sutures or staples are used to close the incision. Once the incision is closed, the anesthetic agents are stopped and/or reversed, and the patient is taken off ventilation and extubated (if general anesthesia was administered). Afier completion of surgery, the patient is transferred to the post anesthesia care unit end closely monitored, When the patient is judged to have recovered from the anesthesia, he/she is either transferred to a surgical ward elsewhere in the hospital or discharged home. During the post-operative period, the patient's general function is assessed, the outoome of the procedure is assessed, and the surgical site is checked for signs of infection. Post-operative therepy may include adjuvant treatment such as chemotherapy, radiation therapy, or administration of medication such as anti-rejection medication for transplants. Other follow-up studies or rehabilitation may be prescribed during and after the recovery period“ cuavren oD) High-Tech Medicine and its Consequences Resonance tmaging (MR system slows dxtort to study vitally any portion of the tomy. (Courtesy of GE Medlcal ystems) HIGH-TECH MEDICINE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 109 1. Chapter 8 discussed emergency medical procedures performed at the site of the emergency, before the patient reaches a hospital. In the hospital (and sometimes even before arrival there) high-tech equipment helps to save lives and minimize injury. To find out how high technology aids in ‘emergency care as well as in medical diagnosis and treatment in general, let's tag along with Eva, a physician asistant (PA), as she tours a large hospital. Her guide is Henry, an emergency medical technician (EMT), Their fist stop is a smallroom, where Gus, another EMT, is taking notes oa the words and numbers flashing on a video display. “Whats going on?” Eva asks. 2. “Well,” says Gus, gesturing at the screen, “this isa readout of what one of our ambulances is doing. Right now Unit 3-2 (that’s the second ambulance based here at South General) is transporting a forty-year-old woman injured in a motor vehicle accident with Code 3 (that’s emergency lights and sirens). It looks like she's got low blood pressure and a fast pulse — Probably shock. She's got a broken leg, 100.” 3._ “Just think. These days we can make a diagnosis before we even see the patient. Aren't we wonderful?” 4. Henry asks, "Do you want to see the Intensive Care Unit? That's where most emergency transports end up if they aren't DOA (dead on artival).” 5. As. patient lies by an array of equipment, the intensive-care nurse describes the ICU to Henry and Eva, as they stand in the doorway of a glass cubicle, one of a row of ten. "Monitoring of basic vital functions is com- pletely automatic,” she points out, “The Swan-Ganz catheter measures the futflow ofthe heat, that screen shows pressures, and that’s the computer- calculated cardiac obput. The blood pressure is measured from another catheter in an artery. Then the computer also has data on urine from a ‘catheter in the bladder. The amount of fluid going into the patient's veins from the IV bottles over there is controlled by the computer. Because the patient's respiratory ability is compromised, there's an endotracheal {ube ‘conpected to the respirator by a plastic hose, and the computer programs the respirator breathing cycles. You can see, there isnt much left to chance.” 6. As Eva watches, the student nurse sitting beside the patient reaches cout and gently wipes the sweat off his brow with a damp eloth. “! wonder whieh is more important, the computer or the nurse's hand,” Eva remarks. 7,_ “Tell me about this pat of thc hospital,” says Eva as they walk inte a erovsded hallway. 8. "This aren we've passing is the CCU (Cardiac Care Unit). And down ths hallway is the diagnostic services wing,” says Henry. “It contains all sorts of X-ray equipment including the Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) and CT scanner. CT means Computerized Tomography. | guess you know about that.”uo HIGH-TECH MEDICINE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 9. “Yes,” says Eva, “It's the machine that makes a picture which looks like a slice through the body.” 10, “It's fascinating,” says Henry. “You can see a blood clot on the brain or a tumor in the abdomen, all without any surgery and in ten minutes corso. And there is ultrasonography, too,” he continues. “It lets you examine a fetus or look at the internal movements of a beating heart.” 11, "One picture is worth a thousand words,” says Eva, 12, “Better yet,” says Henry, “one picture can save a human life.” 13, Hightech equipment has been accused of causing the ercally increased cost of mediealeate. True, the equipment is expensive. Dut some- times high-tech procedures save money by curing patients faster and by shortening hospital stays. Most important, high-tech equipment often en ables physicians to prolong the ative lives of patients, and it's impossible to Put a price tag on the value of that, 14, Ons impressive high-tech procedure ssercotans (rcs theee- dimensional imaging), used for both diagnosis and Weatment, Slereotais ‘vas introduced in 1950 as a means of trating people with Parkinson's | disease. Today, thanks to CT scanning, MRI, and special stereotactic instru- | ments, the technology is being used succesfully locate, biopsy, and treat [brain tamors. Stereotactic radiosurgery is especially useful in treating tu- mors that are very deep and/or difficult to reach. This procedure involves | hree steps. First, the precise location of the tumor is determined. Next, ‘under local anesthesia, a biopsy is performed through a very small opening. | Finally, the tumor is treated, somtetimes by radioactive implants around the ‘tumor, sometimes by a single high dose of radiation. 15, Another high-tech device—the laser—has enabled surgeons 10 ispense safer, less painful, more accurate treatment, Lasers have been used ‘on the human body fom head to foot, treating everything from major eye problems to minor foot problems. The word laser is an acronyen for light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation. The very first laser was produced in 1959. Lasers have been used in eye surgery since the early 1970s. ‘Today, various kinds of lasers are used in many medical specialties inching eymecology, gastroenterology, otolaryngology, neurosurgery, and dermatol- ‘gy. Lasers have been used to remove appendixes (with only a small ncsion) and to do biopsies. 16, In general, lasers operate by creating an intense amount of light and energy which is then converted into heat and used to control bleeding or destroy diseased tissue. Different types of rays treat different problems. For example, the different color beams of the argon lier are used to treat diabetes-related eye problems, retinal teats, and macular degeneration, A HIGH-TECH MEDICINE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 111 ‘A peemater, one form of fmplan, ny be inser a 4 ransvenous implant! (1) ot, tibteihe paint wahes to avoid act e shoulder tc, san pada! implent Wig. (Courter of Meron, Ine) high-energy neodynium laser alls surgeons fo shrink tumors in the lungs, esophagus, stomach, rectum, and bladder. T7.. Many physicians predict that the laser will be the chief medical tool of the future, while others warn that it is overused to perform pro- ceedues that could be handled just as well by older methods, Some benefits ate obvious: in many cases, the laser has simplified surgical procedures, reduced medical complications, and cut costs by enabling surgical patients 10 0 home after only a short hospital stay or a one-day visit to an outpatient clinic, Patients who have had laser surgery are the biggest fans of the technology because they experience less pain and recover more quickly than patients treated forthe saine problem by more conventional surgery 18, But lasers are not the last word in high-tech surgery. For many years now, people have been building robots. In the not Coo~distant future, robots may-be returning the favor by helping to rebuild people, In 1990, 2 robot named Robodoe performed a successful hip replacement on a dogsues 2021 MEDICINE AND IFS CONSEQUENCES named Mindy. The compoterized robot, programmed wit the exact dimen- sions of the implant, cut an opening in the thigh exactly the right size for the artificial joint. Because of the precision that a robot can deliver, robots will likely s00n be utilized to operate on human beings. Pehaps 2hey'l begin as orthopedie robosurgcons, but, once they're admitted into the human hosp fa orld, who Kas wat other sural talents they wig spy? 19, "Other innovative neil procedrcs ae expenenta or Dea hing stages and cue major surgery on fetuses, oFsin Wransplants Tron living demors, an the development of ati biood, 0. Doctors have been operating on Tluses since the early 19805, performing relatively simple procedures such as repairing wrinary (ract blockages or draining fluid from the bran. But in 1990, a team of British doctors performed the first successful prenatal heart operation on a fetus in the lst trimester of development. The surgsons corrected heatt valve defect wih a tiny balloon catheter guided int place with the kelp of an ultrasound scan, 21. Organ transants (most commonly of the kidney, heart, o liver) from cadavers have been quite sucessul, and the general publi has come to view them as almost routine. In 1990, sirgeons bepan performing liver transplants from a living doner. The procedure involves taking a pact ofthe liver from a close relative of the patient (usually from parent to child) and implanting i in the patient, In its new site, the iver then grows fo normal adult size slong with the patient. The anticeection drug cyclosporin has arlatly reduced the chance of rejection of these donor organs, 20 more Surgeons guid patents are now willing to try the procedure. 22. Artificial. blood is no longer just for gangster movies. A new blood substitute (a Muorinated hydrocarbon emulsion chemically similar to ‘efon) ean cartyoxyeen to cells in mc the sae wey asthe hemoslobin in human Sload does. While sil in the experimental stage, artificial blood fe yet another posibie high-tech lifesaver of the future. 23. The technology of modern medicine has, of course, prolonged human life and, in general, reduced human suffering. However, along with increasing power have come many new questions—medical, legal, and s0- cial. These are just some of them: (a) Who is to pay for the expensive, high-tech medical eate that modern medicine has to offer? (b) As medical care becomes more and more complex and specialized, patients find themselves consulting a different doctor for each ailment HIGH-TECH MEDICINE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES 113 What, then, happens to the doctor-patient relationship, and which medical practitioner assesses the medical needs of the total person? (© Today, either sophisticated ultrasound scans or amniocentesis can be used to check a fetus for serious abnormalities. But when prospective parents have tnt information, sometimes they must make aw painful Inoral decision, When Is a deformity serious enough to warrant abort- ing the fetus? Now that it is possible (o transplant the human embryo, a baby can have two mothers~ the birth mother (who carried the fetus) and the senetic mother (who provided the egg). Which one is the “real” mother? Courts of law sometimes have to answer this tough question. In a battle for custody, who should be the winner? @ (© When high-tech medical care can “save” extremely premature infants only to send parents home with seriously handicapped babies, who is to decide when medical care is appropriate? (© When transplanted organs can save lives, but the number of donor organs is limited, who decides which patients to save? (@) When medical care can keep terminally ill people alive and suffering ‘muuch longer than patients wish to live, who is to define the doctor's role fn assisting the patient to “die with dignity"? (4) Nowadays, special equipment can keep people “alive” (that is, with heartbeat and respiration continuing) long after their brains are capable fof human functions. Who is to define death and determine when itis ‘ethical to discontinue treatment? Many physicians believe that the most conclusive evidence of death is brain death, the absence of all electrical activity in the brain (according to an electroencephalograph) for 24 hhours. However, not everyone would agree that, after that time, life support systems on a comatose patient can legally be removed. Many people, concerned about being kept “alive” in a vegetative state, are signing living wils, egal documents stating under what circumstances high-tech lifesaving measures should be abandoned and the patient allowed to die. Some sign a document called a power of attorney, which authorizes a designated relative or friend to make medical decisions regarding the person’s life or death ifthe person ever becomes t00 ill to make rational decisions, However, since many people do not have such documents, the medical dilemma caused by comatose patients “living” for many years remains with us114 Hioi-Tectt MEDICINE AND ITS CONSEQUENCES (Now that medical ‘ence is keeping people alive longer, who is 10 support the incre ‘numbers of elderly, chronically ill people? 24, Clearly, the power of modern medicine is a mixed blessing. While it prolongs human life, in doing so it sometimes also prolongs the suffering of ill people and their families. Like any other powerful tool, high-tech medical care must be used with discretion. Although the human body ig often compared to a machine, there are important differences: a machine does not feel physical or mental anguish and does not ery out in agony: We ‘vant our automobile to last as long as possible; we don't have to ask our broken car if it wants to be repaired and sent back on the road again. Dut despite “miracle drugs,” computers, lasers, and so on, health care workers are still primarily dealing with people. With people, the goal must be to increase not only the quantity of life but also the quality. That is the dual challenge facing contemporary medicine. It is, on a higher level, the same challenge health care workers have always faced. SPECIAL TERMS Medical Equipment and Instruments | | CY (computerized tomography) seanner—a machine for producing com- | puter-generated X-ray photographs around an arca of the body. This produces a eross-scetfonal view of the site. endotracheal tube—a tube erted into a patient’ trachea to keep an airway open. One of its main uses is to insure an open airway wlien general anesthesia is administered during surgery. implant—a device inserted into the inferior of a living organism for the purpose of diagnosis or treatment. A pacemaker, used to regulate the heartbeat, is an example of an implant. laser—a narrowly focused, high-energy beam of light. Lasers are used for cutting and for cauterizing. Surgery by laser is more accurate, heals more quickly, and causes less bleeding than conventional surgery. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)—a noninvasive method of viewing internal body structures (including soft tissue) by the use of a strong ‘magnetic field, radio waves, and computers, Patients are placed upon a HIGH-TECH MEDICINE AND Irs Consequences 118, flat bed and through a tunnel-like device where scans are made of the area involved. There is ordinarily no discomfort co the patient from the process, robot—a mechanical device operated by computer or remote control which ‘can perform-some of the functions Of a human. Robots are used whi extreme accuracy is necessary or in situations that would endanger a human, such as areas of high radiation, device for measuring the concentration of a radioactive substance Fatrodueed into an area of the body for diagnostic purposes. stereotactic radfosurgery—a surgical technique involving CT seans, MRI, fand special computer equipment 10 precisely locate, identify, and bi- ‘psy tissue within the head. If necessary and possible, the patient is treated by radiation, radioactive implants, or surgery. Because the area fan be viewed in three dimensions, diagnosis and treatment can be nore precise than with other methods. Exploratory surgery employing this method ean be done under local anesthetic. Swan-Ganz catheler—a hollow tube (catheter) inserted into the patient's ‘body which allows measurement of pressure within the vascular system pear or in the heatt. [ts also called a pulmonary artery catheter or PA. Jgh frequency sound waves directed precisely ‘ultrasonography —use of very high Trequency. directed py ‘and eontrolled by computer to assemble an image of the shape and ‘movement of parts.of the humaa body. Words Relating (0 Human Reproduction amnlocentesis—removal of fluid from the amniotic sac by hypoderinie Theedle, The contents of the fluid can be analyzed to identify any abnormalities in the fetus. The gentler of the fetus can also be identified by this procedure. cembryo—the very earliest stages of development of a fertilized ovum. In Romans, the embryonic period is the first two months after conception, fetus—in humans, the child in utero from the thied month until birth prenatal-—relating to the time between conception of an embryo and birth of the child. enMEDICAL IMAGING Medical imaging is the technique and process used to create images of the human body for clinical purposes (medical procedures seeking to reveal, diagnose or examine disease) or medical science (including the study of normal anatomy and physiology). Although imaging of removed organs and tissues can be performed for medical reasons, such procedures ate not usually referred to as medical imaging, but rather are a part of pathology. Measurement and recording techniques which are not primarily designed to produce images, such as electroencephalography (EEG), magnetoencephalography (MEG), electrocardiography (EKG) and others, but which produce data susceptible to be represented as maps (i.e. containing positional information), can be seen as forms of medical imaging, Medical imaging incorporates 1) radiology, 2) endoscopy, 3) (medical) thermography, 4) medical photography and 5) microscopy (e.g. for human pathological investigations). 1) Radiology includes + X-ray radiography (radiography = roentgenography -obsolete) 1. Fluoroseopy produces real-time images of internal structures of the body in a similar fashion to radiography, but employs a constant input of X-rays, at a lower dose rate. Contrast media, such as barium, iodine, and air are used to visualize intemal organs as they work. 2. Projectional radiographs, more commonly known as X-rays, are often used to determine the type and extent of a fracture as well as for detecting pathological changes in the lungs. With the use ofradio-opaque contrast media, such as barium, they can also be used to visualize the structure of the stomach and intestines - this can help diagnose ulcers or certain types of colon cancer. These 2D techniques are still in wide use despite the advance of 3D tomography due to the low cost, high resolution, and depending on application, lower radiation dosages. * Medical ultrasonography (ultrasonography = echography = sonography) uses high frequeney broadband sound waves in the megahertz range that are reflected by tissue to varying degrees to produce (up to 3D) images. This is commonly associated with imaging the fetus in pregnant women. Uses of ultrasound, are much broader, however. Other important uses include imaging the abdominal organs, heart, breast, muscles, tendons arteries and veins. ‘* CT (Computed tomography) is a medical imaging method employing tomography created by computer processing. Digital geometry processing is used to generate a three- dimensional image of the inside of an abject from a large series of two-dimensional X-ray images taken around a single axis of rotation, MRU-Scanners on the other hand produce about the same pictures without using X-rays, thereby removing the increased risk of cancer. The word “tomography” is derived from the Greek tomas (slice) and graphein (to write). Computed tomography was originally known as the “EMI scan” as it was developed at a research branch of EMI, a company best known today for its music and recording business, It was later known as computed axial tomography (CAT ot CT scan) and body section rontgenography. Despite its enormous usefulness, CT imaging is quite limited in its ability to characterize tissues. The image produced by a CT scanner is made up of various shades of gray, each of which is relative to the differences in specific gravity, or “density”, from surrounding tissues, or the differences in blood flow as compared to expected norms. If an abnormal tissue has the same density as the normal tissue it is next to (or part of), CT imaging cannot distinguish between the two tissues. Both appear normal CT scanning of the head is typically used to detect: > bleeding, brain injury and skull fractures > bleeding due to a ruptured/leaking aneurysm in a patient with a sudden severe headache 1> a blood clot or bleeding within the brain shortly after a patient exhibits symptoms of a stroke > astroke > brain tumors > enlarged brain cavities in patients with hydrocephalus > diseases/malformations of the skull > evaluate the extent of bone and soft tissue damage in patients with facial trauma, and planning surgical reconstruction > diagnose diseases of the temporal bone on the side of the skull, which may be causing hearing problems > determine whether inflammation or other changes are present in the paranasal sinuses > plan radiation therapy for cancer of the brain or other tissues > guide the passage of a needle used to obtain a tissue sample (biopsy) from the brain > assess aneurysms or arteriovenous malformations CT can be used for detecting both acute and chronic changes in the lung parenchyma, that is, the internals of the lungs. CT pulmonary angiogram (CTPA) is a medical diagnostic test used to diagnose pulmonary embolism (PE). It employs computed tomography to obtain an image of the pulmonary arteries, CT is a sensitive method for diagnosis of abdominal diseases. It is used frequently to determine stage of cancer and to follow progress. It is also a useful test to investigate acute abdominal pain. Renal stones, appendicitis, pancreatitis, diverticulitis, abdominal aortic aneurysm, and bowel obstruction are conditions that are readily diagnosed and assessed with CT. CT is also the first fine for detecting solid organ injury after trauma, CT js offen used to image complex fractures, especially ones around joints, because of its ability to reconstruct the area of interest in multiple planes. Fractures, ligamentous injuries and dislocations can easily be recognised with a 0.2 mm resolution. * Nuclear medicine represents a medical specialty involving the application of radioactive substances in the diagnosis and treatment of disease, Both seientography (2D) and SPECT. single photon emission computed tomography (3D) use gamma-room. In nuclear medicine procedures, radionuclides are: combined with other elements to form chemical compounds, or else combined with existing pharmaceutical compounds, to form radiopharmaceuticals, ‘These radiopharmaceuticals, once administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs or cellular receptors. Positron emission tomography (PET) is « nuclear medicine imaging technique that produces a three-dimensional image or picture of functional processes in the body. PET scans are increasingly read alongside CT or MRI scans, with the combination (called “co-registration”) giving both anatomic and metabolic information (i.¢., what the structure is, and what it is doing biochemically). + MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging) is accomplished by exploiting the interaction that takes place between the nuclei of hydrogen atoms in the body and externally produced magnetic fields. This interaction is sometimes referred to as the “MR. Phenomenon”. In clinical practice, MRI is used to distinguish pathologic tissue (such as a brain tumor) from normal tissue. One advantage of an MRI scan is that it is believed to be harmless to the patient. It uses strong magnetic fields and non-ionizing radiation in the radio frequency range. The typical MRI examination consists of $~20 sequences, each of which is chosen to provide a particular type of information about the subject tissues. This information is then synthesized by the interpreting physician. Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) is used to generate pictures of the arteries in order to evaluate them for stenosis (abnormal narrowing) or aneurysms (vessel wall dilatations, at risk of rupture). MRA is often used to evaluate the arteries of the neck and brain, the thoracic and abdominal aorta, the renal arteries, and the legs. Magnetic resonance venography (MRV) is a similar procedure that is used to image veins. For purposes of tumor detection and identification in the brain, MRI is generally superior to CT. However, in the case of solid tumors of the abdomen and chest, CT is offen preferred due to less motion artifact. Furthermore, CT usually is more widelyavailable, faster, less expensive, and may be less likely to require the person to be sedated or anesthetized. MRI is also best suited for cases when a patient is to undergo the exam several times successively in the short term, because, unlike CT, it does not expose the patient to the hazards of ionizing radiation * Angiography or arteriography is @ medical imaging technique used to visualize the inside, orlumen, of blood vessels and organs of the body, with particular interest in the arteries, veins and the heart chambers. This is traditionally done by injecting a radio- ‘opaque contrast agent into the blood vessel and imaging using X-ray based techniques such as fluoroscopy. The film or image of the blood vessels is called anangiograph, or more commonly, an angiogram. Though the word itself can describe both an arteriogram and avenogram, in its everyday usage, the terms angiogram and arteriogram are often used synonymously, whereas the term venogram is used more precisely 2) Endoscopy means looking inside and typically refers to looking inside the body for medical reasons using an endoscope, an instrument used to examine the interior of a hollow organ or cavity of the body. Unlike most other medical imaging devices, endoscopes are inserted directly into the organ. 3) (Medical) Thermography Infrared thermography, thermal imaging, and thermal video are examples of infrared imaging science. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature; therefore, thermography allows one to see variations in temperature. When viewed through a thermal imaging camera, warm objects stand out well against cooler backgrounds; humans and other warm-blooded animals become easily visible against the environment, day or night 4) Medical Photography is a specialized area of photography that concerns itself with the documentation of the clinical presentation of patients, medical and surgical procedures, medical devices and specimens from autopsy. The practice requires a high level of technical skill to present the photograph free from misleading information that may cause misinterpretation. The photographs are used in clinical documentation, research, publication in scientific journals and teaching 5) Microscopy is the technical field of using microscopes to view samples and objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye (objects that are not within the resolution range of the normal eye). There are three well-known branches of rhicroscopy, optical, electron, and scanning probe microscopy. Diagnostic imaging techniques: ‘* radiograph technique, using X-rays (conventional X-ray, X-ray CT) ‘+ ultrasound image (using sound wave) ‘MRI (using frequency waves) Y Wilhelm Conrad Rontgen (1845 -1923) was a German physicist, who, on 8 November 1895, produced and detected electromagnetic radiation in a wavelength range today known as X-rays or Rontgen tays, an achievement that eared him the first Nobel Prize in Physics in 1901 1950-1970 — development and use of nuclear magnetic resonance 1950 — ultrasound scans become a common clinical procedure Y Although the technology and instrumentation required to demonstrate Magnetic Resonance has been available since the early 1920s, the basis of magnetic resonance was only realized and reported in 1946 by Professors Felix M. Bloch and Edward M. Purcell while working independently in the United States. Both professors were Jointly awarded the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1952 for this discovery. S6 3Y Magnetic resonance imaging is a relatively new technology. The first MR image was published in 1973 and the first cross-sectional image of a living mouse was published in January 1974. The first studies performed on humans were published in 1977. By comparison, the first human X-ray image was taken in 1895. 1976 ~ Peter Mansfield produces first images obtained from MR brain scans 1983 — first whole body; imaging system developed 1985 — MRI becomes routine clinical diagnostic tool 2000 ~ MRI produces extremely detailed images KA48 TECHNICIAl Radiologic technologists and technicians perform diagnostic imaging examinations like X rays, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and mammography. Some radiologic technologists and technicians, referred to as radiographers, produce X- ray films (radiographs) of parts of the human body for use in diagnosing medical problems. They prepare patients for radiologic examinations by explaining the procedure, removing jewelry and other articles through which X rays cannot pass, and positioning patients so that the parts of the body can be appropriately radiographed. Radiologic technologists also perform more complex imaging procedures. When performing fluoroscopies, for example, radiologic technologists prepare a solution for the patient to drink, allowing the radiologist (a physician who interprets radiographs) to sce soft tissues in the body Some radiologic technologists specialize in computed tomography (CT), as CT. technologists. CT scans produce a substantial amount of cross-sectional X rays of an area of the body. From those cross-sectional X rays, a three-dimensional image is made. The CT uses ionizing radiation; therefore, it requires the same precautionary measures that are used with X rays. Radiologic technologists also can specialize in Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MR) as MR technologists Radiologic technologists might also specialize in mammography. Mammographers use low dose X-ray systems to produce images of the breast. In addition to radiologic technologists, others who conduct diagnostic imaging procedures include cardiovascular technologist and technicians, diagnostic medical sonographers, and nuclear medicine technologists. Cardiovascular technologists and technicians assist physicians in diagnosing and treating cardiac and peripheral vascular ailments. Technologists who use ultrasound to examine the heart chambers, valves, and vessels are referred to as cardiac sonographers, or echocardiographers. Nuclear medicine technologists operate cameras that detect and map the radioactive drug in a patient’s body to create diagnostic images. After explaining test procedures to patients, technologists prepare a dosage of the radiopharmaceutical and administer it by mouth, injection inhalation, or other means. They position patients and start a gamma scintillation camera, or “scanner,” which creates images of the distribution of a radiopharmaceutical as it localizes in and emits signals from the patient's body. The images are produced on a computer screen or on film for a physician to interpret.wacice ST SECON 1 STAUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION — 259 SRCTION Ik: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ‘ine: 25 Minos ai Questions pa DRECTIONS (uesiont 15 ae incomplete sentences, eneth sgh sne on wil se fot wor or pes, marked (A), (8), (al (D). Chose he se Sedo prse ht best emp the sense, Then on our newer sic fet ie numer ofthe quan sn i he space ha corexpnde oe tert umveryou have chosen. Fn he pce so ht he eerie thovl cana besesn J. 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Cote ts sae ie ‘ox phrase that best completes the sentence. ‘Then, on your answer $e : A oe a ints He va cveiponds 101 Se hme yu hve shonin espace ha eee teal oot be 80, t \ | ses \ | 1 (atmo ve oar of wring In oe =H 12) whe wan tunes ptorh WRTAME | tS twee navn! a pets sien BIO wi rede ‘| 1g anew proposil | ease that the goon coming 9 new oT i 2-Tedexor to i eetont ht Ne WOU Ft) — $= (a) as early 38 it would be possible {B) at the casTiest tht it could be possible (C) as soon as possible {D) at ihe nearest early possibilty 3. George belongs to the —— ; {a} class ofthe upper migdle | (C) class from the center WP (B) upper midsie cass (D) high medium cass 1A good student snust know ————_—— a) tasty hard 1) tow wosudyflectety {B) tobe good student (0) the way of efficiency in st Jane changed her major from French to business ——————— (A) with hopes to be able easier w Joeate employment (B) hoping she can easier get a job (C) with the hope for being abe to find bette 2 (D) hoping to find ajo more easilya f JEN MOT OE 1B, OE. 11. The professor said that ——_ @ mcveensr 6. Henry will not be able to attend the meeting tonight because (A) hemust io teach class (C) of he will each a las (B) hewill be teachinga class (D) he will have teaching. class Having been served lunch, — (A) the problem was discussed by the members of the commitiee (B) the committee members discussed the problem (C) it was discussed by the committee members the pro (D) a discustion of the problem was made by the m mbers of the 8, Florida has not yot ratified the Equal Rights Amendment, and (A) several other states hasn't either (8) neither has some of the others states (C) some other states also have not eit (D) neither have several other states 9. ‘The chaieman requested that —__. (A) the members studied more earefully the problem (B) the problem was more carefulnessly studied (C) with more eatefulness the problem could be studied (D) the members study the problem more carefully 10. California relies heavily on income from fruit erops, and (A) Florida also (B) Florida too (C) Florida is ax well (D) 50 does Florida (A) the students can turn aver their reports an the Monday (B) the reports on Monday could be received from t (C) the students could hand in their reports on Monday (D) the students will on Monday the reports turn 12, This year willbe dificult for this organization because —__—~ (A) they have less (B) it has less money and fewer volunteers than it had last year (C) the last year it did not have as few and little volunteers and m0 (D) there are fewer money and volunteers that in the last year He ney and volunteers than they had last year = SECTION i: STRUCTURE AND WRirTEN Expression — @55) 13, The teachers have had some problems decidin (A) when to the students they shall return the final papers (B) when are they going to return to the students the final papers (C) when they should return the final papers to the students (D) the time when the final papers they should return for the students 14, She wanted to serve some coffee to her guests; however, (A) she hadn't many sugar (B) there was not a great amount ofthe sugar (O) she did not have much sugar (D) she was lacking in amount ofthe sugar 15. There has not been great response to the sale, (A) does there (B) hasn't there (C) hasn't it (D) has there Goon toranr Port B DIRECTIONS: In questions 16-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. ‘The four underlined parts ofthe sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). entity the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed inorder for Uesentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the numberof the question and fill inthe space that corresponds tothe letter ofthe answer you live chosen, 16. The main office of the factory can be found in Maple ae ‘und, Street in New York City 11, Because there are Jess members present conight than there x 8 ete lastnight, we must wait uo e '8, David is particularly fond of cooking, and he ‘often cooks really delicious meals aG56) practice test 1 20. Sandra has not rarely missed a play or concert * . she was seventeen years ol o 21. The governor has not decided how to deal with the new ® 8 cc problems already. . 22, There was a very interesting news on the radio this ‘morning about the earthquake in Haly. 3 23. The professor had already given the homework assignment m ered that Monday was a holiday, © 8 25, This table is mot sturdy enough to support a television, nd that one probably isn’t nether c D 26. The bride was hit z ng by a large ship d 1g. sudden storm last week c 0 onypany representative sold (oth chine for Forty dollars, 3 29. These televisions are quite populae in Europe, but those ones ate not 30. Harvey seldom pay’ his bilson time, and his brother docs too. * a e o 431. ‘The price of crude cil used to bea great deal los m a than now, sn'tit? o 32, When an university formulates new regulations, i must relay its decision to the students and facu ~~ o 5A, Jim was upset lastnight because he had todo too many homeworks » a c ~ 34, There is some seissors in the desk drawer in the x BC B ‘bedroom if you need them 38. The Board of Realtors doesn't have any inform: ‘about the increase in rent for this wee 36, George is not enough intelligent to pass this economics * ¢ co class without help. um, ere were 30 much p thatthe police had great deal of rouble controling theny 0 ple trying to leave the buring building 38, John lived in New York since 1960 to 1935, but he in Detroit ° 28. The fire began in the fifth Noor af the hott, but it xe CG S00 spread to adjacent lors. 40. Mrs, Anderson bought last week new sports ea however * a She has yet to learn how to operate the marl gearshift STOP. Twuis 1S THE END OF THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION S€cTion. Te you rnsisi OFTORE TIME I UP, CH {RO.POF Ts SECTION oNLY. DO NOT WORK ON AXY OTHER SECTION OF TH& | f E ' G58) meacrce resrt SECTION II: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION Time: 45 Minutes {60 Questions Part A DIRECTIONS: In questions 1-30 each sentence has an underlined word or phrase. Below each sentence are four other words or phrases, marked (AA), (B), (C), and (D). You are to choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning of the original sentence if itis substituted for the underlined word or phrase ‘Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fil in the space that corresponds tothe lelter you have chosen, Fil in the pace so tht the letter inside the oval cannot be seen |, Plato's teachings had a profound effect on Aristotle, (A) depth (©) aMiction (B) affection (D) influence 2. The superintendent was the principal speaker at the school board smecting. (A) only (C) oustanding (B) main (D) strongest 3. The campers bi (A) stealing (8) pillaging card a strange rustling in the trees (C) movement (D) fight 4, He was an exemplary prisoner despite his past experience (A) model (C) honest (B) sample (D) humble 5. The hotel manager became suspicious of th in the lobby, (A) bustling (B) sleeping se people who were kite (C) meddling (D) oat 6. We decided to pay forthe Furniture on the jastallment plan. (A) cash and carry (C) monthly payment (B) creditcard (B) piece by piece SUCTION th VOCAMARY AN READING conmsnension (559°) 1. Boys" Clubs do not deprive poor childcen of the opportunity to partcie pate in sports (a) deny (B) retract (©) improvise (D) dilute ‘The supervisor dictated a meme to her secretary, (A) letter (C) report (B) note (D) research paper Picasso was a wel (A) artiste (B) colorful own cubist painter (C) celebrated (D) knowledgeable 10, The inquiry eoncssning the accident was handled by the ehief of police. (A) Bossip (C) investigation (B) inquisitiveness (0) recording 1H. The department chaisman refused to authorize the requisition (A) request (© gan (B) teansfer (D) project 12, It is imperative that they arrive on time for the lecture (a) necessa (C) hoped (B) suggested (D) intended 13, The counterfeit bills were a good fa (A) factorial (B) reproduction Lesimile of the real ones (©) identification (D) simitarity 14. The Montforts have decided to ‘gency for some brochures (A) questions (B) inguisition cruise, so they went to the travel (©) price tists (D) pamphlets Scott seized the opportunity o present his proposal to the director (A) realized (C) rendered (B) grasped (D) delivered ‘The boundary between Canada and the United States has Sed for over one hundred years. (A) bocder (8) bridge (©) water (D) diplomatic Te they were aay on vation, thy allowed ‘ate at the post ofce (8) be delivered (C) get ost 48) pileup (D) be retur mail to accumu:r E f p Bi students on expeditions. (A) simulate c 19. John's unsportsmanike behavior c B) fake (©) encourage (0) diminish carr income ae ®nal i tre ea ae 21. After listenin 22. The children were fo a, 24, 25, Nearly half of the town’s inhabitants are descendants of i (8) exorcised verde {Ay sentence (8) decision (C) readmitted (D) wavered {D) investigated (C) cross-examination (D) foreman icking in the park (A) running playfully (C) sulking (B) aloating el By (A) affluent (8) modern (D) endangering (C) inexpensive (D) effective 18. The professor tied to stimulate interest in archacology by ting hs used him to be ostracized by the 1g tothe testimony, the members of the jury delivered thet air service has been made avaiable through modern techno, Fear of pirate raids caused the Spaniards to fortify their coastie (A) invasions (B) sips (A) native (C) arms (D) investigations (©) hard-working {B) backward (D) poor 26, That area ofthe country is laced with large and often dangerous (A) crisscrossed (C) ornate (B) decorated (D) diluted ") es @) secant bine (A) responds (B) delays (a) mainly (B) only umes as usual (© continues {D) resurfaces rercent of Ecuador's popiation speak Quecl © (©) voluptuously (0) still SECTION I: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 2, The Chinese people worship their ancestors. (A) fossils (C) forefoters (B) elders (0) heirs 30. Under the majo's able leadership, the soldiers found safety. (A) guidance (C) Aagship @) intensity (D) ability Goon toPant Pon B DIRECTIONS In the rest of this section you will read several passages, Each one is {ollowed by several questions about it. For questions 31-60, you are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), oF (D), to each question. Then, on your taser sheet, ind the number of the question and fil in the space that ‘eurresponds tothe letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following a passage on 1 sis of what is stated or implied in that passage. Questions 31 through 36 are based on the following reading ‘The Stone Age was a period of history which began in approximately 2 milion 8.¢. and lasted vntil 3000 8. Its name was derived from the Slone tools and weapons that modern scientists found, This period was ‘vided into the Palealithie, Mesolithic, and Neolithic Ages. During the fist period, (2 million to $000 B.C.) the fist hatchet and use offre for heating and cooking were developed. As a result of the [ee Age, which ‘olved about 1 million years into the Paleolithic Age, people were forced to seek shelter in eaves, wear clothing, and develop new tools During the Mesolithic Age (8000 to 6000 8.c.) people made crude Pottery and he frst fish hooks, took dogs hunting, and developed a bow and azrow, which was used until the fourteenth century &.0. ‘The Neolithic Age (6000 to 3000 8.) saw humankind domesticating sheep, goats, pigs, and catle, being less nomadic than in previous eras, ‘stablishing permanent settlements, and ereating governments y Imoiow man periods wos the Stone Age divided? )2 1 (C4 Os 2 Which of Sich ofthe allowing was develope earliest? (4) the fish hook r O) dene (C) the bos and arrow (D) po262 pRacriCe TEST 433, Which of the following developments is not related to the conditions of the lee Age? (A) farming (B) clothing (© living indoors (D) sing fre 134, Which period lasted longest? (A) Paleolithic (B) lee Age (C) Mesolithic (D) Neolithic 35. Which of the following periods saw people develop a more communal form of living? A) Paleolithic (B) Hee Age 436, ‘Phe author states that the Stone Age was so named because (A) it was very durable (B) the tools and weapons were made of stone (C) there was litle vegetation (D) the people lived in caves (©) Mesolithic (D) Neofithie Questions 37 through 41 are based on the following reading, Hot boning is an energy saving technique for the meat processing industry, Ie has received considerable attention in recent years when increased pressure for energy conservation has aceentuated the need for more elfcient methods of processing the bovine carcass. Cooling of an titre cureass requires a considerable amount of tefrigerated spaces ince bonc and trimmable fat are cooled along with the muscle. [tis a0 wo space the carcasses adequately in the refrigerated oom for better air movement and prevention of microbial contamination, thas adding 1 the volume requirements for carcass chiles. Conventional handling of meat involves holding the beef sides in the cooler for 24 t0 36 hours before boning. Chilling in the traditional fashion i also associated with alss of carcass weight ranging from 2% to 4% due lo evaporation of raoisture from the meat tissu, rly excision, oF hot boning, of muscle prerigor followed by veewer packeging has several potential advantages. By removing on! Edible muscle and at prerigor, refrigeration space and costs minimized, boning labor is deercased and storage yields increas Because hot boning often results in toughening of meat, @ more T=e approach, hot boning following electrical stimulation, has been wed reduce the necessary time of rigor morts, Some researchers bave fev this method beneficial in maintaining tender meat, while others eS found that the meat also Becomes tough after electrical stimulation SECTION IIt: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREMENSION 263 37. Which of the following was nor mentioned as 2 drawback of the conventional methods of boning? (A) storage space requirements (B) energy waste (C) loss of carcass weight (D) toughness of meat 238, Hot boning is becoming very popolar because (A) it causes meat to be very tender (B) it helps conserve energy andi ess expense than eonventonl (C) meat tastes better when the bone is adequately seared along with the meat (D) it reduces the weight of the carcass 39. Carcass chiller means most nearly (A) a refrigerator for the animal body (B) a method of boning meat (C) electrical stimulation of beet (D) early excision 40, Barly excision means most nearly (a) vacuum packaging (8) bot boning, 41, The toughening of meat during hot boning has been co (A) following, hot boning with electrical stimulation (B) tenderizing the meat (C) using electrical stimulation before hot boning (C) carcass chilling (D) lectieal stimulation Hed by (D) removing only the edible muscle and fat prerigor Questions 42 through 46 are based on the following reading. 4m 190, after some thity-nine years of problems with disease, high Sere a, Seca feat es wate res, Pa inking the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans by allowing ships 10 pass thraigh the fiji anal zone instead traveling Some. se oa the I ing. some seven miles around Cape Hora. {1 takes ship approximately eight Sours to complete the trip throu Nt ce at 7 the canal and costs an average of fifteen theasand dollars one-tenth of what it would cost an average ship '0 round the Ho: eee housand ships pass through its More than fifteen dt French insted the poet bt sl he ih the United States The latter will eonel it wnt the end ofthe twentieth cent hen Panama takes over its duties. ,B ea 441. Which ofthe following is not true? 264 acres vest | £2, Whocuceny contol the Fanaa Casa? | (bance (C) Panama (8) United Seis (D) Canal Zone i 44 hsp lan gal «is ech Wh tal the arama Cura? (2) 2000) 2100 (©) 3001 (O) 2999 44. On the average, ow much woud it cs ship to uve round Cae Horn tw 31300 (c) s1sn.0 tb) 15000 (b) 31301000 45, inwhat year wa consiraton probaly begun on thecal? Be TOI te) 193) (Dy 199 “ What can be inferred from this reading? (A) This isa costly project which should be reevaluated (8) Despite all the problems involved, the project is beneficial. (C) Many capi | | | | | | ns prefer ta sil around Cape Horn because it & les expensive (B) Duce toall the problems, three governments have had to contrl te \ | i | | | canal over the years Questions 47 through $1 are based on the following reading In 776 n., the frst Olympic Games were held atthe foot of Mount ‘Olympus to honor the Grecks' chief god, Zeus. The Greeks emphasized physical fitness and strength in their education of youth, Therefore, contests in sunning, jumping, discus and javelin throwing, boxing, and horse and chariot racing were held in individual cites, and the winners competed every four years at Mount Olympus, Winners wese great honored by having olive wreaths placed on their heads and having poems sung about their deeds, Originally these were held as games of friendship, and any wars in progress were halted to aliow the games 1° take place ‘The Greeks attached so much importance to these games that calculated time in four-year cycles calted "Oly y ads” dating from 776 (A) Winners placed olive wreaths on their own heads (B) The games were held in Greece every four yeas. (C) Battles were interrupted to participate in the games (D) Poems glorified the winners in song. , [SECTION ME VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 265, 48, Why were the Olympic Games held? (8) to stop wars (C) tocrown the best athletes (B) to honor Zeus {D) to sing songs about the athletes 49, Approximately how many years ago did these games originate? (a) 776 years (C) 2.277 years, {B) 1,205 years (D) 2.760 years 50. Which of the following contests was nor mentioned? (a) discus throwing, (C) skating (B) boxing (D) running, 51, What conclusion can we draw about the ancient Greeks? (A) They liked 1 fight (B) They were very athletic (C) They liked alot of ceremony, (D) They couldn't count, so they use Iympinds” for dates, Questions 52 shrough 54 are based on the follov ng reading. Tampa, Florida, owes a great deal ofits growth and prosperity 10 8 Cuban cigar manufacturer named Vicente Martinez Ybor. When the Cuban Revolution broke out in 1869, he was foreed to flee his country tnd moved his business to south Florida. Sinteen years later, serious prablems caused him to seck a better location along the west coast ofthe state, His original land purchase of sixteen blocks expanded fo more than one hundred acres near Tampa. This newly developed area was called Ybor City in his honor. With the demand for factory workers for Ybor’ business, the surrounding areas expanded and thrived 52. Where is Ybor City located? (A) south Florida (C) west Florida (8) Cuba (D) inthe Flor countryside 53. In what year was-Y bor forced to eave south Florida? (A) 1854 (B) 1869 (C) 1885 (D) 1895 5%. Why will people probably continue to remember Ybor's name? Probably. (A) He suttered a great deal (8) An area was named in his honor. (©) He was a Cuban revolutionary. (©) He was forced to ee his homeland266 practice Tests (Questions 55 through 58 are based on the following reading. Lichens are a unique group of complex, lowertess plants growing on rocks and trees. There are thousands of kinds of lichens, which come in a wide variety of colors. They are composed of algae and fungi which Unite o satisfy the needs ofthe lichens. ‘The autotrophic green algae produce all their own food through a process called photosynthesis sind provide the lichen with nutritional elements. On the other hand, the heterotrophic fungus, which depends ‘on other elements to provide its food, not only absorbs and stores Water for the plant, but also helps protect it. This union by which two dissimilar organisms live together is called “symbiosis.” ‘This sharing enables lichens to resist the most adverse environmental conditions found on earth. They can be found in some very unlikely places such asthe polar icc eaps as well asin tropical zones, in dry areas as well asin wet ones, on mountain peaks and along coastal areas. ‘The lichen’ strong resistance to its hostile environment and its ability tollive in harmony with such environments is one example that humas: ity should coasider in trying to salve its own problems. 55. Which of the following is mor true? (A) Lichens are not simple plants (B) The lichen habitat is limited to the polar ice caps. (C) Lichens can resist a hostile environment trophic plants depend on other clements to supply their 56, What can besaid about autotrophic plants and heterotrophic plants? (A) They produce their food in the same manner. (B) Heterotrophie plants produce all their own Food, (C) Autotzophie plants need other elements 10 supply their fod. (D) Their methods of Food production are completely diferent. 57. Which of the following conclusions could be made about lichens? (A) They ate found worldwide and are complex plants made up of aB3® and Fungi (8) They are found worldwide and are simple plants, symbiot¢ i (C) They are found worldwide and are compound plants made ¥P entirely of algae, , (D) Although found worldwide, lichens are found mostly as a sin plant form in the tropies SECTION ilk VOCABULARY A 1H VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 267 58, Which of the folowing dic ela (A) ote protection etane (B) It supplies water for lichens. (©) ttsuppis ts own ood (D) Wisdeendent on oer plans ois od supply Directions for questions 59 and 60 For cach of these questions, ch ‘meaning to the original sentence. Ni factually correct, but you should sestatement of the given sent champion swimmer. (B) Even though Julie practices ev (C) If Julie practices every da Freee y day, ery day, she’s sill a champion she'll bea eh practic !ampion swimmer, day: consequently she's a champion swimmer, 60. Mrs. Sylvester will retire twenty years ‘eat month after teaching chemistry for Sylvester wil retire. ” [(C) Having taught chemist retire neat month (©) H wil be eventy years next month since Mrs. Sylvester ei STOP. Tass is WR cnecx your ¥ for twenty years, Mrs. Sylvester will red, HE END OF THE EXAMINATION, 1 You rnisn serone te WORK ON PARTS A ° aes AND B OF TH 'E READING COMPREHENSION 0 NOT RETURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION OF74 BACHSETRT A Thine: 25 Minutes 49 Questions Peed oiREcTIONS ‘word or phrase that best completes the sentence, Then, on your answer sheet find the number af the question and fil a the space that corresponds to et letter ofthe answer you have chosen, Fill the space so thatthe letter inside the aval eannat be see, 1. Captain Henry, — (A) being remate from the cnemy, (8) atiecnpting (@ not encounter the enemy, (C) trying wo avoid the enemy, (D) not involving himself in the enemy, 2. Tommy was one ———____. (A) of the happy childs of his class (B) ofthe happiest child in the class (C) chil who was the happicet ofall the elas (©) af the happiest children in the class 3, __ he began to make friends more easily (A) Having entered schoo! in the new city, it was found that (8) Afier entering the new schon! (C) When he had been entering the new school, (0) Upon catering into the new school, 41 is very difficult 10 stop the ‘cultivation of marijuana besa (C) it graves well with Fle eae (A) it grows very carelessly (D) it doesn't care much to grow (8) otir's gowth without 5. The fact that space exploration has increased dramatically in the pas they years —. (A) isan evidence of us wanting fo know morc of our solse systera (8) indicates that we are very eager ta learn all we cam about our slat system (C) ow we want to learn more about the solar system (D) is pointing to evidence of our intention to know a lot more about whatis called our solar system SECTION th STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 275 Many of the current international problems we are ‘now facing. (A) linguistic incompetencies (B) are the result of misunderstandings | (C) are because of nat understanding themselves {D) lacks of the intelligent capabilities af understanding each ather Me, Raberts is noted chemist (A) as well as an effective teacher (B) and 100 a very efficient teacher (C) but he teaches very good ia addition (0) however he teaches Very good alsa Public television stations are diferent from commercial stations (A) because they receive money lferenly and different types of shows (0) Tor money and program types . (C) in the areas of funling sd programming (D) because the former receives money and has programs differently from the latter Manufacturers often sacrifice quality (A) for a larger profit margin (8) in place of to eaen more money (C) to gain more quantities of money (D) aud instead earn a bigger amount of profit Automobile production ia the United States. : (A) have taken slumps and rises in recent years (B) has been rather erratic recently (C) has been erratically lately {D) are going up and down all the time ‘A major problem inthe construetion of new buildings —__. (A) is thst windows have been eliminated while air conditioning systems have not been perfected | . (B) is they have eliminated windows aod still don't have good air conditioning (C) is because windows are eliminated but air conditioners don't work good (D) is dependent on the (act that while they have climinated windows, they are not capable to produce efficient airconditioning systems | = John said that no.other car could go - (A) s0 faat ike bis ear (G) 85 Fas like the ea af hin (8) as fst ike his ear (0) as fast as his ear276 practice test? 13. Hee grades have improved, bat nly 1S (A) ina simall amount (©) minimun (B) very slightly {D) some 14, While attempting to reach his home before the storm, ____1 (A) the bicycle of John brake down (B) it happened that John’s bike broke down {C) the storm caught John (D) Joha bad an accident om his bieyele 15. The changes in this city have accuceed (A) with swiftness (©) faally | (B) rapidly (0) in rapid ways Goon torarrs - Pact 8 OWRECTIONS In questions 16-40 each scatence has four underlined words or phases ‘The four underlined pacts ofthe sentence are marked (A), (B), (C),and (D) Identify the ane uaderlined ward ar phase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be coreect. Then, on your answer shect, find the number ofthe ‘question and Bilin the space that corresponds to the letter af the answer you have chosen, 16, The officials abject ta them wearing tong dresses for a8 Cc the inaugueal dance at the country club. 3 17, Janets finaly used to cook on an electri stove * alice having 3 gas ane for so long. a Car) 18, He knows to repair the earbucetor without lakiag the whole ear apart ae a © ang 19, Stuact stopped to write his letiee because he had to aaa pace leave for the hospital. © 0 : 20, She imust retyping the report before she hands tia } * 8 € 0 tothe director of francing. | % a ‘SECTION i: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION How much times did Rick and Jennifer havg to do the experiment ie lis they had been expect aD before they obtained © ach of the students fa the accounting cass has to type theie own ceseareh paper this semester. © Mrs. Stevens, along with her cousins from New Mexico, * a are planing to attend the festivities. a ‘They are going ta have 19 leave soon, and soda we, 8 e D [All the studcats are looking forward spending thei Te ma chamaea oe Tice time eelaxing in the sua this sume. Deesses, skits, shoes, and children’s clothing 7 are advertised at great reduced prices this weckend, “

33. The new techniqu 44. The pilot and the evew divided the li * a betwcen the twenty frantic passengers. e 3 preservers 35. A five-thousand-dollaes rewaed was offered a o © {oe the capture of the eseaged Is, io 136. The equipinent in the office was badly in need of epee cama lobe repaired. . er i one of the metric measurements, aren't they? cage acre cpa cae) 38. We thought he is planning to go on vacation after x ee the fest of the month. ° 39, There area large supply of pens and notebooks oar the lefLot the library enteance, 0 40, The president refuses {0 accept sither of the four a ew proposals made by the contractors. € 0 test. SECTION It; VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION — 279 SECTION fll: VOCABULARY AND READING ‘COMPREHENSION ‘Times 45 Minutes ‘60 Questions pend pinecTIONS . In questions 1-30 exch sentence has an underined word or phrase. Betow ‘aah sentence ate four other words or phesscs, marked (A), (B), (C), and {py You ate to choose the one ward ar phrase that best Keeps the meaning of io criginal sentence if itis substituted for the underlined word or phrase. ‘Then, on your answer shect, find the number of the question and fill in the psc that cortesponds tothe leer you have chosen Fill in the space so that ihe letter inside the oval cannot be seen. 1, Larry was so absorbed in his novel that he forgot about his dinner cooking in the oven, (A) engrossed (2) obliged Having come from an affluent society, Diek found it difficult to adjust (C) enlivened i (D) excelled oa small country town, (a) afable (C) overpopulated (B) wealthy (0) large. A. The question was discarded because it was ambiguous a) incorrect (C) vague (8) biased (0) dat 4. Most students abhor lengthy exams atthe end of the yeas (a) detest {C) nullify (8) regret (0) negate 5. The news of the president's death astonished the world, (4) alerted (C) atoned (8) admonished (0) astounded 6, King Midas's grced led him to spend a life of gre (A) couelty (©) warning I (8) wealth (0) avarice 1A aul mall, (A) smatl aumber (B) select group ude of people attended the fund-raising piesentation in the (C) huge ertued (D) large herd280° pracnice rest 2” 6 "0. 1. When he was disector of the company, his frst accomplishment was to ‘The new building was to be octagonal in shape. (A) five sided {C) seven sided @ (D) cight sided Mack: cannot talk well because he has 9 speech impediment (A) skeptic (C) imposition (B) defect (D) aspect Our Gnal assignment for the English class is to give an imprompta speech, (C) technical (0) unbiased (AY eloquent (8) unprepared “The rigor exhibited by the general was totally wawarranted (4) allisinenics (C) march (1) severity {D) cleanliness ‘The people interviewed for the survey were randomly selected. A) earcfully (C) indiscriminately (B) earclessly (D) thoughatully Lyndon Johnson succeeded toh Kennedy as president of the United States, (A) oveccuted (8) preceded (©) followed. (D) assisted (C) landing {D) closure (A) expedition (B) opening bring about better working conditions. 4 (6) accumulation (C) defeat (B) achievement (D) job During khe American colonial period, the capable leaders instilled 2 spirit of nationalism in the colonists. ee (A) insdtiated (C) implanted (B) extipated (O) extracted Because the details of the praject were rather hazy, we decided torefest, {he propasal. (A) dabjous (C) ter (8) unobtainable (©) vague 20, uw 2. 36, 0. SECTION Ill VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREMENSION "281 any weak and incompetent ules were overthrown By more powerful forces. (A) incapably (© aever (8) impulsive (0) geealy “The passengers onthe boat were mesmerized by the mation of the sea. (a) perstyred (C) aauseated (B) hypnotized {D) reverberated [Allowing fields tc fallow is one means of restoring Feriity. (4) snplanted (C) watered {(B) plowed (0) seeded “The guess at the luau enjoyed it very much but fused to exthe roW fish (A) marinated (C) rotten (B) Goes (0) uncooked ‘American legend says that Johasy Appleseed planted apple orchards throughout Ohio. ‘ (A) almanac (C) history, (8) myth (0) record Aftee'a long, hard struggle, we geaduslly succeeded in having people accept the truth of our theory. . (a) slowly (C) suddenly (@) momentacily (©) giaciously Exchanges of language and culture were a direct result of commerce, (C) stagnation (A) embargo (D) schooling (8) trade 5. That artist did not achieve acclaim because he was an imitator, not a () adisioner (B) a copie (C) anoriginator (0) a burglar ‘The powerful ruler suppressed a rebellion and punished the instigators (A) initiated (C) quashed (B) supported (D) ecinstated Doring the war, many forcign lands were confiscated by the govern (A) owned (©) bartered (B) sequestrated (0) sod |28, That yast region was ievigated by the large river and its many (A) a (C) enormous 3 1 ws (0) damp Teo date with al proesing the i (A) harassed, (C) probatec |B) motes {0} foes 130, The dog saw his reflect (A) image (B) bone the pool of water, (C) imagination (0) feash Goowrorants i Part DIRECTIONS following a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passa Questions 31 shrough 37 are based on the following reading. Mironesa Sc kl Nim an is Freath wis lo ayo Al losing a naval battle, they were forced to remaia there for three years! In 1799, white con taoot stone, wich aul rental ich woul eventfd othe eigen ef cen Eytan Herngps daing tw 3100 8c as "ren fanqusue Nereus (gkure win), demo (a shorthand ven af ne) ed Goes Se dcr hot he Chara, itor a Engl could be writen fom gh oe and in other directions as welt. ‘ ‘shee “Fees yer afer disney of he : cr dover of th Rae sone, ean Fran eis Champlin 2 French piling, unt In sees aga was ‘Meese te watson ane an Epon ar is name was written inside an oval called a “cartouche.” Further SM BAS vn revealed that eantouches contained names of fmportant eat period Chapin pista continued i sah real ib nrease hs cng st Koon pone gn, He ard es dapshman, Thomas Young: worked inp of ash a 27 rel the deeply Nn mater oft aang agg ater ere that sound vale could be assigned > the sel Youn poplin insted that the ptares represent war jvestiba any years elapsed between the date of the oldest hetoalyphies med by means ofthe Resets sone and the stonc's discovery? 1B) 1199 (C) 300 (B) 4.899 3. How secs (a) 190! 32, Whieh ft (a) Feench cof the fllowing statements is no true? We vches contained ares of prossnen ele fhe psi 1 Cpumalion and Young worked together ian amp to decipher the hieroglyphic {c) One of Hope's sles discovered the Rests stone, (5) Showas Young ined that sound values eu be asigned tothe on the Rosetta stone? «following languages was not written (D2) hietoglyphies (8) demotic — (C) Greek 3). Whi symbols. 14, When was the frst word from the Rosetta stone deciphered? (ay Moowe, — () 1766 (C) 1799, (0) 1822 1 was deciphered from the Rosetta stone? 4. What was the first word tha (D) Champollion {A} cartouche (B) Plolemy (C) demot 6, Why were Napoleon's soldiers in Egypt in 17992 (A) They were celebrating a naval victory (B) They were looking forthe Resetta stone {C) They were waiting to continue theie campaige. {) ‘They were trying to decipher the hiesoghyphic. 431, who was cesponsibe for deciphering the frst word? (A) Champatiion (B) Young (C) Piolemy (0) Napoleon (Questions 38 through 43 ore hosed onthe following possage ‘Scquoyah was a young Cherokee Indian, son of a white trader and an Jodian squaw. At an early age, he beeame fascinated by “the talking reat an expression that he used 10 describe the white man’s written reeds Although many believed this “tatking leaf” (0 be a gift from the Great Spirit, Sequoyah refused to accept that theory. Like other Indians ofthe period, he was literate, but bis determination to remedy the situation led 10 the invention of a unique 86-character alphabetbased on the sound patterns that he hea‘d, : ‘His family and Cviends thovght him mad, but while vecuper from a hunting ascent, he digenity and indepontenty sea a ‘create a form of communication for his own people as well as, Fer eit Indians. ta 12h, after twelve yeas of work he hed ec developed a written language that would cnable thousands of ledlens read and writ. Sequoya's desire to preserec wards and evs fo ae generat has caused him to be remembered among the importan!fmnators re giant redwood trees of California, called “sequoias” in his honor, will i » further impcint his name ia history... ° an 38, What is the most important reason that Sequoyah wil remem 7 |G) Caifanisredwead were med nhs honor me (0) Hewasiitrte {€) Hecreated unique alphabe (©) Me covered fom hic madees apd ped mankind, 39 Mow did Sequoyah’s family’ eact to his idea of developing his ome “talking leaf"? i (A) They arranged for his hunting accident (2) They thought he was eraey. (C) They decided to help his (D) They asked hen to teach them to read and writ, 40. What prompicd Scquoyah to develop his alphabet? (A) People were writing things about him that he couldn't rea. (B) He wanted ta become famous. (C) After his hunting accident, he nceded someth ie ihe nceded something to keep him busy Hl (D) He wanted the history of his people preserved for fu - tions. AU, The word illierare means most nearly (A) fierce (C) abandoned (8) poor *(D) unable read or write 42, How would yau describe Sequayah? (A) determined (B) mad (C) backwards (D) meek 40, Which ofthe folowing is nor rue? (A) Sequoyah developed a form of writing with the help of the Chero- } kee sib, * pettece (2) Sequoyah was. very observant young man. (C) Sequoyah spent twelve years developing his alphabet 1D) Sequoyah was honored by having some tees named sfler hina ‘SECTION I: VoCAMULAItY AND READING COMPRENENSION ~ Questions through 48 ore based on the following reading. ‘The mighly, warlike ‘Aztec nation felt that its existence depended upon human sacrifices. The sun would nat shine, the crops would not row, and vars would oot be won if the gods were not appeased. Ag Floral as the ceremonies weee, the victims (usually laken from ameng captives from battles) sccepted their fate passively, having been previously indoctrinated and heavily sedated |. Why did the Aztces offer human sacrifices? (A) They were crue! and inhuman. (8) They believed they bad to pacify the gods {C) They wanted to force the citizens to obey. {D) They wanted to deter erime. 45. Before the sacrifice, the vietims were (A) tartuced and harassed (C) brainwashed and drugged {B) fed and entertained (O) interrogated and drugged 46, In what manner did the vietins accept thir destiny? (A) submissively (C) violeauly (B) sebelliusly (0) notoriously Questions 47 through SI are based on the following passoge Petroleum products, such 25 gasoliac, Kerosine, home heating cil ‘esidval fuel oil, and lubricating oils; come from one source—crude oil found below the earth's surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the earth's intetior, Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the earth, but more dey holes are dritled than those producing oil. Pressure atthe source or pumping forecs crude cil to the suzTace Crude ol wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels Petroleum produets vary greatly in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carton and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Othee chemical clements found in union with the hydsocacbons are few and are classified as impurities ‘Trace elements are also found, but these are af such minute quancities that they ate disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joinings of these two atoms in the hydeocarkon moleculeThe various petroleum products are refined from the crude’ 49. Which ofthe following isnot tue? (A) Crude eis found below land and water (B) Crude cits always found afew hundred fet bel q id a few hundeed feet below the surfaes (G) Pumping and pressure force ecude cil to the susface “ (D) A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crud ‘8, Many ovsands of hydrocarbon compound ave posible beesuve (A) the petrslem products vay grey ia physio sprereanee (8) complicated refining proce sevtange he cherteslonectae 3 {C) the two atoms in the molecule assume many position, om (0) he pressure need to fore h tothe aurice cscs molecu transformation 7 aay 49. Which ofthe following is tre? (A) The varius ptileum products ce produced by firation (1) Heating and eondensstion dec ie varios redeces CS) gauss sparation i uscd to produce the various products. 4 echanial mans sucha the cenifug ae wed to various products, . Se wodecs tg $0. How is rw oi rough othe surface? (A) expansion of he hydrccrtons us (3) presure nd pumping {) vacjum xeated nthe dling pi : (©) sxpgnsion and contsctionof the earth's sueace 51, Which ofthe ftlowing is or tte a ight oil? (4) ditt oi (6) bic it (8) gasoline (0) kerosine Questions 52 through 57 are based on the following passoge An etion year soe in which four numbers a by for (1944, 1948, te) Sines 14, Ameren pcons cera Yo ending in tro have been destined Wo We Ieee, Wit “SECTION IN:VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 287 i itorsisan, the man Ho served the shortest term, died! ‘of pneumonia several weeks after his inauguration. ‘Abraham Lincoln was one of four piesidents who werd assassinated, He was elected in 1860, and his untimely death came just five years | ater James A. Garfield, a former Union army general from Ohio, was shot ducing his Brst year in office (1881) by @ man (a whom he wouldn't give a job. ‘While in his second term of offies (1901), William MeKinley, another Ohioan, attended the Pan-American Exposition at Buffalo, New York, During the reception, he was assassinated while shaking hands with some of the gusts ‘Thice years after his election in 1920, Warren G. Harding died in olfice, Although it was never proved, many believe he was poisoned Franklin D, Roosevelt had been elected four times (1922, 1936, 1940, and 1944), the only aan to serve'so long a term, He’had contracted polio in 1928 and died of the illness in 1945, John F. Kennedy, the last of the line, was assassinated in 1963, only three years after his election ' Will 1980's candidate sulfer the same fate? 1 52, Which of the following was nor an election year? (A) 1960 (B) 1930. (C) 1888 (D) 1824 53, Which president served the shortest term in office? (A) Abraham Lineala (C) William MeKinley (8) Warren G. Harding (D) Willian H. Harrison I 54, Which of the following is true? (A) All presidents elected in years ending in zero have died in ofc, (B) Only presidents from Ohio have died in offic. (C) Franklin D. Roosevelt completed Four lerms 2s president (D) Four American presidenis have been assassinated, 55. How many presidents elected in years ending in zero since 1840 have died ia office? i WT @5 4 (D3 56. In this reading, what does inauguration mean? (A) election (C) swearing-in ceremonies (B) acceptance speech (D) campaign Following was nov assassinated? (C) Abraham Lincoln {D) James A. Garfield 51. Which oft (A) John F. Kennedy (8) Franklin D. Reaseveltnsscluan jor questions 58 through 60 °° » LY ©. PRACTICE TEST,3 7 - gcTION 1: LISTENING COMPREHENSION ao . Ye . be fi ually cofeect, but you should choose the one that is the cla Me it: he restatement ofthe sten statement. ae : : foes ses Aopeoximslely 30 Minutes 58. Unintentionally, some cities are squectiog out the middle clas Tae aes ee forcing them to support the poor. ct 50 Qu sactte immedi , for Practice Test 3 sy ttlowing Practise secs tine 1 £0 eaeamptehcrion sc ° oi treads given after each question. Hed our answer Start the castle #0 (A) Usiatentionaly the poor are supporting a mavément to squeza ‘| middle class aut of some () The middle clas in some cies is unfortunately squectiag ou i. 0 support ofthe poor sees (€) Inseme cites, the mile class s forcing th port suppon eee ii only the (0). By being forced wo support the poor the middle lass is unintenioas have mad ally being squeezed out of some cities. . : i pert : \ 59. The current was black and mindless, with a beauty that almost mask its danger, IECTIONS {A) Although it appeated dangerous the crtent had a beauty that you will heag a short statement, The only black and mindless. ane, They will not be weitten ovt for you, Jer to understand what the speaker 8395 he our sentences in your test book and ing ta the statement you hve heard, the problem and mark your For ech poem ia Pat Ay seen tb pokes just one rere ety mest ae eas satment read oe ic oe et 38 i ne Sec, fa the oer a ; seemed (C) Although the current was black and mingles, its Beauty neatly “disguised the danger. Z (D) Despite its danger, the blackness and einlessness of the euecat made it more beautiful : ic at the p83 vay Marya iing eset N 1 a He anges pik ap HO eo fied with sine “one (6) any ad hing oper tne fhe mats 2 (Ay Although she knw tee w98 (ay Tayi woo sted hem Dr eto BRINE nately st anybody Env abut the mein sttended. ‘ daring the winter, man is reluctant to venture into this snowy wonder: land, (A) Even though the crystalline Great Lakes are breathtaking, winter, man is afraid (o.explore this snowy wonderlaad. (B) Man is reluctant to vesture into the snowy wonderland in the winter because of the breathtaking natural beauty ofthe erystalline Great Lakes, 3 (C) Man is reluctant to ventuee into the erystaltine Great Lakes during the winter because it makes breathing difficult. (D) Although reluctant ta venture into the crystalline Great Lakes, rman does £0 10 appreciate their breathtaking natura} beauty. jing to be a mecting, they Sidi 1d the meeting, but they did any 3, (A) Martha is Barbara's mother. arbaea ae sisters STOP. Tus Is THE BND OF THE EXAMINATION. IF YOU ANISH BEFORE TINE gE (0) Martha and Barbar are 1S UP, CHECY. YOUR WORK OM PARTS & AND OF THE RESDING COMPRENEN (C) Marth ioe than arora SION AND VOCABULARY SECTION OWLY. DO NOT RETURN TO any OTHER Lt (D) Marthais younger | SECTION OF THE TEST, 29Curt S SECTION I STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 253, geCTION Mt: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ie: 25 Mines Ja Questions pad oineCTIONS cctions 1-18 are incomplete sentences, Beneath each sentence youwill secear words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one se yor phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, ‘question and fil in the space that correspoads to the have chosen, Filln the space so that the letter inside Qu fd the number of the fewer of the answer You iheoval cannot be Seen. 1. After the funeral, the residents of the apartment building (A) sent faithfully Bowers all wecks to the cemetery (i) sent tothe cemetery each week flowers faithfully {C) sent flowers faithfully tothe cemetery cach week {O) sent cach wock faithfully tothe cemetery flowers wc the first pair of pants did not fit properly, he asked for P . 2, Deca A) soother pants (©) theothers ones (a) others pants (D) another pair 1. The commitice has met and — (A) they have reached a decision (B) it has formutated themselves some opinions (C) its decision was reached at (D) ithas reached a decision 4, Alfred Adams has aot (A) lived lonelynessly in times previous (8) never before lived sole (C) ever lived alone before {D) before lived withoit the company of his Friends 5, Joha’s score on the test is the highest in the class; ~~ (A) he should study last night (B) he should have studied last aight (C) he must have studied lastnight (D) he must had to study lastnight SECTION Ih STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 295 gg CTION I: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION “Fime: 25 Minutes ” 40 Questions pert onecTions”= (Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Bencath each sentence you wll ses Toor words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one Sor phrase that best completes the Sentenes. Then, on your answer hee, Jat the numberof the question and fil inthe space that coresponds tothe ltucrof the answer you have chosca. Fil nthe space so that the letter inside the oral cannot be seen 1, The attorney told his elicnt that {A) they had little chance of winning the case (B) the case Was of 2 small chance to win (C) it was nearly impossible to win hin the ease (D) the ease had a minimum chaace (a be won by him 2. One of the professor's greatest attributes is (A) when he gives lectures (B) how in the manner that he lectures (C) the way to give lectures (D) his ability 0 lecture 3. The bank sent a notice (its customers which contained (A) a remembrance that interest rates were (0 raise the following ‘month {(B) a cemniader that a raise in interest rates was the month following {C) to seimember that the interest rates were going up next month {D) a reminder that the interest sates would rise the following month 4, _was the day before yesterday. (A) The France's Independence Day (B) The day ofthe French independence (C) French's Independence Day (0) France's Independence Day 5. Twas not uatil she had arrived home ___ remembered hoe appoiniment with the doctor. (A) when she (C) and she (BY that che6. George would ceniy have tended the proceain (A) Ht he did't ger tt tire ae (0) ithe at te bade happened (C) had he not had a Mattie (0) bad ther ot Matened itsalt 7, —____ received law degrees as today. (A) Never so many women have (B) Never have so many women (C) The women aren't ever (D) Women who have never ‘The students liked that professor's course because. (A) there was few if any homework (B) not a lot ofhomework (C) of there wasn’t a great amount of homework (D) there was little or no homework (A) If Mike is able to finish his homework (B) Would Mike be able to fish his Komework (C) If Mike could finish his homework {D) If Mike bad been able to finish his homework 9. George hhc could improve his tést scores, but he did we have enough time to study. (A) knew to (C) sknew how that 7 (B) knew how (D) knew how to 7 to. — he would have come to lass. H1, Lee contributed fifty dollars, but “he wishes he could contibied (A) one other fifty dollars (B) the same amount also (C) another fifty | (D) more fifty dattars 12, The people at the party were worried about Janet because no one wat aware______she had gone, (A) where that (C) of the place where (B) of where (D) the place 13, Fred's yearly income since he changed professicns has. (A) early tripled (B) got almost three times bigger (C) almost grown by three times (D) just about gone up three times SECTION tl STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 297 4 Naney hasnt begun working on her Ph.D. ——— working on her master’s {Aa) sill because she is yet >" (C) yet Because she is till {B) yetasa cesull she isstill” —(D) still while she is already 15, The director of this organization must know —____ (A) money management, selling, and able to satisfy the stockholders (B) how to manage money, selling his product, and be able to satisty stockholders (Cc) how to manage money, sll his product, and satisfy the stockhold- (D) money management, selling, the idea of being able to satisty the stockholders GoonTorsere Part B pIRECTIONS. ‘In questions 16-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four underlined parts ofthe sentence are marked (A), (B), (C),and (D) Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence ta be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the aumber of the \yuestion and fill in the space tliat corresponds tothe letter of the answer you have chosen. 16, She wishes that we didn't send her the candy yesterday * a because she's on a diet, c D 17. They afe planning on attending the convention next month, a 8 c and so Lam. 18, Today was such beautiful day that I couldn't bring myself * e occomplete all my chores. cme D 19. White they were away al the beach, they allowed * 8 their neighbors use their barbeque grill.ispace that eorrespends to the letter you have chosen. Fill in the space 0 ithe letter inside the aval eannat be seen, 300. practice Test 3 SECTION Ilf: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION ‘Time: 45 Minutes 60 Questions Pare DIRECTIONS In questions 1-30,¢ach sentence has an underlined word or phrase, — cach sentence are four other words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C) (D). Youare to choose the one word or phrase that best keeps the meaning {he original sentence i itis substituted for the underlined word or pase ‘Then, on Your answer shect, find the number of the question and fill atk 1 The fourth year sociology class was a homogeneous group of ines students (A) uniform (C) unrelated (D) deeary, (D) distinguishable 2, Ti tornado caused iereparable damage tothe Florida eteus erp, (A) irtesotute (C) intecoverable ~~ (B) iccesponsible (0) itepalar 3: The discontented students « (A) rewarded . (0) vindicated “(C) 100k revenge (D) Muctuated 4, The spy used a fictitious name while deating with the enemy. (A) funay (C) cal (D) false (D) forciga baa (A) auticace: (B) ehythin (C) singer {D) weather 16. The Mowe onthe ble wer manifestation ofthe i | ‘mother. 7” | (A) a demonsteation (B) an intestation (D) a satisfaction SECTIC~ Ik VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 301 4. Marvin's doctor sid he was obese and hadi ke immediate measures toeorrect the problem. (a) anemic {B) tired (C) corpulent (D) petulant because he knew he meant well. (C) condemned “a. Frank condoned bis brother's act (A) overlooked (B) praised (0) satished 4, John’s wnabiashed behavior caused great concern among his teachers. (a) teste (C) gowaraly 3) emt ed (5) antral 10, Many new medicines today eradicate discases before they-beeome too widespread. (A) wipe out (B) identity (©) prions, (D) suspend 11. The director's spacious new olfice overlooked the city. (C) roomy (A) quiet (B) colorful (0) comfortable 12, The thieves were trying to perpetrate a robbery in the office building, (A) view (C) sop (B) interfere with (©) commit 13,"Gefore the earthquake hit the‘area, maay minor temors were fll (A) spasms (C), vibrations (B) noises (0) erumblings 14, When the protestor entered the mecting clad only in a beach towel, the audience was dumbfounded. (A) speechless (C) content (B) excited (D) applauding 15. Maccia’s career involved a dual role for her as a couisclor and a teacher. (A) tiring (C) twofold (B) dedicated (D) satisfying 16. Andy’s ocular mariner made him loved by all his companions. (A) easygoing (C) intelligent (B) ‘esti & (D) artistic 11, Sally was mortified by her datg's unprecedented behavior. (A) eradicated — (C) overjoyed (8) ‘humiliated (D) challenged 18. The student's wan appearance caused (he teacher (o send him home.| 298 raactice TEST 3 20, The artist tied stimulate interest in painting by taking * a c his students t x 8 22. Nancy said that she went to the supermarket before coming home, a Be D 2B. Before'she moved Here, Arlene’had heen president of the * B “co organization since (our years are traveling tothe Olympic Games. a a apology as well as ca 26, Professor Duncaw teaches 4 socislogy cach fal 27. My brother i in California on vacation, but I wish he x a was here so that he could help me repair my car ce So 28. I eextaialy appr us about the delay ii ~* delivering the materials because we had planned to begin work tomorrow. 29, The chemistry instructor explained the experiment such of way that it was easily understood. 5 cea Dae 30. Rudolph Nuscyey has become onc of the greatest dancer a that the ballet world has ever known, > - SECTION i: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 299) Oe ete ee ie ee ee ges us “eo a) ‘33. The influence of the nation’s literature, art, and : ; 34, The leader emphasized the need for justice and equality * a eaween his people, € 3 35, Many of the population in he aga ‘manual laborers ee 36: Several people have appafcat tried to change the mai = a 8 but he refuses th 37. Keith is one of the most intelligent boys of the scieice class, ae caro 38, The girls were sorry to had missed the singers when they * a c arrived at the atpor. aon . 39. Whesy Keith visited Alaska, igloo in the a winter months as well as in the spring. the worst he dasiced before the a © large auidience. 0 STOP, Tuts 15 THE END OF THE STRUCTURE 4ND'WRITTEN EXPRESSION SECTION. IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS UP, CHECK YOUR WORK ON PARTS A ANO BOF THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE rest,304 practice ves (A) She was a woman, (B) She wrote too many letters, (C) She couldn't graduate fram medical schol (D) She couldo't establish her hospital. 33. How maay years elapsed between her graduation from medical sek ‘and the opening of her hospital? (We (td (C19 (D) 36 34. All of the following: are “firsts” in the life of Elizabeth Blackwal except (A) she became the first female physician () she was the frst woman surgeon (©) she and several other women founded the fist hospital for won and children (D) she established the first medical school for women. Questions 35 through J8 are based on the following reading. Glands manufacture and sccrcte necessary substances. Exocrine 4 glands secrete their products through’ ducts, but endocrine glands, or ductless glands, release their products directly into the bloodstream, One important-endocrine gland is the thyroid gland. I isn tie neck and has 1wo lobes, one on each side of the windpipe. The thyroid gland collects iodine from the blood and produces thyroxine, an important 4 hormone, which it stores in an inactive form. When thyroxine is needed by the body, the thyroid gland excretes it dizectly into the bloodstecam, Thyroxine is combined in the body cells with othe chemicals and aflects many functions of the body. + The thyroid gland rnay be underactive or qveractve, resulting in problems. An underactive thyraid causes hypothyroidism, while an overactive one causes hyperthyroidism, The former problem, called | to slow down. A ctetin’s body and mind do not grow to their full | potential. Hyperthyroidisin, on the other hand, results in extreme nervousness an inerease in heart action, and other problems. | Eithec hypothycoidism or hyperthyroidism may result in goiter, or 2n enlarged thyroid gland, A goiter will appear when the body isnot getting enough iodine. Goiter is less common today, since most people use iodined sat SEC Nl VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 305” “The thyroid gland is called an endocrine gland . (a) because it has ducts {(B) because it has lobes AC) because it exretsdircely nt the biddstesm {D) because its located in the neck 3. 36, Acretin is - (A) a child with hyperthyroidism (B) an adult with an underpecforining thyroid gland {C) # young person with hypothyroidism (D) an extremely ieritable ehild Which of the folowing isa probable result of myxedema? (A) stuggishness (B) hyperactivity (C) overproduction of thycoxine {D) perspiration 2. 38. A goiter is . (A) a person with mysedema (B) aswollea thyroid gland (C) an underactive thyroid gland (D) a chemical Questions 39 through 43 are based on the following readig. ion by scientists at the US. Geological Survey Shoies that strange animal behavior might help predict future eacth- ‘quakes. Investigators found such occurrences in 2 tcn-kilometer radius of the epicenter of a fairly recent quake. Some birds screeched and flew about willy; dogs yelped and ran around uncontrollably. Scientists believe that animals can perceive these environmental changes as early as several days before-the mishap. In 1926 after observing animal behavior, the Chinese were able ta predict a devastating quake, Although hundreds of thousands of people were killed, the government was able to evacuate millions of other people and thus keep the death toll ata lower level 39. What prediction may be made by abserving animal behavior? (A) an impending earthquake (B) the number of people who wil die (©) the ten-kilometer radius of the epicenter (D) enviconmental changes302 pRactice Testa 19, Nothing could efface the people's memory of their, former lea cruelty although many years had elapsed. (A) broaden (©) ecity’ (B) erase (0), sibstantiate 20, ‘The doctor asked the patient to disrobe before the examination, (A) take medicine ©) eelax (B) breathe deeply (D) undeess 21. Theiprotesting crowd dizpersed after the rally." <* (A) seattcred (C) fought (B) beeaine violent (D) danced 22. Decause Dolly i such a good eook, she has o recipe. (A) created (©) epitomized (®) amet (0) baked 21, After the drops were placed in the patient's eyes, his pupils becom dita (A) enlarged (C) ievitated (8) smaller (O): sensible 24, Her brusque mariner sisprised all of the guests (A) Satirical (C) shameless ~ (B) humoroins (0) abrupt - . 25. In that organization, they place emphasis on mutual aid and coopera- (A) reward (C) stress (B) work (D) pressure 26, She didn’t say much, but her tone of voice insinuaied more, (A) blamed esas © (G)-demanded (B) suggested (D) intervened shots while on vacation in Europe. () photos (D) clothes 27. Jan took mae (A) notes (9) gifts 28, The young couple chose a secluded place for their picnic. (Ay authentic (C) idolated 4 (B) sunny _(D) grassy 29. The daring young man rode through the Tadian village trying to find his longest sister (A) bold (B) cowardly (C) persistent (D) captured «+ [SECTION fil: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 430, The vietors defined their terms ta the conquered. (A) dictated! (C) insinuated (8) wrote (D) forced GoonTorARrs Part B DIAEGEIONS, seme sod Jn the rest of this section you followed by several questions about it 303 fad several passages, Each one is ‘or questions 31-60, you ase (0 choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), oF (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheel, find the aumber of the ques 10 dnd fill in the space that corresponds (othe letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions following passage on the basis of what is stated or implied ia that passage. Questions 31 through 34 are based oa the following reading. Elizabeth Blackwell was bori ja England in 1821, and emigrated to New York City, when she-was ten years old. One day she decided that -she wanted to become a doctor. That was neacly impossible far a woman in the middle of the nineteenth century: After writing many letters sceking admission (@ medical schools, she was finally accepted by a * goctor in Philadelphia. So determined was she, that she taught school and gave music lessons to carn money for her tuition. In 1849, after graduation from medical school, she decided to further her education infection farced her to abandon the idea. Paris, She wanted to be a surgeon, but a serious eye Upon returning (athe United States, she fouad i difficult to start her own practice because she was a woman, By 1857 Elizabeth and her asisterjalso a dgctor, along with anothei:ferale doctor, managed to open ‘new hospital, the fest for women and children Besides being the frst female physician and founding her own hospital, she also established the first medical school for women. 31. Why couldn't Elizabeth Blackwell realize her dream of becoming a surgeon? (A) She couldn't get admitted io medical schoo (B) She decided to further her edueation ia Pacis. (C) A serious eye infection halted her quest. (D) lewas ieult for her (o start a practice inthe United States,306 ~ pnacrice rest 40, Why can animals perceive these changes when humans cannot’ (A) Animals are smarter than humans. (B) Animals have certain instincts that humans don't possess, (C) By running around the house, they can feel the vibrations. (D) Humans dan’t know where to look.” AL. Which ofthe following is nor truct? (A) Some animals may be able to sense 20 approaching earthquake, quakes, (C) The Chinese hi many lives. wild before the quake. 42, Inthis passage, the word evaewace most nearly means’ (A) remove (C) destroy () aaile (D) emaciace 43, If scientists ean accurately predict earthquakes, there will be (A) fewer animals going crazy (B) a lower death rate (C) fewer people evacuated (D) fewer environmental changes Questions 44 through 47 are based on the following reading. | <°~ AS a sesull of the recent oil crisis, 9.9 million of California's 15 illign motorists were subjected to an odd-even plan of gas rationing. The governor signed a bill forcing motorists with license plates ending in ‘odd numbers to buy gas only on odd-numbered days; and those cnding in even numbers on even-numbered days. Thase whose plates were all letters or specially printed hag to follow the odd-numbered plan, Exceptions were made only for emergencies and out-of-state deivers. ‘Those who could not get gas were forced ta Walk, bike, oF skate 10 work. ‘This plan was expected to eliminate the long lines at many service stations. Those wha tried fo purchase more than twenty gallons of gas oF Acied (o fill a more than half filled tank would be fined and possibly imprisoned: 5 44. All ofthe following arc true except (A) olficiats hoped that this plan would alleviate long gas lines (B) a gas limit was imposed (C) California has 9.9 million drivers 4 st hit! eonrernina’ eas rationing SECTION Il: VOCABULARY AND READING COMFRENENSION 307 45, Those who violated the rationing progeaca (A) weee forced to walk, bike, oF skate 10 work (B) were fined and possibly imprisoned (C) had to waitin long lines (D) were forced to use odd-numbered days 46, The g83 rationing plan was not binding on (A) even-aumbered license plates (B) odd-numbered license plates (C) all-lettered plates (D) out-of-state plates 41. California was forced to adopt this plan because (A) a recent oi risis nzcessitated it (B) 100 many drivers were filling their tanks With more than twenty gallons and spilling it {C) people were not getting enough excecise and needed to walk, bike, or skate (D) t60 many motorists had odd-numbered plates (ists 48 through 52 are based onthe following passpge. As far back a5 700 8, mati has talked sbout children being cared for by wolves: Romulus and Remus, the legendary twin founders of Rome, were purported lo have becn cated for by wolves. I is believed that when a she-wolf loses her litter, she secks «human child t take its place, “This seemingly preposterous ice did not booome eredible until the Jate nineteenth century when a French doctor acwally found a naked ten-year-old boy wandering in the woods, He did not walk erect, could sot speak intligibly, nor could he relate to people. He ony growicd and staced at them. Finally the doctor won the bay's confidence and began to work with him. After many long years of devoted and patient instruction, the dgctor was able to get the boy to clothe and feed himself recognize and utter a numberof words, as well as write liters snd form words. 48, The French doctor found the boy (A) wandering in the woods (B) at his doorstep 49, In tig passage, the word litter most ncaely means ¥AT mitees #8 momen 27h cine AR bake (C) growling at him (D) speaking intligibly50, ‘The doctor was able to work with the uy beeause (A) the boy was highly intelligent (B) the boy trusted him 5 {C) the boy liked 10 dress up (D) the boy was dedicated and patient 51, Which of the following statements is nor true? lost iter "s (BD) Examples of wolves" caring for human childcen can be found onl in the ninetcenth century. ed (C) The French decor sueceeded in domestiating the boy somewhat (0) The'yoig boy ever was able vespeak perecly. 52, In this passage, the word preposterous most nearly means (A) dedicated (DB) seicatifc (C) wonderful (D) absurd Dijecons for gestions 33 ond 54 For cach of these questions, choose the answer that is closest in 3 rami the original sentence Note hat several of he ch {cual coer but you soa hor he oe thatthe soe 53] Mal used 10 play on the country club's racquetball eam, JA) Hal plays with the racquetball team at the country club, 1B) Mal docsn’t play racquetball any more, but still belangs to the country club. ° : IC) At one time Hal played racquetball on the country club's team, [D) Hal used to team up with the country club and play racquetball, 54, |Retee is attending a private school and is majoring in electronics. ) Peter is specializing in electronics ata private school. In) Peter is major at a private electronics school. (C) Although Peter is clectronics » Peter's private school is letting him major in electronics. wea sl i fic, loki aod al spcngs tas been a majo cave of food poisoning ia Japan and the Japanese have done several stufies ont They have conned the presence of V. parahaemolyticus in the north and central Pacific with the highest abundance ia inshore waters, particulaely in oF near large harbors. SECTION It VOCABULARY AND READING COMFREHENSION 309, Nishio studied the relationship betwee the chloride Aman namen i 1d the seasonal distribution of V. parahagmolyti- content of sea WALEr an soind concluded that while the zalation of ¥. parahaemolyicus was cpendent of the sodium, chloride content, the distribution of ¥- nacre molpticus in sea Water was dependent on the waler tempera poreita fac it has been isolated in high Frequencies during summer, tue Jp to September, Dut was nt oated withthe sme Fequehcy jn wiote Within four or five days alter eating contaminated foods, » person I begin to experience diarrhea, the mast common symptom; ths will in be accompanied by stomach cramps, nausea, and vomiting: h oF without chills, may also be experienced. wil very oft Headache and fever, wit 45. Whieh of the following locations would be most likely 40 have = high concentration of Vibrio parahaemolyticus? (A) a bay {C) the middle of the ocean (B) asea (D) sediment “The safest time for cating seafood is probably 56. (A) August (B) November (C) July (D) September TThe most common symptom of ¥. parahaemolyticus is a (A) nausea (B) diarrhea (C) vomiting (D) headache and fever 8, The incubation period for. this illness is - (A) 2103 days (C) Ato Says (B) 3104 hours (D) several months 49, Nishi’: study’showed that (A) the presence of ¥. porahacmolytious was dependent on neither the sal content-nor the water temperature (8) the presence of ¥. parahaemolyticus was dependent on only the sal content (©) the presence of . parahaemolyticus was independent of both the water temperature and the salt content (0) the presence of ¥. parahaemolyticus was dependent on the water leimpersture (0. Tie word cramp in the reading means most nearly {A) noises (B) toxicity (C) severe pain (D) high temperature STOP. Tus ts THE END OF THE EXAMINATION, [F YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS Ur, CHECK YOUR WORK ON PARTS A AND B OF THE READING COMPRENENSION {ANNO VOCABULARY SECTION ONLY. DO NOT RETURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION OF ue TEST.cRRRRETE 316 peactice Test « SECTION H: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION ‘Time: 25 Minutes DIRECTIONS ‘Questions 1-15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then, on your answer shi, find the number of the question and fll in te space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen, Filla the space so thatthe letter inside the oval cant be seen 1. The eyelist___eerossod the main street, (A) loaked with caution after (B) had looked cautiously before (C) was looked cautious when (D) looks cautious when 2. Here week (A) isthe (B) arethe (C) wasthe (D) has been a 3. Neither Jane nor her brothers tomorrow's field trip. (A) need (B) needs (C) is needing (D) has need 4. Cuba is (A) one of the larger (B) one of largest notebook and report that 1 promised you lst — a consent form for sugar-growing arcas in the world (C) one of the largest, {D) largest 5. The skiers would rather through the mountains than 8° by bus (A) to travel on train (B) traveled by train (C) travel by train (D) taveting by the train 6. That _magniticent Chinese. (A) cight-centuries-old (B) eight-century’s-old emple was constructed by the (C) old-cight-centuries (D) exgh-century-old Suv I0 PRES SECTION Il: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 31 4, There were two small rooms in the Leach house, aga kitchen, (A) the smaller of which (B) the smallest of which serv (C) the smater of thera (D) smattest of that 4. Pioneer men and women endured terrible hardships, ai (A) s0 do their children {C) also she childs (B) neither did the childcen _(D) so did their children 9, Last year, Matt earned —___ position {A) bwice as much as (B) ice more than bis brother, who has a bettor (©) twice as many as (D) wwice as mere vs wo. bre would have been able £9 pass the exam, (8) Ihe studied more (B) Ihe were studying to greater degree (€) Studying more (D) Had he studied more H. Mr, Duncan does not know had finished using i (A) where di they put (B) where they did put the Laws mower after they (C) where thy put {D) where to put 1 The facies ofthe older hosp (A) isas goed or better than the new hospital (®) areas good or betes thatthe new hospital {©) areas good 38 or better than the new hospital (D) are as good as or beiter than thse of te now bospital 1 Our fight from Amurdam to London was delayed eary Fog (A) because of (B) because (C) on vecoval (D) as result rT M.The teacher suggested that her students — with ESP. (4) write a composition on their (%) write composition about the {©) weote sme compositions of his oer (©) had writen any compositions foe his 'S. ofthe © two new Leachers, one is experienced and 1A) the othe : 5 are not 1 (2) another i inexperienced he the i not (D) oer lacks expericnce: ae 318 practice rest « Port B DIRECTIONS Jn questions 16-40 each sentence has four underlined words or phrases ‘The four underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D), Identify the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence 10 be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number ofthe {question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter ofthe answer you have chosen, 16, While searching for the wreckage of a unidentified aircraft, * 8 c the Coast Guard encountered severe squalls at soa. o 17. Although a number of police officers was puarding the & priceless treasures in the museum, the diceetor worried that 3 someone would tey to steat them co 1, Since it was ult for American Indians to «a peace treaty or declare war in their native nguage © they used a universal understood form of sign language. 19. Louis Braille signed a form of communication enabling people ® to convey and preserve their thoughts to incorporate a series of dots c a whieh wore re ° 20, While verbalizaton is the most common form of language in pasenire) lence, humans make use of many athers systems = c and techniques to express their thoughts and feelings 3 by the fingertips. 21. The need for @ well-rounded education was an idea z e poused by the Greeks in time of Socrates c . 2 B % %, % n, % i SECTION li: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 319 Writers and media personnel sell theirselves best by the * anaes impression given in their verbal expression, Do In the spirit of the naturalist writers, that author's work z 8 € portrays man’s struggle for surv . Stephen 's story is a clinical portrayal of man as an animal x © trapped by the Fear and hunger. a ‘Their silly, whiny conversation on a child level was meant x to create tension and heighten Nancy's fears and anxiety. 5 c ° For along time, this officals have been known throughout th Pe the covntsy 3s politieat bosses and law enforcers. c ° 3 [Nora hardly never misses an opportunity to play oR a c the tennis tournaments Air pollution, together with litering, are causing ma * 3 € roblems in our large, industrial ities today. . Because ofthe severe snow storm and the road Blocks, the * @ tir force dropped food and medical supplies close the city. t 3 Hammingbizds are the only birds capable toy backward * ® Biel as foraed, up, and down, co ‘The news ofthe president's treaty negotiations with the x foreign government wert = c bythe citizens of bath gove paana320. PRACTICE TEST « 32. Angie’s bilingual ability and previous experience were the qualities * that which helped her get the job aver all the other candidates, 3 © 3 33. Joel giving up smoking has caused him to gain weight * 5 c and become D table with his aequaintances. 34. They asked me what did happen last night, but J was * 6 rable to tell them, © 0 35. The test administrator ordered we not to open ovr books a ae Lalit he fold ws 10 da 50, 36. Que new neighbors had been living in Arizona since ten * 3 © years before moving to their present house. 0 37. I would of attended the mecting of the planning committee 8 a speech at 38. Weare suppose to read * the questions for tomorrow's lass o 39. The explanation that our instrvetor gave us was different x a than the one yours gave you c D ew EXPRESS® Tron ox PARTS" orm STOP. This 1s THE END OF THE STRUCTURE AND WAI SECTION. IF YOU FINISH UEFORE TIME 15 UP, CHECK YOUR WORK [AND B OF THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION SECTION IIL: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 32] ‘SECTION III: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION rime: 45 Minutes a Questions part pRECTIONS In questions 1-30 each sentence has aa underlined word ar phrase. Below cach sentence are four other words or phrases, marked! (A), (B), (C), and (0). You are o choose the one word or phrase that best Leeps the meaning. The original sentence if itis substituted for the underhined word or phrase Thea, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fll the sgace that corresponds to the fetter you have chosen. Fil in the space go chat theleter inside the oval eannot be seen, 1. The house by the sea hud a mysterious air of serenity about it (A) metancholy (C) sodnes ©) jy (D) calmness 2. The speaker emphasized the need for eaoperation in the projec were about 16 undertake (A) accentuated (C) discussed {B) downplayed (D) displayed 3, Marsha found it difiéult 10 cope with the toss uf her job (A) anticipate (C) deal with (8) think about (O) confirm 4 The number of pnemnplayed people in our coun (A) licensed (C) business (8) working {D) jobless 5 Migrant workers have diliculty finding steady employment (A) midget (©) transieat (8) iligent {D) uomowy pial: § Christopher Columbus was the fst person 10 attonage of Queen Isabella of Spain. (4) explore (C) work (Q) sh (D) cireunweat gate under the ee LF [hesuns intense rays distorted the image on the erivon, (A) eteces eee 8 sere Se322. vaacrice vest « 8. A pow government department was established 10 control marine wale cay see (©) highway (B) military (0) ais , His company empowered him ta negotiate the contract. (A) belpes (C) authorized (B) forbade (D) ondzred 10, His involunt (A) automat (B) unbelievable y reflexes betrayed his Feclings (C) unnecessary {D) unreasonable 1. The principal congratulated the student on his outstanding display of leadership, (A) alluded (C) praised (B} scolded (O) contacted 12, A middle-aged woman of tremendous girth sat dowa beside the other patients in the waiting oom, (a) prestige 0B) totundity (© eloquence (D) mirth 13, Nummbing teror filled their braias as they witnessed the explosions () wrpid (©) paralyzing (B) tantalizing (D) sentient 14. The atmosphere in the polie chief's olice was electric with contention. (a) discon! (C) weeping (B) rejoicing (D) curiosity 18. Peony’s in fist pee (A) incresing (8) informative romptu speseh given at the state competition won her the (C) extemporaneous (D) expressive 16, The sleeder boy 5 (A) balanced (B) crawled 1} the wall ike a lizard (C) plastered (0) climbed i raom Madeline had ever seen, despite 17, The salon was the most ele (A) Hlexibiiny (©) decoration (B) design (1) simplicity 18. The Royal Moseust contains & facsimile of the hng’s famous ds tion (A) copy (© record (BD showcase (D) new edition SECTION Ill: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPRENENSION 323 19. The raccoon is a nocturnal animal (A) hacmless (B) night (C) marsupial (D) diurnal 20. The author wrote with great clarity, not missing a single deta (A) genius (C) clearness (@) cleverness (D) extensiveness 21. Double agents live in perpetual state of fear (A) perfect (C) casing (B) constant (D) perpetrated 22. After the alien spacecraft had hovered over the park for a short while it vanished. {) landed (B) disappeared (C) atiacked (0) rose 2B, Alter receiving the insulting letter, Ron became furious (A) ghastly (©) fudgent (B) resentful (D) irate rie ctiatood poverty caused Lucy tobe very thity as she grew older (A) practicality ) indigence (©) wealth (D) shyness 25 the crops are nat ie (A) watered (C) planted ©) plowea (0) Fertitizea 2% Willen Burope on vacation, the twins roamed the countryside on thei ike. (A) rounded (©) wandered @) vooked (D) rusties 2. The coroner was able to extracts minute particle of cloth from under {hevicin’s ngernail ooo (A) infinitesimal (©) large ©) signicane (0) short 3 Lets suppose that we are ating ina coo pao on 2 hot summer's day. (4) aie (C) succum’ ©) imply (D) suggest B-Thestudens (8) offerea ©) availate records were not readily accessible for their perusal (C) aceeprable (D) accountable324 pRacTice TEST « 30. Scientists say that brown genes are dominant and blue ones are (A) controling (B) docile Goon to rant (C) dormant {D) doleful Part B DIRECTIONS. In the rest of this section you will read several passages. Each one i followed by several questions about it. For questions 31-60, you are to chasse the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fil in the space that corresponds othe liter of the answer you have chosen. Answer ll questions following a pasage on the bass of what is stated or implica in that passage Questions 31 through 34 are based on the following reading. Why would anyone want 0 set aside @ day to honor lowly lie srounchog? The answer 1 that question i not certain, but a group oF people get together every February 2 in Punssutawney, Penasylvanis, 0 watch Punisutawacy “Pete” leave his bucrow. What “Pete” docs next _many believe wll indicate whether spring is just around the corner or Jong way off. You see, in Pennsylvania on this date there is usually reat deal of snow on the ground, and the little animal has beck hibernating daring the long, cold winter. He gorged himself during te autumn months and then went ino bis buerow fra Tong sleep his Bo) fat helping keep hrm alive. But ashe emerges on February 2 he looks very thio. If the sun is shining brightly and he sees his shadow according t legend, it scares him back into his home where he wil say another six weeks. Should i be cloudy and gray, the litle animal wil supposedly wander around for food—a sure sign that spring is 22 While many believe in the groundhop’s predictions, itis unwise © accept them as factual 31. According to this reading, why do people gather every year 0 obs" the eroundhog? (A) He's cute and playful, and children love to watch Bim = (B) He's looking Fr foos and the people want to help him fd i (C) Many people believe hin 10 bea harbinger of spring (D) The people want to be sure he is alive after such lone wink Bireememene neers [SECTION Il: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 325 21. How dacs the grounds manage stay alive during the log winter? {A) People set out fod for him {B) His stoted body fat sustains him {0} He wakes upon nice days and hunts for fod {D) tris a mystery as yet unsolved 33, Which of the following is or true? (A) Animals have a certain instinet which helps them predict the (B) According to the legend, the groundhog leaves hie burrew on February 2. (C) Groups of people in Pennsylvania wait forthe greundhoy’s prewic: tions. (D) Afr his long period of hibernation, the groundhog looks very thin 34. What prediction does the grovndhog supposedly make? (A) Ihe sees his shadow, it will soon be spring (B) Ihe sees his shadow, spring will mot arrive for anather six wecks (C) Ihe does not sce his shadow, spring will arrive in six week: (D) A he does not see his shadow, al the snow will disappear immed ately. uestions 35 through 38 are based om the following reading, The First Amendment to the Americen Constitution declares fre dom of the press to all mea. Aichough this right was aot officially Adopted unt 1791, the famous Zenger teil of 1735 laid the grout! ‘work fr insuring thie precious freedom John Peter Zenger emigrated as a teenager from Germany. in 12} he began publishing the New York Weekly Journal. The following yer te was attested for writing a story about the erown-appointed governor &f New York. While he was imprisoned For nine months, Zenger's wife uiuly published the newpaper every day, bravely telling the crush abot the eoecupt government oficial seat by the hin to govern the Finally Zenger’s long-awaited tal took place. Ths hostile judge Gismisted Zenger's local lawyers, making it navessary for his wife #0 pas out Andrew Hamilton, a prominent Philadelphia lawyer Gustaded by Hamiton, she jury bravely ceturned a not guilty edit ‘yng the judge's orders for conviction 4 NE2 out of determination and bravery on the part uf the esos, ian Wetory for freedom of the press a5 Se: by 8 young326 paacrict TEST « 435, John Peter Zenger was a. {A) corrupt governor of New York (C) brave newspaper publisher (B) famous lawyer (D) hostile judge 36, What political problem existed in the colonies at that time? (A) Government oficials were corrupt (B) Newspapers exopgerated the truth about the patitica! officials (C) Lawyers were hostile to witnesses. (D) All newspaper publishers were imprisoned, 37. How long did it take after the Zenger rial before the concept of freedom ‘af the press was officially adopted? (A) Ginonths (B) L year (C) 6,years (D) 58 years 38. Which ofthe following is nar true? (A) Despite Zenger's imprisonment, his newspaper continued to te published (B) Andrew Hamilton encouraged the jury 1 fight for freedom, (C) The jury aboyed the judge's orders and convicted Zenget. (D) The king controlled the colonies through his own appointed rulers Questions 39 shrough 4 are based on the following reading. When buying @ house, you must be sure to have it checked for termites. A termite is much like aa ant in ils communal habits although physitally the two insects are distinct. Like those of ants, termice colonies consist of different clases, east with its own particular job. The most perfeetly formed termites, both rile ond female, make up the reproductive clas. They have eyes bard bovly walls, and fully developed wings, A pair of reproductive termite founds the colony. When new reproductive ermites develop. they [eave to form another colony. They use their wings only this one time and te break thems olf The worker termites They make up the majority of the colony and do all the ars also wingless and blind but are larger than the workers and '9% hard heads and strong jaws and legs. They defend the eolony ard 37 ‘eared for by the workers The male and female of the reproductive class rem closed-in cell whece the female lays thousinds of x88 place the eggs ie cells and care for them. small, blind, and wingless, with soft bas work, Soi nain inside "Fie woke SECTION Ill VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 327 so, How ate termites like ants? (A) They live in communities, and exch clas has a specific duty (B) Their bodies are the same shape {C) The king and queen are imprisoned, (0) The females" reproductive eapacities are the same, 4, Which ofthe following is nor true? (A) All ermites have eyes (B) Some termites cannat fy {C) Workers are smaller than soldiers. {D) Termites do not Ny often 4 Which of the following statements is probably true? {A) Thousands of termites may move together to develop a new colony. (B) The mate and female reproductives do not venture outdoors except to form a new eolony. (©) There are more soldiers than workers. (D) A worker could easily killa soldier sine hone Te bse onthe flo rea Jn recent years, there has been an inereasing awareness of the inadequa- sof the judicial system in the United States. Costsace staggering both for lie taxpayers and the litigants—and the litigants, or parties, have to wail sometimes many years before having their day in court. Many suggestions have been made concerning methods of amelicrating the situation, but as in ta ranches of government changes come sow Ore suggestion hat has been madein order Lo mstmize the eiiency of thegatem isto allow distriets that have an overabundance of pending eases tetarrow judges from other districts that do not have such 2 backlog. Atnthr suggestion isto use pretrial conferences, n which the judge meets in Schumer withthe litigants and their attorneys in order to narrow the ews mit the witnesses, and provide fora more orderly trial. The theory ‘id pretial conferences js that judges wil spen less time on each ease Tors will more readily setle before tial when they teaize the vy oftheir claims and their opponents evidence Unfortunately, at EE.SS Hud has shown ahat pretrial conferences actually use-more Tey ti than they save ately result in prvi setements, and ‘ulin higher damage settlements, teh 2a Base oy sable note meta sain counts, in 8 over small sums of money can be disposed of with considerable PSE Such proceedings cost the litigants almost nuthing. In California,328 PRACTICE Test « for example, the partes must appear before the judge without the assistance ‘of counsel, The proceedings are quite informal and there is no pleading—the litigants need to make only a one-sentence statement of their claim, By going to this type of court, the plaintiff waives any right to a jury trial and the sigh oappeal the decision. In coming years, we can expect to see more and mare innovations inthe ‘continuing effort to remedy 2 situation which must be remedied if the citizens who have valid claims are going (0 be able 10 have their day in 42. The pretrial conference, in theory. except (A) narrow the issues (B) cause early seitlements s supposed 10 do all ofthe flloving (©) save judicial time (D) increase settlement costs 443, What is the main topic ofthe passage? (A) All states should follow California's example in using small-lins courts in order to free judges for other work, (B) The legislature needs to formulate fewer laws so thatthe juicy can catch up on its older eases. (C) Nobody seems to care enough to attempt to find methods far making the judicial system more eflicient (D) While these are many problems with the court system, there me viable suggestions for improvement 44. The word liigants me (A) juty a (B) com est nearly (C) pects ina lawsuit (D) taxpayers 45. Which ofthe following is true about staclaims courts? (A) Its possible to have one’s ease heard by a jury if he or she dissatisfied with the court’ decision (B) The litigants must plead accurately and according to strict for (C) The decision may not be appeated to a higher court (D) The parties may not present their eases without an attorney's be? 46. What ean we assume from the passage? (A) Most people who feel they have been wronged havea ready Jn courts of law, : (B) Many people would ike to bring a ease to court, but are woable ‘because of the cost and time required (C) The judicial system in the United States is highly acclaim ficiency, 7 (D) Pretrial conferences will someday prabably have replace completely ed for is SECTION Ill: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPRENIENSION 32! questions 47 through 50 are based on the following reading 4m 1971, the great Persian Empire celebrated the 2500th annivessary of its founding, Its founder was Cycus the Great, who procla.mes himself the King of Kings. His son Cambyses succeeded him, eonguer- ig Eeypt and expanding the empire. Darius I fallowed Cambyzes an suas probably the most famous of ths long line of kings. Under his rule, the empire stretched as far as India, Governors were placed in charge of the provinces, Extensive systems of roads and waterways improved tommanication throughout the realm. He was one of a few ancient fuless who permitted his subjects 10 worship as they wished. The magnificent city of Persepolis, founded under his dicection in SUS WC ‘wasn ceremonial center then as well as in the 1970's “1, Whois considered the founder of the Persian Empire? (A) Persepolis (B) Cytus (C) Darius! (D) Cambyses “4, Inwhat year was the Persian Empire founded? (a) 250026 (B) 518 BC. (C) $298c (D1 TTL” 48, Who was the predecessor af Cambyses? (A) Egypt (B) Daciust —(C) Persepotis (Ds Cyrus 50, Which ofthe following b (A) ceremonial (B) betlicose st describes the empire under Darius 1? (C) punitive {D) progressive Questions 51 through 54 are based on the following reading ln an effort to produce the largest, fastest, and most Iw urious ship ‘Moot, the British built the Titanvc. It was so superior to anything ese ‘nthe seas that it was dubbed “unsinkable.” So sure of tis were the ‘ener that they provided lifebosts for only 850 of is porsible 3,500, Passengers, Many passengers were aboard the night it rammed a iecberg, unly {mo days at sea and more than half way between England aod the New York destination, Because the luxury liner was traveling so Fast tw imposible to avoid the ghostly looking iceberg An unesbnyuished fre sunsbuted othe ships submersion, Pane igreased ths number sf feiultes as people jumped ins the icy water or fought tobe among she Iie & board the liveboats, Four hours after the mishap, snwiher ship, myCerPathia, rescued the survivors—Iess than a third of those orig iy aboard330, practice resr« ‘The infamous Titanie enjoyed only two days of suiting glory on iy saiden voyage in 1912 before plunging into 12,000 feet of water near * the coast of Newfoundland, where it es today 51, Which of th following isnot true? (A) Only a third of those aboard perished + (B) The Corpathia rescued the survivors (C) The Titanic sank near Newfoundland. {D) The Titanic was the fastest ship afloat in 1912, 52, Which ofthe following did nor contribute tothe large death toll? (A) panic (B) fre (C) speed (D) Carpathia 53, How many days was the Titanic at sea before sinking? (2 BA (C6 (D)IZ SA. The word unextinghished means most nearly the same as (A) indestruciable (©) undiscovered (B) wncontrallable (D) unquenched Questions 55 through 58 are based on she following reading. ‘The Great Pyramid of Giza, a monument of wisdom and prophecy, was built as a tomb for Pharach Cheops in 2720 ac. Despite is Antiquity, certain aspects ofits construction make it one of the truly ‘great wonders of the world, The Four sides of the pyramid are aligned almost exactly on true north, south, east, and west—an incredible 2 ‘ngincecing feat. The ancient Egyptians were sun worshipers and great t astronomers, s0 computations for the Great Pyramid were based on ‘stronomical observations Explorations and detailed examinations of the base of the strwcture roveal many intersecting lines. Further scientific study indicates that {hese representa type of time line of events—past, present, and futur ‘Many of the evenis have been interpreted and found to coincide with known facts of the past. Others are prophesied for future generations and are preseatly under investigation. ‘Was this superstrvcture made by ordinary beings, or ane built by # race far superior to any known today” mat OL ted! 55. Approximately how long ago was the Great Pyramid constructed! (A) 640 years (B) 2.720yeaes (C) 4,000 years (0) 4.7009 56. On what did the ancient Egyptians base their calculations? {A) abservation ofthe celestial bodies e (B) advanced technology E (C) advanced tools of measurement 5 {D) Knowledge of the earth's surface & BR _—— SECTION Mik VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREENSION 351 45, Why was the Great Pycamid constructed? (A) 38 solar observatory (C) asa tomb for the pharoah (B) asa celigious temple (D) asan enginering eat 5. Why isthe Great Pyramid of Giza considered one of the seven wonders, ofthe world? (A) [tis perfectly aligned with the four cardi and contains many prophecies (B) Ttowas selected as the tomb of Pharaoh Cheops {C) Howas built by a super race. (D) Mis very old. points ofthe compass Directions for questions 9 and 60 For each of these questions, choose the answer that is elosest in meaning to the original sentence. Note that several of the choices may be factually correct, but you should choose the one that isthe closest astatement of the given sentence 59, Parents have become increasingly concerned about the television view ing habits of their children—so much s0 that families are beginning to censor the programs that enter their homes, {A) Families watch television together more-often now than in the past so that they can decide whether shows are desirable or not (8) Families with televisions are not as close as families without {elevisions because the former bicker more over progratn choices. (©) Although parents worry about the programs that their children watch, they find it very difficult because censorship is not. what it used 10 be, (B) Because of their concern over the television programs that are aired, many parents are deciding which programs they will allow their ehildsen to wateh. {Children reared in poverty tend, on the average, 10 do poorly on tests of intligence (A) Impoverished children are generally not as inteigent as rich children (8) Behind the poverty trend isan assumption that children are stupid (©) Children from poor families have a tendeney to fare badly on inteigence tests (©) Totenigence tesis are poorly administered to poor children Stop. Tegel 8 THE END OF THE EXAMINATION. IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TAME Amo neck YOUR WORK ON PARTS A AND BOF THE READING COMPREHENSION Z The nah POARY SECTION ONLY, DO NOT RETURN TO ANY OTHERSECTION OF EP Ie.340 6, He has received several scholaeships —_____ 7. Harvey will wash the clothes, 10, The doctor insisted that his patient u (A) not only because of his artistic but his academic ability (B) for both his academic ability as well as his artistic (C) because of his academic and artistic abitiny (D) as resulting of his ability in the art and the academy (A) iron the shits, prepare the meal, dusting the furniture (B) ironing the shirts, preparing the meal, and dusting the furniture (C) iron the shirts, prepare the meal, and dust the furniture {D) toiron the shirts, prepare the meal, and dust the Furniture that new information to anyone else but the sergeant (A) They asked him not to give (C) They asked him no give (B) They asked him todon't give (D) They asked him ta 90 give _ he would have signed his name inthe corner. (A) Ihe painted that picture {B) Ihe paints that picture (C) the had painted that picture (0) {fhe would have painted that picture (A) that he not work too hatd for three m (B) take it easy for three months (C) taking it easy inside of three months (D) to take some vacations for three months ‘The manager was angry because somebody — = (A) had allowed the photographers o enter the building (B) had let the photographers to enter into she building (C) permitting the photographers enter the buil (D) the photographers let into the building wi rentations ‘out the proper doe Richard was asked to withdraw from graduate school because (A) they believed he was not really able to complete research () he was deemed incapable of completing his research (C) it was decided that he was net capable to complete the researeh (D) his ability 1 finish the research was not believed or trusted The committee members resented —___ (A) the president that he did not tel them about the meeting (B) the president not 1 inform them ofthe meting (C) the presicien’s ot informing them of the meeting {D) that the president had Failed informing themselves that! going t meeting [SECTION tt: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 341 tit Arthur resize that there was danger {A) Uponentering the store (C) Alter he had entered the store {B) When entered the sore (D) Only afer entering the store 15. The rabbit scurried away in fright ——_____. (A) when it heard the movement in the bushes {B) the movement among the bushes having been heard {C) after it vas hearing moving inside of the bushes (0) when he has heard that something moved in the bushes Goon To PART 8 Pan B DRECTIONS In questions 16-40 each sentence has fovr underlined words or phrases. ‘The four uaderlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D) deny the one underlined word or phrase that must be changed in order for Ihesentence to be correct. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the {question and Sil in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you dave chsen, 16. Neither of the ely have tuened in the tern papers to the instructor yet. “8 © D After materials, the student ya a tose his test scare by twenty-five points. > 1H. The book that you sce laying on the ta belongs tothe teacher "9, suggest that he doctor a8 soon as he ciara taking the exam. fro . 1%. Shes looking forward to go to Eurpoe afer she Saco university fish her studies at th 0 * They said that the man jumped off ofthe bridge and | “eC ed into the freezing water zs 8342 practice Tests 22. Mr. Anderson used to jogging in the crisp morning air * @ during the winter months, but now he has stopped c 0 23. The volume four of our encyclopedia set & 8 for two months. T (to nt know wre soul be bave gone scart in the mora, ier 25. The people tried of defending thei village, but they aes were finaly forced to retreat “CD 26. The professor was considering postponing the examination ® 8 ‘until the following week becouse the students’ confusion, 27, Having lost the election, the presidential candidate intends, the opposition ns of his tal, a 28, The congressman, accompanied by secret service agents a and aides, are preparing to enter the convention hall @ c within the next few minutes ~~ 29. Because the torrential sains that had devastated the area, the gover sent the National Guard to assist in the clean-up operation. 0 30. Lack of sanitation in restaurants are a major cause of SECTION II: STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION 343 ‘9, Malnutrition is. major cause of death in those. where the cultivation of rice have been impeded by recurrent drought, c — 43, The decision to withdraw alt support from the activites ofthe = s athletes are causing an uproar among the athletes’ fans. © D M4, Underutilized species of fsh has been proposed a5 a rk 5 e solution tothe Famine in many underdeveloped countries, 45, Because the residents had worked so diligent 10 1 x mass € the old building, the manager had a party. 56, John's wisdom teeth were troubling him, so he went toa “ce 38. Suzy had better to change her study habits if she 0 Some bacteria are extremely har used in producing cheeses, crackers ‘nd many ether foods Stop. 7 : WS 1S THE END OF THE STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION SSeH0¥, te YOU FSH BEFORE TIME IS UP, CHECK YOUR WORK ON PARTS A ‘8® Wor thus section ONLY. DONOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION OF THE {Otornassscr Donor en se344 practice rest 5 SECTION I: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION ‘Time: 45 Minutes 60 Questions Part DIRECTIONS In questions 1-30 each sentence has an underlined word or phrase. Blox each sentence ate four other words or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). You are to choose the one word or phrase that Bes keeps the meaning of the orginal sentence if itis substituted for the underline phrase Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fil in th space that corresponds othe letter you have chosen, Fill in the space so ‘he letter inside the oval cannat be seen, 1. Ht was ine ble that the smaller company should merge with te larger. (A) urgent (B) unavoidable (C) important (D) necessary The government is engaged in a project to pacity the hos society element of (A) poor () dalinguent (8) tnagonsic (0) rsticent 3 Ray js indulging in his Fvarite hob tha of eoleting mils (A) auenching (C) dicaring (B) eapeding (0) engating 4, Recent border confrontations between the two military groups len! tredeee tthe amr aan inpending Wat (A) enterprises C) conferees | {B) consequences (0) aloputes | 5. Maria and Bill were the sciients of the president's staan (A) creators (C)recivers {B) donors {D) instigators f 6. Theanci pe is perched on top of Athens highest Hi : {A} pramoont (0) viewed (0) Sen (b) toeted } SECTION Ill: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 345 4, Most of the wounded passengers were quickly removed from the sireralt (A) unconscious (C) deceased (B) injured (D) distressed 4. During the conference, the speaker tried to convey his feelings concern ing the urgency ofa favorable decision (A) summon (C) impose (8) user (D) communicate 4, The coveted Oscar was won by the best performing actor (A) much desiced (C) outstanding (B) rewarding (D) highly regarded 0. The high mountain climate is cold and inhospitable. (a) ay ey {B) stormy {D) intense 1 The ld ote! has recently been renovated (A) repainted (©) efurmished (8) refurbished (D) reiterated 12. An unsuccessful attempt was made so salvage the yacht and its (A) save (8) surface (©) sink (D) submerge 18 Eayptian authorities are trying 10 prevent their historical monuments from succumbing to the ravages of time (0) sustain (C) yielding (B) devaluating (D) enduring 4. The art students were enthralled by the sheer beauty of the portrait Which hung before therm. (A) stimulated {B) entrenched (C) shocked (D) captivated |S. Monique had to exercise great care at this crucial stage of her experi et ° ) catiat (©) Binal (8) scientine () initia 'S Was ditcult to apprehend the criminal because of the s Supplied bythe witness 9) complicted ©) gruesome (©) antste : (0) vogue + (aise of sadness permeated the atmosphere. Y quicteg (C) sled ) pervaded (D) stifled346 PRactice Test s 18. The Titanic lis buried inits aque (A) watery (B) subterranean s tomb. (C) glorious (D) unknown 19, The disinterred mummy was found to be in an advanced stage ot disintegration ) glorification (B) saturation (C) decomposition (D) preservation 20, The scientist tried to fuse the two tubes, but found it impossible todo (A) separate (C) bend (B) unite (D) straighten 21, His inal remarks bad a tremendous impact on the audience. (A) effect ©) uplift (B) collision (D) uproar 22. ‘The recent medical breakthrough was the culmination of many lrg years of experimentation (A) result (C) abyss (B) climax (D) cultivation 23. The densely populated area was a breeding place for infectious seas. (A) meagerly (B) improperly (C) sparsely (D) heavily 124, Few countries today enjoy prosperous economies. (A) static (© Nourishing (B) stable (D) poor 25, ‘The test site region encompassed a ten-square-mile area. (A) overlooked (CO) surveyed (B) owned (D) encircled 26, After World War I, Russia emerged as a world power (A) surrendered (© fought (B) came forth (D) dismissed 27, Partof the county area was annexed to the city in recent months (A) joined (C) dispensed (B) separaced (D) revoked j 28, His replies were (A) contradicted (B) incorporated consistent with his previous testimony (C) were compatible with (D) enhanced 29, The students arrived promply at 9 o'clock for their biology 5% i (a) hy (©) quickly (8) punctually (D) sleepily [SECTION IIL: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPRENENSION 347 3p. Her only chance to elude her pursver was to mingle with the crowd, A) friend “(C) follower (B) lawyer (D) captor GoonTorARTS Pen B ORECTIONS I the rest of this section you will read several passages. Each one is {alowed by several questions about it For questions 31-60, you are to choose the one best answer, (A), (B), (C), or (D), to each question. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fil in the space that corresponds tothe letter of the answer you have chosen. Answer all questions falowing a passage on the basis of what is stated or implied in that passage. Questions 31 through 35 are based on the following reading. The food we eat seems to have profound eflects on our health Although science has made enormous steps in making food more fit 0 fat, it has, at the same time, made many foods unfit to eat. Some research has shown that perhaps eighty percent of all human illnesses are related t0 diet and forty percent of cancer is related to the diet as well especially cancer af the colon. Different cultures are more prone 10 coatract certain illnesses because of the food that is characteristic in these cultures, That food is related 10 illness is not # new discovery. In 1945, government researchers realized that nitrates and nitrites, fommonly used to preserve color in meats, and other food auditives, ‘aused cancer. Yet, these carcinogenic additives remain in our food, and iW becomes more dificult all the time to know which things on the backaging labels of processed food are helpful or harmful. The additives ‘hich we eat are not all so direct. Farmers often give penicillin to beet And pouty, and because ofthis, penicillin has been found in the milk of {teaied cows. Sometimes similar drugs are administered 10 animals not fr medicinal pueposes, but for financial reasons, The farmers are Simply trying to fatten the animals in order to obtain a higher price on the market. Although the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ‘ied repeatedly to control these procedures, the practices continue.348 pRacTice Test $ 31. How has science done a disservice to mankind? (A) Because of science, disease caused by contaminated food has bes Virtually eradicated, ((B) {thas caused a lack of information concerning the value of foo, (©) As a result of scientific intervention, some potentially harmit substances have been added to our food. (D) The scientists have preserved the color of meats, but not o vegetables 32, What are nitrates used for? (A) They preserve flavor in packaged Foods (B) They preserve the color of meats (©) They are the objects of research {D) They cause the animals to become fatter 33, What does FDA mean? (A) Food Direct Additives (B) Final Dificul Analysis (C) Food and Drug. Administration (D) Federal Dairy Additives 34. The word carcinogenic means most nearly the same as (A) trouble-making (C) money-making (B) color-retaining (D) cancer-causing 35. Which of the following statements is mor true? (A) Drugs are always given to animals for medical reasons. (B) Some of the additives in our food are added to the food ise” end some are given (o the living animals (C) Researchers have known about the potential hazards of fox! additives for over thiety-five years. (D) Food may eause forty percent of cancer in the world estions 36 through 38 are based on the following reading selection. Because Egyptians believed in life after death, they mummified the body to preserve it from decay. The aneients left no written accounts * to the execution of this process, so scientists have had to examine muramies and establish their own theories. The embalming preecst cn up to seventy days for nobles and ony fe for 8 nvighht have tal poor. Certain compounds of salts, spices, and resins were preserve the corpse, which was later wrapped in a fine linen cloth phos a then encased in a wacden box before being placed in a 36. How have we been able to earn about the mummifcaton procs (A) Accurate records have been handed dow tows (B) Interviews with embalmers who still use the process the secret F (©) After studying mummies, scientists have developed #h* sted have re SECTION I: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPREHENSION 349 (©) Chemica! analysis of the compounds has led us toan explanation of the method used. 47 How would you describe the embalming process? (A) lengthy and complicated (C) strict and unfaltering (B) short and simple (D) wild and terrifying 48, Which af the fllowing statements is nor true? (A) Bodies were preserved as a matter of religious bei (B) All mummificatin took seventy days to complete (©) Special compounds were used to embalm the bodies, (D) Ithas been dificult to determine the process used Questions 39 shrough 43 are based on the following reading ‘A tapeworm is @ parasite that Hives in the intestines of humans and asimals. Some tapeworms attach themselves 10 the intestinal wall by ‘means of suckers in their heads. Others Naat freely inthe intestines and shor fod through the walls of theie bodies ‘A tapeworm consists of numerous segments. When a new segment forms, older ones mave tothe bck of the animal. Each segment contains bermephroditic sexual organs (that is, organs of male and female). The erus of each segment fils with eggs, which develop into embryos Generally, when the egg is ready to hatch, the segment breaks olf and is tliminated through the host's excretory system, These embryos continue tir development only if ingested by an intermediate host One may be infected by tapeworms by eating undercooked beef, pork fish. Symptoms include irregular appetite, abdominal discomfort, ‘emia, weakness, and nervousness, 2. Which of he folowing statements can weasume from the passages not tie? (A) An embryo will cease to develop if not ingested by ingested by « host (8) A tapeworm will continue to live even when seginents break of {C) The segment farthest back on the tail is the oldest. (0) Tapeworms always Noa feel in the digestive sym, © Ahermaphrodice is {A) a tapeworm ©) a seme sent containing an embryo (©) adeing that contains male und femate sestal organs 28 animal made of sezments M. Which Tinh te flowing i probsbly Wor » symplom of tapeworm 1) unusuad eating habits ©) excitabity (C) éehcieney of red blood exis (0) euphoris350 PRACTICE TEST s 42. Which ofthe following statements is (ruc? (A) A tapeworm uterus contains one egg, (B) Overcooked beef isa cause of tapeworms. (C) A male tapeworm must always be ingested before reproduction wi (D) Tapeworms vary in their method of ingesting food. 43, What would be the best ttle for this reading passage? (A) Parasites (©) The Tapeworm, a Harmful (B) Reproduction of the Parasite Tapeworm (D) Segmented Parasites Questions 44 through 48 are based on the following reading, After inventing dynamite, Swedish-born Alfred Nobel beeame a very rich man, However, he foresaw its universally destructive powers 0 late, Nobel preferred nat tobe remembered as the inventor of dynamite, so in 1895, just two weeks before his death, he created a fund tobe uses for awarding prizes to people who had made worthwhile contributions to mankind, Originally there were five awards: literature, physics, ‘chemistry, medicine, and peace. Economies was added in 1968, just sixty-seven years after the fist awards ceremony. [Nobel's original legacy of nine million dollars was invested, andthe interest on this sum is used for the awaeds which vary from $30,000 10 125,000. Every year on December 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death, the awards (gold medal, illuminated diploma, and money) are presented to the winners. Sometimes politics plays an important role inthe judges decisions, Americans hove won mimerous science awards, but relatively few literature prizes. No awards were presented from 1940 to 1942 at the beginning of World War Il. Some people have won two prizes, but this is rare; tke have shared their prizes, 44, When did the first award ceremony take place? (A) 1895 (B) 1901 (C) 1962 (D) 1968 45, Why was the Nobel prize established? (A) to recognize worthwhile contributions to humanity (B) to resolve poliviealdterences (C) to honor the inventor of dynamite (D) tospend money 46, In which area have Americans recived the most awards? (a) literature (C) economies (B) pease (©) science SECTION IE: VOCABULARY AND READING COMPRENENSION 381, 4, Which of the following statements is not true? (a) Awards vary in monetary vale. {B) Ceremonies are held on December 10 to commemorate Nobel's invention {€) Potts can play an important role in selecting the winners {D) A few individuals have won to awards 48, Inhow many fields are prizes bestowed? w2 @)5 (6 (10 (qestions 49 through 52 are based on the following newspaper advertise- 3 BR apt. start Aug. 1, close to univ., pool, part. furn. w/ washer/ dryer, cent, A/C, $150 + 1/3 wil, nonsmoker, Is, last, + $100 dep. jon of the newspaper will you find this advertisement? (C) classified (D) realestate 9, Tnwhat se (4) editorial (B) entertainment ‘0. What restriction is mentioned in the ad? (A) Renter must not smoke. (B) Renter must bring al his or her furniture (©) Renter must share bedroom (D) Renter will be close tothe university, s Which ofthe following statements isnot true? (A) The tenant will have to pay only $150 per month {B) Washer and dryer are provides (C) Occupation date is August Is. (D) Renter will need to provide some furniture 52 How much will the renter need to pay initially before moving into the apartment? (a) 8150 (D) 5250 (B) $400, (C) S100 Questions $3 through 57 are based on the following reading selection Ever since humans have inhabited the earth, they have made use of ‘eros forms of communication. Generally, this expression of thoughts td feelings has been in the form of oral speeck. When there is a Wirgvage barrier, communication is accomplished through sign lnguage in which motions stand for letters, words, ad ideas. Tourists, ese and the mute have had to resort to this form of expression. RuBY oF these symbols of whole words are very pituresque and exact san be used internationally spelling, however, cannot352, PRACTICE TEST 5 Body language transmits ideas or thoughts by certain actions either intentionally or unintentionally. A wink can be a way of fisting o indicating that the party is only joking. A nod signifies approval, white shaking the head indicates « negative reaction. Other forms of nonfinguistic language can be found in Braille (1 system of raised dots read with the fingertips), signal flags, Morse coe, and smoke signals. Road maps and picture signs also puide, warn, snd instruct people While verbalization is the most common form of language, ether systems and techniques also express human thoughts and Feclings. 53. Which ofthe following best surnmarizes this passage? (A) When language is a barrier, people will find other forms of communication, (B) Everybody uses only one form of communication, (C) Nonlinguistic language is invaluable to foreigners (D) Although other forms of communication exist, verbalizaton i he fastest. 54, Which ofthe following statements is not tue? (A) There are many forms of communication in existence today, (B) Verbalization isthe most common for of communication, (C) The deaf and mute use an oral form of communication. (D) Meas and thoughts can be transmitted by body language. 55. Which form other than among blind people? (A) picture signs (8) Braite I speech would be most commonly wed (C) body language {D) sigosl Nags 56. How many different forms of communication are mentioned here? WS BT OX MU 57. Sign language is sa to be very picturesque and exact and ean be we internationally except for (A) spelling (B) ideas Directions for questions $8 through 60 (©) whole words (D) expresions “or each of these questions, choose the answer that is cfosest in meant For each of these questions, choose the shat ane to the original sentence. Note that several of the choices may be fat ‘correct, but you should choose the one that is the closest restatemem sion sentence tended fds 58. A family’s photograph album is generally about the est and often itis all that remains of it SECTION It VOCABULARY AND READING COMPRENENSION 353 1A) A photograph is generally an extension of the family, and the family cannot survive the presence of it (B) The remains of a family generally contain an extended photograph album, (€) The photograph albums of most families generally contain photo ‘graphs of parents, grandparents, aunts, uncles, cousins, and chil. dren, and the photographs generally remain after the people have died (0) The family is the focus of most photograph albums, and these albums can always be found among the extended family’s remains, 49, Peps we have failed to perceive that easth's biosphere isthe brunt of cur technological advances because the technological revolution descended pon us so prcipitaely, and we have been so busy basking, Iunuiantly inthe benefits that we haven't bothered to thik about the morning afer. (a) We have always realized that our technological advances were cccurring a a more rapid rate than our earth could handle, yet we weren't prepared, hereiofore, 10 forego our enjoyment of the bene. (B) Because we did not understand that technology was affecting our country's precipitation processes, we have been the brunt of & terrible joke (©) Werhave revolutionized technology 50 rapidly that we have enjoyed 4 greater prosperity without having 10 conceen ourselves. with possible adverse effcets on our fellow countrymen (0) Hvis possible that, because we so quickly found ourselves in a technological revolution, and were enjoying the bensis to such a degree, we did not realize the possible effets on the earth's biosphere. Avimal experieents suggest that good nutstion during the fist ree Yeas human lifes crucial (8) Experiments have proven that itis very ienportant for & human aby under three years of age 1 have some nutrition (B) Because of the experiments with animals, researchers believe that 2004 nutrition for fants is very important. (©) Manimats are deprived of heath food for thee yeas, they wil not be healthy (©) Man humans dont ext go fo or thie yar hey wil at ike animals, Sto fc THE ND OF THE EXAMINATION. [F YOU FINISH KEFORETIME S YOUR WORK ON PARTS A AND HOF THE READING COMPREIIENSION SAULARY SECTION ONLY. DO NOT RETURN TO ANY OTHER SECTION OF Bete428 TOEFL MODEL TESTS 2 RB 2 2 Section 2; Structure and Written 40 Questions 25 Minures This section i designed to measure your bility to recognize language tht appropri for anda writen English. There are two ipes of questions in this Section, with special ditions fr each ype Directions: Questions 15 are incomplete sentences. Beneath each senteace you will ee four words or pss marked (A), (C)and(D}. Chote te one wor ex phat tat ha coolecs te eee fn hese af he quction and nthe pce compose he leer ofthe nner you have hate Flaine spice Sta th eter ine eels ea “Then, on your answer she 1. Often 2 team of engineers is (A) work on one project (8) on one project work (©) working om one project {D) t0 working on one project. the word export diamonds (4) Only tite nations (B) Only few nations (©) Only atte nations (D) Only afew nations 3. A vacuum will neither conduc heat nor (A) transmit sound waves (B) transmitting sound waves (©) sound waves ae transmitted 2: Part A 6. Waring 2222 2 Expression operate yen ‘meat while taking this medication, a (A) Please no drive (B) Would you please no deiving (©) Please don't ave (D) Have you please not driven Burrowing animals provide paths for water In soil, and s0 do the roots of plants (A) decaying and they dying (B) when they die and decay (©) they die and decay (D) when they will die and decay a busy city, Prmpei was vinwally Aestroyed by the eruption of Mount Vest "10, The EDA was setup in 1940 9. Ins autobiography, The Education of Henry Adams, Adsms sitemped to show ‘hat his generation (A) didnot know how to lve in tectnolog- Seal society {B) dia not know living ina technological society (€) was nt knowing how live in. echo: logical society {D) had not known living in a technological Society _— that ‘maintain standards forthe tle of food and dduge (A) wenforce the Les (8) to enforcing nes (©) enforcing laws (D) enforced the las 11. Green and magenta are complementary co ‘ors located eppasite exch other on the color wheel, (A) and blue and yellow so (B) and to blue and yeline (©) and so blue and yellow do (D) and 0a bend yellow Gun Move. Test? 439 224222222 2 12, Doublestas obit__ (A) cach othe other (B) each oer (C) eachother one (D) other exch one st president ‘of the United Sites and be sssussinaed (A) the fourth (B) fount (C) four (D) he four 14. Oscittsona, one ofthe ow pls hat can rove about, a wavy, ghing mation, (A) having (B) has (©) being () wit 1s. teacher in New England. Web- Serre the Dictionary of the American Language (Ay twas while (8) When (C) When was (D) While Part B isin 79.4.0, (A) Once 0) the transmission of sound waves Directions: In questions 16-40, each sentence hus four underlined words or phrases. The four undeined parisof he sentence are masked (A),(B),(C),and{D) Identity the one undesined woud pase thal must ‘bechanged inorder forthe sentence tobe grammatically correct, Theron your answer shoe, finde mum 4. Torelieve pain caused by severe bums, pe ‘vent infection, and eat for shock, (A) taking immediate steps (B) 0 take immediate steps (C) taken steps immediately (0) take immediate steps 5, All he ceret grains row on the Prices and plains of the United States. (A) but coe (B) excep te rice (©) but for rice yexcepting rice (8) Ie was once (©) Once it was (©) Prat once. ‘ber ofthe question and filin the space that corresponds te the letter ofthe answer you have choven. 16. The bridge at Niagara Falls spans the longer (A) ®) tnguarded border inthe history ofthe work, symbolizing the peace and goodwill hat exist between Canada and the United States. © 17. When one experiences a change in diet by, a for example, moving toa new location, you @) (at may also experience temporary problems ) with the digestiveIP 9 TOERL MODEL TESTS 2 2 2:2 2 2 18, In ancient imes and throughout the Mile ‘Ages. many people ev that the ea is wa (Dy atontes. ng consriged works without permission ofthe holes of she ‘copyrights ae hveaking th 1c) Dy eure wall 20, Supersonic tamyort sac the ual a acto as probably be a ‘ily problems of nine ant at onesie pallati ie rw, © ly eieved dat Tones Beer ia) son a5 the one hs ha eset ad the Det laration of Independence i) cing the on rior os ing c in duly 1776 o 22. Because not food is as. nvrtious for v baby vA) io) as its mothers milk, many women are fe- © ©) turning tothe practice of beast feeding 23, Inthe siatcenth century. Francis Veta a a) French mathematician, ysed the vowels 0. €, ) 4.0.40 Fepesent a unknoen ninber, ©) 2 & 2 24, Increasing involvement in agriculre by large corporat ay Br Inova apsibusincss—tha i, ariglre c with business techies. inching heavy apitaization, specialization of prction, df cate al sages ofthe eneeaton, See supports in conctetesrvtures but on (0) stale geophysical ies, 26, Arisote systematically stout the aris Important tefeence for lag 27, thie oxyzen supply im the aumophcre 38 w ‘ot replenished by plan © beexused, ~D) 28, With his fuhor’s guidance, Moca tegua’? w o playing the clavier athe age of thece and c) composing atthe ag of five. é Dy 40. Sometime ants keop smaller insects tha give ( Hh eff onde: thing thm uly so io even building ars to bho t o : itwouldsooa (Brera teint ‘euthanasia, the practice of causing the death of ‘person suffering froma incurable disease, (Ay are so controversial 28, is ga Doran sha ead Sh wereld a or tore chic om dined sions Gj rev wiht expe us ©) al dtficsis, a probably sipcae ia Since tight the formation of life, wadeestning it sual structures, 233, Almost pocry is more enjoyable when itis a @ © o ‘ead aloud. 34, Is essential hat cancer is disgnaeed and «6 treated a erly a¢ possible in exer to assure ray ) successful cue 35, Vasco da Gams MODEL TEST? 44. 2 2 Be 2 EG} accompanied by large crew and 2 Net of rwenty ships, (a) were tying to establish Portuguese domina By © liom in Affica and fad during the sintceath ‘© century 36, Gold, silver, and copper cvins ae often mtabs 10 make them oO 17. A vine climbs fom oae uve Wo aber, cm a sp itself even when aw) oy ‘he erginasupponting wee mot longer © wo vino alive 38, Although the Indians and the Eskimo nd lived for cents whem the in Canada and the United Sia a) European seers came inthe seventeenth (a) century. the newcomers pan a systematic for to push them farther into the wilder 1c) ess and 0 take the land frMODEL TEST? 44a Section 3: Vocabulary and Reading Comprehension (Questions 45 Myers ‘his secinn is esigued 9 measure your comprehension of sanard written English. There are wo snp of questions inthis sectiun, with special directions foreach type. Part ‘actions la questions 1-30, each seatace has an underlined word or pss, Below each sentence are far ace wonds or pases, marked (A). (1). (C), and (D), You ate 10 choose the age word or pase that et hep th ofthe original seatence if i substitute fr the underlined word er phase hen, on yo asc ah fat eorerpinds he lecr yn ave eosen, Find the numer of the qustion and fli te spc Vin the space se thatthe llr hase the al ean Be ee, 5. The number of insect species is peeter an 1. The yeutly grout ofthe grass mations Ut of al ouher animal species, product is often uscd a an indicatoe of fstion’s econo ta) exceeds (1) equats (©) supments (D) predicts (a) stuggish (0) phan (C) routine (b) aanuat 6. Caves are often forme by selective wearia 2. The 1)2istands inthe Hawaiian chain ay of lif by theses wd across 388 miles of the Pacific Ocean, (A) erosion UW) emhance (B) evasion (1) clan (C) extension (©) gused (D) eradication (D) span Honeybes tive in a complicated society of, ten 1 filly thousand members. 3. Flamingos were about to have died o Jaws were posted fo protect them. (A) concealed (8) comples (©) cooperative () congested (A) become confined (B) become extinet (©) become infected (B) become deformed 4. Sain Elmo's Fie isa phenomenon that ‘curs when ships dischayging harmless electrical charges into the atmosphere appear to shine, (A) fae (8) shrink (C) glow 444 TOEFL MOQEL TESTS 8. Stephen Foster wat one of America’s most popular and productive song ers, com. posing nore than two hundred songs in his Titetime (A) protic ‘B) gifted (©) industrious Oh reknguned 9. All driaks that include eacchayin mus be ‘marked wih a warning label because sa ‘charin may cause cance, (A) packages (B) ineicatos (C) beversges (D) desscne hance sample can fen prose nfoem on about 3 kg population, (A) prudent (2) genuine (0) fandom (D) mosh Hh, Magona the py ceath's rocks nay source of al he (A) cheapest (B) Gest (©) newest (©) worst 12. Sharks must swim a sinking. a (Ay swity (8) rarely (C) precisely (©) constantly |B. Microprocessors, unike computers, are pros _Brammed to complete defined tasks. (A) specie (8) arduous (C) several (0) sitar i a 4. The galaxy slowly circles atound aspherical (A) expands (B) rates (C) accsterates x ; (D) vibrates e 35. The most aumieed annual gall eve in| ‘America ithe Btasters Tournament, held ia ‘Auginta, Georgia (A) exhausting {) controversial (C) competitive (O) prewiginus 16. Although soine species ate waive Wo tipe Ste noes, mos eh grow inp ag (A) isolated (By ai (©) hues (Dh ishand 17. The ehie wickness, (N) audacity (B) geaiatiyy (©) agility () iiabitiy © is note fo it tamcness a — "8, The poputtion ofthe United Stasis oughly 250 million (4) unforunately (B) ideally (C) approximately (D) usually 19, Casbohydeates are plentiful in nature, vite’ they serve aan mene source ocr (A) abundant (B) obscure (C) unstable (D) reliableTOEFL MODEL TESTS MODEL TEST? 445 26, Some scienis hav argued thatthe purpose 2 ‘ of he human appendix may have Been fo sions abou i For questions 3-60, you eto choose he gos bes answer A), (B.C). of (Dao digest uncooked meat and bar, functions ech question. Then, on your answer sheet find the numberof the question and film the space that cor tha are now no lnger wef ‘Raposo the eter of he answer you hve chosen (A) simotaed (@) pst (C) abiolete (0) sluggish 20, The grill, the argest ofthe apes. is now ale o be bred in confinemen, (ay haste (8) sey (C) capivity (D) intervals “Answérall questions following a passage onthe basi of wha is sated or implied in ihat pasage, Questions 31-36 “Throughout history, he search for salt as, played an important ole in society: Whore there ws no salt nea, it was Brought from grcai stances. Thus, sal became ne of tbe most important anicles of ety wade. Records show dt in areas of scarcity sal was tented ounce Line for ounce for gold. Rome's major highway was called the Via Sula, that is, the Salt Road, i erystals frm the salt Mae at Osa up the power pau! gives off less radia: Vion than a peanit simsture of similar po . onion, such asthe Lincoln Memorial, 27. Canida and the United States ate coopera: ing to clean up the dirty lakes along tiie Dower (a) epets (8) eoacentrates (C) confines (Dy emi (6) Along that rl, Roman soldiers wansposted ‘Tiber River. rium, they recived a sufarunn on slay, which was Uittaly money paid 0 soldiers 10 buy salt, The old saying “wor ther soi.” which mans to he wilusble, derives {rom the custom of payment ding the Expire. The caravan trade ofthe Shara was als pa marly an exchange of goods far sal. Aniong ancient ponples there, to ea salt with another (10) person was sn at af frenlsip, Slaves were often purchased wih sl, Salt was so impatant in he Miuldle Ages that governmcals retained salt tae a8 a menopuly, or levied 1988 is purchase. By thea, people's social rank was denionstéted by sehere they sat al the tbl, shove or below the sil, (A) contamigated (B) huge Aheowting sway their shin several ines. 28 Deteication in the areas around the center Oo the ety is 2 common wrban probe WW) aigesting (8) stein ” (A) Dense popatation (N) Expensive nd (C) Heavy totic (Cie (D) mending 31, What docs the passage msimly discuss? 3, What docs the Latin won salar can? 21, Vokanoc foes where the pas in (0) Grad dctne thee cst ect (A) The ol saying "worth thr sa cay sal ee {8) Tre Roman Empire (0) Salary 29. Techical books often have a word fist at (C) Sat (C) Soldig (a) crack (8) imersect, (©) collapse (0) Moat 24, Some sedimentary rocks are made enttely ‘of very large coral beds. (9) uowsuat (8) mote (©) massive (D) subterranean nie es caroge oms temporary skeleton hat wil gradually be changed ila a bone. ~ ) Rome (8) Tiber {D) People of high sociale (A) uansformes (©) Ostia (B) straightened (C) hawdened (0) fased 20. (©) mutual 22 Like snakes, many insect by (D) gorgeous (a) quiz (8) appendia © chan (0) glossary Jet engines go in the opposite direction upon touchdown, - (A) extinguish (B) reverse (©) explode (D) hesitate (D) Ancient ade 32, What was te rte af exchange for salt and old in areas whee salt was a scarce com: modity? (A) One 0 one (B) One 10 wo (© One wotea (D) One sixteen 33. According tothe passage, where were salt fs located? (0) Satara 4. 36, {D) The Salt Road Ia an ie “wort his she is (A) asoldier (B) abies person (©) avaluable employee (D) ahighly paid worker ‘Who enjoyed a monopoly on the sale of “Je sl Ree (A) Soldiers of the Roman Empire (B) Traders in the Saba “a {[C) Goveenmens in the Mile Ages