Elemente de Analiza Comparativa PDF

Adrian Dușa
Elemente de analiză comparativă
Copyright © 2014 Adrian Dușa

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Colecția Sociologie
Tritonic grup editorial

București, România
Str. Coacăzelor nr. 5
Email: editura@tritonic.ro
www.tritonic.ro
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DUȘA, ADRIAN
Elemente de analiză comparativă / Adrian Dușa
București, Tritonic, 2014.
ISBN 978-606-749-004-6
Coperta colecției: Alexandra Bardan

Editor: Bogdan Hrib
Tehnoredactor: Adrian Dușa
Comanda TA1 / octombrie 2014
Bun de tipar: decembrie 2014
Tipărit în România
Orice reproducere, totală sau parțială, a acestei lucrări, fără acordul

scris al autorului, este interzisă și se pedepsește conform Legii
dreptului de autor.
Adrian Dușa
Elemente de analiză
comparativă
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p`BMȧ- T2Mi`m KB KmHi /2 /Qm ;`mTm`BX
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KQ/ Q#HB;iQ`Bm Q *mx- +B TQi2 `2T`2x2Mi mM Hi 272+i H mM2B +mx2
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b ŗH Kbm`K- T`2bmTmMM/ + +2H +QM+2Ti /BbTmM2 /2 mM BMi2`pH /2
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bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH U72MQK2M /2 BMi2`2b T2Mi`m ȧ`BH2 TQbi@+QKmMBbi2-
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ii KB K`2 +m +i BKTHB+`2 BM/BpB/mHmB ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH 2bi2 KB
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9yW ` Tmi2 } Q#ȧBMmi }2 T`BM `TQì`2 9yy /2 +xm`B /BMi`@mM iQiH
/2 Ryyy- }2 T`BM `TQì`2 9 +xm`B /BMi`@mM iQiH /2 RyX S`Q+2MimH
2bi2 +2HșB- ŗMb BM7Q`KȧB i`MbKBb TQi2 } ŗMș2HiQ`2X
S`BpBi /BM +2bi TmM+i /2 p2/2`2- T`Q#H2K T`2 BMbQHm#BH- B`
+2`+2i`2 +HBiiBp T`2 i`BKBb ŗMi`@Q TQxBȧB2 /2 Q BKTQìMȧ
b2+mM/`X hQimșB- 2tBbi KQiBp2 Tmi2`MB+2 T2Mi`m +`2 Mm b2 MHBx2x
+HBiiBp /2+i mM MmK` 7Qì2 `2bi`Mb /2 +xm`B- mMmH 7Qì2 BKTQìMi
}BM/ +2H H `2bi`B+ȧBBHQ` H2;i2 /2 iBKT șB 27QìX aim/B2`2 ŗM T`Q7mMxBK2
mMQ` bBimȧBB bQ+BH2 M2+2bBi KmHi KB KmHi iBKT /2+i bBKTH THB+`2
mMmB +?2biBQM`- B` 27QìmH +2`+2iiQ`mHmB 2bi2 T2 Kbm`X
S`2x2MiM/ KB KmHi2 bim/BB +HBiiBp2 ŗM +`2 +xm`BH2 bim/Bi2 bmMi
2ti`2K /2 /Bp2`b2- SHii URNNk- TXjkV KBMi2și2 Q +ì2 +2H2#` HmB
Gx`b72H/- "2`2HbQM șB :m/2i b+`Bb ŗM RN99 S2QTH2Ƕb *?QB+2X Gx`b72H/
șB 2+?BT b m /Q`Bi b bim/B2x2 +QKTQìK2MimH /2 pQ` H QK2MBHQ` șB
KQ/mH +mK b2 b+?BK# BMi2MȧB /2 pQi T2 T`+m`bmH +KTMB2B 2H2+iQ`H2X
ŖMi`@Q T2`BQ/ ŗM +`2 K2iQ/2H2 /2 2șMiBQM`2 biìB}+i2 Mm 2`m ŗM+
BMp2Mii2- Gx`b72H/ Mm QTii T2Mi`m mM 2șMiBQM MȧBQMH- +B
bim/Bi mM 2șMiBQM /2 KB KmHi2 bmi2 /2 T2`bQM2 2ti`b /BM TQTmHȧB
mMmB /2TìK2Mi /BM biimH P?BQX
ŖMi`2#`2 +`2 b2 BKTmM2 B+B 2bi2, +i2 +xm`B bim/Bi Gx`b72H/\
*i2p bmi2 /2 T2`bQM2\ P`B bim/Bi /Q` /2TìK2MimH `2bT2+iBp-
+`2 7+2 Tì2 /BM TQTmHȧB KB H`; +2HQ` +i2p bmi2 /2
/2TìK2Mi2 /BM iQi K2`B+\ ŖM 7Ti- Gx`b72H/ bm#HBMBx + MB+B
Mm 7Qbi T`2Q+mTi /2 T`Q#H2K `2T`2x2MiiBpBiȧBB- ŗMi`m+i +22 +2
/Q`Bi 2H b bim/B2x2 2` bBKTH QTȧBmM2 /2 pQiX
1bi2 +2bi bim/Bm `2T`2x2MiiBp T2Mi`m iQi2 aii2H2 lMBi2\ S`BpBi
biiBbiB+- Mm 2bi2 `2T`2x2MiiBp MB+B K+` T2Mi`m biimH P?BQ- +m ii
KB TmȧBM H MBp2HmH alX ȘB iQimșB- Gx`b72H/ bim/Bi mM UbBM;m`V +x
/2 +QKTQìK2Mi 2H2+iQ`H- +m iQi2 + MHBxi mM TM2H /2 +i2p
bmi2 /2 T2`bQM2X _2xmHii2H2 +2bimB bim/Bm Mm m m`K`Bi 2ti`TQH`2
șB ;2M2`HBx`2 H MBp2HmH imim`Q` bii2HQ`- +B b 2tTHB+2 +QKTQìK2MimH
/2 pQi șB KB H2b b+?BK#`2 +2bimB ;2M2ì /2 biBKmHBB /BM +KTMB
2H2+iQ`HX S`BpBi /BM +2bi TmM+i /2 p2/2`2- bim/BmH Tm#HB+i /2
Gx`b72H/ șB 2+?BT HmB KMB72bi mM ŗMHi +`+i2` /2 pHB/Bii2 șB
+QMbiBimBi mM TmM+i /2 `272`BMȧ ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH iBKTmHmBX
6TimH + 7Qbi H2b /2TìK2MimH `2bT2+iBp bm HimH- Q`B biimH P?BQ ŗM
HQ+mH HimB- 2bi2 TmȧBM BKTQìMiX *22 +2 +QMi2x 2bi2 7TimH + bim/BmH
T`Q/mb mM KQ/2H i2Q`2iB+ H b+?BK#`BB +QKTQìK2MimHmB /2 pQi B`
RXj *`BiB+ +2`+2i`BB +HBiiBp2 RN
+2bi Hm+`m ŗKTBMb +mMQși2`2 șiBBMȧB}+ KB /2Tì2X a+QTmH +QKmM

H MHBx2HQ` +HBiiBp șB +QKTìBp 2bi2 2tTHB+`2 72MQK2M2HQ` bQ+BH2-
B` #Q`/`BH2 +HBiiBp2 TQi +QMi`B#mB 7Qì2 #BM2 H +2bi b+QTX
1bi2 miBH BMi`Q/m+2`2- ŗM +2bi b2+ȧBmM2- /BbiBM+ȧB2B /BMi`2 +2`+2i`2
2tTHQìQ`B2 șB +2`+2i`2 +QM}`KiQ`B2X *2`+2i`2 +HBiiBp `2 mM `QH
/2Qb2#Bi șB 2bi2 miBHBxi +m #mM2 `2xmHii2 ŗM 2tTHQ``2 +KTmHmB bQ+BH-
T2Mi`m ;2M2``2 /2 i2Q`BBX lM 2t2KTHm `2T`2x2MiiBp /2 bim/Bm H mM2B
bBM;m`2 mMBiȧB bQ+BH2 2bi2 KQMQ;`} HmB ai?H URNjNV +`2- T`BM bim/BmH
bimHmB L2`2D- `2mșBi b T`Q/m+ Q i2Q`B2 bi2HQ` /2pHKș2 +QM}`Ki
KB TQB T`BM i`2B pQHmK2 /2 /i2 biiBbiB+2X
RXjXk a2H2+ȧB +xm`BHQ`
P Hi +`BiB+ /mb +2`+2i`BB +HBiiBp2 b2 `272` H KQ/HBii2 /2

b2H2+ȧB2 +xm`BHQ` bim/Bi2X .Q;K /2 #x MHBx2B +MiBiiBp2 2bi2
b2H2+ȧB H2iQ`2 +xm`BHQ`c bim/BBH2 +`2 Mm `2bT2+i +2bi `2;mH
7mM/K2MiH bmMi /2b+HB}+i2 `TB/- B` +2`+2i`BH2 +HBiiBp2 bmMi
T`BK2H2 T2 +2bi HBbiX S`BpBi T`BM T`/B;K +MiBiiBp@biiBbiB+- Q
b2H2+ȧB2 M2H2iQ`2 +xm`BHQ` +`2și2 2`Q`2 /2 MQM@2șMiBQM`2- +22 +2
K`2și2 ìB}+BH /BbiMȧ /2 H biiBbiB+BH2 /BM 2șMiBQM TM H
T`K2i`BB /BM TQTmHȧB2X
TQB- +2`+2iiQ`mH DmM;2 H MBși2 +QM+HmxBB bim/BBM/ +xm`BH2 - " șB *-
ŗMb Mm +mKp b2 DmM;2 H Hi2 +QM+HmxBB /+ 2`m bim/Bi2 +xm`BH2
s- u șB w\ Lm +mKp `2xmHii2H2 bim/BmHmB ` } 7Qbi /B72`Bi2 /+ ` }
7Qbi bim/Bi2 Hi2 +xm`B\ .2 +2 +2H2 +xm`B șB Mm Hi2H2\ *mK T`Q+2/2x
MHBbimH /BM +2`+2i`2 +HBiiBp + b H2; +xm`BH2 T2 +`2 H2 bim/Bx\
* Q`B+2 Hm+`m +`2 Mm 2bi2 T2 /2THBM ŗMȧ2H2b- Q b2H2+ȧB2 +QMp2M#BH
T`QpQ+ MtB2ii2 șB `2bTBM;2`2 /BM Tì2 +MiBiiBpBșiBHQ`X AKT`2bB
;2M2`H /2bT`2 b2H2+ȧB +xm`BHQ` ŗM +2`+2i`2 +HBiiBp 2bi2 + /2TBM/2
7Qì2 KmHi /2 bm#B2+iBpBii2 +2`+2iiQ`mHmBX
EBM; 2i HX UkyyyV ì + +2bi Hm+`m T`Q/m+2 /BbiQ`bBmMB /2 b2H2+ȧB2-
ŗMi`m+i +2`+2iiQ`mH /Q`2și2 b /2KQMbi`2x2 +22 +2 șiB2 /BMBMi2 +
i`2#mB2 b `2xmHi2 /BM +2`+2i`2- ŗM +2HșB KQ/ ŗM +`2 mM TìBxM
TQHBiB+ H2;2 /Q` 2t2KTH2H2 +`2 bmbȧBM Q MmKBi +QM+HmxB2X .2șB
miQ`BB `2+mMQb+ 7TimH + b2H2+ȧB H2iQ`2 Mm 2bi2 TQbB#BH T2Mi`m
+2`+2i`BH2 +m 2șMiBQM KB+- 2B Mm Q72` MB+B Q bQHmȧB2 T`+iB+ T2Mi`m
+2bi bBimȧB2 /2+i + ` i`2#mB b H2;2K iQi2 +xm`BH2 TQbB#BH2 șB b
Mm HbK T2 /BM7` +xm`B ŗMi`@mM KQ/ +QMp2M#BHX
amMi ŗMi`m iQimH /2 +Q`/ +m +2bi }`KȧB2- ŗMb /Bb+mȧB /2pBx
TìBxM ŗM T`;`7mH m`KiQ` +M/ T`QKQp2x b2H2+ȧB +`2 ǳXXXT2`KBi2
ky *HBiiBp p2`bmb +MiBiiBp ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH
șMb Q#ȧBM2`BB mM2B p`BȧBB T2Mi`m p`B#BH /2T2M/2MiǴ UEBM;-

E2Q?M2 ȔB o2`#- kyyy- TXRkRVX *m Hi2 +mpBMi2- /+ Mm 2tBbi p`BȧB2
Mm Tmi2K 7+2 b2H2+ȧB2- ŗM +QMb2+BMȧ Mm Tmi2K 7+2 +2`+2i`2 bQ+BHX
S`Q#H2K2H2 bmMi ș2xi2 ŗMi`@mM +/`m +QM+2TimH T`2TQM/2`2Mi
+MiBiiBp- + șB +mK 72MQK2M2H2 bQ+BH2 Mm TQi } MHBxi2 /2+i ŗM +2bi
72HX miQ`BB mBi- bm Mm pQ` b B ŗM +QMbB/2``2 7TimH + mM2Q`B
72MQK2M2H2 bmMi ii /2 ``2 ŗM+i +?B` Mm 2tBbi p`BȧB2X
TQB- /2TBM/2 7Qì2 KmHi +2 ŗMȧ2H2;2K T`BM +xm`BX a HmK + 2t2KTHm
bBimȧB KBM2`BHQ` /BbTQMB#BHBxȧB șB b T`2bmTmM2K + +2șiB bmMi ŗM
MmK` /2 RyXyyy UTQTmHȧB T2 +`2 /Q`BK b Q bim/B2KVX ŖM T`BM+BTBm
p2K bm}+B2Mi2 +xm`B +`2 b T2`KBi 2ti`;2`2 mMmB 2șMiBQM K`2 /2
KBM2`B- ŗMb /2pì2H2 +xm`B Mm bmMi BM/BpBxBB- +B xQM2H2 KBMB2`2 ŗM +`2
m 7Qbi 7+mi2 /BbTQMB#BHBx`BH2X
*m Hi2 +mpBMi2- Mm p2K RyXyyy /2 +xm`B +B /Q` +i2p `2T`2x2MiM/
xQM2H2 KBMB2`2 mM/2 m 7Qbi 7+mi2 /BbTQMB#BHBx`BH2X _2+QMp2`bB
T`Q72bBQMH +2biQ` Mm /2TBM/2 /Q` /2 2B- +B șB /2 QTQìmMBiȧBH2
HQ+H2 /2 M;D`2 T`2+mK șB /2 T`Q;`K2H2 MȧBQMH2 Q`;MBxi2 ŗM +2bi
b+QT /2 biiX lM +2`+2iiQ` BMi2`2bi /2 +2bi2 T`Q#H2K2 Mm `2 H
/BbTQxBȧB2 /2+i mM MmK` HBKBii /2 +xm`B TQbB#BH2 T2Mi`m MHBx- /BM
+`2 b2H2+i2x T2Mi`m MHBx +i2p /BMi`2 +2bi2X .Bp2`bBii2
+xm`BHQ` Uș/` p`BȧB +2biQ`V 2bi2 KmHi KB HBKBii /2+i Hb
EBM; 2i HX UkyyyV b b2 ŗMȧ2H2;X
lM /BMi`2 +2H2 KB MQB iBTm`B /2 MHBx +`2 TQi Dmi ŗM +2bi2 +xm`B
2bi2 MHBx KmHiBMBp2H- ŗM +`2 bmMi KQ/2Hi2 ii /B72`2Mȧ2H2 BM/BpB/mH2
+i șB +2H2 /iQì2 ;`mTm`BHQ` /BM +`2 BM/BpBxBB 7+ Tì2X .B72`2Mȧ 7ȧ
/2 `2;`2bB +HbB+ UŗM +`2 TQi } BMi`Q/mb2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2
+HBiiBp2 bm# 7Q`K /2 p`B#BH2 /mKKvV 2bi2 + 2`Q`2 2bi2 KmHi KB
#BM2 2tTHB+i- +2bi }BM/ ŗKT`ȧBi șB ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 p`B#BH2H2
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 H MBp2Hm`BH2 KB K`B /2 ;`2;`2X hQimșB- MHBx
KmHiBMBp2H Mm TQi2 } miBHBxi + mM bm#biBimi +MiBiiBp T2Mi`m MHBx
+QKTìBp- ŗMi`m+i p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 Kbmì ŗMiQi/2mM
H +2H KB KB+ MBp2H /2 ;`2;`2 U+2H KB /2b2 BM/BpB/mHV- Q`B MHBx
+QKTìBp 2bi2 BMi2`2bi MmKB /2 MBp2Hm`BH2 ŗMHi2 /2 ;`2;`2X .2
+22- ŗM +2bi Hm+``2 T`BM +xm`B pQB ŗMȧ2H2;2 MmKB mMBiȧB ;`2;i2X
S2 +2 +`Bi2`BB b2 H2; iQimșB +2bi2 +xm`B\ +2bi 2bi2 Q ŗMi`2#`2 H +`2
Mm 2tBbi mM `bTmMb bBKTHmX S`Q##BH + +2H KB +QKQ/ H ŗM/2KM
2bi2 THB+`2 2șMiBQM`BB 2tT2ì- ŗM +`2 +2`+2iiQ`mH +mMQși2 ii /2
#BM2 TQTmHȧB bim/Bi ŗM+i TQi2 b TmM+i2x2 BK2/Bi +xm`BH2 +2H2 KB
BMi2`2bMi2 /BM TmM+imH /2 p2/2`2 H Q#B2+iBp2HQ` bim/BmHmB- ŗMb EBM; 2i HX
UkyyyV +mx #Bb@mH /2 b2H2+ȧB2 + șB +mK iQi2 bim/BBH2 +HBiiBp2 bmMi
/BbiQ`bBQMi2 /BM Q}+BmX 1t2KTH2H2 T2 +`2 2B H2 Q72` ŗM H2;im` +m +2bi
RXj *`BiB+ +2`+2i`BB +HBiiBp2 kR
bT2+i miBHBx2x ŗMi`@mM KQ/ +Bm/i iQi mMBiȧB /2 MHBx +`2 T2`KBi Q
MHBx +MiBiiBp UBM/BpBxBB șB +ȧBmMBH2 +2biQ`VX *QM+HmxB BKTmb /2
+2bi Hm+``2 2bi2 + Q`B+2 bim/Bm +HBiiBp 2bi2 2pB/2Mi BM72`BQ` ŗMi`m+i
` Tmi2 } 272+imi +m BMbi`mK2Mi2 +MiBiiBp2 /+ +2`+2iiQ`BB ` /BbTmM2
/2 +QKT2i2Mȧ M2+2b`X
lM 2t2KTHm /2 b2H2+ȧB2 /mT p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi 2bi2 Hm+``2 HmB
aFQ+TQH URNdNV +`2 b2H2+ii i`2B `2pQHmȧBB +m +2HșB `2xmHii- /BM xQM2
șB T2`BQ/2 BbiQ`B+2 /B72`Bi2 ŗM bT2`Mȧ + p ;bB +2H2 p`B#BH2 +`2
2tTHB+ `2xmHiimHX 1bi2 7Qì2 /B}+BH /2 BK;BMi +mK ` } Tmimi
aFQ+TQH b +QMbB/2`2 `2pQHmȧB + Q p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi șB b ;b2b+ Q
p`BȧB2 `2pQHmȧBBHQ` + șB +mK }2+`2 +x Uȧ`V ` T`2x2Mi KB KmHi
bm KB TmȧBM Q bBimȧB2 `2pQHmȧBQM`X .BKTQi`Bp- +22 +2 b2 +mMQși2
bmMi +xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 `2pQHmȧB Mm b2 T2i`2+2 U+2H2 KB KmHi2 +xm`B- ŗM
T2`BQ/2H2 /2 T+2V șB +xm`BH2 U7Qì2 TmȧBM2 H MmK`V ŗM +`2 `2pQHmȧBBH2
b2 ŗMiKTH Tm` șB bBKTHmX Lm 2tBbi DmKiȧB /2 `2pQHmȧB2- MB+B x2+BKB
/2 `2pQHmȧB2- /mT +mK Mm 2tBbi mM +QM+2Ti ?BH` /2 `2pQHmȧB2 K2/B2X
1##BM;?mb Ukyy8V 2bi2 KB T`QT2 /2 BMi2`T`2i`2 KQ/m`BHQ` TQbB#BH2
/2 +QMbB/2``2 +xm`BHQ`- ŗM bT2+BH +2HQ` +QKTìBp2X ŖM +2`+2i`BH2
+`Qb@MȧBQMH2- /2 2t2KTHm- ii +2`+2i`2 +HBiiBp +i șB +2
+MiBiiBp bm72` /2 2t+i +22șB T`Q#H2K, MȧBmMBH2 bmMi `2xmHiimH
mMQ` T`Q+2b2 BbiQ`B+2 /2 7Q`K`2 2ti`2K /2 /B72`Bi2- B` BMi`Q/m+2 ŗM
+22șB 2+mȧB2 U#x /2 /i2V ȧ`B + aii2H2 lMBi2 șB AbHM/ /Q`
T2Mi`m + bmMi miQMQK2 TQHBiB+ 2bi2 H 72H /2 ;`2șBi + b2H2+ȧB
+QMp2M#BH /BM +HBiiBpX lM2H2 ȧ`B bmMi BM+QKT`#BH2- Q`B MHBx
+MiBiiBp MB+B Mm B ŗM +QMbB/2``2 Q b2K2M2 p`BMiX
TQB- iQi2 +2`+2i`BH2 +MiBiiBp2 +`2 miBHBx2x ŗM KQ/ +QKTìBp
/i2H2 P1*. ` i`2#mB `mM+i2 H ;mMQB ŗMi`m+i- +?B` ŗM /2}MBȧB /i
/2 EBM; 2i HX UkyyyV b2 #x2x T2 mM 2șMiBQM M2H2iQ` șB #Bbi-
`2T`2x2MiM/ /Q` Q /mxBM /2 ȧ`B /BM +2H2 RN9 +`2 +QMbiBimB2 LȧBmMBH2
lMBi2X
J?QM2v ȔB :Q2ìx Ukyy9V Q72` i`2B `2;mHB /2 #x T2Mi`m b2H2+ȧB
+xm`BHQ`,
S`BM+BTBmH TQbB#BHmHmBX 1bi2 2pB/2Mi + Q MHBx șiBBMȧB}+ i`2#mB2 b B

ŗM +QMbB/2``2 ii +xm`B TQxBiBp2 UŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH b2 ŗMiKTHV
+i șB +xm`B M2;iBp2 UŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b Mm b2
ŗMiKTHVX ŖM ;2M2`H- MmK`mH +xm`BHQ` M2;iBp2 2bi2 BM}MBic
ŗMi`m+i U/2 Q#B+2BV 72MQK2M2H2 bim/Bi2 +QKTìBp bmMi ``2-
`2bimH bBimȧBBHQ` `2T`2xBMi Q TH2i 7Qì2 H`; /2 b2H2+ȧB2X .2
+22- Him`B /2 +xm`BH2 TQxBiBp2- b2 pQ` b2H2+i +2H2 +xm`B
M2;iBp2 mM/2 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b 2bi2 +i /2 +i TQbB#BHX *xm`BH2
ŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH Mm b2 TQi2 ŗMiKTH bm# MB+B Q 7Q`K- /2șB bmMi
kk *HBiiBp p2`bmb +MiBiiBp ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH
+xm`B M2;iBp2 T`BM /2}MBȧB2- bmMi B`2H2pMi2 ŗMi`m+i Mm Dmi +m

MBKB+ +QKT`ȧBX
_2;mH /2 BM+Hm/2`2X *mK /2+B/2 mM +2`+2iiQ` /+ 72MQK2MmH 2bi2

TQbB#BH bm Mm\ .2+BxB Mm 2bi2 mM bBKTH- ŗMb TQi2 } mșmì
/+ MHBxK +xm`BH2 TQbB#BH2 T`BM pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2HQ`
BM/2T2M/2Mi2X lM +x UM2;iBpV 2bi2 /2+Hì `2H2pMi UTQbB#BHV
/+ pHQ`2 b T2 +2H TmȧBM Q p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi 2bi2
+Q`2Hi TQxBiBp +m pHQ`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2b- +?B` /+
+2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 +ȧBQM2x ŗM b2MbmH BM?B#`BB
72MQK2MmHmBX lM bi72H /2 +x TQi2 } BM+Hmb ŗM MHBx- /+ Mm
7Qbi +mKp 2t+Hmb T`BM THB+`2 m`KiQ`2B `2;mHBX
_2;mH /2 2t+Hm/2`2X lM +x 2bi2 +QMbB/2ì B`2H2pMi /+- BM/B72`2Mi

/2 pHQ`BH2 p`B#BH2HQ` BM/2T2M/2Mi2- 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b Mm b2
T`Q/m+2X +2bi `2;mH 2bi2 KB BKTQìMi + `2;mH /2
BM+Hm/2`2- ŗMi`m+i +xm`BH2 B`2H2pMi2 i`2#mB2 2t+Hmb2X
+2bi2 `2;mHB bBKTH2 Q72` bQHmȧBB /2 B2șB`2 /BM +2bi T`Q#H2K- B`
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a+?BK#`2 +QT2`B`BB +QM+2TimH2 Ub bim/B2K `2pQHmȧBB ŗM ;2M2`HV
/m+2 ŗMi`@/2p` KB KmHi2 +xm`B ŗM MHBx ŗMb Mm /m+2 MB+B mM THmb
/2 +mMQși2`2 +m T`BpB`2 H T`Q#H2K i2Q`2iB+ BMBȧBHX
_;BM ì 7Qì2 #BM2 + ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp +xm`BH2 Mm bmMi MBși2
bBKTH2 #BH2 T2 +`2 H2 2șMiBQMK /BMi`@Q m`M- +B T2Mi`m mM2H2 BMi2`2b2
i2Q`2iB+2 mMBiȧBH2 TQi }- B` T2Mi`m Hi2H2 Mm TQi } +QMbB/2ì2 +xm`BX
MHBx +HBiiBp ŗșB +QMbi`mB2și2 +xm`BH2 T2 Kbm` +2 b2 /2b7șQ`-
B` +2bi #Q`/`2 2bi2 /2@ /`2TimH ŗMbTBKMiiQ`2 T2Mi`m mM
biiBbiB+BMX Lm /Q` _;BM 2bi2 /2 +2bi T`2`2c /2 2t2KTHm-
S`x2rQ`bFB bm#HBMBx 7TimH + ǳMm Tmi2K 7+2 MHBx +QKTìBp
/+ Mm M2 ŗM;`BDBK /2 b2H2+ȧB2- Q`B Hi72H bTmb TM +M/ Mm ŗMi`2#K /2
}2+`2 /i +mK bmMi T`Q/mb2 Q#b2`pȧBBH2Ǵ U+QM7Q`K 1##BM;?mb- kyy8-
TXRj9V
RX9Xe aim/BmH +xm`BHQ` mMB7Q`K2
ŖMi`2; }HQxQ}2 MHBx2B +MiBiiBp2 b2 #x2x T2 +QM+2TimH /2

p`BȧB2- B` ŗM biiBbiB+ iQimH TQ`M2și2 /2 H #i2`2 biM/`/X imM+B
+M/ +xm`BH2 bim/Bi2 Mm T`2xBMi p`BȧB2- biiBbiB+ 2bi2 Tmb ŗMi`@Q
bBimȧB2 2ti`2K /2 /B}+BH ŗMi`m+i Mm TQi2 QT2` +m +QMbiMi2X hQimșB-
2tBbi bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 T`BȧB mMmB 72MQK2M b }2 ŗMbQȧBi ŗMiQi/2mM
/2 T`2x2Mȧ mMQ` +mx2X ŖMi`@Q #x /2 /i2- +Q`2HȧB /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm
p`B#BH2 ` } 2;H +m R B` K2iQ/2H2 biiBbiB+2 b2 QT`2b+X P`B
/BKTQi`Bp- imM+B +M/ 2tBbi Q b2K2M2 TQi`BpB`2 ŗMi`2 +mx șB 272+i-
` } Q ;`2ș2H b B;MQ`K +2bi `2HȧB2 T2Mi`m bBKTHmH KQiBp + Mm
TQi2 } /2 7QHQb ŗMi`@Q MHBx biiBbiB+X
jk *HBiiBp p2`bmb +MiBiiBp ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH
JB KmHi- Q#B2+iBpmH T`BM+BTH H biiBbiB+BB 2bi2 +2H /2 2tTHB+ p`BȧB

p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 U72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2bV- +22 +2 T`2bmTmM2 + 2tBbi
+xm`B ŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH b2 T`Q/m+2 șB +xm`B ŗM +`2 Mm b2 T`Q/m+2- # KB
KmHi + b2 T`Q/m+2 ŗM /Bp2`b2 ;`/2 U+ `2 Q THD pHQ`B T2 mM BMi2`pH
/2 p`BȧB2 H`;VX S`BM +QMi`bi- MHBx +HBiiBp b2H2+i2x +xm`BH2 ŗM
7mM+ȧB2 /2 T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + b2 2HBKBM p`BȧB
ŗMi`m+i 72MQK2MmH 2bi2 +QMbiMi T`2x2Mi ŗM iQi2 +xm`BH2 bim/Bi2X 6B2
T2Mi`m + MmK`mH /2 +xm`B ŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH b2 T`Q/m+2 2bi2 7Qì2
HBKBii- }2 T2Mi`m + MHBșiBB +QMbi`mB2b+ +xm`BH2 ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 Q#B2+iBpmH
+2`+2i`BB- biiBbiB+ Mm 2bi2 +T#BH b `bTmM/ ŗM 7ȧ mM2B b2K2M2
bBimȧBB, Mm 2tBbi p`BȧB2- Mm p2K +2 2tTHB+X
+2bi #Q`/`2 i`Mb7Q`K T`Q#H2K b2H2+ȧB2B +xm`BHQ` U`2T`Qși
MHBx2B +HBiiBp2V ŗMi`@Q pBìmi2- ŗMi`m+i `2mș2și2 +QHQ mM/2 MHBx
+MiBiiBp Mm 7mM+ȧBQM2xX
RX9Xd .2}MB`2 +xm`BHQ` M2;iBp2
_;BM ŗșB +QMiBMm T`2x2Mi`2 b2`B2B /2 bBimȧBB T`Q#H2KiB+2 T`BM

/2}MB`2 +xm`BHQ` M2;iBp2X ŖM MHBx +MiBiiBp- +2bi2 bmMi
2+?BpH2MimH mMQ` ǳQmiHB2`bǴ Q`B mMQ` +xm`B ǳBxQHi2Ǵ +`2 Mm b2
TQi`Bp2b+ +m K`2 KDQ`Bii2 2șMiBQMmHmBX
aQHmȧB +2 KB H ŗM/2KM șB T`Q##BH +2 KB miBHBxi 2bi2 2HBKBM`2
+xmHmB `2bT2+iBp /BM MHBx Q`B Tm` șB bBKTHm B;MQ``2 +2bimBX G
m`K m`K2B- /mT iQi2 +`Bi2`BBH2 T`Q##BHBbiB+2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi /+
7`2+p2Mȧ `2HiBp +xm`BHQ` +`2 +QM+Q`/ +m BTQi2x b }2 `B/B+i- Mm
+QMi2x + Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 KBMmb+mH /BMi`2 +xm`B +QMi`pBM BTQi2x2BX 1bi2
2t+i bBimȧB T2 +`2 MHBx +HBiiBp Mm Q Q+QH2și2 +B /BKTQi`Bp-
ŗM+2`+ b `2+QMbi`mBb+ ii 2tTHB+ȧB +QM+2TimH +i șB +QMbiBimB`2
+xm`BHQ` MHBxi2X S2Mi`m Tmi2 bTmM2 +`2 /BMi`2 +xm`B bmMi
M2;iBp2- MHBx +HBiiBp T`Q+2/2x KB ŗMiB H /2}MB`2 șB
+QMbiBimB`2 +xm`BHQ` TQxBiBp2X
S2Mi`m MHBx2H2 /2 iBT +HBiiBp- mM +x M2;iBp Mm 2bi2 Q bBKTH
#2`ȧB2 +`2 +QMi`xB+2 K`2 KDQ`Bii2 +2HQ`HHi2 +xm`B bim/Bi2-
+B `2 Q b2KMB}+ȧB2 Tì2 +`2 TQi2 b `biQ`M2 ŗMi`2;B i2Q`BBX ŖM
b2+ȧBmM2 RX8 pQB /Bb+mi /Qm bi72H /2 +xm`B +`2 +QMi`xB+ i2Q`BB
2+QMQKB+2 +QMi2KTQ`M2 șB T`QT2 m Q#HB;i +QKmMBii2 șiBBMȧB}+ H
`2/Bb+mi`2 T`/B;K2HQ`X
6B2+`2 +x M2;iBp 2bi2 /2+B BKTQìMi- B` MHBx +HBiiBp H2 iì2x
+m +2H TmȧBM ii BKTQìMȧ +i +Q`/ +xm`BHQ` TQxBiBp2X +2bi
iìK2Mi HBTb2și2 ŗM MHBx +MiBiiBp- mM/2 Mm 2tBbi /B72`2MȧB2`2
ŗMi`2 +xm`B M2;iBp2 bm TQxBiBp2 +B Q TQxBȧBQM`2 KB bH# bm KB
RX9 *`BiB+ +2`+2i`BB +MiBiiBp2 jj
Tmi2`MB+ T2 Q b+H p`BȧB2BX .+ H MBp2H KB+`Q mM BM/BpB/ +`2 B2b2

/BM iBT` Mm ŗMb2KM Q `bim`M`2 /2 bBimȧB2- ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp
}2+`2 2H2K2Mi bim/Bi `2 Q b2KMB}+ȧB2 Tì2X
RX9X3 1tKBM`2 +xm`BHQ` KmHiBTH2 șB +QMDmM+im`H2
+2bi 2bi2 Q bBimȧB2 T2 +`2 K2iQ/2H2 +MiBiiBp2 Mm Q TQi /2i2+iX ŖM

KQ/ MQ`KH- mM 72MQK2M TQi2 b T` /BMi`@Q KmHiBim/BM2 /2 +QM/BȧBB
+mxH2- +`Q` 272+i Mm 2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM Tm` șB bBKTHm /BiBp + ŗMi`@Q
2+mȧB2 /2 `2;`2bB2X *mpMimH +?2B2 B+B 2bi2 ǳ+QK#BMȧB2Ǵ +mxH-
/2Q`2+2 2bi2 T2`72+i TQbB#BH + ŗMi`@Q MmKBi +QK#BMȧB2 72MQK2MmH b
}2 T`Q/mb T`BM T`2x2Mȧ +mx2B B` ŗM Hi +QK#BMȧB2 +mxH
72MQK2MmH TQi2 b T` /+ +22șB +mx 2bi2 #b2MiX
_ȧBQMK2MimH 2bi2 iQiH bi`BM MHBx2B biiBbiB+2- mM/2 p`B#BH
BM/2T2M/2Mi `2 bm Mm Q BM~m2Mȧ b2KMB}+iBp bmT` /2T2M/2Mi2B-
+m Q MmKBi pHQ`2 UKB KB+ bm KB K`2V +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2
`2;`2bB2 bQ+BiX 6Q`ȧ +2bimB +Q2}+B2Mi UBKT+imH p`B#BH2B
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 bmT` p`BȧB2B /2T2M/2Mi2BV 2bi2 mșQ` /2 Q#b2`pi T`BM
MHBx`2 pHQ`BB HmB biM/`/Bxi2- ŗMb 2bi2 șiBmi U/` șB B;MQìV 7TimH
+ Q`B+2 +Q2}+B2Mi ŗșB b+?BK# pHQ`2 ŗM /Bp2`b2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2c +m
Hi2 +mpBMi2- 2bi2 T2`72+i TQbB#BH + ŗMi`@mM MmKBi KQ/2H /2 `2;`2bB2 mM
+Q2}+B2Mi b }2 Tmi2`MB+ b2KMB}+iBp ŗM iBKT +2 ŗM Hi KQ/2H +2HșB
+Q2}+B2Mi b }2 +QKTH2i M2b2KMB}+iBpX
.2bB;m`- KDQ`Bii2 MHBx2HQ` biiBbiB+2 KQ/2`M2 T`2p/ ș MmKBi2H2
272+i2 /2 BMi2`+ȧBmM2 U2t+i +Q`2bTQM/2Mi2H2 +QK#BMȧBBHQ` +mxH2V-
ŗMb BMi`Q/m+2`2 +2biQ` 272+i2 ŗM 2+mȧB2 bQHB+Bi șB KB KmHi2 +xm`B ŗM
b2imH /2 /i2 B` +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2- /2 Q#B+2B- BKTQbB#BHX ŖM b+?BK#- MHBx
+HBiiBp@+QKTìBp TQi2 b m`K`2b+ iQi2 +QK#BMȧBBH2 +`2
T`Q/m+ 72MQK2MmH bim/Bi șB KB KmHi /2+i ii TQi2 b bTmM +`2
/BMi`2 +QK#BMȧBB 2bi2 KB BKTQìMi /2+i Hi2H2 UT`BM bBKTH
7`2+p2Mȧ `2HiBp /Bp2`b2HQ` +QK#BMȧBBVX *m +i Q +QK#BMȧB2 +mxH
T`2 KB /2b- +m ii T`Q##BHBii2 + +2 +QK#BMȧB2 b T`Q/m+
272+imH 2bi2 KB K`2 bi72H + Tmi2K bQ+B MBp2Hm`B /B72`Bi2 /2
BKTQìMȧ /Bp2`b2HQ` +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2X
RX9XN hì`2 +xm`BHQ` MQM+QM7Q`K2
1tBbi bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 mM2H2 BMbiMȧ2 T`2xBMi 72MQK2M2 +`2 +QMi`xB+ Q

K`2 +MiBii2 /2 2pB/2Mȧ 2KTB`B+X ŖM +2`+2i`2 +HBiiBp +2bi2
bmMi /2MmKBi2 +xm`B MQM+QM7Q`K2- B` ŗM +2`+2i`2 +MiBiiBp +2bi2
bmMi 2+?BpH2MimH ǳ2`Q`BBǴX .2 Q#B+2B- iQi +2 Mm TQi2 2tTHB+ KQ/2HmH
j9 *HBiiBp p2`bmb +MiBiiBp ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH
U+MiBii2 /2 p`BȧB2 `Kb M22tTHB+i, 1 − R2 V BMi` miQKi ŗM

+MiBii2 /B7mx MmKBi 2`Q`2X S2 +2`+2iiQ`mH +MiBiiBp Mm@H
BMi2`2b2x 2`Q`2- +i KB H2b +MiBii2 /2 p`BȧB2 2tTHB+i /2
KQ/2HX
.BKTQi`Bp- ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp iQi2 +xm`BH2 +`2 Mm K2`; T2 HBMB
KQ/2HmHmB BMBȧBH bmMi MHBxi2 ŗM /2iHBm T2Mi`m } 2tTHB+i2 mHi2`BQ`X
+2bi ŗM+2`+`2 2bi2 B`șB bi`BM K2iQ/2HQ` +MiBiiBp2- ŗMi`m+i 2bi2
2+?BpH2Mi ŗM+2`+`BB /2 2tTHB+ ŗMi`2; p`BȧB2 /2T2M/2Mi2B UQ`B +2H
KB #mM KQ/2H Mm 2bi2 +2H +`2 2tTHB+ iQimH- +B +2H +`2 2tTHB+ +2H
KB KmHi +m +2H2 KB TmȧBM2 p`B#BH2VX
Cm/2+M/ iìK2MimH THB+i +xm`BHQ` MQM+QM7Q`K2- #Q`/`2
+MiBiiBp T`2 BM+QKTH2i, T2 /2 Q Tì2 Mm `2 Q bQHmȧB2 T2Mi`m
+2bi T`Q#H2K- B` T2 /2 Hi Tì2- MB+B K+` Mm Q +QMbB/2` Q
T`Q#H2K ŗM bBM2X *xm`BH2 bmMi MHBxi2 T`Q##BHBbiB+- ŗM +QMi`/B+ȧB2
+m ŗM+2`+`2 ŗMi`@mM 72H /2i2`KBMBbi /2 ;bB Q 2tTHB+ȧB2 T2Mi`m
+xm`BH2 +`2 Mm b2 TQi`Bp2b+ +m i2Q`BX
ŖMi`@Q Hm+``2 /2 `272`BMȧ- SQTT2` UkyyyV T`2xBMi /Bp2`b2 biì2;BB +`2
7Q`K2x K2iQ/ șiBBMȧB}+ /2 +2`+2i`2X lMmH /BMi`2 2t2KTH2H2 Q72`Bi2 /2
+2bi 2bi2 +2H2#` HmB +BQ` H#- +`2B T`BȧB2 `biQ`M iQi2 +HBș22H2
i2Q`2iB+2 +QM7Q`K +`Q` iQi2 +BQ`BH2 bmMi M2;`2X 1bi2 bm}+B2Mi mM bBM;m`
bT2+BK2M /2 +BQ` H# + b MmH2x2 Q ŗMi`2; i2Q`B2 #xi T2 KBHBQM2
/2 +BQ`B M2;`2X
#Q`/`2 +MiBiiBp Mm `2mș2și2 b `bTmM/ +2bimB T`/Qt TQTT2`BM-
ŗMi`m+i T2Mi`m #x /2 /i2 mM bBM;m` +x M2+QM7Q`K Mm TmM2 MB+BmM 72H
/2 T`Q#H2K biiBbiB+ U+i2Q/i +xm`BH2 #2`Mi2 bmMi Tm` bB bBKTHm
2HBKBMi2V- mM 7Ti +`2 2bi2 T`Q#H2KiB+ /BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 șiBBMȧB}+X
.2 B+B șB M2+2bBii2 +QKTH2K2Mi`BiȧBB /BMi`2 +2`+2i`2 +MiBiiBp șB
+2 +HBiiBp U/Bb+mii ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 RX8V- +2bi2 +QKTH2iM/m@b2
`2+BT`Q+X
RX9XRy Hi2 +`BiB+B
1##BM;?mb Ukyy8V `2 șB 2H mM2H2 T`2`B +`BiB+2 H /`2b MHBx2B

+MiBiiBp2- +`2 K2`Bi } Hmi2 ŗM +QMbB/2`ȧB2X ŖMi`@Q #x /2 /i2-
iQi2 +xm`BH2 m 2t+i +22șB BKTQìMȧ, 2H2 Mm bmMi MBKB+ Hi+2p
/2+i MBși2 HBMBB ŗMi`@Q Ki`B+2- T2 +QHQM2 }BM/ p`B#BH2H2 H +`2 }2+`2
ȧ`@+x }ș2x +i2 Q pHQ`2X aiiBbiB+ BM72`2MȧBH +2`2 + iQi2
+xm`BH2 b T`ȧBM +2HmBșB ;`mT UŗM +x +QMi`` Mm Tmi2K +H+mH /2
2t2KTHm Q K2/B2V- Q`B +2bi bmKTȧB2 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 bmbT2+i, ȧ`BH2
Mm bmMi iQi2 H 72H UMm T`ȧBM iQi2 +2HmBșB ;`mTVX lM2H2 bmMi 2ti`2K
RX9 *`BiB+ +2`+2i`BB +MiBiiBp2 j8
/2 KB+B U+mK 2bi2 +xmH AbHM/2BV B` Hi2H2 bmMi 7Qì2 K`B T`BM
+QKT`ȧB2 U+xmH alVX .2+BxB /2 Q72`B +22șB BKTQìMȧ imim`Q`
HBMBBHQ` U+xm`BHQ`V /BM #x /2 /i2 2bi2 +i b2 TQi2 /2 ;`2șBiX
P TQbB#BH bQHmȧB2 ` } TQM/2``2 +xm`BHQ` +m K`BK2 TQTmHȧB2B /BM
}2+`2 ȧ`- ŗMb 2m ș /m; 7TimH + +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 TQbB#BH MmKB
/+ pQK +QMbB/2` ȧ`BH2 + biìm`B b2Tì2- +22 +2 /m+2 H Q Hi
T`Q#H2K ŗMi`m+i +QM/BȧB T`BKQ`/BH ŗM +QMbi`mB`2 biìm`BHQ` 2bi2 +
+2bi2 i`2#mB2 b }2 QKQ;2M2 ŗM BMi2`BQ` șB 2i2`Q;2M2 ŗMi`2 2H2X +2bi
+QM/BȧB2 Mm TQi2 } ŗM/2THBMBi- ŗMi`m+i MȧBmMBH2 Mm bmMi T2`72+i QKQ;2M2
ŗM BMi2`BQ` șB MB+B Mm bmMi iQi2 /B72`Bi2 ŗMi`2 2H2- /i }BM/ 7TimH + 2tBbi
bQ+B2iȧB +`2 T`ȧBM /2 +22șB 7KBHB2 +mHim`HX
P biì2;B2 Hi2`MiBp- ì 1##BM;?mb- 2bi2 `2/m+2`2 2i2`Q;2MBiȧBB
ȧ`BHQ` Ubm# bT2+mH K`BKBBV T`BM b2H2+ȧB mMQ` +xm`B b2KMiQ`2- +22
+2 2bi2 ŗMiQ+KB biì2;B THB+i ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp, +xm`BH2 Mm bmMi
b2H2+ii2 H ŗMiKTH`2- +B /mT MBși2 +`Bi2`BB 7Qì2 #BM2 /2}MBi2X
P Hi T`Q#H2K B/2MiB}+i /2 1##BM;?mb 2bi2 H2;i /2 /BbTQMB#BHBii2
/i2HQ`X .2 2t2KTHm- KmHi2 +2`+2i`B +QKTìBp2 /2 2+QMQKB2 TQHBiB+
miBHBx2x U/Q`V /i2H2 P1*.- +22 +2 2bi2 mM 2t2KTHm +i b2 TQi2 /2
+H` /2 2șMiBQM`2 #Bbi ŗMi`m+i +2H2 k9 /2 ȧ`B P1*. +`2 /BbTmM /2
/i2 Mm `2T`2xBMi +2H2 T`QT2 kyy /2 ȧ`B K2K#`2 H2 LȧBmMBHQ` lMBi2X
P MHBx BMi2`2bMi /B72`2Mȧ2B /BMi`2 +HBiiBp șB +MiBiiBp 2bi2
7+mi /2 +i`2 *QTT2/;2 URNNNV- +`2 b2T` +QM+2Ti2H2 ŗM /2Mb2
U+QKTH2t2- KmHiB/BK2MbBQMH2- bT2+B}+2 MHBx2B +HBiiBp2V șB bm#ȧB`B
U`2/m+ȧBQMBbi2- bBKTHBbi2- bT2+B}+2 BM/B+iQ`BHQ` /BM MHBx +MiBiiBpVX
.2 7Ti K#2H2 iBTm`B /2 +2`+2i`2 miBHBx2x +QM+2Ti2 /2Mb2- MmKB +
MHBx +MiBiiBp QT2`ȧBQMHBx2x +QM+2Ti2H2 TM +M/ DmM;2 H
BM/B+iQ`B /B`2+i Kbm`#BHBX bmT` +2biQ` BM/B+iQ`B ŗșB ŗM/`2Ti
*QTT2/;2 i2MȧB- ìM/ + KQ/mH /2 +QMbi`mB`2 p`B#BH2HQ` `2 Q
BM~m2Mȧ /B`2+i bmT` Kbm``BB +QM+2Ti2HQ` /2Mb2 șB + /2 Q#B+2B
Kbm``2 +MiBiiBp 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 /Bb+mi#BHX
LB+B ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp Mm 2bi2 bBKTHm /2 miBHBxi mM +QM+2Ti /2MbX .2
2t2KTHm- /2KQ+`ȧB `2 Q KmHȧBK2 /2 /2}MBȧBB B` MHBx i`2#mB2 b
miBHBx2x2 mM bm Hi /BMi`2 +2bi2 /2}MBȧBBX S2 Kbm` +2 b2 ŗMBMi2x
+m MHBx- +QM+2TimH /2pBM2 /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB ŗM;mbi Q`B /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB
2H#Qì- ŗMb Mm DmM;2 MB+BQ/i H MBp2H /2 p`B#BH ŗM b2Mb +MiBiiBpX
.BM +2bi TmM+i /2 p2/2`2- mM +Bii H HmB *QTT2/;2 URNNN- TX9dRV 2bi2
bm;2biBp,
S`Q#H2K BM/B+iQ`BHQ` +MiBiiBpB Mm 2bi2 + 2B KbQ`

+MiBiȧB- +B 7TimH + +2șiB bmMi +HBiiBp /B72`BȧB /2
+QM+2Ti2H2 +i2;Q`BH2 T2 +`2 H2 KbQ`X /2pì
je *HBiiBp p2`bmb +MiBiiBp ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH
T`Q#H2K p`B#BH2HQ` +QMiBMm2 2bi2 + KbQ` MmKB

p2`bBmMB bm#ȧB`B șB `2/m+ȧBQMBbi2 H2 mMQ` +QM+2Ti2 KB /2Mb2
/2 +`2 bmMi BMi2`2bȧB +2`+2iiQ`BB MQM+MiBiiBpBșiBR X
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ŗM }xB+ 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTHm /2 T`2xBb +2 b2 p ŗMiKTH HbM/ mM T?`
+m T H KBMmb ky ;`/2- ŗM bQ+BQHQ;B2 2bi2 T`QT2 BKTQbB#BH /2 T`2xBb
+2 p 7+2 mM QK- ŗM bT2+BH ~i ŗMi`@Q bBimȧB2 HBKBiX
T`QT2 iQi2 72MQK2M2H2 bim/Bi2 b2 +QKTmM /BMi`@Q +MiBii2 T2 +`2
Q /2MmKBK ǳ2tTHB+#BHǴ UŗM MmKBi2 +B`+mKbiMȧ2 QK2MBB T`2xBMi
+QKmMHBiȧB +ȧBQMH2V- ŗMb KB 2tBbi Q +MiBii2 +QKTH2i ?QiB+ T2
+`2 i2Q`BBH2 +imH2 Mm Q TQi 2tTHB+X ŖM MHBx +MiBiiBp- T`BK b2
MmK2și2 ǳp`BȧB2 2tTHB+iǴ șB b2 KbQ` ŗM +xmH `2;`2bB2B +m
+Q2}+B2MimH /2 /2i2`KBMȧB2- B` /Qm b2 MmK2și2 Tm` șB bBKTHm
ǳ2`Q`2Ǵ- 2bi2 +MiBii2 +QKTH2K2Mi` /BM iQiH p`BȧB2 `Kb
M22tTHB+iX
/Qm +MiBii2 2bi2 +2 KB BMi2`2bMi- }BM/ +QKTmb H `M/mH 2B /BM
/Qm T`ȧB,
@ Q Tì2 +`2 ` Tmi2 } 2tTHB+i /+ i2Q`BBH2 +m +`2 Hm+`K ` }

KB pMbi2c
@ Q Tì2 +QKTH2i M22tTHB+#BH- ?QiB+- +2 +`+i2`Bx2x

+QKTQìK2MimH }BMȧ2HQ` mKM2- BM2`2Mi BKTmHbBp șB /2T2M/2Mi /2
Q +QKTQM2Mi 2KQȧBQMH M2+QMi`QH#BH
ŖMi`@/2p`- ŗM `2;`2bB2 b2 Hm+`2x +m KQ/2H2 /2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2

U+mx2H2V- T2 +`2 +2`+2iiQ`mH T`2bmTmM2 + m Q +QMi`B#mȧB2
b2KMB}+iBp H 2tTHB+`2 p`BȧB2B p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2 U 272+imHmBVX
.+ ŗM KQ/2HmH +QMbi`mBi /2 +2`+2iiQ` BMi` iQi2 p`B#BH2H2
BKTQìMi2 +`2 m Q BM~m2Mȧ KDQ` bmT` 272+imHmB- imM+B
+MiBii2 /2 p`BȧB2 M22tTHB+i 2bi2 KBMBK șB p } +QKTmb /Q` /BM
+ȧBmM2 ?QiB+X P TQbB#BH T`Q#H2K +QMbi ŗM T`2bmTmM2`BH2 T2 +`2 H2
7+ +2`+2iiQ`BB bmT` `2HBiȧBB +QMbi`mBi2- Hi2 +mHim`B +QMbi`mBM/ Hi2
`2HBiȧB UBKTHB+Bi Hi2 KQ/2H2 +mxH2VX S`2bmTmMM/ + ǳ`2HBii2Ǵ 2bi2
+Q`2+i +QMbi`mBi șB + KQ/2HmH 2bi2 /2+pi +2bi2B `2HBiȧB- 2`Q`2 p
} ŗMi`@/2p` KBMBK B` pHQ`2 +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 /2i2`KBMȧB2 p
iBM;2 mM KtBK TQbB#BHX
kXR *QKT`ȧB șB MHBx +mxH 8R
.+ ŗMb `2HBii2 Mm 2bi2 +Q`2+i +QMbi`mBi Q`B KQ/2HmH +2`+2iiQ`mHmB

Mm 2bi2 /2+pi +2bi2B `2HBiȧB- Q +MiBii2 BKTQìMi /2 p`BȧB2 TH2+
/BM xQM 2tTHB+i ŗMbT`2 2`Q`2- xQM M22tTHB+iX 1`Q`2 p p2 Q
pHQ`2 KmHi KB K`2 UQ`B BMp2`b- +MiBii2 /2 p`BȧB2 2tTHB+i p }
KmHi KB KB+ /2+i ŗM `2HBii2V- ŗMb +2bi 7Ti Mm 2bi2 +mMQb+mi T`BQ`B
/2 +i`2 +2`+2iiQ`X Lm +mMQși2K șB Mm pQK +mMQși2 MB+BQ/i +`2 2bi2
+MiBii2 iQiH /2 p`BȧB2 +`2 TQi2 } 2tTHB+ic b2 TQi2 7Qì2 #BM2
+ KQ/2HmH MQbi`m b Mm +QMȧBM iQi2 p`B#BH2H2 `2H2pMi2X
Sì2 +2HHi- M22tTHB+i- b2 `272` H +QKTQM2Mi +QKTH2i
BKT`2/B+iB#BH Mim`BB mKM2, Q T2`bQM TQi2 p2 Q T`272`BMȧ +mK
șB mM +QKTH2i /B72`Bi T2bi2 /Qm KBMmi2X a+?BK#`2 T`272`BMȧ2HQ` 2bi2
mMmH /BM 7+iQ`BB +`2 /2i2`KBM +QKTQìK2MimH +ȧBQMH Ubm#B2+i
2ti`2K /2 bm+mH2Mi ŗM K`F2iBM; șB bim/B2`2 Ti2`Mm`BHQ` /2 +QMbmKV-
B` +QKTQìK2Mi2H2 +ȧBQMH2 BKT`2pBxB#BH2 ;`2;i2 H MBp2H /2 ;`mT-
+QKmMBii2- `2;BmM2 2i+X b2 i`Mb7Q`K ŗM 7+iQ`B bQ+BHB ?QiB+B B +`Q`
272+i 2bi2 7Qì2 ;`2m /2 T`2xBb Q`B 2biBKiX
1bi2 /2pì + BM/B+iQ`BB bQ+BHB bmMi KB bi#BHB H MBp2H ;`2;i /2+i
KbmìQ`BH2 H MBp2H BM/BpB/mH- ŗMb MB+B K+` +2șiB Mm bmMi 72`BȧB
+QKTH2i /2 +ȧBmM2 ?QiB+X ŖMi`2 MmKBi2 HBKBi2- +2`+2iiQ`mH b2 TQi2
#x T2 bi#BHBii2 BM/B+iQ`BHQ` ;`2;ȧB ŗMb +2bi bi#BHBii2 2bi2
MmKB i2KTQ``- T2 i2`K2M b+mì- ŗMi`m+i MBK2MB Mm TQi2 b T`2p/
+2 b2 p ŗMiKTH +m pHQ`BH2 HQ` ŗM pBBiQ`X
*mx2H2 +`2 TQi /2i2`KBM b+?BK#`2 pHQ`BHQ` +2biQ` BM/B+iQ`B bmMi
KmHiBTH2c ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2 K Tmi2 bTmM2 + MmK`mH pBìmH /2 +mx2
U/2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2- KB 2t+iV 2bi2 7Qì2 K`2X aB;m` + mM2H2 /BMi`2
+2bi2 bmMi B`2H2pMi2- ŗMb +QK#BMȧBBH2 TQbB#BH2 /2 7+iQ`B +mxHB bmMi
TQi2MȧBH BM}MBi2- ŗM B/22 + MB+BQ +mx Mm `2 mM 272+i b2KMB}+iBp /2
mM bBM;m`- +B MmKB ŗM +QK#BMȧB2 +m HȧB 7+iQ`B +mxHBX
a2 +QM};m`2x bi72H mM KBt +mxH 2ti`2K /2 bm#iBH- T2Mi`m +`2 JBHH
UR39jV ;bBi Q 2t+2H2Mi +QKT`ȧB2 +m K2bi2+mH bm#biMȧ2HQ` +?BKB+2,
ŗM +QKTQM2Mȧ +mxHBiȧBB BMi` Q KmHiBim/BM2 /2 +QKTmșB +`2
BMi2`+ȧBQM2x ŗM KQ/ bm#iBH mMBB +m HȧBB- mM2Q`B MmHM/m@b2 `2+BT`Q+
B` Hi2Q`B T`QpQ+M/ /2pì2 2tTHQxBB bQ+BH2X
wK}` URNNyV /2MmKBi +2bi bBimȧB2 ǳT`Q#H2K BMi2`+ȧBmMBBǴ-
`B/B+M/ Q HBKBi /2 T`BM+BTBm MHBx2B bQ+BQHQ;B+2X 62MQK2M2H2 bQ+BH2
Mm bmMi T`Q/mb2 /2 +ȧBmM2 b2Tì mM2B +mx2 bm Hi- +B /2
BM~m2Mȧ +QKmM KB KmHiQ` +mx2 +`2 BMi2`+ȧBQM2x șB b2
BM~m2Mȧ2x `2+BT`Q+ TM H T`Q/m+2`2 272+imHmBX
ŖM +2bi2 +QM/BȧBB- B/2MiB}+`2 mM2B +mx2 MmK2 /BMi`@Q +QK#BMȧB2
+mxH +QKTH2t 2bi2 Q b`+BM b2KMiQ`2 +m /2TBbi`2 mMmB bBM;m`
8k oB K2/B, MHBx +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp
+QKTmb +?BKB+ /BMi`@Q bm#biMȧ +m Q 7Q`KmH +QKTH2tX +2bi /2K2`b

Mm 2bi2 /2HQ+ mMmH bBKTHmc bim/BBM/ Hm+``BH2 HmB JBHH bmT` +mxHBiȧBB-
B+FBM Ukyy9- TX8jjV B/2MiB}+ BMi2`T`2i`2 +2bimB ŗMi`@mMmH /BM
+MQM2H2 /Bb+mii2- ǳK2iQ/ p`BȧBBHQ` +QM+QKBi2Mi2Ǵ,
.+ mM 72MQK2M p`Bx ŗMi`@Q Kbm` Q`2+`2 ŗM iBKT +2

mM Hi 72MQK2M p`Bx ŗMi`@Q KMB2` TìB+mH`- T`BKmH 2bi2
}2 Q +mx }2 mM 272+i H +2HmB 72MQK2M- Q`B 2bi2 +QM2+ii /2
+2bi T`BMi`@Q H2;im` +mxH
+2bi T2`bT2+iBp HmB JBHH bmT` +mxHBiȧBB T`2 b }2 KB KmHi

+MiBiiBp /2+i +HBiiBp- ŗMi`m+i b2 `272` H MQȧBmM2 bT2+B}+
+MiBiiBp /2 p`BȧB2- ŗM +Bm/ 7TimHmB + Hm+``BH2 bH2 bmMi miBHBxi2
+ #x /2 TH2+`2 T2Mi`m MHBx +QKTìBp U+HBiiBp ŗM 2b2MȧVX
aTmM /Bb+mi#BH ŗMi`m+i ŗM +2`+2i`2 +MiBiiBp p`B#BH2H2
BM/2T2M/2Mi2 Mm i`2#mB2 b +Q`2H2x2 mM2H2 +m Hi2H2 UbmKTȧB biiBbiB+
/2 MQM@KmHiB+QHBM2`Bii2V- ŗM iBKT +2 ŗM +mxHBii2 +?BKB+ 7+iQ`BB
+mxHB BMi2`+ȧBQM2x mMBB +m HȧBB- i`Mb7Q`KM/m@b2 ŗMiQ+KB +mK
/Qm bm#biMȧ2 +?BKB+2 +QK#BMi2 /m Mși2`2 mM2B bm#biMȧ2 MQBX
JBHH b@ +QM+2Miì T2 QT2`ȧBQMHBx`2 +QM+2TimHmB /2 +mxHBii2c
`;mK2MiM/ + +2bi Mm TQi2 } /2KQMbiì /2+i ŗM +/`mH mMQ`
2tT2`BK2Mi2- T`Q/mb #BM2+mMQb+mi2H2 HmB +MQM2 U/2b+`Bb2 T2 H`; H
b2+ȧBmM2 kX9V ìM/ +- ŗM iBKT +2 +MQM2H2 /B72`2Mȧ2B șB
+QM+Q`/Mȧ2B b2 #x2x T2 Q TQi`BpB`2 T2`72+i ŗMi`2 +mx șB 272+i-
miBHBx`2 p`BȧBBHQ` +QM+QKBi2Mi2 Mm T`2bmTmM2 +2bi Hm+`m T2Mi`m
7+2 BM72`2Mȧ2 +mxH2X P bBM;m` 2t+2TȧB2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m
2HBKBM`2 mMmB 7+iQ` +mxH +m T`BK2H2 /Qm +MQM2- ŗMb p`BȧBBH2
+QM+QKBi2Mi2 /KBi șB bi72H /2 2t+2TȧBB ŗM MHBx +mx2HQ`X ŖM 7Ti-
7mM+ȧB T`BM+BTH T`BK2HQ` /Qm +MQM2 2bi2 +22 /2 2HBKBM
+mx2- ŗM iBKT +2 Q MHBx +QKTH2t MHBx2x +mx2H2 șB bm# bT2+imH
TQbB#BHBiȧBB bm +?B` T`Q##BHBiȧBB +2biQ`- +22 +2 /m+2 KB KmHi bT`2
Tì2 +MiBiiBp +2`+2i`BBX
.2șB Tmi2`MB+ U/+ Dm/2+K /mT MmK`mH miBHBx`BHQ` șB `bTM/B`2
2BV- MHBx +MiBiiBp `2 iQimșB mM M2DmMb 7mM/K2MiH ŗM +2 T`Bp2și2
bim/BmH MHBx2B +mxH2, +2H2 KB KmHi2 +2`+2i`B +MiBiiBp2 bmMi
i`Mbp2`bH2- }ti2 ŗM iBKTX *mimK +2`+2i`BB +MiBiiBp2 2bi2 +22
bim/B2`BB mMmB 2șMiBQM `2T`2x2MiiBp bm}+B2Mi /2 K`2 T2Mi`m Q 2`Q`2
bm}+B2Mi /2 KB+X *?B` /+ bi72H /2 +2`+2i`B b2 `2T2i /2bimH /2 /2b
U}2 /2 +i`2 +22șB BMbiBimȧB2- }2 /2 BMbiBimȧBB /B72`Bi2 BMi2`2bi2 /2
+2HșB bm#B2+iV- 2șMiBQM2H2 bmMi T`QT2 ŗMiQi/2mM /B72`Bi2 U2ti`b2
ŗM KQ/ H2iQ` /BM TQTmHȧB2VX
kXR *QKT`ȧB șB MHBx +mxH 8j
P`- MHBx +mxH ŗșB /Qp2/2și2 /2pìmH TQi2MȧBH T`BM bim/B2`2

+mx2HQ` șB 272+i2HQ` +2biQ` ŗM iBKTX aB;m` + 2tBbi 2șMiBQM2 TM2H-
ŗMb +2bi2 bmMi 2ti`2K /2 ``2 ŗM +QKT`ȧB2 +m +2`+2i`BH2
i`Mbp2`bH2 U}BM/ șB KmHi KB +QbiBbBiQ`2V șB /2 +2H2 KB KmHi2 Q`B bmMi
miBHBxi2 /Q` T2Mi`m `TQì Q bi`2 /2 7Ti șB b+?BK#`2 +2bi2B ŗM
iBKTc bim/B2`2 i2KTQ`H +mx2HQ` șB 272+i2HQ` 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 ``-
/2șB *QTT2/;2 URNNNV 2bi2 /2 T`2`2 + bim/B2`2 HQM;Bim/BMH
KMB72bi`BHQ` mMmB +x 2bi2 +2H KB #mM /2bB;M /2 +2`+2i`2 /BbTQMB#BH
T2Mi`m i2bi`2 BTQi2x2HQ` `272`BiQ`2 H +mx2H2 mMQ` 2p2MBK2Mi2
bT2+B}+2X "ìQHBMB URNNjV `2 Q QTBMB2 bBKBH`- ìM/ + +2 KB
BM/B+i bii2;B2 /2 +2`+2i`2 +QKTìBp 2bi2 +22 +`2 +QK#BM mM
/2bB;M +`Qb@+mHim`H +m mMmH +`Qb@i2KTQ`H, +xm`BH2 Mm b2 KQ/B}+ /Q`
ŗM bTȧBm șB Mm bmMi /B72`Bi2 /Q` ŗMi`2 +mHim`B- +B b2 KQ/B}+ șB Q/i +m
i`2+2`2 iBKTmHmB ŗM +/`mH +2HmBșB bTȧBm șB +2H2șB +mHim`BX
J?QM2v UkyyyV Q#b2`p mM Hm+`m 7Qì2 BMi2`2bMi ŗM H2;im` +m KQ/mH
/B72`Bi /2 ŗMȧ2H2;2`2 MQȧBmMBB /2 +mxHBii2 /BMi`2 #Q`/`2 +HBiiBp
șB +2 +MiBiiBp, ŗM p`2K2 +2 MHBșiBB T2 L@KB+ U+2Mi`ȧB T2 +QKT`ȧBB
MQKBMH2V b2 x#i b +mi2 +2H2 bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 `2HȧB /BMi`2 +QM/BȧBBH2
+mxH2 șB 272+i 2bi2 T2`72+i T`2/B+iB#BH U+QM7Q`K +MQM2HQ` HmB JBHHV-
MHBșiBB T2 L@K`2 /KBi șB BM+Hm/ ŗM 2+mȧB2 7+iQ`mH H2iQ` U2`Q`2-
x;QKQimH- ș@MmKBimH `M/QK MQBb2V șB BMi2`T`2i2x +mxHBii2 ŗM
i2`K2MB /2 272+i2 T`ȧBH2 șB T`Q##BHBbi2 UEBM; 2i HX- kyyyVX
ŖMi`@mMmH /BM ìB+QH2H2 bH2- _;BM UkyyjV TmM+i2x ŗM+ Q /B72`2Mȧ
ŗMi`2 +2H2 /Qm #Q`/`BX ŖM bim/BBH2 /2 +x- +mxHBii2 b2 2tKBM2x
ŗM KQ/ ?QHBbiB+ B` bT2+i2H2 Q#b2`pi2 Mm bmMi MBKB+ Hi+2p /2+i T`ȧB
H2 mMmB ŗMi`2;c iQi2 2H2K2Mi2H2 MHBxi2 +QMp2`; ŗMi`@Q bi`m+im`
mMBi` +`2 Mm 2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM mșQ` /2 Q#b2`pi U/2 +22- /Q`
+2`+2iiQ`BB +m 2tT2`B2Mȧ TQi Q#b2`p bi`m+im`BV- B` b`+BM
+2`+2iiQ`mHmB 2bi2 /2 B/2MiB}+ KQ/mH +mK b@m +QK#BMi +mx2H2
T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2 72MQK2MmH bim/Bi U272+imHVX ŖM +2`+2i`BH2 Q`B2Mii2
bT`2 MmK` K`2 /2 +xm`B- b`+BM +2`+2iiQ`mHmB 2bi2 /2 ;bB +2H KB
KB+ KQ/2H TQbB#BH +`2 b 2tTHB+2 Q +MiBii2 +i KB K`2 /BM p`BȧB
p`B#BH2B /2T2M/2Mi2X o`B#BH2H2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2 b2 ~ ŗM +QKT2iBȧB2
mM2H2 +m +2H2HHi2- }BM/ QT`Bi2 /Q` +2H2 +`2 m mM +Q2}+B2Mi /2
+Q`2HȧB2 `B/B+i +m p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi ŗMb mM +Q2}+B2Mi /2 +Q`2HȧB2
b+xmi +m +2H2HHi2 p`B#BH2 BM/2T2M/2Mi2X JQ/2HmH +mxH /2`Bpi ŗM
+2bi 72H b2 THB+ imim`Q` +xm`BHQ`- +?B` /+ ŗM 2b2Mȧ }2+`2 +x 2bi2
mMB+ șB H Q bim/B2`2 i2Mi bTmM2 T`QT`B TQp2bi2X
1tBbi șB ŗM biiBbiB+ K2iQ/2 /2 MHBx #xi2 T2 b2`BB i2KTQ`H2- ŗMb
miBHBx`2 HQ` 2bi2 ŗM;`2mMi /2 +mH2;2`2 BM7Q`KȧBBHQ` +`2 2bi2 /B}+BH
ŗM iBKTX 1bi2 M2pQB2 /2 BM7Q`KȧBB T2 x2+B bm bmi2 /2 p`B#BH2- iQi2
2ti`b2 T2 KBB /2 +xm`B T2Mi`m 7+2 BM72`2Mȧ2 biiBbiB+2 pHB/2X
*mxHBii2 `2 șB Q BMi2`T`2i`2 T`Q##BHBbiB+c mM /BMi`2 T`Q#H2K2H2

BMi2`T`2i`BB HmB >mK2 U+`2 b2 THB+ ŗMi`@Q MmKBi Kbm` șB H
BMi2`T`2i`2 HmB JBHHV b2 `272` H T`QT`B2ii2 +QM+QKBi2Mȧ2BX a2 TQi2
ŗMiKTH +- /2șB s b }2 ŗMi`@/2p` Q +mx HmB u- b Mm b2 ŗMiKTH2
ŗMiQi/2mM ŗM KQ/ +QM+QKBi2MiX ŖM i2Q`B T`Q##BHBiȧBHQ` 2tBbi
7Q`KmH2 /2 +H+mH T2Mi`m ș@MmKBi2H2 T`Q##BHBiȧB +QM/BȧBQMi2c /2
2t2KTHm- Tmi2K +H+mH T`Q##BHBii2 + u b b2 ŗMiKTH2 /i }BM/
7TimH + s b@ ŗMiKTHi /2D UHi72H bTmb T`Q##BHBii2 + u b }2
+mxi /2 sVX
ŖM Kbm` ŗM +`2 +`Bi2`BmH +QM+QKBi2Mȧ2B HmB >mK2 2bi2 /2pì- imM+B,
SUu%sV 4 RyyW T`Q##BHBii2 HmB u /i }BM/ s 2bi2 /2 RyyW- B`
SUu%5sV 4 yW T`Q##BHBii2 HmB u /i }BM/ MQMs U/i }BM/ 7TimH
+ s Mm b2 ŗMiKTHV 2bi2 x2`Q
ŖM KQ/ 2pB/2Mi +2bi `2;mH 2bi2 T`2 `2bi`B+iBp T2Mi`m șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2
/QKBMi2 ŗMi`@Q K`2 Kbm` /2 Tì2 ?QiB+ șB BKT`2pBxB#BH }BMȧ2HQ`
mKM2- ș + /BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 T`Q##BHBbiB+ +`Bi2`BmH HmB >mK2 TQi2
} `2Hti TM H bTmM2 + s 2bi2 Q +mx HmB u /+ T`Q##BHBii2
+ u b b2 ŗMiKTH2 2bi2 KB K`2 /+ s b2 ŗMiKTH /2+i /+ s Mm
b2 ŗMiKTH,
SUu%sV = SUu%5sV
.2șB KQ/2H2 biiBbiB+2 b2 TQi +QMbi`mB T2Mi`m bim/BmH mMBiȧBHQ` KB+`Q@
bQ+BH2- +QM+2TimH /2 +mxHBii2 +Ti mM +m iQimH Hi ŗMȧ2H2b imM+B
+M/ M2 `272`BK H mMBiȧB K+`Q@bQ+BH2X Lm /Q` T2Mi`m + bmMi TmȧBM2
H MmK` șB Mm b2 TQi THB+ MHBx2 biiBbiB+2- ŗMb bi#BHBii2 +2biQ`
mMBiȧB 2bi2 /B72`Bi- i`Mb7Q`K`2 HQ` b2 7+2 +m iQimH Hi72HX S`Q/m+2`2
mMmB 72MQK2M- H mM bi72H /2 MBp2H- b2 TQi2 `2HBx T`BMi`@Q KmHiBim/BM2
/2 +QK#BMȧBB b2+p2MȧBH2 +`2 b2 /2b7șQ` ŗM bi`Mb H2;im` mM2H2 +m
+2H2HHi2X ŖM +2bi b2Mb- _m2b+?K2v2` ȔB ai2T?2Mb URNNd- TX8dV TmM+i2x
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ǳlM 72MQK2M +`2 p`Bx ŗMi`@mM 72H Q`2+`2 Q`B /2 +i2 Q`B
mM Hi 72MQK2M p`Bx ŗMi`@Q KMB2` TìB+mH`- 2bi2 }2 Q
+mx }2 mM 272+i H +2HmB 72MQK2M- }2 2bi2 H2;i /2 +2bi
T`BMi`@mM 7Ti /2 +mx`2ǴX
hBiHm`BH2 b2+ȧBmMBHQ` k- j șB 9 H2 +TBiQHmHmB oAA /BM +ì2 HmB JBHH

bvbi2K Q7 HQ;B+ b2 MmK2b+ +i b2 TQi2 /2 bm;2biBp,
kX AM i?2 aQ+BH a+B2M+2 2tT2`BK2Mib `2 BKTQbbB#H2

jX ě i?2 J2i?Q/ Q7 .Bz2`2M+2 BMMTHB+#H2
9X ě M/ i?2 J2i?Q/ Q7 ;`22K2Mi- M/ Q7 *QM+QKBiMi
o`BiBQMb- BM+QM+HmbBp2X
LB+BmM /BMi`2 K2iQ/2H2 pMbi2 /2 JBHH Mm `2xBbii T`QT`BBHQ` bH2

+`BiB+Bc K2iQ/ p`BȧBBHQ` +QM+QKBi2Mi2 2bi2 M2+QM+Hm/2Mi T2 +2H2șB
`ȧBmMB + șB K2iQ/ +QM+Q`/Mȧ2B- /BM +mx THm`HBiȧBHQ` +mxH2X lHiBK
ŗMb 2bi2 KB `2xBbi2Mi ŗMi`m+i `2 +HBii2 UT2 +`2 +2H2HHi2 Mm Q mV
/2 Mm b2 T`#mșB H T`BKmH +x M2;iBp +`2 T`2 Q`B +`2 2bi2 BM/B+iX
ŖM ;2M2`H- T`BK2H2 K2iQ/2 bmMi b2MbB#BH2 H +ȧBmM2 2t2KTH2HQ` M2;iBp2,
Q`B+2 +x +`2 +QMi`xB+2 i2Q`B Q MmH2xX .`- ŗM bT2+BH ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2
bQ+BH2- mM bBM;m` +x M2;iBp Mm ` i`2#mB b +QMi2x2 H 72H /2 KmHi + NN
/2 +xm`B TQxBiBp2X lM Hi KQiBp T2Mi`m +`2 JBHH ŗșB TmM2 K2iQ/ bm#
b2KMmH ŗMi`2#`BB 2bi2 7TimH + 2bi2 T`+iB+ BKTQbB#BH ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2
b ;bBK +xm`B bm}+B2Mi /2 bBKBH`2 Q`B bm}+B2Mi /2 /B72`Bi2X
.m`F?2BK Ukyyk- TXRd8V `2 Q QTBMB2 bBKBH` +m +2 HmB JBHH- ŗMb
`B/B+ K2iQ/ p`BȧBBHQ` +QM+QKBi2Mi2 H mM MBp2H ŗMHi ŗM bQ+BQHQ;B2-
BMi2`T`2iM/@Q mM/2p ŗMi`2 K2iQ/ biiBbiB+ șB +2 +QKTìBp-
DmM;M/ TM H Q +QMbB/2` ǳBMbi`mK2MimH T`BM 2t+2H2Mȧ H
+2`+2i`BB bQ+BQHQ;B+2ǴX
AM/B72`2Mi /2 Q#B2+ȧBB- +QM+HmxB +`2 i`2#mB2 i`b 2bi2 7TimH + imM+B
+M/ +miK +xm`B +QKT`#BH2- +2`+2i`2 i`2#mB2 b `2bT2+i2 +i b2
TQi2 /2 KmHi biM/`/2H2 +2biQ` K2iQ/2 UGBDT?ì- RNdRVX
*MQM2H2 BM/m+iBp2 H2 HmB JBHH `2T`2xBMi /Q` mM TmM+i /2 TH2+`2
T2Mi`m K2iQ/QHQ;B +2`+2i`BB +QKTìBp2 /BM T`2x2MiX Gmi2 b2Tì-
+2bi2 Mm TQi b `bTmM/ mMQ` ŗMi`2#`B șB T`Q#H2K2 7mM/K2MiH2-
kX9 AM/m+ȧB2- /2/m+ȧB2- #/m+ȧB2 e8
ŗMb MB+B Mm b2 TQi2 BK;BM K2iQ/QHQ;B +imH 7` 2H2X ŖM b2+ȧBmM2

m`KiQ`2 pQB ì +mK b2 TQi2 2tiBM/2 BM/m+ȧB HmB JBHH +m /2/m+ȧB
șB #/m+ȧB- T2Mi`m 7Q`K Q BK;BM2 KB +H` bmT` mMmB T`Q+2b /2
+2`+2i`2 KQ/2`MX
kX9 AM/m+ȧB2- /2/m+ȧB2- #/m+ȧB2
ŖM șiBBMȧ ŗM ;2M2`H șB ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2 ŗM TìB+mH`- BM/m+ȧB Dm+i

mM `QH +2Mi`HX ŖM +2bi b2+ȧBmM2 T`2xBMi /B72`2Mȧ2H2 /BMi`2 BM/m+ȧB2-
/2/m+ȧB2 șB #/m+ȧB2- +m ++2Mi T2 T`2x2Mi`2 Q`B2Mi`BHQ` /Bp2`;2Mi2
/BMi`2 BM/m+ȧB MHBiB+ șB /2/m+ȧB2- miBHBxi2 ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2X
AM/m+ȧB b2 `272` H mM T`Q+2b /2 ;M/B`2 T`BM +`2 b2 ŗM+2`+ 2tTHB+`2
mMmB 72MQK2M T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH 2tT2`B2Mȧ2HQ` i`2+mi2X *m +i MmK`mH
/2 BMbiMȧ2 +QM+Q`/Mi2 UșB /B`2+i Q#b2`p#BH2V +`2și2- p2K +m ii KB
KmHi2 KQiBp2 b +`2/2K + 72MQK2MmH b2 p T`Q/m+2 /BM MQm ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2
Q#b2`pi2X
ŖM șiBBMȧ- BM/m+ȧB 2bi2 K2iQ/ +2 KB /2b miBHBxi T2Mi`m pMb`2
i2Q`BBHQ` ŗMi`m+i +mMQși2`2 2bi2 +mKmHiBp- b2 #x2x T2 iQi
+mMQși2`2 Mi2`BQ`X .+ i2Q`BBH2 MQB Mm b@` #x T2 bm++2bmH Q`B
2ș2+mH p2+?BHQ` i2Q`BB- ` i`2#mB2 b `2BMp2MiK iQimH ŗM KQ/ +B+HB+X
AM/m+ȧB T`2bmTmM2 ș/` mM T`Q+2b /2 +mKmH`2 2tT2`B2Mȧ2HQ`- ŗM
ș 72H ŗM+i șiBBMȧ /BM i`2+mi /2pBM2 7mM/K2MimH T2 +`2 b2 TQi +H/B
MQB i2Q`BB ŗM pBBiQ`X
ŖM }HQxQ}2 șB HQ;B+- BM/m+ȧB 2bi2 mM T`Q+2b +QMi2biiX ŖM+2TM/ /2 H
>mK2 URd93V- BM/m+ȧB 2bi2 /2b}BMȧi + T`Q+2b șiBBMȧB}+- /2șB 2bi2 ŗM+
miBHBxi ŗM KQ/ 2ti2MbBpX ŖM 2b2Mȧ- >mK2 +QMi2bii 7TimH + T`BM
+mKmH`2 2tT2`B2Mȧ2HQ` K Tmi2 p`2Q/i b 7+2K T`2/B+ȧBB bmT`
pBBiQ`mHmBX +2bi #Q`/`2 HmB >mK2 Mm 7Qbi `2xQHpi ŗM iQiHBii2-
șB +QMiBMm b B# Q BM~m2Mȧ bmT` ;M/B`BB }HQxQ}+2 +imH2X 6TimH +
/2 KBHBQM2 /2 MB bQ`2H2 `b`Bi ŗM }2+`2 /BKBM2ȧ Mm 2bi2 Q /Qp/
bm}+B2Mi /2 Tmi2`MB+ T2Mi`m Tmi2 T`2xB+2 + p `b`B șB KBM2 U/2bB;m`-
MQB Tmi2K ǳT`2xB+2Ǵ- ŗMb +2bi Mm ŗMb2KM + b2 p șB ŗMiKTHVX
S`Q#H2K BM/m+ȧB2B 2bi2 ŗMi`@mM 72H bBKBH` +m +2 +mx2B șB 272+imHmBc
7TimH + Q#b2`pK /2 KBHBQM2 /2 MB mM 72MQK2M +mx UTKMimH b2
ŗMpì2 ŗM Dm`mH bQ`2HmBV- T`BM BM72`2Mȧ K Tmi2 b bTmM2K + ŗM pBBiQ`
b2 p T`Q/m+2 ŗM KQ/ BM2pBi#BH șB 72MQK2MmH 272+i UbQ`2H2 `b`2 ŗM }2+`2
/BKBM2ȧV- ŗMb +mKmH`2 2tT2`B2Mȧ2HQ` ŗM +2bi 72H- Q`B+i /2 KmHi2 `
} +2bi2- Mm TQi ŗMHim` mM Hi 72MQK2M * UM2și2TiiV b b2 T`Q/m+
ŗM pBBiQ`c bQ`2H2 b2 p `+B H mM KQK2Mi /i- /2+B Mm p KB `b`BX
S2Mi`m `bTmM/2 H +2bi T`Q#H2K- >mK2 Tmb #x2H2 bBbi2KmHmB
ee oB K2/B, MHBx +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp
/2/m+iBp@MQKQHQ;B+X
.2/m+ȧB- T2 /2 Hi Tì2- b2 `272` H mM T`Q+2b /2 ;M/B`2 QTmb, ŗM HQ+
b b2 T`2xB+ mM 272+i T2 #x 2pB/2Mȧ2HQ`- b2 miBHBx2x 272+imH + #x /2
TH2+`2 șB b2 /2/m+ +mx2H2 +2bimBX .2/m+ȧB MHBx2x +mx2 TQbB#BH2
șB H2 b2H2+i2x /Q` T2 +2H2 +`2 /m+ H T`Q/m+2`2 272+imHmBX
.2șB 2bi2 T`272ì HQ;B+B2MBHQ` Up Q72`B ŗMiQi/2mM `bTmMbm`B
/2pì2 șB pHB/2V- /2/m+ȧB Mm TQi2 ŗMHQ+mB BM/m+ȧB ŗM pMb`2
i2Q`BBHQ`X >mK2 ŗMbmșB bTmM2 + Q T2`bQM +`2 `2bTBM;2 +QKTH2i
BM/m+ȧB ŗM 7pQ`2 2t+HmbBp /2/m+ȧB2B p Km`B /2 7QK2- ŗMi`m+i
Mm p2 ŗM+`2/2`2 MB+BQ/i ŗM +22 +2 b2 p ŗMiKTH T2 #x
2tT2`B2Mȧ2HQ` i`2+mi2 /m+2 bT`2 #HQ+D +ȧBQMHX ŖM b+?BK#- >mK2
T`QTmM2 Q BM/m+ȧB2 ǳb+2TiB+ǴX
#/m+ȧB- mM +QM+2Ti T`QT2 M2+mMQb+mi ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- 2bi2 bBimi
mM/2p ŗMi`2 BM/m+ȧB2 șB /2/m+ȧB2X ŖM+2`+M/ b T`2B bT2+i2H2 i`B /BM
K#2H2- #/m+ȧB b2 `272` H mM T`Q+2b /2 ;M/B`2 T`BM +`2 b2 H2;2 +2
BTQi2x +`2- /+ ` } /2pì- ` 2tTHB+ +2H KB #BM2 mM 72MQK2M
Q#b2`piX 1bi2- +m Hi2 +mpBMi2 ǳQ BM72`2Mȧ T`BM +2 KB #mM 2tTHB+ȧB2
TQbB#BHǴ U>`KM- RNe8VX
ŖM b2+QHmH ss- mM Hi K`2 }HQxQ7 H șiBBMȧ2B b@ T`2Q+mTi /2 T`Q#H2K
BM/m+ȧB2B HmB >mK2 șB DmMb H Q +QM+HmxB2 bBKBH` MmKB + bQHmȧB
T`QTmb 2bi2 /B72`BiX SQTT2` UkyyyV /2KQMbi`2x HQ;B+ /2 +2 șiBBMȧ
Mm TQi2 } UMX#X /Q`V BM/m+iBp- /2Q`2+2 T2Mi`m +mMQși2 +mx2H2
mMmB 72MQK2M ` i`2#mB b +mMQși2K șB +mx2H2 +2HQ` +mx2- K2`;M/
KB /2Tì2 TM H BM}MBiX .BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 HQ;B+- `;mK2MiȧB HmB
SQTT2` 2bi2 /2pì- ŗMb T2HM/ H +QM+2TimH /2 BM}MBi `;mK2MiȧB
HmB b2KM Q`2+mK +m +2H2#`mH T`/Qt +m ?BH2 șB #`Qb+ ȧ2biQb,
?BH2 UmM K`2 H2`;iQ`V Mm p /2TșB MB+BQ/i #`Qb+ ȧ2biQb +`2
b2 ~ +m mM K2i`m ŗM 7ȧ HmB- ŗMi`m+i T2Mi`m Q DmM;2 /BM m`K p
i`2#mB b i`2+ KB ŗMiB /2 T`BK DmKii2c T2Mi`m T`+m`;2 +2
T`BK DmKii2 p i`2#mB b T`+m`; B`șB ŗM pMb Q DmKii2 /BM +2
DmKii2- `ȧBQMK2MimH K2`;M/ TM H BM}MBiX .BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2
bi`B+i HQ;B+- ?BH2 Mm p `2mșB MB+BQ/i b i`p2`b2x2 BM}MBimH T2Mi`m
/2TșB #`Qb+- ŗMb ŗM `2HBii2 Q /2Tș2și2 7` T`Q#H2K2X
ŖM KQ/ bBKBH`- ș +mK HQ;B+ Mm TQi2 b ;b2b+ Q bQHmȧB2 ++2Ti#BH
T2Mi`m T`/QtmH HmB ?BH2- +`2/ + `;mK2MimH HQ;B+ H HmB SQTT2` Mm
2bi2 +QKTH2i THB+#BH ŗM K2`bmH șiBBMȧ2BX aB;m`- 2bi2 +H` + șiBBMȧ Mm b2
TQi2 HBKBi /Q` H mM T`Q+2b bi`B+i BM/m+iBpc bBKTH /mM`2 /2 /i2 șB
2tT2`B2Mȧ2 Mm ;`Mi2x ;2M2``2 /2 MQB i2Q`BB- ŗMb Dmi H i2bi`2
BTQi2x2HQ` TìB+mH`2 +`2 +QKTmM i2Q`BBH2X
kX9 AM/m+ȧB2- /2/m+ȧB2- #/m+ȧB2 ed
SQTT2` `2 /`2Tii2 +M/ bmbȧBM2 + șiBBMȧ 2bi2 șB i`2#mB2 b }2 ŗM T`BKmH

`M/ /2/m+iBpc H m`K m`K2B- K`BH2 i2Q`BB U/BM Q`B+2 /QK2MBmV Mm m
7Qbi ;2M2ì2 ŗM m`K mMmB T`Q+2b BM/m+iBp- T`BM +mKmH`2 /2 2tT2`B2Mȧ
/B`2+i- +B T`BMi`@mM T`Q+2b /2 ;M/B`2- /2 KmHi2 Q`B HQ;B+ ŗMb /2 +2H2
KB KmHi2 Q`B i2Q`BBH2 bmMi `2xmHiimH mMQ` b+HBTB`B /2 ;2MBmX Lm i`2#mB2
B;MQì2 ŗMb MB+B bQHmȧBBH2 T`+iB+2 ;bBi2 /2@ HmM;mH iBKTmHmB /2 QK2MB
+`2 m Q#b2`pi Tm` șB bBKTHm + 72MQK2M2 bBKBH`2 b2 ŗMiKTH ŗM bBimȧBB
bBKBH`2 UmM `ȧBQMK2Mi Tm` BM/m+iBpVX
aQHmȧB HmB SQTT2` H T`Q#H2K BM/m+ȧB2B HmB >mK2 7Qbi Q `bim`M`2
/2 T2`bT2+iBp, ŗM HQ+ b /2KQMbi`2x2 7TimH + bQ`2H2 p `b`B KBM2- 2H
/2KQMbi`2x /Q` +`2/BMȧ + bQ`2H2 p `b`B- bm# 7Q`K mM2B BTQi2x2
7HbB}+#BH2X ATQi2x 2bi2 + bQ`2H2 p `b`Bc /+ KBM2 +2bi Hm+`m
Mm b2 p ŗMiKTH- imM+B +2bi BTQi2x p } BM}`Ki șB Q Hi p
i`2#mB b@B B HQ+mHX +2bi- ì SQTT2`- 2bi2 +H2 T2 +`2 șiBBMȧ
i`2#mB2 b Q THB+2, +QM+m`2Mȧ i2Q`BBHQ`- /BMi`2 +`2 MmKB mM DQ+
`QHmH /2 T`/B;K /QKBMMi U+22 +`2 i`2+2 /2 +2H2 KB KmHi2 T`Q#2
7HbB}+#BH2VX
S`QTmM2`2 HmB SQTT2` `Kb ŗM BbiQ`B }HQxQ}2B bm# /2MmKB`2 /2 KQ/2H
BTQi2iB+Q@/2/m+iBp, șiBBMȧ Mm i`2#mB2 b +mi2 T`Q#2 +`2 b +QM}`K2
Q i2Q`B2- +B BMp2`b- T`Q#2 +`2 b Q BM}`K2X *m }2+`2 bi72H /2 T`Q#
BM}`KiBp /2KQMbiì- i2Q`B ŗșB p TB2`/2 ŗM+2i /BM Tmi2`2 șB p } ŗM
+2H2 /BM m`K #M/QMi- HbM/ HQ+mH mM2B șB KB Tmi2`MB+2X
ŖM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- bT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 HQ;B+ șB }HQxQ} șiBBMȧ2B- BM/m+ȧB
Q+mT mM HQ+ 7Qì2 BKTQìMi KB H2b /mT +2 wMMB2+FB BMi`Q/mb ŗM
MmH RNj9 i2`K2MmH /2 ǳBM/m+ȧB2 MHBiB+Ǵ UhvHQ` ȔB "Q;/M- RNN3VX .2
Q`B2Mi`2 MiBTQxBiBpBbi- wMMB2+FB +QMbB/2` + bQ+BQHQ;B i`2#mB2 b
bim/B2x2 72MQK2M2 bQ+BH2 /BM T2`bT2+iBp +mHim`HBbiX AM/BpB/mH 2bi2
T2`+2Tmi Mm + mM bBKTHm `2+2TiQ` H K2bD2HQ` /BM /QK2MBmH bQ+BH- +B
TmìiQ` /2 b2Mb șB KB H2b /2 +`2iBpBii2X wMMB2+FB BMiì ŗM BbiQ`B
bQ+BQHQ;B2B +m +2H2#` b Hm+``2 ǳȦ`MmH TQHQM2x ŗM 1m`QT șB K2`B+Ǵ-
MHBxM/ Dm`MH2 Q`B miQ#BQ;`}B H2 BKB;`MȧBHQ` TQHQM2xB ŗM K2`B+-
T`2+mK șB b+`BbQ`BH2 /BMi`2 +2șiB șB 7KBHBBH2 HQ` `Kb2 ŗM 1m`QTX
#Q`/`2 b 2KTB`B+Bbi b2KM 7Qì2 KmHi +m mM T`Q+2b BM/m+iBp, b2
bim/Bx 7Qì2 KmHi2 BMbiMȧ2 H2 mMQ` 72MQK2M2- ŗMb bT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2
T`Q+2bmH HQ;B+ Q`B }HQxQ}+ H BM/m+ȧB2B- K2`BimH BK2Mb H HmB wMMB2+FB 2bi2
+2H /2 } ìi T`BM Hm+``2 Q KQ/HBii2 /2 +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH T`BM
+`2 b2 +mi Tii2`M@m`B /2 bBKBH`Bii2 ŗM iQi2 BMbiMȧ2H2 MHBxi2X
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 șiBBMȧ2H2 Mim`H2- mM/2 iQi2 BMbiMȧ2H2 MHBxi2
b2KM UbQ`2H2 `b`2 H 72H- 7`mMx2H2 +/ H 72H 2i+XV- ŗM bQ+BQHQ;B2
}2+`2 +iQ` bQ+BH 2bi2 mMB+X JB KmHi- }2+`2 72MQK2M bQ+BH bim/Bi
`2 TìB+mH`BiȧB mMB+2- 7Ti +`2 7+2 bim/BmH +2biQ` mM T`Q+2b 2ti`2K
e3 oB K2/B, MHBx +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp
/2 M2pQBQbX 1bi2 M2pQB2 /2 7Qì2 KmHi 2tT2`B2Mȧ șB BMimBȧB2 T2Mi`m

/2TBbi +QKmMHBiȧBH2 /BMi`2 iQi2 BMbiMȧ2H2 MHBxi2X aB;m`- șiBBMȧ
KQ/2`M b2 #x2x T2 MHBx biiBbiB+ 72MQK2M2HQ`- ŗMb imM+B +M/
b2 bim/Bx /Q` +i2p +xm`B K2iQ/2H2 biiBbiB+2 Mm TQi } THB+i2X
*?B` șB ŗM +xmH ŗM +`2 2tBbi 7Qì2 KmHi2 +xm`B bim/Bi2 U+mK m 7Qbi
/Q+mK2Mi2H2 HmB wMMB2+FBV- +2bi2 Mm Tmi2m } MHBxi2 +MiBiBp- +B
/Q` +HBiiBp miBHBxM/m@b2 mM T`Q+2b bBbi2KiB+ BM/m+iBpX Lm b2 șiB2
/+ wMMB2+FB ŗM+2Tmi b bim/B2x2 b+`BbQ`BH2 `2bT2+iBp2 pM/ /2D
7Q`Ki +QM+2TimH /2 +mHim`HBbK Q`B 7Q`Ki +2bi +QM+2Ti T2 Kbm` +2
+BiBi b+`BbQ`BH2X ŖM+HBM b +`2/ + 2bi2 pQ`# /2bT`2 /Qm p`BMi-
ŗM+2TM/ +2`+2i`2 +m BMimBȧB /2b+QT2`B`BB mMmB MQm +QM+2Ti șB mM2B
MQB K2iQ/QHQ;BBX
_;BM URNN9V HKm`2și2 7Qì2 2H2;Mi `2HȧB /BMi`2 T`Q+2bmH /2 BM/m+ȧB2
MHBiB+ șB +/`2H2 MHBiB+2 +QMbi`mBi2 ŗM m`K mM2B MHBx2 +HBiiBp2X
ŖM 7Ti- BM/m+ȧB MHBiB+ Mm 2bi2 mM T`Q+2b BM/m+iBp T`QT`Bm@xBb-
ŗMi`m+i Mm b2 TQ`M2și2 /2 H Q bBKTH +mKmH`2 /i2HQ` /2 H +`2 b2
bi#BH2b+ BTQi2x2H2- +B b2 MHBx2x /i2H2 +m Q MmKBi `2T`2x2Mi`2
+QM+2TimH- TQB ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 +22 +2 bTmM /i2H2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 b2
TQi2 KQ/B}+- i`Mb7Q`K- TM +M/ +QM+2TimH `2xmHii +QT2` 7Qì2
#BM2 /i2H2 +HBiiBp2 MHBxi2X *2`+2iiQ`mH Mm bim/Bx +xm`B Tm` șB
bBKTHm- +B TQì mM p2`Bi#BH /BHQ; +m /i2H2 bH2c +xm`BH2 bmMi
`2MHBxi2 ŗM #m+H2 Bi2ìBp2 TM +M/ b2 bi#BH2și2 Q BK;BM2 +H`
bmT` /2iHBBHQ` 72MQK2MmHmB bim/Bi- ŗM }2+`2 Bi2`ȧB2 miBHBxM/m@b2
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bmMi KB KmHi2 KQ/HBiȧB /2 /2p2MB #Q;i- bm KB KmHi2 KQ/HBiȧB /2
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KB KmHi2 }BM/ /Q` HQ;B+ TQbB#BH2 /` MB+BQ/i ŗMiHMBi2 ŗM T`Q+2bmH /2
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+QK#BMȧB2 +mxH- 2H2 KMB72bi pHQ`B /B72`Bi2 ŗM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2
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+m T`BpB`2 H MmK`mH /2 +xm`B +`2 TQi } bim/Bi2c ŗM THmb- /Bp2`bBii2
+xm`BHQ` 2bi2 Q`B+mK HBKBii ș ŗM+i /2 Q#B+2B Mm 2tBbi KB KmHi /2
9 bm 8 +xm`B bQ+Bi2 +m Q +QK#BMȧB2 +mxHX *m mM MmK` ii /2
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KMB72bi 72MQK2MmH Mm KB `2 MB+B mM 72H /2 `2H2pMȧ B` Q`B+2 +x +`2
T`2xBMi Q +QMi`/B+ȧB2 +Mi`2și2 H 72H /2 KmHi + 9 bm 8 +xm`B QTmb2X
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272+imi /B?QiQKBx`2 /i2HQ` /2 BMi``2 U b2 p2/2 b2+ȧBmM2 8XRX3VX
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;`mTm`BHQ` șB H bQ+B2iȧBHQ` 2bi2 ii mM b+QT H bQ+BQHQ;B2B +i șB H
MHBx2B +QKTìBp2X .2șB b+QTm`BH2 bQ+BQHQ;B2B bmMi KB H`;B- ș Tmi2
b bTmM + b+QTm`BH2 MHBx2B +QKTìBp2 TQi } `2;bBi2 ŗM iQiHBii2
T`BMi`2 +2bi2X P 2t+2H2Mi HBbi /2 b2K2M2 b+QTm`B 7Qbi T`2x2Mii
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MiBQMbX aiì2;B2b BM +QKTìBp2 TQHBiB+bX ŖMi`m+i ;b2b+ +2bi HBbi
ii 2tTHB+Bi +i șB +mT`BMxiQ`2- K Q`;MBxi b2+ȧBmMBH2 +2bimB
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bQ+BHX
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b2+ȧBmM2 kXR K iìi +2bi2 bT2+i2- +QMb2KMM/ +2bi
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iBKT +2 Hi2H2 bmMi 7Qì2 #Q;i2 UGmt2K#m`;- 1Hp2ȧB 2i+XVc
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Ç mM2H2 bQ+B2iȧB b2 +`+i2`Bx2x T`BMi`@Q /2MbBii2 HQ+mB`BB 2ti`2K

/2 K`2 Ub bTmM2K Q HQ+HBii2 +mK 2bi2 J2tB+Q *BivV ŗM iBKT +2
ŗM Hi2H2 /2MbBii2 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 b+xmi UxQM2 ŗM +`2 T`2/QKBM
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#B b2 7Q`K2x Q`B b@m 7Q`Ki 7Qì2 `2+2Mi U_2Tm#HB+ JQH/QpVX
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`QKM2b+X .BKTQi`Bp- MBp2HmH T`Qi2+ȧB2B bQ+BH2 2bi2 mM 7+iQ` +`2 b2
/2+B/2 H MBp2H TQHBiB+- }BM/ Q QTȧBmM2 2t+HmbBp :mp2`MmHmBX
ș/`- 7+iQ`mH TQHBiB+ 2bi2 /2pì 2tTHB+ȧB2 T2Mi`m +/2`2
T`Qi2+ȧB2B bQ+BH2- ŗMi`@Q Kbm` KmHi KB K`2 /2+i +/2`2
2+QMQKB+X +2bi 2bi2 mM 2t2KTHm bBKTHm șB BMimBiBp T2Mi`m miBHBx`2
+QKT`ȧB2B ŗM i2bi`2 mM2B BTQi2x2 +`2 b2 `272` H mM 72MQK2M bQ+BH-
7` miBHBx K2iQ/2 +MiBiiBp2 #xi2 T2 KBB /2 +xm`B +B mM bBKTHm
`ȧBQMK2Mi HQ;B+ miBHBxM/ /Q` /Qm +xm`B, _QKMB șB "mH;`BX
1bi2 Q THB+`2 bm;2biBp biì2;B2B Ja.P UJQbi aBKBH`- .Bz2`2Mi
Pmi+QK2V- /Bb+mii2 ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 kX8X K#2H2 bmMi ȧ`B /BM 1m`QT /2
1bi- K#2H2 +m Q BbiQ`B2 `2+2Mi /2 T`QT2 8y /2 MB /2 `2;BK +QKmMBbi-
K#2H2 +m Q BbiQ`B2 KB ŗM/2Tìi /2 Q+mTȧB2 QiQKM- 2i+X aim/B2`2
/Qm +xm`B b2KMiQ`2 TQi2 b }2 T`Q7mM/ `2H2pMi T2Mi`m
2tTHB+`2 mMQ` i`B2+iQ`BB /B72`Bi2 /BM T`2x2MimH T`QTBiX
ŖM +2bi 72H- MHBx +QKTìBp TQi2 } miBHBxi +QM}`K`2- /` șB
T2Mi`m BM}`K`2 mMQ` BTQi2x2 /BM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH- 2HBKBMM/ bi72H
T`2+QM+2TȧBB șB T`2Dm/2+ȧB +m T`BpB`2 H 7mM+ȧBQM`2 mMmB MmKBi bBbi2K
bQ+BHX
Ne a+QTm`B H2 +QKT`ȧB2B
jX9 S2Mi`m pHB/`2 `2xmHii2HQ` /2 +2`+2i`2
PT2`ȧBmM2 BMp2`b +2H2B /2 BM}`K`2 2bi2 +2 /2 pHB/`2 mM2B

BTQi2x2X P`B+2 i2Q`B2 b2 i2bi2x 2KTB`B+ UpM/ ș MmKBimH i`B#mi /2
7HbB}+#BHBii2VX .2 Q#B+2B- i2bi`2 mM2B BTQi2x2 b2 `2HBx2x T`BM
BMi2`K2/BmH mM2B +2`+2i`B bQ+BH2X
P p2`B}+`2 2ti`2K /2 b2p2` `2xmHii2HQ` /2 +2`+2i`2 b2 `272` H
pHB/Bii2 șB }/2HBii2 BMbi`mK2MimHmB miBHBxiX lM BMbi`mK2Mi 2bi2
pHB/ /+ KbQ` +22 +2 i`2#mB2 b KbQ`2- ŗM iBKT +2 }/2HBii2
ì /+ BMbi`mK2MimH KbQ` #BM2 +22 +2 i`2#mB2 b KbQ`2X .+
BMbi`mK2MimH /2 +2`+2i`2 Mm 2bi2 pHB/- `2xmHii2H2 Q#ȧBMmi2 bmMi ŗM KQ/
M2+2b` BMpHB/2 șB BMp2`bX
PT2`ȧBmM2 /2 p2`B}+`2 pHB/BiȧBB `2xmHii2HQ` /2 +2`+2i`2 b2
`2HBx2x /2 +2H2 KB KmHi2 Q`B T`BM +QKT`ȧBB- ii bBbi2KiB+2 +i șB
M2bBbi2KiB+2X .2 2t2KTHm- ŗM MHBx +MiBiiBp mM /BMi`2
QT2`ȧBmMBH2 Q#BșMmBi2 ŗM T`Q+2bmH /2 MHBx 2bi2 pHB/`2 2șMiBQMmHmB-
+`2 i`2#mB2 b p2`B}+2 /+ 2șMiBQMmH `2 Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 b2KMiQ`2 +m
+2 /BM TQTmHȧB2- T2 p`B#BH2H2 bQ+BQ@/2KQ;`}+2X
*m Hi2 +mpBMi2- 2șMiBQMmH 2bi2 +QKTì +m TQTmHȧB T2Mi`m /2+B/2
/+ `2 T`QTQ`ȧBB b2KMiQ`2X J`BK2 /Bp2`b2HQ` biìm`B /BM
TQTmHȧB2 i`2#mB2 b b2 `2;b2b+ ŗM +22șB T`QTQ`ȧB2 ŗM 2șMiBQMX .2
2t2KTHm- T`QTQ`ȧBBH2 /Bp2`b2HQ` 2iMBB /BM TQTmHȧB2 i`2#mB2 b }2
b2KMiQ`2 ŗM 2șMiBQM- ŗM +x +QMi`` mM2H2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 }BM/
bmT``2T`2x2Mii2 B` Hi2H2 bm#`2T`2x2Mii2X +2HșB Hm+`m T2Mi`m
bi`m+im` T2 p`bi2 TQTmHȧB2B- Q`B T2Mi`m /Bbi`B#mȧB m`#M@`m`H- ŗM
;2M2`H T2Mi`m iQi2 p`B#BH2H2 T2Mi`m +`2 2tBbi /i2 Q}+BH2 T`Qp2MBi2
/BM `2+2MbKBMi2X ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 bi`m+im` 2șMiBQMmHmB Mm b2KM +m
+2 /BM TQTmHȧB2- bTmM2K + 2șMiBQMmH Mm 2bi2 `2T`2x2MiiBp UMm
`2T`2xBMi ŗMi`2; TQTmHȧB2- mM2H2 +i2;Q`BB }BM/ bm#`2T`2x2Mii2VX
oHB/`22șMiBQMmHmBb2TQi27+2ș/`T`BM+QKT`ȧBBbBbi2KiB+2
+m DmiQ`mH i2bi2HQ` /2 b2KMB}+ȧB2c b2 i2bi2x b2p2`Bii2 /2THb`BB
2șMiBQMmHmB/2Hbi`m+im`TQTmHȧB2B-mM2H2/2pB2`B}BM/b2KMB}+iBp2
ŗM iBKT +2 Hi2H2 TQi } +QMbB/2ì2 KBMQ`2X ŖM +xmH p`B#BH2HQ`
+MiBiiBp2 U+mK 2bi2 /2 2t2KTHm p`bi Kbmì ŗM MB ŗKTHBMBȧBV b2
TQi2 miBHBx 7KBHB i2bi2HQ` i B` T2Mi`m p`B#BH2 +HBiiBp2 U+mK 2bi2
/22t2KTHmbi`m+im`T22iMBBVb2TQi2miBHBx7KBHBi2bi2HQ`χ2X
oHB/`2 2șMiBQM2HQ` 2bi2 bBKTH /+ 2tBbi TmM+i2 +H`2 /2 `272`BMȧ
UT`K2i`BB /BM TQTmHȧB2- T`2x2MiȧB ŗM Mm`2H2 biiBbiB+2VX ŖM +xmH HiQ`
p`B#BH2- +mK bmMi /2 2t2KTHm +2H2 /2 iBim/BM2- Hm+`m`BH2 Mm KB bmMi
ii /2 bBKTH2 ŗMi`m+i bBimȧB /BM TQTmHȧB2 2bi2 M2+mMQb+miX
jX8 S2Mi`m `}M +QM+2Ti2 șB KQ/2H2 i2Q`2iB+2 Nd
ŖM +2bi2 +xm`B- b2 miBHBx2x +QKT`ȧB +m Hi2 +2`+2i`B, /+

+2`+2i`B bQ+BH2 bBKBH`2 m ;2M2ì `2xmHii2 bBKBH`2- imM+B `2xmHii2H2
b2 +QM}`K `2+BT`Q+X *m Hi2 +mpBMi2- mM /BMi`2 K2iQ/2H2 T`272ì2 /2
pHB/`2 `2xmHii2HQ` 2bi2 +QKT`ȧB +m `2xmHii2H2 HiQ` +2`+2i`BX
ŖM MHBx +HBiiBp Hm+`m`BH2 b2 T2i`2+ ŗM KQ/ bBKBH`X .+ /Qm bm
KB KmHi2 MHBx2 +HBiiBp2 DmM; H +QM+HmxBB /2 +2`+2i`2 b2KMiQ`2-
2tBbi KQiBp2 Tmi2`MB+2 T2Mi`m pHB/`2 `2+BT`Q+X 1bi2 T2`72+i TQbB#BH
+ iQi2 +2`+2i`BH2 b B# #Bb@m`B Uii H2 BMbi`mK2Mi2HQ` +MiBiiBp2
+i șB H2 BMi2`T`2i`BHQ` +HBiiBp2V ŗMb +2bi2 pQ` } /2KQMbiì2 KB
i`xBm- imM+B +M/ Hi2 +2`+2i`B pQ` T`Q/m+2 Q b+?BK#`2 /2 QTiB+X 1bi2
bm}+B2Mi ŗMb /2 bm#HBMBi 7TimH + pHB/`2 `2xmHii2HQ` /2 +2`+2i`2 b2
TQi2 `2HBx +m DmiQ`mH +QKT`ȧBBHQ`X
1tBbi KB KmHi2 K2iQ/2 /2 pHB/`2 miBHBxi2 ŗM Kbm``2 bQ+BH- ŗMb
T2Mi`m b+QTmH +2bi2B T`2x2Mi`B bm#HBMB2x miBHBx`2 +QKT`ȧB2BX *2 KB
bBKTH 7Q`K /2 pHB/`2- +?B` ŗM #b2Mȧ mMQ` +2`+2i`B bmTHBK2Mi`2 2bi2
pHB/Bii2 T`2Mi UŗM 2M;HX 7+2 pHB/BivV- ŗM +`2 2tT2`ȧB /BM /QK2MBm
T`2+Bx +Q`2+iBim/BM2 `2xmHii2HQ` mM2B +2`+2i`B ŗM `TQì +m ŗMi`2;
HQ` 2tT2ìBx, `2xmHii2H2 T` b }2 pHB/2 UŗMi`@Q +QKT`ȧB2 BKTHB+Bi
+m ŗMi`2; 2tT2`B2Mȧ 2tT2ìmHmBVX oHB/`2 KB TQi2 } Q#ȧBMmi +m
K2iQ/ i`BM;mHȧB2B, mM bBM;m` bim/Bm U}2 +MiBiiBp bm +HBiiBpV Mm 2bi2
bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m /2KQMbi` MBși2 `2xmHii2 pHB/2- ŗMb /+ KB KmHi2
bim/BB DmM; ŗM KQ/ bBbi2KiB+ H +2H2șB +QM+HmxBB- b2 pHB/2x `2+BT`Q+X
*QKT`ȧB 2bi2 2b2MȧBH T2Mi`m bi#BHB`2 pHB/BiȧBB mMQ` `2xmHii2X
LBK2MB Mm TQi2 b bTmM +m T`2+BxB2 Ki2KiB+ /+ MmKBi2
`2xmHii2 bmMi pHB/2 bm Mm- B` ŗM #b2Mȧ mMQ` 7Q`KmH2 T`2+Bb2 /2
2pHm`2- bBM;m` bQHmȧB2 /BbTQMB#BH 2bi2 +QKT``2 `2xmHii2HQ` /BM
+2`+2i`B /B72`Bi2X
jX8 S2Mi`m `}M +QM+2Ti2 șB KQ/2H2 i2Q`2iB+2
oBȧ bQ+BH Mm TQi2 } T2`+2Tmi ŗM KQ/ /B`2+i- /Q` T`BM Q#b2`pȧB2X

lMmH șB +2HșB 72MQK2M 2bi2 BMi2`T`2ii ŗM KQ/ /B72`Bi /2 +iQ`B /B72`BȧB-
/2 T`+ `2HBii2 Mm ` } mM bBM;m`X JìQ`B Q+mH`B B +2HmBșB
2p2MBK2Mi TQi b TQp2bi2b+ ŗM KQ/m`B iQiH /B72`Bi2- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 i`B`B
T2`bQMH2 șB T2`+2TȧBBX
*?B` șB Q#B2+i2 }xB+2 TQi b }2 T2`+2Tmi2 ŗM /Bp2`b2 KQ/m`B- imM+B +M/
BMi` ŗM DQ+ BHmxBBH2 QTiB+2X *22 +2 p2/2K Mm 2bi2 2t+i +22 +2 p2/2Kc
MBK2MB Mm TQi2 b bTmM /+ Q+?BB imim`Q` QK2MBHQ` }Hi`2x HmM;BK2
/2 mM/ ŗM 2t+i +22șB KMB2`- ș ŗM+i +mHQ`2 2bi2 T2`+2Tmi ŗM
KQ/ BM}MBi2xBKH /B72`Bi /2 +i`2 }2+`2 T2`bQM ŗM Tì2X *mHQ`2 2bi2
N3 a+QTm`B H2 +QKT`ȧB2B
ș/` Q +QMp2MȧB2- /mT +mK 2bi2 Q`B+2 T2`+2TȧB2 bmT` `2HBiȧBBX

.+ +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 pH#BH T2Mi`m Q#B2+i2 }xB+2- imM+B 2bi2 +m ii
KB pH#BH T2Mi`m T2`+2T2`2 72MQK2M2HQ` bQ+BH2- ii /2 `2HiBp /2 H
Q T2`bQM H Hi- /2 H Q +QKmMBii2 H Hi- /2 H Q MȧBmM2 H HiX
S2Mi`m +mMQși2 `2HBii2 ș +mK 2bi2- M2@` i`2#mB Q T2`2+?2 /2 ǳQ+?B
bQ+BHBǴ- Q`B /BM +2bi TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 bmMi2K + MBși2 M2pxiQ`B- +`2
b2 #x2x T2 Hi2 bBKȧm`B T2Mi`m T2`+2T2 K2/BmH ŗM+QMDmìQ`X lM2H2
/BMi`2 KQ/HBiȧBH2 7`2+p2Mi miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m +mMQși2 `2HBii2 bmMi
/2b+`B2`BH2 #bi`+i2 bm KQ/2H2H2 i2Q`2iB+2X +2bi2 ŗM/2THBM2b+ `QHmH mM2B
?`ȧB K2MiH2 +`2 M2 Dmi b MpB;K T`BM `2HBii2- b Q +mMQși2K- H
72H +mK HBHB2+BB bm /2H}MBB miBHBx2x 2+QHQ+ȧB T2Mi`m ;2M2` ?`ȧB H2
HQ+m`BHQ` T`BM +`2 b2 KBș+X S2Mi`m +2bi2 pB2iȧB- ?ì 2bi2 +QMbiBimBi
/BM 2+Qm`B H2 mM/2HQ` i`BKBb2 ŗMBMi2- ŗMb T2Mi`m QK2MB ?`ȧBH2 K2MiH2
bmMi +QMbi`mBi2 +m DmiQ`mH +mpBMi2HQ`- KB 2t+i +m DmiQ`mH +QM+2Ti2HQ`X
.BM +2bi TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 ǳQ+?BBǴ MQși`B bmMi M2i BM72`BQ`B- ŗMi`m+i ?`ȧBH2
K2MiH2 TQi ì 2ti`2K /2 /B72`Bi Mm ii ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 T2`bQM +`2
+QMbi`mB2și2 ?ì- +i KB H2b ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 +QM+2Ti2H2 miBHBxi2 T2Mi`m
+QMbi`mB KQ/2HmH i2Q`2iB+X *QMbi`mB`2 +QM+2Ti2HQ` 2bi2 mM 72H /2 /2bB;M-
}2+`2 ŗM+2`+M/ b }2 +i KB Q`B;BMH șB b BMp2Mi2x2 +2 KQ/HBii2 /2
/2b+`B2 `2HBii2 +`2 b }2 ++2Tii /2 +i`2 +QKmMBii2 T2 TQbi /2
T`/B;KX
*QM+2Ti2H2 miBHBxi2 ŗMi`@Q T2`BQ/ bm Hi bmMi ș/` `2HiBp2- mM2H2
`2xBbiM/ ŗM iBKT B` Hi2H2 }BM/ #M/QMi2 BK2/Bi +mK T`X
AKTQìMi 2bi2 7TimH + +2bi2 bmMi K2/Bi2- `2;M/Bi2- `}Mi2
ŗMi`@mM T`Q+2b 7mM/K2MiH +QKTìBpX .Q;M ȔB S2Hbbv URNNy-
TTXk9@j8V iì2x +2bi2 bT2+i2 ŗMi`@mM KQ/ #bQHmi `2K`+#BH T`BM
+H`Bii2 2tTmM2`BB șB }M2ȧ2 `;mK2Mi`BBX SH2+M/ /2 H 2tT`2bB
ǳp2`#mK /i 2bb2 `2BǴ }HQxQ}2B b+QHbiB+2- miQ`BB T`2xBMi Q
KmHiBim/BM2 /2 2t2KTH2 H2 +QM+2Ti2HQ` +`2 bmMi bm m 7Qbi miBHBxi2
T2Mi`m /2b+`B2 `2HBii2 ŗMi`@mM MmK2 KQ/X
*2`+2i`2 bQ+BH șB `2xmHii2H2 +2bi2B /2TBM/ ŗMi`@Q KQ/HBii2 7Qì2
ŗMHi /2 +/`mH i2Q`2iB+ T`BM +`2 b2 /2b7șQ`X .2 2t2KTHm- ŗMi`@mM
72H ì Q MHBx K2/BmHmB TQHBiB+ /BMi`@Q ȧ` ŗM i`MxBȧB2 miBHBxM/
+QM+2TimH /2 ǳ/2xpQHi`2 TQHBiB+Ǵ șB ŗMi`@mM KQ/ bm#iBH /B72`Bi miBHBxM/
+QM+2TimH /2 ǳb+?BK#`2 TQHBiB+ǴX
ŖMi`@mM 72H 2bi2 +QM+2Tmi Q +2`+2i`2 +`2 b2 t2x ŗM Dm`mH ǳ+QK#i2`BB
b`+B2BǴ- ŗMi`@mM +m iQimH Hi 72H 2bi2 +QM+2Tmi ŗM Dm`mH +QM+2TimHmB /2
ǳBMi2;``2 bQ+BHǴ T2`bQM2HQ` b`+2 șB ŗMi`@mM KQ/ B`șB /B72`Bi ŗM
Dm`mH +QM+2TimHmB /2 ǳBM+Hm/2`2 bQ+BHǴ T2`bQM2HQ` 2t+Hmb2 /2 H ++2bmH
H mM2H2 b2`pB+BB bQ+BH2 7mM/K2MiH2X
jX8 S2Mi`m `}M +QM+2Ti2 șB KQ/2H2 i2Q`2iB+2 NN
S2 Kbm` +2 b+M`2 `2HBiȧBB `2 HQ+ /BM T2`bT2+iBp mMmB KQ/2H bm
HimH- +QM+2Ti2H2 bmMi ;`/mH `}Mi2X ŖM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 +QM+2TimH /QKBMMi
miBHBxi- KQ/2HmH i2Q`2iB+ U+/`mH MHBiB+ H +2`+2i`BBV b2 `}M2x H
`M/mH bmX ȘiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2 /BM T2`BQ/ +imH T`2xBMi b+?BK#`B
T2`KM2Mi2 KQ/2H2HQ` i2Q`2iB+2- /2i2`KBMi2 /2 TQbB#BHBii2 mM2B
+mMQși2`B 7` T`2+2/2Mi `2HBiȧBB 2KTB`B+2X lM KQ/2H i2Q`2iB+ +`2 b2
TQi`Bp2și2 /Q` ŗMi`@Q MmKBi bQ+B2ii2 Mm 2bi2 ++2Tii /2 +QKmMBii2
+/2KB+ 2tiBMb- ;HQ#HX JQ/2H2H2 +QM+2Tmi2 ŗM ǳ2T`m#2i2H2Ǵ ș+QHBHQ`
Tmi2`MB+2 /2 bQ+BQHQ;B2 p2biB+ bmMi i2bii2 T2 `M/ ŗM bQ+B2iȧB /Bp2`b2-
}BM/ #M/QMi2 ŗM KQK2MimH ŗM +`2 Mm TQi b 2tTHB+2 `2HBiȧB /Bp2`b2
ŗM 7pQ`2 HiQ`- KB BM;2MBQb2X
*QM+2TimH /2 bm#/2xpQHi`2- ì .Q;M ȔB S2Hbbv- 2bi2 2b2MȧBHK2Mi2 /2
Mim` +QKTìBp- }BM/ Mb+mi /BM MHBx KB KmHiQ` bQ+B2iȧB ~i2
T2 TQxBȧBB /B72`Bi2 ŗMi`@Q t /2xpQHi`BBX MQKB bQ+BH HmB .m`F?2BK
2bi2 Mb+mi H 72H /BM +QKT`ȧB2- ŗMi`m+i MBK2MB Mm TQi2 b bTmM /+
Q bQ+B2ii2 2bi2 MQKB+ /+ Mm Q +QKT` +m HiX
*QM+2Ti2H2 bmMi BKTQìMi2- 2H2 TQi } miBHBxi2 ŗM +`2`2 +2HQ` ?`ȧB
K2MiH2- /` șB T2Mi`m +`2 Q ŗMi`2; `2HBii2 /+ bmMi miBHBxi2 H
MBp2H /2 KbX Jbb@K2/B m mM `QH 2b2MȧBH ŗM T`QKQp`2 mM2B MmKBi2
BK;BMB /2bT`2 HmK2 ŗM+QMDmìQ`2- `Bb+mH +2H KB ŗMHi }BM/ T`2x2Mii
/2 KMBTmH`2 QTBMB2B Tm#HB+2- ŗMi`m+i TQi } T`QKQpi2 7Hb2 /2p`m`BX
amMi /2 T`272ì +2H2 +QM+2Ti2 ii M2mi`2 +i șB T`2+Bb2 ŗM /2b+`B2`2
`2HBiȧBB- +`2 b 2pBi2 bi2`2QiBTm`BH2 bm T`2Dm/2+ȧBH2X
aBKBH` +m bBimȧB +QM+2Ti2HQ`- +/`2H2 MHBiB+2 bmMi bmTmb2 +2HmBșB
T`Q+2b /2 `2+QMbi`mB`2 ;`/mH- T2 Kbm` +2 MQB +QKT`ȧBB ì
miBHBii2 mMmB KQ/2H bm HimBX ŖMi`@mM 72H ì bQ+B2ii2 MHBxi
T`BM i2Q`B bi`m+im`HBbKmHmB- ŗM Hi 72H T`BM i2Q`B 7mM+ȧBQMHBbKmHmB șB ŗM
+m iQimH Hi 72H T`BM i2Q`B UM2QVBMbiBimȧBQMHBbKmHmBX +2bi2 i2Q`BB bmMi
+m ii KB BKTQìMi2 /BM T2`bT2+iBp +QKTìBp- +m +i bi`m+im`B
/B72`Bi2 TQi ŗM/2THBMB 7mM+ȧBB b2KMiQ`2 șB pB+2@p2`b- bi`m+im`B
b2KMiQ`2 TQi ŗM/2THBMB 7mM+ȧBB /B72`Bi2X .BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2
+QKTìBp- BKTQìMi2 bmMi 2+?BpH2Mȧ2H2 7mM+ȧBQMH2 T2 +`2 /Bp2`b2
bi`m+im`B H2 T`2xBMi șB +`2 Mm TQi } B/2MiB}+i2 /2+i ŗM m`K mMQ`
MHBx2 +QKTìBp2 7Qì2 i2Mi2X
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9Xk hBTm`B /2 KmHȧBKB miBHBxi2 ŗM MHBx +QKTìBp Ry8
hQi2 +2H2HHi2 KmHȧBKB bmMi BM+Hmb2 ŗM +2bi mMBp2`b- bmMi bm#KmHȧBKB H2
+2bimB UHi72H bTmb- iQi2 bmMi KmHȧBKB H2 mMBp2`bmHmB lVX
S2Mi`m }2+`2 2H2K2Mi H mMBp2`bmHmB l- b2 TQi2 `bTmM/2 +m ǳ/Ǵ Ubm
ǳ/2pìǴV /+ 2H2K2MimH T`ȧBM2 mM2B KmHȧBKB - șB +m ǳMmǴ Ubm
ǳ7HbǴV /+ 2H2K2MimH `2bT2+iBp Mm T`ȧBM2 KmHȧBKBB X ŖM i2Q`B +HbB+
KmHȧBKBHQ`- 2H2K2Mi2H2 /Q#M/2b+ /Q` /Qm pHQ`B /2 /2p`, y
Uǳ7HbǴV șB R Uǳ/2pìǴVX ŖM MQiȧB 7Q`KH- TQi2 } /2}MBi Q 7mM+ȧB2
/2 Tì2M2Mȧ +`2 i`B#mB2 +2bi2 /Qm pHQ`B,
%
0 /+ t ∈
/
µ A UtV =
1 /+ t ∈
a T`2bmTmM2K + ŗMi`2;mH mMBp2`b l 2bi2 +QMbiBimBi /BM iQi2 MmK2`2H2

/2 T2 +2H2 șb2 72ȧ2 H2 mMmB x`,
l 4 &R- k- j- 9- 8- e'
.+ S 2bi2 KmHȧBK2 MmK2`2HQ` T`2- imM+B T2Mi`m }2+`2 /BMi`2

2H2K2Mi2H2 mMBp2`bmHmB l b2 TQi2 i`B#mB Q pHQ`2 /2 /2p`,
µU UtV 4 &y- R- y- R- y- R'
ș ŗM+i,
S 4 &k- 9- e'
JmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 bmMi +22 +2 ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2 b2 MmK2b+ +i2;Q`BB

KmimH 2t+HmbBp2X .2 2t2KTHm- mM i`M/}` 7+2 Tì2 /BM +i2;Q`B
ǳ~Q`BǴ- ŗM iBKT +2 mM +H Mm 7+2 Tì2 /BM +2bi +i2;Q`B2X
lMmH șB +2HșB 2H2K2Mi TQi2 b 7+ Tì2 ŗM KQ/ bBKmHiM /BM KB KmHi2
Ubm#VKmHȧBKBX .2 2t2KTHm- /+ 2bi2 KmHȧBK2 KK2HQ`- B` " 2bi2
KmHȧBK2 72K2BHQ`- imM+B Q KK 7+2 Tì2 ii /BM +i2;Q`B +i șB
/BM +i2;Q`B "X JmHȧBK2 KK2HQ` 2bi2 Q bm#KmHȧBK2 T2`bQM2HQ` +`2
7+ Tì2 /BM +i2;Q`B 72K2BHQ`X
S2Mi`m Q`B+`2 /Qm KmHȧBKB șB " H2 mMBp2`bmHmB l- Tmi2K bTmM2 +
2bi2 Q bm#KmHȧBK2 HmB " /+ șB MmKB /+ imM+B +M/ mM 2H2K2Mi
T`ȧBM2 HmB `2xmHi + +2H 2H2K2Mi 2bi2 șB mM 2H2K2Mi HmB ",
⊂ " : {t ∈ ⇒ t ∈ "}
Rye LQȧBmMB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`
P KmHȧBK2 +`2 Mm +QMȧBM2 MB+B mM 2H2K2Mi b2 MmK2și2 KmHȧBK2 pB/

UMQii +m b2KMmH ∅VX JmHȧBK2 pB/ 2bi2 mM bm#b2i H Q`B+`2B Hi2BX
GQ;B+ 7QM/i /2 `BbiQi2H 7Qbi +QM+2Tmi- ș/`- ŗMi`@Q KMB2`
#BpH2MiX P T`QTQxBȧB2 /2+HìBp `2 Q bBM;m` pHQ`2 /2 /2p`- 2bi2
}2 /2pì }2 7HbX +2bi bBbi2K b2 #x2x T2 i`2B T`BM+BTBB UH2;BV-
+`2 bim H #x +QMbiBimB`BB KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2,
RX S`BM+BTBmH B/2MiBiȧBB, mM Q#B2+i 2bi2 +22 +2 2bi2 Ubm, +22 +2 2bi2

2bi2VX +2bi T`BM+BTBm 2bi2 BKTQìMi T2Mi`m + 7+2 /BbiBMȧB
/BMi`2 mM Q#B2+i șB +2H2HHi2 Q#B2+i2 UŗMi`@Q T2`bT2+iBp TbB?QHQ;B+-
/BbiBM+ȧB /BMi`2 bBM2 șB +2BHHȧBX
kX S`BM+BTBmH MQM@+QMi`/B+ȧB2B, 2bi2 BKTQbB#BH + mM Q#B2+i b 2tBbi2 șB

b Mm 2tBbi2 ŗM +2HșB iBKT- bm mM 72MQK2M b b2 ŗMiKTH2 șB b Mm
b2 ŗMiKTH2X P`B mMmH- Q`B +2HHHi 2bi2 /2pì- /` Mm K#2H2X
jX S`BM+BTBmH i2`ȧmHmB 2t+Hmb, Q T`QTQxBȧB2 2bi2 }2 /2pì- }2 M2;ȧB

+2bi2B 2bi2 /2pì- Mm 2tBbi Q i`2B TQbB#BHBii2 ŗM 7` /2
+2bi2X
9XkXk JmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2
GQ;B+ i`/BȧBQMH- b+QHbiB+- 2bi2 ŗM KQ/ BM2`2Mi #BpH2Mic T`BM+BTBmH

i2`ȧmHmB 2t+Hmb }`K +H` + Mm TQi2 2tBbi Q i`2B TQbB#BHBii2X hQimșB-
#BpH2Mȧ 7Qbi Tmb bm# b2KMmH ŗMi`2#`BB /2 `BbiQi2H ŗMbmșB- +`2
7Q`KmHi mM T`/Qt miBHBxM/ HQ;B+ T`QTQxBȧBQMH +m Q +QK#BMȧB2 /2
2tT`2bBB HQ;B+2- i2biM/ #BpH2Mȧ ŗM +/`mH mMQ` }`KȧBB i2KTQ`H2X
*m T`BpB`2 H i`2+mi- b2 TQi 7+2 }`KȧBB +m pHQ`2 /2 /2p`X .2bT`2
mM 72MQK2M +`2 b@ ŗMiKTHi Mm b2 KB TQi2 bTmM2 + Mm b@
ŗMiKTHi- ŗMi`m+i pHQ`2 b /2 /2p` /2p2MBi i2KTQ`H, /2
ŗM/i +2 b@ ŗMiKTHi- +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 pH#BH ŗM Q`B+2 KQK2Mi mHi2`BQ`
U 7Qbi /2pì BK2/Bi /mT +22- ŗM T`2x2Mi 2bi2 /2pì- ŗM pBBiQ`
p } /2pìVX
GQ;B+ #BpH2Mi 2bi2 T2`72+i +QKTiB#BH +m i`2+mimH U+m +22 +2
+mMQși2K /2DV- ŗMb THB+`2 +2bi2B T2Mi`m pBBiQ` 2bi2 /B}+BH șB
+QM/mb H T`/QtmH 7Q`KmHi /2 `BbiQi2HX *m T`BpB`2 H pBBiQ`- b2 TQi
THB+ /Qm bBbi2K2 /2 ;M/B`2,
RX .2i2`KBMBbKmH, /+ mM Hm+`m i`2#mB2 b b2 ŗMiKTH2- imM+B 2H b2

p ŗMiKTH BM/B72`2Mi +2 7+2K MQBX 1bi2 mM bBbi2K bBKBH` +m
7iHBbKmH- ŗMi`m+i /+ bQì /2+B/2 +22 +2 b2 p ŗMiKTH-
imM+B MQB Mm p2K MB+B mM +QMi`QH bmT` T`QT`BmHmB /2biBMX
9Xk hBTm`B /2 KmHȧBKB miBHBxi2 ŗM MHBx +QKTìBp Ryd
kX GB#2`mH `#Bi`m, MQB /2+B/2K +22 +2 b2 p ŗMiKTHX +2bi bBbi2K

/KBi2 #BHBii2 /2 H2;2 +22 +2 b2 ŗMiKTH UT`2+mK șB +22
+2 Mm b2 ŗMiKTHV- ŗM #b2Mȧ mMQ` +QMbi`M;2`B 2ti2`M2X ŖM +2bi
bBbi2K- 2bi2 TQbB#BH + pQK H2;2 b 7+2K mM Hm+`m- ŗMb H 72H /2
TQbB#BH 2bi2 b Mm 7+2K +2H Hm+`mX
P`B+2 2p2MBK2Mi `2 Q bm++2bBmM2 /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 U+`2 m șB 2H2

T`QT`BBH2 HQ` +QM/BȧBB +mxH2- H BM}MBi- TM H ŗM+2TmimH iBKTmHmBV- șB b2
TQi2 bTmM2 + /i }BM/ +2bi HMȧ +mxH 2` /2 și2Tii + 2p2MBK2MimH
b b2 ŗMiKTH2- Q`B Hi72H bTmb HMȧmH +mxH /2i2`KBMi T`Q/m+2`2
2p2MBK2MimHmBX
.+ M2 bBimK ŗM pBBiQ`- + șB +mK b@` } ŗMiKTHi /2D- pQK Tmi2
bTmM2 +2HșB Hm+`m /2bT`2 2p2MBK2MimH +`2 p } 7Qbi T`Q/mb- + p } 7Qbi
/2i2`KBMi /2 Q b2`B2 /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2X ŖM +2bi pBxBmM2 /2i2`KBMBbi-
T`Q/m+2`2 2p2MBK2MimHmB 2bi2 i2KTQ`H ŗMi`m+i /i2 }BM/ +QM/BȧBBH2
+mxH2 +`2 b@m ŗMiKTHi- b2 ŗMiKTH șB b2 pQ` ŗMiKTH- 2p2MBK2MimH
b2 p T`Q/m+2 ŗM KQ/ M2+2b`X
`BbiQi2H b2 `272`2 H Q #iHB2 MpH- 7ȧ /2 +`2 7+mi m`KiQ`2
}`KȧB2, ǳKBM2 p p2 HQ+ Q #iHB2ǴX 1bi2 BKTQbB#BH b i`B#mBK Q
pHQ`2 /2 /2p` +2bi2B T`QTQxBȧBB- ŗMi`m+i 72MQK2MmH ŗM+ Mm pmi
HQ+X .mT xBm /2 KBM2- +2bi T`QTQxBȧB2 p } Q`B /2pì- /+
#iHB p p2 HQ+- Q`B 7Hb- /+ Mm p p2 HQ+X bixB ŗMb- T`QTQxBȧB
Mm TQi2 } MB+B /2pì MB+B 7HbX
S`/QtmH HmB `BbiQi2H +QMbi ŗM T`QB2+i`2 HQ;B+BB /2i2`KBMBbi2 T2Mi`m
2p2MBK2Mi2H2 /BM pBBiQ`- 7Ti +`2 i`B#mB2 Q pHQ`2 /2 7Hb }`KȧB2B +
ǳ2tBbi HB#2`mH `#Bi`mǴ- Q`B +2bi Hm+`m +QMi`xB+2 2tT2`B2Mȧ2B /BM
T`2x2Mi +`2 i`B#mB2 +2bi2B }`KȧBB Q pHQ`2 /2 /2pì- ŗM+H+M/
bi72H T`BM+BTBmH MQM@+QMi`/B+ȧB2B U2bi2 BKTQbB#BH + mM 72MQK2M b }2 ŗM
+2HșB iBKT șB /2pì șB 7HbVX
S`2Q+mTi /2 bT2+imH /2i2`KBMBbKmHmB- }HQxQ7mH TQHQM2x ƇmFbB2rB+x
+`2i H ŗM+2TmimH b2+QHmHmB ss mM bBbi2K HQ;B+ U"Q`FQrbFB- RNdyV +`2
/2Tș2și2 }HQxQ} +HbB+ #BpH2Mi șB Q72` Q bQHmȧB2 T2Mi`m T`/QtmH HmB
`BbiQi2HX +2bi bBbi2K UMQii +m Ƈ3 V +QMȧBM2 Mm /Qm +B i`2B pHQ`B /2
/2p`,
⎧
⎨ 0 7Hb
µ A UtV = 1
M2/2i2`KBMi UMB+B /2pì- MB+B 7HbV- T`ȧBH /2pì
⎩ 2
1 /2pì
*QMi2bii H ŗM+2Tmi- }HQxQ} HmB ƇmFbB2rB+x 7Qbi ++2Tii ŗM +2H2

/BM m`K șB +QM/mb H ;2M2`HBx`2 bBbi2KmHmB bm i`BpH2Mi șB T`BȧB
Ry3 LQȧBmMB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`
mMQ` bBbi2K2 KmHiB@pH2Mi2 U+m M pHQ`BVX JmHȧBK2 pHQ`BHQ` /2 /2p`

2bi2 Q#ȧBMmi T`BM /BpBx`2 mMB7Q`K BMi2`pHmHmB (y- R) ŗM M pHQ`B /2
/2p` /BbiBM+i2,
% )
0 1 2 n−1
0= - - -...- =1
n−1 n−1 n−1 n−1
*m THB+`2 T2 șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- mM 2t2KTHm TQi`BpBi 2bi2 +2H H +mHQ`BHQ`

b2K7Q`mHmB- +m m`KiQ`2H2 pHQ`B, {`Qșm- ;H#2M- p2`/2}X ŖM HQ;B+
#BpH2Mi- ` } 7Qbi M2pQB2 /2 i`2B 7mM+ȧBB /2 Tì2M2Mȧ-
+Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 +2HQ` i`2B KmHȧBKB,
%
0 Mm- Ut ∈
/ a_V
@ a2K7Q`2 /2 +mHQ`2 `QșB2, µSR UtV =
1 /- Ut ∈ a_V
%
0 Mm Ut ∈/ a:V
@ a2K7Q`2 /2 +mHQ`2 ;H#2M, µSG UtV =
1 /- Ut ∈ a:V
%
0 Mm- Ut ∈
/ aoV
@ a2K7Q`2 /2 +mHQ`2 p2`/2, µSV UtV =
1 /- Ut ∈ aoV
ŖMi`@Q HQ;B+ KmHiBpH2Mi ŗMb- Mm 2bi2 M2pQB2 /2+i /2 Q bBM;m` 7mM+ȧB2

/2 Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBK2 +mHQ`BHQ` b2K7Q`2HQ`,
⎧
⎨ 0- /+ b2K7Q`mH 2bi2 p2`/2
µS UtV = 1- /+ b2K7Q`mH 2bi2 ;H#2M
⎩
2- /+ b2K7Q`mH 2bi2 `Qșm
JmHȧBKBH2 /2 KB bmb bmMi b2KMiQ`2 +m p`B#BH2H2 Q`/BMH2- pHQ`BH2

}BM/ 2+?BpH2Mi2 +i2;Q`BBHQ` Q`/QMi2 H2 +2biQ`X hQimșB- KmHȧBKBH2
/BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 Mm bmMi bT2+B}+2 /Q` p`B#BH2HQ` Q`/BMH2- +B TQi
} THB+i2 ŗM 2;H Kbm` șB p`B#BH2HQ` MQKBMH2- T2Mi`m +`2 Q`/BM2
+i2;Q`BBHQ` Mm 2bi2 BKTQìMiX
.2 2t2KTHm- `2;BmMB U_V KmimH 2t+HmbBp2 TQi Dm+ `QHmH /2 pHQ`B- Q`/BM2
+2biQ` }BM/ TmȧBM BKTQìMi,
⎧
⎪
⎪ 0- `2;BmM2 /2 2bi
⎨
1- `2;BmM2 /2 p2bi
µR (x) =
⎪
⎪ 2- `2;BmM2 /2 MQ`/
⎩
3- `2;BmM2 /2 bm/
JmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 bmMi /2MmKBi2- ŗM HBK# 2M;H2x- +`BbT b2ibX

ŖM HBi2ìm` /2 bT2+BHBii2 Z* UZmHBiiBp2 *QKTìBp2 MHvbBbV-
9Xk hBTm`B /2 KmHȧBKB miBHBxi2 ŗM MHBx +QKTìBp RyN
MHBx #xi T2 +2bi2 7Qbi MQii +m +bZ*- B` imM+B +M/ m 7Qbi
BMi`Q/mb2 KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2- +2bi2 m +Tii /2MmKB`2
/2 KmHiB@pHm2 b2ib șB MQii2 +m KpZ*X
ŖM 7Ti- ii +bZ* +i șB KpZ* Hm+`2x +m mMBiȧB /BbiBM+i2 U+`BbTVX
ŖM K#2H2 iBTm`B /2 KmHȧBKB pH2Mȧ2H2 bmMi KmimH 2t+HmbBp2- +22 +2
ŗMb2KM + KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 bmMi /Q` mM +x TìB+mH` H
KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2X
lMB+ /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2 +2bi2 2bi2 7TimH + T`BKmH iBT /2 KmHȧBKB `2
/Q` /Qm pHQ`B /BbiBM+i2- ŗM iBKT +2 H /QBH2 `2 ǳ+2H TmȧBMǴ /Qm
pHQ`B- șb` KpZ* 2bi2 Q ;2M2`HBx`2 +bZ* UB` +bZ* 2bi2 mM
+x TìB+mH` H KpZ*VX
9XkXj JmHȧBKB p;B
lM /BMi`2 TìB+mH`BiȧBH2 KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2 2bi2 7TimH + bmMi- ŗM

;2M2`H- }MBi2X *2H TmȧBM ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- p`B#BH2H2 +HBiiBp2 Mm m Q
BM}MBii2 /2 +i2;Q`BBX S2Mi`m +pbB@KDQ`Bii2 bBimȧBBHQ` /2 +2`+2i`2-
mMBp2`bmH bim/BmHmB 2bi2 ŗKT`ȧBi ŗMi`@mM MmK` `2HiBp `2bi`Mb /2
+i2;Q`BB- T2Mi`m H2 Tmi2 /B72`2MȧB mșQ` mM2H2 7ȧ /2 +2H2HHi2X
1tTHB+ȧB 2bi2 `2HiBp bBKTH, +QMșiBBMȧ mKM 2bi2 `2HiBp HBKBii
imM+B +M/ i`2#mB2 b /BbiBM; ŗMi`2 KB KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB bBKmHiMX
ŖMi`@mMmH /BMi`2 +2H2 KB +Bii2 ìB+QH2 /BM BbiQ`B TbB?QHQ;B2B- JBHH2`
URN8eV b+`B /2bT`2 ǳJ;B+mH MmK` șTi2- THmb bm KBMmb /QB, HBKBi2 H2
+T+BiȧBB MQbi`2 /2 T`Q+2b BM7Q`KȧB2ǴX
JmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 m 2t+i /Qm pHQ`B- B` +2H2 KmHiBpH2Mi2
m- /2 Q#B+2B- TM H 9 bm 8 pHQ`B /BbiBM+i2- KmimH 2t+HmbBp2X o`B#BH2
+m 7Qì2 KmHi2 +i2;Q`BB 2tBbi iQimșB- /2 2t2KTHm MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2
Q`B Q+mTȧB `2bTQM/2MimHmB- ŗMb mMBii2 /2 MHBx T2Mi`m +2`+2i`2
+QKTìBp 2bi2 `2;bBi H mM MBp2H KB ŗMHi /2 ;`2;`2 U+QKmMBii2-
`2;BmMB- MȧBmMB 2i+XV- mM/2 MmK`mH /2 +i2;Q`BB ŗM +`2 +2bi2 b2 ŗKTì
2bi2 `2HiBp `2bi`MbX
.mT ;2M2`HBx`2 i2Q`B2B HmB ƇmFbB2rB+x /2 H j UƇ3 V H n pHQ`B /2
/2p` UƇn V- Mm KB 7Qbi /2+i Q +?2biBmM2 /2 iBKT TM H 2tiBM/2`2
+QKTH2i i2Q`B2B +i`2 Q BM}MBii2 /2 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2X ŖM 7Ti- KQ/2HmH
Ƈn 2bi2 7Qì2 T`QT2 /2 KmHȧBKBH2 p;B- ŗMi`m+i n TQi2 } mM MmK`
Q`B+i /2 K`2 UK Tmi2 bTmM2- mM MmK` T`QT2 BM}MBi /2 K`2VX
ŖM HQ+ /2 ŗKT`ȧB`2 ŗM n pHQ`B /BbiBM+i2- Q Hi bQHmȧB2 7Qbi BMi`Q/mb
+i2p /2+2MBB KB i`xBm /2 +i`2 Ki2KiB+BMmH GQi} w/2?- +`2
BMi`Q/mb ŗM șiBBMȧ +QM+2TimH /2 KmHȧBKB p;BX ŖM /2}MBȧB Q`B;BMH
Uw/2?- RNe8- TXjj3V- +2bi2 bmMi T`2x2Mii2 /`2Ti,
RRy LQȧBmMB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`
XXX Q +Hb /2 Q#B2+i2 +m mM +QMiBMmmK /2 ;`/2 /2

Tì2M2MȧX P bi72H /2 KmHȧBK2 2bi2 +`+i2`Bxi /2 Q
7mM+ȧB2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ (XXX) +2 i`B#mB2 }2+`mB Q#B2+i mM ;`/
/2 Tì2M2Mȧ p`B#BH ŗMi`2 y șB RX
ș/`- ŗMi`2 Q`B+2 KBMBK U/2HQ+- x2`QV șB KtBK U+QKTH2i- mMmV- TQi
2tBbi Q`B+i2- mM +QMiBMmmK- Q BM}MBii2 /2 ;`/2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H Q
KmHȧBK2X
T`QT2 iQi2 +QM+2Ti2H2 +m +`2 b2 QT2`2x ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2 TQi }
2tT`BKi2 ŗM KmHȧBKB p;B- 7Qì2 ``2 bmMi T`QT`B2iȧBH2 +`2 bmMi T2`72+i
H#2 bm T2`72+i M2;`2X .2 Q#B+2B- ș +mK b2 bTmM2- ǳ/2p`mH 2bi2 mM/2p
H KBDHQ+ǴX
lM 2H2K2Mi TQi2 b T`ȧBM ǳKB KmHi bm KB TmȧBMǴ mM2B KmHȧBKBX
.2 2t2KTHm- Q TQTmHȧB2 Mm TQi2 } +QMbB/2ì Tm` șB bBKTHm #Q;i
Q`B b`+- +B KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM mM /BMi`2 +2bi2X ŖM 7mM+ȧB2 /2
+`Bi2`BmH /2 /2}MB`2 #mMbi`BB- Q TQTmHȧB2 T`ȧBM2 +m T`2TQM/2`2Mȧ
mM2B bm Hi2B /BMi`2 KmHȧBKB U +2HQ` b`+2 bm +2HQ` #Q;i2V- ŗMb
2bi2 ;`2m /2 BK;BMi + TQi2 b T`ȧBM +m iQimH /Q` mM2B /BMi`2
+2bi2X
ŖM pQ`#B`2 +m`2Mi- +mpBMi2 + ǳ#mMǴ- ǳ7`;BHǴ- ǳ+mMQb+iQ`Ǵ 2i+X
`2T`2xBMi 2t2KTH2 /2 MQȧBmMB p;B- ŗMi`m+i /2TBM/2 7Qì2 KmHi /2
/2}MBȧB șB `2T`2x2Mi`2 #bi`+i +2HQ` +`2 H2 miBHBx2xX P T2`bQM
TQi2 b T` +mMQb+iQ`2 ŗM 7ȧ mMmB Tm#HB+ M2pBxi- ŗMb /+
/Bb+mi +m bT2+BHBșiB +22șB T2`bQM TQi2 b b2 /Qp2/2b+ T`QT2
B;MQ`MiX
.2MmKB`2 /2 KmHȧBKB ǳp;BǴ TQi2 } mM2Q`B +QM7mM/i +m +2p M2+H`-
;`2m /2 /2}MBiX h2`K2MmH T`2 imM+B +M/ Mm TQi2 } bi#BHBi mM T`;
+H` T2Mi`m bi#BHB`2 Tì2M2Mȧ2B H Q +i2;Q`B2 bm HiX
ŖMi`m+i TQi2 Hm Q`B+2 pHQ`2 ŗM BMi2`pHmH [0, 1]- 2bi2 BKTQìMi /2
bm#HBMBi 7TimH + Tì2M2Mȧ H Q KmHȧBK2 Mm 2bi2 +2HșB Hm+`m +m
T`Q##BHBii2 + mM 2p2MBK2Mi b b2 ŗMiKTH2- T`Q##BHBii2 +`2 B
pHQ`B ŗM 2t+i +2HșB BMi2`pHX Tì2M2Mȧ H Q KmHȧBK2 U+`2 KB 2bi2
/2MmKBi șB BM+Hm/2`2 ŗM KmHȧBK2V `2T`2xBMi mM 7Ti- mM /imK- +?B`
/+ 2bi2 /B}+BH bi#BHB`2 mMmB T`; +H` /2 BM+Hm/2`2- T2 +M/
T`Q##BHBii2 b2 `272` H +2p +`2 Mm b@ ŗMiKTHi ŗM+X
K#2H2 Bm pHQ`B ŗM BMi2`pHmH [0, 1]- KQiBp T2Mi`m +`2 7Qì2 KmHȧB H2
+QM7mM/- ŗMb T`Q##BHBii2 șB BM+Hm/2`2 ŗMi`@Q KmHȧBK2 bmMi +QM+2Ti2
7Qì2 /B72`Bi2- B` m`KiQ`mH 2tT2`BK2Mi BK;BM` p 7+2 Hm+`m`BH2 KB
+H`2X a bTmM2K + i`2#mB2 b iBM;2K mM Q#B2+i- /2bT`2 +`2 șiBK + `2
Q T`Q##BHBii2 /2 RW b }2 2ti`2K /2 }2`#BMi2X iBM;M/ +2H Q#B2+i /2
Ryy /2 Q`B ŗM KQK2Mi2 /B72`Bi2- 2tBbi Q T`Q##BHBii2 UKB+- /` 2tBbiV-
9Xj PT2`ȧBB +m KmHȧBKB RRR
b M2 T`QpQ+K Q `bm` b2p2` H MBp2HmH KBMBBX .2 +2HHi Tì2- /+

șiBK + Q#B2+imH `2 Q BM+Hm/2`2 /2 /Q` RW ŗM KmHȧBK2 Q#B2+i2HQ` 2ti`2K
/2 }2`#BMȧB- Tmi2K b@H iBM;2K /2 M2MmKì2 Q`B 7` MB+BmM 72H /2 `Bb+-
ŗMi`m+i Q BM+Hm/2`2 ii /2 KB+ ŗMb2KM + Q#B2+imH 2bi2 T`QT2 `2+2-
ș/` Mm pQK T`QpQ+ MB+BQ/i Q `bm` ;`p T`BM iBM;2`2 +2HmB
Q#B2+iX
9Xj PT2`ȧBB +m KmHȧBKB
"QQH2 UR389V /mb ŗM THmb șB i`2B QT2`ȧBmMB /2 #x +`2 m `Kb șB

bixB H #x 7mM+ȧBQM`BB +H+mHiQ`2HQ`X liBHBx`2 +2HQ` i`2B QT2`ȧBmMB
TQi2 } 2tTHB+i T`BM 2t2KTH2 7Qì2 bBKTH2- +`+i2`BxM/ `2xmHiimH
mM2B 2tT`2bBB HBM;pBbiB+2 }BM/ /2pì bm 7Hb,
al HQ;B+, ǳpmȧB TQi2 } Q#ȧBMmi T`BM KQși2MB`2 bm T`BM +șiB;Ǵ
_2xmHiimH +2bi2B 2tT`2bBB 2bi2 #Q;ȧBc /+ +2bi 2bi2 Q#ȧBMmi
imM+B `2xmHiimH 2bi2 Q pHQ`2 /2 /2p`- ŗM +x +QMi`` `2xmHiimH
}BM/ Q pHQ`2 /2 7HbX .+ Q`B+`2 /BMi`2 +QM/BȧBBH2 ǳKQși2MB`2Ǵ șB
ǳ+șiB;Ǵ bmMi T`2x2Mi2 Um pHQ`2 /2 /2p`V imM+B `2xmHiimH 2bi2
Q pHQ`2 /2 /2p`c /+ MB+BmM /BMi`2 +QM/BȧBB Mm 2bi2 T`2x2Mi
UMm 2bi2 /2pìV imM+B `2xmHiimH 2bi2 7HbX HQ+`2 pHQ`BHQ`
/2 /2p` b2 7+2 T`BM BMi2`Q;`2 }2+`2B +QM/BȧBB ŗM Tì2 șB
`2xmHiimHmBc /+ `bTmMbmH 2bi2 }`KiBp p2K Q pHQ`2 /2
/2p`- B` /+ `bTmMbmH 2bi2 M2;iBp p2K Q pHQ`2 /2 7HbX
a@ T`BKBi KQși2MB`2\ a@ Q#ȧBMmi +șiB;\ a@ Q#ȧBMmi #Q;ȧB2\
. 4 /2pì- Ll 4 6Hb
6Hb al 6Hb 4 6Hb

6Hb al /2pì 4 /2pì
/2pì al 6Hb 4 /2pì
/2pì al /2pì 4 /2pì
S2Mi`m /Qm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2- Mm 2tBbi /2+i Ti`m +QK#BMȧBB
TQbB#BH2 /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2X ŖM H;2#` #QQH2M- +mpMimH al
TQi2 } ŗMHQ+mBi +m b2KMmH /mM`BB ǵYǶX ŖMHQ+mBM/ /2pì +m
pHQ`2 R șB 6Hb +m pHQ`2 y Q#ȧBM2K m`KiQ`2H2 /Qm i#2H2
2+?BpH2Mi2- bBKTHB}+i2,
y al y 4 y y Y y 4 y
y al R 4 R y Y R 4 R
R al y 4 R R Y y 4 R
R al R 4 R R Y R 4 R
RRk LQȧBmMB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`
ŖM +xmH QT2`ȧB2B al HQ;B+- b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + pHQ`2 /2 /2p`

T`2 /+ +2H TmȧBM mM /BMi`2 +QM/BȧBBH2 +mxH2 2bi2 /2pì-
BM/B72`2Mi /2 pHQ`2 +2H2BHHi2X .Q` ŗM Kbm` ŗM +`2 K#2H2
+QM/BȧBB +mxH2 bmMi 7Hb2- pHQ`2 `2xmHii 2bi2 7HbX
ȘA HQ;B+, ǳŖM șiBBMȧ- T2`7Q`KMȧ2H2 b2 Q#ȧBM T`BM BMi2HB;2Mȧ șB KmM+Ǵ

ŖM +2bi 2tT`2bB2 HBM;pBbiB+- T`BK +QM/BȧB2 +mxH
T2`7Q`KMȧ2HQ` U`2xmHiimH 2tT`2bB2B HQ;B+2V 2bi2 BMi2HB;2Mȧ B`
/Qm +QM/BȧB2 +mxH 2bi2 KmM+X +QHQ mM/2 2tBbi BMi2HB;2Mȧ-
2tBbi T`2KBb2 T2Mi`m T2`7Q`KMȧ2 ŗMb Mm 2bi2 /2 DmMb ŗMi`m+i
+2bi2 Mm TQi } Q#ȧBMmi2 /2+i T`BM /2TmM2`2 mMmB 27Qì bmbȧBMmi
U+m Hi2 +mpBMi2 T`BM KmM+VX aBKTH BMi2HB;2Mȧ Mm ;`Mi2x
T2`7Q`KMȧ- /mT +mK Q T2`bQM TQi2 b KmM+2b+ 2MQ`K
ŗMb 7` mM MmKBi MBp2H /2 BMi2HB;2Mȧ Mm TQi2 T2`7Q`KX
G 72H + H QT2`ȧBmM2 T`2+2/2Mi- HQ+`2 pHQ`BHQ` /2 /2p` șB
7Hb b2 7+2 T`BM BMi2`Q;`2 +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2 șB `2xmHiimHmB,
1tBbi BMi2HB;2Mȧ\ 1tBbi KmM+\ 1tBbi T2`7Q`KMȧ\
. 4 /2pì- Ll 4 6Hb
6Hb ȘA 6Hb 4 6Hb

6Hb ȘA /2pì 4 6Hb
/2pì ȘA 6Hb 4 6Hb
/2pì ȘA /2pì 4 /2pì
+QHQ mM/2 Mm 2tBbi MB+B BMi2HB;2Mȧ MB+B KmM+- T2`7Q`KMȧ2H2 Mm
T`X +2HșB `2xmHii ŗH p2K șB ŗM m`KiQ`2H2 /Qm bBimȧBB- ŗM
T`2x2Mȧ /Q` mM2B /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 UKmM+
7` BMi2HB;2Mȧ- Q`B BMi2HB;2Mȧ M2bmbȧBMmi /2 KmM+VX .Q` ŗM
mHiBKmH +x- +M/ 2tBbi ii BMi2HB;2Mȧ +i șB KmM+- b2 TQi2
Q#b2`p T`2x2Mȧ T2`7Q`KMȧ2HQ` UpHQ`2 /2 /2p` T2Mi`m
`2xmHiimH 2tT`2bB2B HBM;pBbiB+2VX
ŖM H;2#` #QQH2M- +mpMimH ȘA TQi2 } ŗMHQ+mBi +m b2KMmH
ŗMKmHȧB`BB ǵ·ǶX ŖMHQ+mBM/ /2pì +m pHQ`2 R șB 6Hb +m pHQ`2 y
Q#ȧBM2K m`KiQ`2H2 /Qm i#2H2 2+?BpH2Mi2- bBKTHB}+i2,
y ȘA y 4 y y · y 4 y
y ȘA R 4 y y · R 4 y
R ȘA y 4 y R · y 4 y
R ȘA R 4 R R · R 4 R
ŖM +xmH QT2`ȧB2B ȘA HQ;B+- b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + pHQ`2 /2 /2p`

T`2 /Q` ŗM Kbm` ŗM +`2 K#2H2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 bmMi /2pì2X
9Xj PT2`ȧBB +m KmHȧBKB RRj
1bi2 bm}+B2Mi + mM /BMi`2 2H2 b }2 7Hb- B` `2xmHiimH /Q#M/2și2

Q pHQ`2 /2 7Hb BM/B72`2Mi /2 pHQ`2 +2H2BHHi2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2X
L1:ȦA, ǳŖM HmK2 KKB72`2HQ`- iQi2 bT2+BK2M2H2 +`2 Mm bmMi

Kb+mHB bmMi 72K2H2Ǵ
L2;ȧB 2bi2 +2 KB bBKTH șB KB BMimBiBp QT2`ȧBmM2 /BMi`2 +2H2
i`2B- `QHmH +2bi2B }BM/ BMp2`b`2 pHQ`BB /2 /2p` bm 7HbX
1tT`2bB HBM;pBbiB+ T`2x2Mii 7+mi T2H H mM +x bT2+BH /2
TQTmHȧB2 ŗM +`2 Mm 2tBbi /2+i /Qm iBTm`B /2 MBKH2 TQbB#BH2,
Kb+mHB șB 72K2H2X aB;m` + ŗM Hi2 `2;Mm`B MBKH2 U+?B` șB H
QK2MBV 2tBbi bT2+BB H +`2 Mm 2tBbi +2bi ŗKT`ȧB`2, /2
2t2KTHm- +HmȧBB /2 K`2 m iQȧB +2HșB b2t Ub+?BK#M/m@șB
T2`KM2Mi `QHmHV- /mT +mK H QK2MB 2tBbi +xm`B /2
?2`K7`Q/BiBbKX S2Mi`m +xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 Mm TQi 2tBbi /2+i /Qm
+i2;Q`BB TQbB#BH2- bBbi2KmH #BM` 2bi2 mM #mM ŗMHQ+mBiQ`- mM /BMi`2
+i2;Q`BB }BM/ `2T`2x2Mii /2 +B7` R B` +2HHi /2 +B7` yX
* șB ŗM HBK#DmH +m`2Mi- ŗM H;2#` #QQH2M iQi +2 Mm 2bi2
/2pì 2bi2 7Hb șB BMp2`bX S2Mi`m Q`B+2 2H2K2Mi 2ti`b H
ŗMiKTH`2- Tmi2K ~ pHQ`2 +2bimB /2 /2p` T`BMi`@Q
bBM;m` ŗMi`2#`2, 2bi2 Kb+mH\
.+ `bTmMbmH 2bi2 /- imM+B p2K Q pHQ`2 /2 /2p`c /+ Mm- Q
pHQ`2 /2 7Hb șB BKTHB+Bi +2HHi +i2;Q`B2 p /Q#M/B pHQ`2 /2
/2p`X .2 +22 MB+B Mm +QMi2x +2 +i2;Q`B2 7Q`K2x ŗMi`2#`2-
Tmi2K H 72H /2 #BM2 b ŗMi`2#K, 2bi2 72K2H\
hQi +2 Mm 2bi2 Kb+mH 2bi2 72K2H- iQi +2 Mm 2bi2 72K2H 2bi2 Kb+mH,
LPhUJb+mHV 4 62K2H
LPhU62K2HV 4 Jb+mH
h2`K2MmH T2Mi`m M2;ȧB2 2bi2 LPh- T`2Hmi + i`2 /BM HBK#
2M;H2x UMm 2tBbi mM 2+?BpH2Mi ŗM HBK# `QKMVX G 72H + H
T`BK2H2 /Qm QT2`ȧBB- +mpMimH LPh b2 TQi2 ŗMHQ+mB T`BMi`@mM
b2KMc bT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 +2bi2 UT2Mi`m +`2 b2KM2H2 m /2p2MBi
/2D mM biM/`/V- T2Mi`m M2;ȧB2 Mm 2tBbi mM b2KM biM/`/BxiX
ŖM /Bp2`b2 +`ȧB șB iìi2 /2 Ki2KiB+ b2 TQi ŗMiHMB b2KM2H2 5
bm ∼ bm ¬ UT`BMi`2 Hi2H2VX
/2pì 4 6Hb
6Hb 4 /2pì
ŖMHQ+mBM/ /2pì +m pHQ`2 R șB 6Hb +m pHQ`2 y Q#ȧBM2K
m`KiQ`mH i#2H bBKTHB}+i,
R 4 y
y 4 R
RR9 LQȧBmMB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`
S2Mi`m bBKTHBii2- 2t2KTH2H2 T`2x2Mii2 +QMȧBM /Q` /Qm +QM/BȧBB

+mxH2 ŗMb 2bi2 2pB/2Mi + ii QT2`ȧBmM2 al +i șB QT2`ȧBmM2 ȘA
TQi QT2` +m Q`B+2 MmK` /2 +QM/BȧBBX LmK`mH TQbB#BH /2 +QK#BMȧBB
TQbB#BH2 +`2și2 ŗMb 2tTQM2MȧBH T2Mi`m }2+`2 MQm +QM/BȧB2 +mxH
BMi`Q/mb ŗM 2tT`2bB2- /mT Q 7Q`KmH Ki2KiB+ T`2x2Mii ŗM
b2+ȧBmM2 8XRX8X
*2H2 i`2B QT2`ȧBmMB TQi } miBHBxi2 ŗM +QK#BMȧB2 mM2H2 +m +2H2HHi2c mM
2t2KTHm /2 bi72H /2 QT2`ȧBmM2 +QK#BMi 2bi2 ǳal M2;iBpǴ- +`2 2bi2
M2;ȧB `2xmHiimHmB QT2`ȧBmMBB al HQ;B+,
UR Y RV 4 y
JQ/HBii2 /2 +H+mH 2bi2 m`KiQ`2, b2 2pHm2x KB ŗMiB 2tT`2bB
/BM T`Mi2x U +`2B `2xmHii 2bi2 mM /BMi`2 pHQ`BH2 /2pì bm 7HbV-
/mT +`2 b2 BMp2`b2x `2xmHiimH Q#ȧBMmiX .+ ŗM QT2`ȧBmM2 al
HQ;B+ 2tT`2bB ǳ/2pì bm /2pìǴ `2 + `2xmHii mM /2p`- M2;ȧB
+2bi2B 2bi2 +?B` `2xmHiimH /2 KB bmb Uy 4 7HbVX
lM 2t2KTHm bBKBH` 2bi2 QT2`ȧBmM2 ǳȘA M2;iBpǴ- +`2 2bi2 M2;ȧB
`2xmHiimHmB QT2`ȧBmMBB ȘA HQ;B+,
UR · yV 4 R
1tT`2bB /BM T`Mi2x 2bi2 7Hb- B` M2;ȧB +2bi2B 2bi2 Q 2tT`2bB2
/2pìX ŖMȧ2H2;2`2 +2biQ` MQȧBmMB 2bi2 bm`T`BMb T2`72+i /2
m`KiQ`2 }`KȧB2 mKQ`BbiB+,
1tBbi Ry iBTm`B /2 QK2MB ŗM HmK2, +2B +`2 ŗMȧ2H2; bBbi2KmH

#BM` șB +2B +`2 Mm@H ŗMȧ2H2;X
9X9 .B;`K2H2 o2MM
aim/BBM/ i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`- Ki2KiB+BMmH șB }HQxQ7mH 2M;H2x CQ?M o2MM

BMi`Q/mb UT2 H b7`șBimH b2+QHmHmB sAsV +i2p K2iQ/2 BMQpiQ`2 T2Mi`m
BHmbi` ;`}+ `2HȧBBH2 /BMi`2 KmHȧBKBX
JB TmȧBM +mMQb+mi 2bi2 7TimH + o2MM /mb KB /2Tì2 +22 +2 mM
Hi K`2 Ki2KiB+BM 2Hp2ȧBM- G2QM?`/ 1mH2`- BMp2Mii +m mM b2+QH
ŗMBMi2 bX 1mH2` 7Qbi BMi2`2bi șB 2H /2 `2HȧBBH2 /BMi`2 KmHȧBKB- ŗMb
/Q`Bi b ì2 /Q` bmT`TmM2`2 KmHȧBKBHQ` Mm iQi2 +QK#BMȧBBH2 TQbB#BH2
+ ŗM /B;`K2H2 HmB o2MMX ŖMi`m+i mM2H2 KmHȧBKB bmMi BKTQbB#BH2 U/2
2t2KTHm KmHȧBK2 QK2MBHQ` Mm b2 BMi2`b2+i2x +m KmHȧBK2 Tb`BHQ`V-
Q /B;`K 1mH2` ì /Qm +2`+m`B b2Tì2- ŗM iBKT +2 Q /B;`K o2MM
ì șB BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 +2bi2- +?B` /+ +2bi BMi2`b2+ȧB2 2bi2 HQ;B+
BKTQbB#BHX
9X9 .B;`K2H2 o2MM RR8
6B;m` 9XR, PT2`ȧBmMBH2 /2 H;2#` #QQH2M T`BM /B;`K2 o2MM

X al HQ;B+ U`2mMBmM2V #X ȘA HQ;B+ UBMi2`b2+ȧBV
+X L1:ȦA
S2Mi`m QMQ` 27Qìm`BH2 K#BHQ` Ki2KiB+B2MB- +2bi iBT /2 /B;`K2

b2 KB MmK2b+ UmM2Q`BV ŗM Ki2KiB+ șB /B;`K2 1mH2`@o2MM- ŗMb m
`Kb +m /2MmKB`2 KB `bTM/Bi șB KB bBKTH /2 /B;`K2 o2MM-
T`Q##BH șB T2Mi`m 7TimH + 1mH2` 2` /2D +QMb+ì ŗM KmHiBTH2 `Km`B
H2 Ki2KiB+BB +m bmi2 /2 Tm#HB+ȧBB ŗM iBKT +2 o2MM Mm `Kb ŗM BbiQ`B2
/2+i +m /B;`K2H2 bH2X
+2bi2 /B;`K2 bmMi miBH2 ii T2Mi`m Q BMi`Q/m+2`2 pBxmH ŗM 2tTHB+`2
i#2H2B /2 /2p` /2 H b2+ȧBmM2 8XRX8- +i șB T2Mi`m pBxmHBx`2 bQHmȧB2B
H;Q`BiKmHmB /2 KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2M /2 H b2+ȧBmM2 8XRXeX
*2H2 i`2B QT2`ȧBmMB #QQH22M2 TQi } pBxmHBxi2 ŗM };m` 9XRX S`BK
QT2`ȧBmM2 T`2x2Mii Ual HQ;B+V 2bi2 }și ŗM /B;`K 9XRX T`BM
`2mMBmM2 /BMi`2 /Qm KmHȧBKBc /+ KmHȧBK2 ŗMb2KM KQși2MB`2 B`
KmHȧBK2 " ŗMb2KM +șiB;- imM+B #Q;ȧB TQi2 } Q#ȧBMmi }2 +M/
2bi2 /2pì U+M/ 2bi2 T`2x2MiV }2 +M/ " 2bi2 /2pì UT`2x2MiV-
}2 +M/ K#2H2 bmMi /2pì2X amT`7ȧ /BM 7` +2HQ` /Qm +2`+m`B
`2T`2xBMi KmHȧBK2 +2HQ` +`2 Mm m T`BKBi MB+B KQși2MB`2- MB+B Mm m
+șiB;i bm}+B2MȧB #MB + b b2 +QMbB/2`2 #Q;ȧBX amT`7ȧ THBM +`2
RRe LQȧBmMB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`
+QT2` +2H2 /Qm +2`+m`B b2 TQi2 MQi T`BM ǵ ∪ "Ƕ bm T`BM ǵ Y "ǶX
.B;`K 9XRX# T`2xBMi +2 /2 /Qm QT2`ȧBmM2 UȘA HQ;B+V T`BM
BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 /Qm KmHȧBKB, /+ 2bi2 KmHȧBK2 QK2MBHQ`
BMi2HB;2MȧB B` " 2bi2 KmHȧBK2 QK2MBHQ` +`2 KmM+2b+ KmHi- imM+B
T2`7Q`KMȧ ŗM șiBBMȧ b2 ŗMiHM2și2 MmKB H BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm
KmHȧBKB mM/2 b2 `2;b2b+ QK2MBB BMi2HB;2MȧB +`2 ŗM +2HșB iBKT
KmM+2b+ KmHiX amT`7ȧ +QHQì /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm KmHȧBKB b2 TQi2
MQi T`BM ǵ ∩ "Ƕ bm T`BM ǵ·"ǶX
.B;`K 9XRX+ T`2xBMi +2 /2 i`2B QT2`ȧBmM2- M2;ȧB2BX ŖM Tì2
biM; 2bi2 T`2x2Mii bBimȧB +M/ 2bi2 /2pì B` ŗM Tì2 /`2Ti
2bi2 bBimȧB QTmb- +M/ 2bi2 KmHȧBK2 /2pì UT`BM M2;`2 mMmB
7Hb- ŗM Tì2 biM;- b2 Q#ȧBM2 mM /2p` ŗM Tì2 /`2TiVX +2bi
/B;`K- +`2 miBHBx2x MQiȧB T2Mi`m M2;ȧB2 ǵǶ- 7+2 Q BMi`Q/m+2`2
+i`2 /2pì miBHBx`2 /B;`K2HQ` o2MM- T2Mi`m /Qm bm KB KmHi2
KmHȧBKBX
ŖM m`KiQ`2 };m` T`2x2Mii- /B;`K 9XkX BM/B+ Ti`m xQM2
/BbiBM+i2,
6B;m` 9Xk, .B;`K2 o2MM

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+2HHiX ŖM Z*- 2tBbi Q MmKBi +QM/BȧB2 +mxH Ubm mM b2i /2 +QM/BȧBB

+mxH2V +`2 2tTHB+ T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB- ŗMb 2bi2 T2`72+i TQbB#BH +
Q +m iQimH Hi +QM/BȧB2 Ub2i /2 +QM/BȧBBV b 2tTHB+2 #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmBX
.2 +22- MHBx /2 M2+2bBii2 b2 +QM+2Mi`2x /Q` T2 +xm`BH2 ŗM +`2
72MQK2MmH b2 T`Q/m+2 UHBMB ŗM +`2 u 4 RVX *xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 u 4 y
bmMi B`2H2pMi2- BM/B72`2Mi /+ b2 BM/B+ T`2x2Mȧ bm #b2Mȧ +QM/BȧB2B
+mxH2X
.+ s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB u- imM+B ` i`2#mB
b Q#b2`pK T`2x2Mȧ HmB s imM+B +M/ 72MQK2MmH u b2 T`Q/m+2X S`+iB+-
2bi2 BKTQbB#BH b Q#b2`pK T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB ŗM #b2Mȧ HmB sX
ŖM +2HșB iBKT- Mm ` i`2#mB b }2 MB+BQ BMbiMȧ ŗM +`2 s b HBTb2b+-
imM+B +M/ u 2bi2 T`2x2MiX +2bi 2bi2 Q `2;mH 7Qì2 BKTQìMi ŗM
/2i2`KBM`2 M2+2bBiȧBB, /+ 72MQK2MmH 2bi2 T`2x2Mi- B` +QM/BȧB
+mxH 2bi2 #b2Mi- Tmi2K +QM+HmxBQM + +2 +QM/BȧB2 +mxH Mm 2bi2
M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX
GQ;B+ M2+2bBiȧBB bTmM2 + Q`B /2 +i2 Q`B 72MQK2MmH 2bi2 T`2x2Mi- +QM/BȧB
M2+2b` 2bi2 /2b2K2M2 T`2x2MiX .2 +22- i`2#mB2 2tKBMi2 /Q`
+xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH 2bi2 T`2x2MiX
ŖM MHBx T2 KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2- T2 i#2HmH ŗM+`m+Bși- Q +QM/BȧB2
+mxH 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB Uu 4 RV /+ bmMi
ŗM/2THBMBi2 ŗM KQ/ +mKmHiBp m`KiQ`2H2 /Qm +QM/BȧBB,
@ 2tBbi +xm`B +M/ s 4 R
@ Mm 2tBbi +xm`B +M/ s 4 y
P`B+2 /Bbi`B#mB`2 /2 +xm`B T2 +2H2HHi2 +2HmH2 H2 i#2HmHmB 2bi2 B`2H2pMi
T2Mi`m bi#BHB`2 M2+2bBiȧBB +QM/BȧB2B +mxH2X ŖM i#2HmH 8XRX# bmMi jd /2
+xm`B mM/2 K#2H2 s șB u bmMi T`2x2Mi2 șB MB+BmM +x ŗM +`2 u b }2
T`2x2Mi șB s b HBTb2b+X ŖM +QMb2+BMȧ- Tmi2K bTmM2 + s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2
M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB uX
P bi72H /2 /Bbi`B#mB`2 T2`72+i +xm`BHQ` 2bi2 TQbB#BH /Q` ŗM i2Q`B2X ŖM
T`+iB+ 2bi2 7Qì2 `` + Q +2HmH b Mm +QMȧBM #bQHmi MB+BmM +x +M/
s 4 y- /2 +22 `2;mH TQi2 } `2Hti TmȧBM U7+M/ /2D mM Tb bT`2
KmHȧBKBH2 p;BV,
@ Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 U7Qì2V K`2 +xm`BHQ` +M/ s 4 R UB` u 4 RV
@ Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 U7Qì2V KB+ +xm`BHQ` +M/ s 4 y UB` u 4 RV
1bi2 +QKTH2i B`2H2pMi 7TimH + 2tBbi kj /2 +xm`B ŗM +`2 T`2x2Mȧ

+QM/BȧB2B +mxH2 2bi2 bQ+Bi +m #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB- ŗMi`m+i `2HȧB
/2 M2+2bBii2 2bi2 bBK2i`B+, +22 +2 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2
72MQK2MmHmB Mm i`2#mB2 M2Tì b }2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m #b2Mȧ +2bimBX
Rk9 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
.BM i#2HmH `2bT2+iBp Mm Tmi2K +QM+HmxBQM MBKB+ /2bT`2 +Q`2HȧB /BMi`2

s șB u- ŗMb ŗM KQ/ +2ì s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m uX ŖM i2`K2MB
7Q`KHB,
s⇐u
.B`2+ȧB b;2ȧBB Mm BKTHB+ MB+BmM 72H /2 `2HȧB2 +mxH- ŗMi`m+i s ⇐ u

Mm ŗMb2KM + mM 72MQK2M u +QM/m+2 H Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH sX a;2i
b2 i`/m+2 /Q` T`BMi`@Q BKTHB+ȧB2 HQ;B+- /2 iBTmH, imM+B +M/ u b2
T`Q/m+2- bB;m` 2bi2 T`2x2Mi șB +QM/BȧB sX
.i }BM/ `2HȧB bBK2i`B+ /BMi`2 s șB u- MHBx /2 M2+2bBii2 b2
272+im2x b2Tì T2Mi`m T`2x2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB șB T2Mi`m #b2Mȧ
+2bimBX .+ Tmi2K /2KQMbi` + Q +QM/BȧB2 s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`272MQK2MmHmBu-BMp2`bMm2bi2M2TìpH#BHX
#b2MȧHmBsMm2bi2M2TìQ+QM/BȧB2M2+2b`T2Mi`m#b2MȧHmBu
Us⇐uVX
.BKTQi`Bp- 2bi2 /2bimH /2 T`Q##BH b ;bBK + Q Hi +QM/BȧB2 +mxH w
2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB u- B` imM+B,
w ⇐ u
*?B` /+ Q#B2+iBpmH +2`+2i`BB 2bi2 +2H /2 bim/B +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2

72MQK2MmH b2 T`Q/m+2- bim/BmH +xm`BHQ` M2;iBp2 b2 TQi2 /Qp2/B H 72H /2
bm#biMȧBH /BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 i2Q`2iB+- +m BKTHB+ȧBB /2 bBM2 biiiQ`2X
6B;m` 8XR, *QM/BȧB s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u Us ⇐ uV
ŖM i2`K2MB /2 i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`- `2HȧB /2 M2+2bBii2 b2 i`/m+2 T`BM 7TimH

+ 2H2K2Mi2H2 +QKTQM2Mi2 H2 HmB u `2T`2xBMi mM bm#b2i H 2H2K2Mi2HQ`
+QKTQM2Mi2 HmB sX JmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i KmHȧBK2 u- +`2
2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 sX
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 Rk8
_;BM Ukyyyc kyy3#V 7Qbi T`BMi`2 T`BKBB +`2 b@m TH2+i +m i2MȧB2
bmT` `2HȧB2B /BMi`2 72MQK2M2 miBHBxM/ i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ`- șB BMi`Q/mb
ŗM K2iQ/QHQ;B /2 +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH /Qm MQB Kbm`B MmKBi2 BM+HmxBmM2 șB
+QT2`B`2X +2bi2 pQ` } T`2x2Mii2 T2 H`; H MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B- ŗM
b2+ȧBmM2 8XjXeX
S`BpBi ;`}+ T`BM /B;`K2 o2MM- Q KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m Q
KmHȧBK2 u /+ KmHȧBK2 u 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 sX Lm
2tBbi MB+BmM +x ŗM +`2 u b }2 T`2x2Mi B` s b HBTb2b+- ŗMi`m+i iQi2
+xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 u b2 ŗMiKTH UKmHȧBK2 u 4 RV bmMi +QKTH2i BM+Hmb2 ŗM
KmHȧBK2 ŗM +`2 s b2 ŗMiKTH Us 4 RVX
8XRXk MHBx /2 bm}+B2Mȧ
L2+2bBii2 șB bm}+B2Mȧ bmMi /Qm +QM+2Ti2 +QKTH2K2Mi`2X aT`2

/2Qb2#B`2 /2 MHBx M2+2bBiȧBB- Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi
T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB 72MQK2M u /+ imM+B +M/ s 2bi2 T`2x2Mi- u
b2 T`Q/m+2X
.+ H M2+2bBii2 KmHȧBK2 u 2bi2 mM bm#b2i H KmHȧBKBB s- H MHBx /2
bm}+B2Mȧ `2HȧB /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm KmHȧBKB 2bi2 2t+i BMp2`b, s 2bi2 mM
bm#b2i H KmHȧBKBB uX .+ s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u- imM+B u
2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m sX
.2 2t2KTHm- T`2x2Mȧ H 2tK2M 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 #bQHmi M2+2b`- /` Mm
șB bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m Hm MQi RyX ŖM };m` 8XR- +QM/BȧB s 2bi2 T`2x2Mȧ
H 2tK2M B` 72MQK2MmH `2xmHii u 2bi2 Q#ȧBM2`2 MQi2B RyX
.+ șiBK ŗMb + MQi Q#ȧBMmi H 2tK2M 2bi2 Ry- +2bi BM7Q`KȧB2 2bi2
bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m /2/m+2 7TimH + T2`bQM b@ T`2x2Mii H 2tK2MX
ŖM m`KiQ`2 };m` 8Xk- p2K `2HȧB BMp2`b ŗM +`2 s UMQi Ry H
2tK2MV 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u UT`2x2Mȧ H 2tK2MVX
l`KM/ +2HșB `ȧBQMK2Mi- /+ s b2 ŗMiKTH șB 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi
T2Mi`m u- imM+B 2bi2 Q#HB;iQ`Bm UŗM KQ/ M2+2b`V + u b b2 ŗMiKTH2X
ŖM i2`K2MB 7Q`KHB- `2HȧB /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm b2 MQi2x +m,
s⇒u
6TimH + KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 KB KB+ /2+i UșB BM+Hmb ŗMV KmHȧBK2 u
bTmM2 + s Mm 2tTHB+ iQi2 +xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 b2 T`Q/m+2 uX JB bmMi șB Hi2
bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 u b2 T`Q/m+2- B` s Mm 2bi2 `2bTQMb#BH T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2
+2biQ`X ŖM +2bi +QMi2ti- bTmM2K + s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi- ŗMb
Mm 2bi2 șB Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB uX
Rke J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
6B;m` 8Xk, *QM/BȧB s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u Us ⇒ uV
S2Mi`m + s b }2 Q +QM/BȧB2 ŗM +2HșB iBKT M2+2b` șB bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m

u- +2H2 /Qm KmHȧBKB ` i`2#mB b }2 T2`72+i bmT`Tmb2 UMB+BmM b Mm }2
KB K`2 /2+i +2HHiVX
L2+2bBii2 șB bm}+B2Mȧ KB bmMi +QKTH2K2Mi`2 șB /BMi`@mM Hi TmM+i
/2 p2/2`2X .+ s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u- imM+B #b2Mȧ
+QM/BȧB2B s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB uX
+2bi Hm+`m TQi2 } 2tTHB+i bBKTHm miBHBxM/ +22șB i2Q`B2 KmHȧBKBHQ`,
/+ s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u- ŗMb2KM + KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2
BM+Hmb UmM bm#b2iV ŗM KmHȧBK2 u U+ ŗM };m` 8XkVX .2 B+B `2xmHi +
KmHȧBK2 s U/B+ s 4 yV 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i KmHȧBK2 u- B` /+ u
2bi2 mM bm#b2i H HmB s ŗMb2KM + s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m
u Ui#2HmH 8XkX#VX
h#2HmH 8Xk, ŖM+`m+Bș`B k×k ŗM +`2,

X s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u #X s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u
ŖMi`@mM i#2H k×k- T2Mi`m p2`B}+ /+ Q +QM/BȧB2 s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi- b2

THB+ Q i2?MB+ bBKBH`, b2H2+ȧB +xm`BHQ` +M/ s b2 T`Q/m+2X *2H2HHi2
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 Rkd
/Qm +2HmH2 H2 i#2HmHmB bmMi B`2H2pMi2- B` +QM/BȧBBH2 bm}+B2Mȧ2B bmMi,
Ç 2tBbi +xm`B +M/ 72MQK2MmH u b2 T`Q/m+2 Uu 4 RVc
Ç Mm 2tBbi +xm`B +M/ 72MQK2MmH u 2bi2 #b2Mi Uu 4 yVX
ŖM i#2HmH k×k /2 KB bmb- b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 mM bm#b2i

H KmHȧBKBB u- T2 #x m`KiQ`2HQ` bT2+i2,
Ç bmMi 9N Y 83 4 Ryd +xm`B ŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH u b2 T`Q/m+2c
Ç ŗM /Q` 83 /BM +xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 u b2 T`Q/m+2 Uș/` Q bm#KmHȧBK2

HmB uV 2bi2 T`2x2Mi șB +QM/BȧB +mxH s- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + U+2H
TmȧBMV Q Tì2 KmHȧBKBB s 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 uc
Ç KmHȧBK2 +xm`BHQ` ŗM +`2 +QM/BȧB +mxH s 2bi2 T`2x2Mi Mm b2

2tiBM/2 ŗM 7` KmHȧBKBB u UMm 2tBbi +xm`B +M/ s 4 R șB u 4 yV-
+22 +2 ŗMb2KM + KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2
u- /2+B 7Q`K2x mM bm#b2i H +2bi2BX
8XRXj _2H2pMȧ +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2, +QT2`B`2
ŖM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 /B}+BH B/2MiB}+`2 +2HQ` +QM/BȧBB

M2+2b`2 șBfbm bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB 72MQK2MX S2Mi`m
}2+`2 +QM+2Ti b2 b+`Bm iQKm`B ŗMi`2;B /2 `;mK2Mi2- 2t2KTH2 șB
+QMi`@2tKTH2 B` }2+`2 miQ` ŗM+2`+ b /2KQMbi`2x2 mM MmKBi
TmM+i /2 p2/2`2X lM2H2 bmMi pH#BH2 ŗM MmKBi2 +QMi2ti2- Hi2H2 bmMi
pH#BH2 ŗM ;2M2`H- ŗM iBKT +2 Hi2H2 bmMi /2KQMiì2 KB i`xBm + }BM/
Tm` șB bBKTHm 7Hb2X
1tBbi iQimșB Q K2iQ/ bBKTH T2Mi`m /2i2`KBM /+ Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH
2bi2 bm Mm `2H2pMiX lM 2t2KTHm /2 `2HȧB2 M2+2b` 2bi2 H2;im` /BMi`2
T`2x2Mȧ QtB;2MmHmB șB Bx#m+MB`2 mMmB BM+2M/BmX S`2x2Mȧ QtB;2MmHmB 2bi2
ŗM KQ/ 2pB/2Mi Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m ŗMi`2ȧBM2`2 7Q+mHmB- ŗMb Mm 2bi2
/2HQ+ Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 BM+2M/BBHQ`X p2K ș/` Q
+QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` /` Mm șB bm}+B2Mi- m`KiQ`mH Tb }BM/ /2i2`KBM`2
`2H2pMȧ2B +2bi2B +QM/BȧBBX
1bi2 /2pì + Q#b2`pK T`2x2Mȧ 2`mHmB UsV /2 }2+`2 /i +M/ 7Q+mH
b2 T`Q/m+2 UuV- /2+B s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m uX S2 /2 Hi
Tì2- Tmi2K Q#b2`p ŗM KQ/ BMimBiBp + T`2x2Mȧ 2`mHmB 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2
B`2H2pMi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB BM+2M/BmX ŖM +2H2 KB KmHi2 +xm`B
2tBbi 2`- /` Mm b2 T`Q/m+2 7Q+X
Rk3 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
6B;m` 8Xj, s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u- mM/2,

X s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 `2H2pMi #X s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 B`2H2pMi
.2 B+B b2 TQi2 +QMbi`mB Q Kbm` `2H2pMȧ2B mM2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2-

+H+mHi + mM 72H /2 T`Q+2Mi H +xm`BHQ` ŗM +`2 b2 T`Q/m+2 72MQK2MmH-
/BM iQiH +xm`B ŗM +`2 2bi2 T`2x2Mi șB +QM/BȧB +mxHX
ŖM };m` 8XjX- s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 `2H2pMi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB u T2Mi`m
+ KmHȧBK2 u 4 R +QT2` Q Tì2 /2bimH /2 K`2 /BM KmHȧBK2 sX S2
/2 Hi Tì2- ŗM };m` 8XjX# KmHȧBK2 u +QT2` /Q` Q KB+ Tì2 /BM
KmHȧBK2 sX
Smi2K T`BpB +2bi2 /Qm };m`B ŗM i2`K2MB /2 T`QTQ`ȧBB, ŗM T`BK bBimȧB2-
T`QTQ`ȧB +xm`BHQ` ŗM +`2 u b2 T`Q/m+2- /BM iQiH +xm`B ŗM +`2 s b2
T`Q/m+2- 2bi2 /2bimH /2 K`2- șB 7Qì2 KB+ ŗM /QmX
liBHBxM/ Q ŗM+`m+Bș`2 k×k ;2M2`H U+mK 2bi2 +2 T`2x2Mii ŗM i#2HmH
8XjV- T2Mi`m BTQi2x + s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u UX ⇐ YV- Tmi2K p2`B}+
BM+HmxBmM2 KmHȧBKBB u ŗM KmHȧBK2 s +`2 2bi2 /i /2 T`QTQ`ȧB +xm`BHQ`
ŗM +`2 s șB u b2 ŗMiKTH U+2HmH +- BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 s șB uV bmT` iQiH
+xm`B ŗM +`2 u b2 ŗMiKTH UbmK /BMi`2 +2HmH2H2 șB +V,
c
inclX ⇐Y =
a+c
_2H2pMȧ +QM/BȧB2B s T2Mi`m 72MQK2MmH u- ŗM +22șB BTQi2x

M2+2bBiȧBB HmB s T2Mi`m u UX ⇐ YV- 2bi2 /i /2 T`QTQ`ȧB +m +`2
bm#KmHȧBK2 u +QT2` KmHȧBK2 s- /B+ T`QTQ`ȧB +xm`BHQ` ŗM +`2 s
șB u b2 ŗMiKTH U+2HmH +- BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 s șB uV bmT` iQiH +xm`B ŗM
+`2 s b2 ŗMiKTH- /B+ bmK /BMi`2 +2HmH2H2 + șB /,
c
cov X ⇐Y =
c+d
ŖM i2`K2MB /2 T`Q##BHBiȧB- `2H2pMȧ +QM/BȧB2B s T2Mi`m 72MQK2MmH u ŗM

BTQi2x M2+2bBiȧBB `2 Q 7Q`KmH T`QT2 B/2MiB+ /2MmKBi Q
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 RkN
h#2HmH 8Xj, ŖM+`m+Bș`2 ;2M2`H k×k
ǳT`Q##BHBii2 +QM/BȧBQMiǴ- KB 2t+i 2bi2 T`Q##BHBii2 + u b b2

ŗMiKTH2- /i }BM/ + s b@ ŗMiKTHi /2D,
P (Y ∩ X ) c
P (Y | X ) = =
P( X ) c+d
a+Q`mH /2 +QT2`B`2 2bi2 mM MmK` ŗMi`2 y șB RX *m +i +QT2`B`2 2bi2

KB K`2 UKB T`QT2 /2 RV +m ii KB `2H2pMi 2bi2 +QM/BȧB +mxH
T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB u- ŗM BTQi2x + s 2bi2 M2+2b`X
S2Mi`m BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B HmB s T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB u- p2K 7Q`KmH2
bBKBH`2X AM+Hm/2`2 KmHȧBKBB s ŗM KmHȧBK2 u 2bi2 +H+mHi +m 7Q`KmH,
c
inclX ⇒Y =
c+d
ŖM KQ/ bBKBH`- `2H2pMȧ +QM/BȧB2B s T2Mi`m BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B 2bi2 /i

/2 ;`/mH /2 +QT2`B`2 bm#KmHȧBKBB s ŗM KmHȧBK2 u,
c
cov X ⇒Y =
a+c
a2 TQi2 Q#b2`p mșQ` + 7Q`KmH2H2 T2Mi`m bm}+B2Mȧ TQi } /2`Bpi2 /B`2+i

/BM 7Q`KmH2H2 T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2- /2Q`2+2,
Ç BM+Hm/2`2 T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2 2bi2 2;H +m +QT2`B`2 T2Mi`m

bm}+B2Mȧ
Ç BM+Hm/2`2 T2Mi`m bm}+B2Mȧ 2bi2 2;H +m +QT2`B`2 T2Mi`m

M2+2bBii2
Rjy J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
6B;m` 8X9, AM+Hm/2`2 șB +QT2`B`2- /Ti`2 /mT _;BM Ukyy3#V

X h#2HmH ktk #X .B;`K o2MM bQ+Bi
liBHBxM/ mM i#2H k×k- _;BM Ukyy3#- TTX8e@8dV Q72` mM 2t2KTHm

/2KQMbiìBp T`BM MHBx `2HȧB2B /BMi`2 MBp2HmH /2 2/m+ȧB2 Us 4 R
ŗMHi- s 4 y b+xmiV șB 2pBi`2 b`+B2B Uu 4 R B2șBi /BM b`+B2- u 4 y
ŗM b`+B2V- TH2+M/ /2 H BTQi2x + mM MBp2H ŗMHi H 2/m+ȧB2B 2bi2 Q
+QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m B2șB`2 /BM b`+B2X
JmHȧBK2 s +mT`BM/2 R8kN T2`bQM2- /BM +`2 R9d9 bmMi BM+Hmb2 ŗM
KmHȧBK2 uX p2K ș/` Q BM+Hm/2`2 T`QT2 iQiH /2 R9d9fR8kN 4
Ne-9WX .BM TmM+imH /2 p2/2`2 H MHBx2B +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2- +?B` șB
mM bBM;m` +x ŗM +2HmH ǳ/Ǵ TQi2 b 2HBKBM2 BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B + }BM/
M27QM/i- KQiBp T2Mi`m +`2 MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B Hm+`2x +m MBși2
T`;m`B /2 BM+Hm/2`2X
S2Mi`m KQK2Mi ŗMb- /i }BM/ Q BM+Hm/2`2 ii /2 K`2- Tmi2K bTmM2 +
Q 2/m+ȧB2 ŗMHi 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 UT`QT2 iQiHV bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m B2șB`2
/BM b`+B2X .2bB;m`- bmMi KB KmHi2 KQ/HBiȧB TQbB#BH2 /2 B2șB /BM
b`+B2- 2/m+ȧB ŗMHi }BM/ /Q` mM /BMi`2 +2bi2X 1/m+ȧB ŗMHi
2bi2 bm}+B2Mi- /` Mm M2Tì M2+2b` T2Mi`m B2șB`2 /BM b`+B2X
.BMi`2 iQi2 KQ/HBiȧBH2 TQbB#BH2- mM2H2 b2 THB+ H mM MmK` `2bi`Mb
/2 T2`bQM2 UbBimȧB2 ŗM +`2 +QM/BȧB 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi /` B`2H2pMiV- B`
Hi2H2 TQi } Q#b2`pi2 H mM MmK` K`2 /2 T2`bQM2X
ŖM 2t2KTHmH HmB _;BM- 2/m+ȧB ŗMHi +QT2` Q Tì2 b2KMB}+iBp /BM
iQiHmH T2`bQM2HQ` B2șBi2 /BM b`+B2X .BM iQiHmH /2 988y T2`bQM2 B2șBi2
/BM b`+B2- Mm KB TmȧBM /2 R9d9f988y 4 jk-9W m 2/m+ȧB2 ŗMHiX
.mT iQi2 +`Bi2`BBH2- +2bi +QM/BȧB2 +mxH 2bi2 mM 2ti`2K /2
`2H2pMi T2Mi`m 2tTHB+`2 B2șB`BB /BM b`+B2X S`BMi`@Q T`H2H +m
MHBx /2 `2;`2bB2 /BM biiBbiB+- /+ Q p`B#BH BM/2T2M/2Mi 2tTHB+
mM T`Q+2Mi ii /2 K`2 /BM p`BȧB /2T2M/2Mi2B- imM+B 2bi2 Q p`B#BH
+`2 i`2#mB2 ŗM KQ/ Q#HB;iQ`Bm b 7+ Tì2 /BM KQ/2HmH 2tTHB+iBpX
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 RjR
6B;m` 8X8, +QT2`B`2 #`mi șB +QT2`B`2 mMB+
*m +i +QT2`B`2 b2 T`QTB2 KB KmHi /2 RyyW- +m ii Tmi2K bTmM2 +

+2 +QM/BȧB2 +mxH /2pBM2 /BM +2 ŗM +2 KB M2+2b` T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX G HBKBi- /+ Q +QM/BȧB2 s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi
UBM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 uV șB +QT2` RyyW KmHȧBK2 `2bT2+iBp- imM+B ŗM
THmb 7ȧ /2 bm}+B2Mȧ p2K Q /Qp/ 7TimHmB + KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2
M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 KmHȧBK2 s b2
2tiBM/2 T2bi2 KmHȧBK2 u- imM+B `KM2 RyyW Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b`
T2Mi`m u- ŗMb Mm p KB } M2Tì Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2MiX
+QT2`B`2 T2 +`2 K +H+mHi@Q 2bi2 /2MmKBi TM +mK 2bi2 /2MmKBi
ǳ+QT2`B`2 #`miǴ UŗM 2M;HX `r +Qp2`;2VX a2 TQi2 ŗMiKTH ŗMb + Q
Tì2 +2bi2B +QT2`B`B b }2 /2D +QT2`Bi /2 Q i2`ȧ +QM/BȧB2 +mxH-
bm /2 Q bmBi /2 Hi2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2X
ŖM };m` 8X8- +QT2`B`2 #`mi KmHȧBKBB 2bi2 /i ŗMi`2; bmT`7ȧ
+2`+mHmB bmT` iQiH bmT`7ȧ KmHȧBK2 u- ŗMb 2bi2 pBxB#BH 7TimH + Q
Tì2 ǳ2tTHB+ȧB2BǴ Q72`Bi2 /2 +QM/BȧB +mxH 2bi2 Q72`Bi șB /2 +QM/BȧB
+mxH "X .2 +22- M2 BMi2`2b2x +MiBii2 ǳmMB+Ǵ 2tTHB+ȧB2B Q72`Bi2
/2 KmHȧBK2 - ŗM +2bi +x bmT`7ȧ ?șmìX ŖM i2`K2MB ;2M2`HB-
+QT2`B`2 mMB+ 2bi2 +H+mHi + +QT2`B`2 #`mi KBMmb BMi2`b2+ȧB +m
Q`B+2 Hi +QM/BȧB2 +mxH- ŗM BMi2`BQ`mH KmHȧBKBB uX MHBx +m KmHȧBKB
p;B T`2xBMi MBși2 7Q`KmH2 /2 +H+mH T2Mi`m iQi2 +2bi2 Kbm`BX
.2i2`KBM`2 M2+2bBiȧBB bm bm}+B2Mȧ2B- T2 #x mMmB i#2H ktk ;2M2`B+
U+mK 2bi2 +2H /BM };m` 8XjV- b2 7+2 T`BM +QKT``2 +2HmH2HQ` - # șB /,
Ç /+ +2HmH = +2HmH / imM+B KmHȧBK2 u 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2

s- /2+B s 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u Us ⇐ uV
Ç /+ +2HmH I +2HmH / imM+B KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2

u- /2+B s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u Us ⇒ uV
Rjk J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
Ç /+ +2HmH # 2bi2 2;H +m x2`Q- imM+B KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 +QKTH2i ŗM

7` KmHȧBKBB u- ŗM +QMb2+BMȧ Mm 2bi2 MB+B M2+2b`- MB+B bm}+B2Mi
T2Mi`m u
JB bmMi bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 +2HmH # 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i x2`Q- ŗMb MB+B
mM /BMi`2 KmHȧBKB Mm 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM +2HHiX .2 2t2KTHm- ŗM
BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B- /+ +2HmH # 2bi2 T`QtBKiBp 2;H +m +2HmH / imM+B
KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 /Q` T2 DmKii2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 u- /2+B Mm 2bi2 ǳT2
/2THBMǴ bm}+B2MiX .Q` /+ BM+Hm/2`2 i`2+2 /2 mM MmKBi T`;- Tmi2K
bTmM2 + s 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m uX *2HmH # i`2#mB2 b }2 KmHi KB
K`2 /2+i +2HmH U`2bT2+iBp /V T2Mi`m + BM+HmxBmM2 b }2 ŗM/2DmMb
/2 K`2X
AM+Hm/2`2 șB +QT2`B`2 bmMi ș/` /Qm BMbi`mK2Mi2 +`2 /2i2`KBM-
T2 /2 Q Tì2- ǳ+iǴ /2 M2+2b` șBfbm bm}+B2Mi 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH-
B` T2 /2 Hi Tì2 /2i2`KBM `2H2pMȧ UBKTQìMȧV +2H2B +QM/BȧBB
T2Mi`m 2tTHB+`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2bX .2șB TQi } +H+mHi2 ŗM KQ/
BM/2T2M/2Mi mM /2 +2HHi- T`Q+2/m` /2 Hm+`m BKTHB+ Q bm++2bBmM2
HQ;B+,
Ç +H+mH`2 BM+Hm/2`BB, 2bi2 +QM/BȧB +mxH M2+2b` f bm}+B2Mi\
Ç +H+mH`2 +QT2`B`BB, /+ `bTmMbmH 2bi2 }`KiBp- 2bi2 +QM/BȧB

+mxH `2H2pMi UBKTQìMiV\
ŖM bBimȧB ŗM +`2 `bTmMbmH H T`BK ŗMi`2#`2 2bi2 M2;iBp U+QM/BȧB

+mxH Mm 2bi2 M2+2b`- bm Mm 2bi2 bm}+B2MiV- imM+B Mm KB `2 b2Mb
+H+mH`2 `2H2pMȧ2B +2bi2BX .Q` /+ TQi2 } /2KQMbiì BM+Hm/2`2-
`2 b2Mb +H+mH`2 +QT2`B`BBX
8XRX9 *QMDmM+ȧBB șB /BbDmM+ȧBB +mxH2
amMi 7Qì2 TmȧBM2 bBimȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 Q bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 +mxH TQi2

BM~m2Mȧ T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB 72MQK2MX .2 +2H2 KB KmHi2 Q`B- +2bi Hm+`m b2
ŗMiKTH /Q` ŗM +QMDmM+ȧB2 +m Q Hi +QM/BȧB2 +mxH- Q`B ŗM +QMDmM+ȧB2
+m mM ŗMi`2; b2i /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2X .2bB;m`- /+ /Qm KmHȧBKB șB "
bmMi BM/BpB/mH bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB u- imM+B șB
+QMDmM+ȧB UBMi2`b2+ȧBV /BMi`2 +2bi2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi- ș +mK TQi2 }
pxmi ŗM };m` 8XeXX
aBM;m` T`Q#H2K 2bi2 7TimH + BMi2`b2+ȧB +QT2` /Q` Q Tì2 KB+ /BM
KmHȧBK2 u- ș ŗM+i U/2șB 2bi2 bm}+B2MiV- Mm T`2 b }2 7Qì2 `2H2pMiX
.2 B+B b2 TQi2 2KBi2 Q `2;mH, +m +i b2 miBHBx2x KB KmHi2 +QM/BȧBB
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 Rjj
6B;m` 8Xe, am}+B2Mȧ mM2B +QMDmM+ȧBB +mxH2, ·" ⇒ u

X ⇒ u c " ⇒ u #X ̸⇒ u c " ̸⇒ u
+mxH2 T2Mi`m +QMbi`mB`2 mM2B +QMDmM+ȧBB- +m ii KB B`2H2pMi /2pBM2

+2 +QMDmM+ȧB2X .2 2t2KTHm- Q +QMDmM+ȧB2 BTQi2iB+ TQi2 bmM ș, /+
Q T2`bQM 2bi2 /BM _QKMB- șB 2bi2 /BM Dm/2ȧmH am+2p- șB HQ+mB2și2 ŗM
:m` >mKQ`mHmB- 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m } #m+QpBM2MX +2bi +QMDmM+ȧB2
·"·* ⇒ u 2bi2 +Q`2+i- ŗMb 2bi2 ii /2 `2bi`B+iBp ŗM+i Mm b2 TQi2
THB+ /2+i H mM MmK` 2ti`2K /2 KB+ /2 +xm`B- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM +
2bi2 +QKTH2i B`2H2pMiX
*QMbi`mB`2 mM2B +QMDmM+ȧBB TQi2 } `2HBxi /Q` ŗM Kbm` ŗM +`2
+QMDmM+ȧB `2xmHii +QT2` Q bmT`7ȧ ŗM/2DmMb /2 K`2 /BM
KmHȧBK2 u T2Mi`m } ŗM +2HșB iBKT bm}+B2Mi șB `2H2pMiX
S`BM +QMi`bi +m };m` 8XeX- ŗM };m` 8XeX# MB+BmM /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm
+QM/BȧBB +mxH2 șB " Mm 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB
u- ŗMi`m+i MB+BmM Mm 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 uX ii
KmHȧBK2 - +i șB KmHȧBK2 " ì T`2x2Mȧ ŗM BMi2`BQ`mH KmHȧBKBB u-
ŗMb Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 b2KMB}+iBp b2 ~ ŗM 7` HmB uX *m Q BM+HmxBmM2
BKT2`72+i ŗM KmHȧBK2 u- MB+BmM Mm 2bi2 BM/BpB/mH bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB `2bT2+iBpX
P +m iQimH Hi TQp2bi2 Q bTmM2 BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 șB "- +`2
ŗM/2THBM2și2 +2H2 /Qm +QM/BȧBB Q#HB;iQ`BB, 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM
KmHȧBK2 u șB +QT2` Q Tì2 /2bimH /2 K`2 /BM u T2Mi`m }
`2H2pMi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX S`2x2Mȧ BM/BpB/mH HmB
bm HmB " Mm bmMi bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`BȧB HmB u- ŗMb /+ 2bi2
T`2x2Mi ŗM +QMDmM+ȧB2 +m T`2x2Mȧ HmB " U/+ bmMi T`2x2Mi2 ŗM KQ/
bBKmHiMV- imM+B +2bi +QK#BMȧB2 +mxH 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`2 HmB uX
a T`2bmTmM2K + 72MQK2MmH u 2bi2 #mMbi`2 Ki2`BH- +QM/BȧB
+mxH 2bi2 BMi2HB;2Mȧ B` +QM/BȧB +mxH " 2bi2 KmM+X .2șB bmMi
KmHȧB QK2MB BMi2HB;2MȧB +`2 T`Q/m+ #mMbi`2 Ki2`BH- bmMi TQi2 șB
Rj9 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
6B;m` 8Xd, L2+2bBii2 mM2B +QMDmM+ȧBB +mxH2, ·" ⇐ u
KB KmHȧB +`2 2șm2x ŗM +2bi b2MbX G 72H șB KmM+- bmMi /2bimB
QK2MB +`2 T`Q/m+ #mMbi`2 T`BM KmM+- /` bmMi TQi2 șB KB KmHȧB
+`2 KmM+2b+ 7Qì2 KmHi șB b2 ~ H HBKBi b`+B2BX Gmi2 BM/BpB/mH-
MB+BmM Mm 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi ŗMb QK2MBB BMi2HB;2MȧB +`2 KmM+2b+ KmHi
T`Q/m+ ŗMiQi/2mM #mMbi`2 Ki2`BHX
*QK#BMȧB /BMi`2 BMi2HB;2Mȧ șB KmM+ 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m #mMbi`2-
B` };m` 8XeX# TQi2 } +QKTH2ii T`BM Q#b2`pȧB /BȧBQMH + +2bi
+QMDmM+ȧB2 Mm 2bi2 M2Tì M2+2b` T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 #mMbi`BBX
.mT +mK b2 TQi2 p2/2 ŗM };m`- Q Tì2 /2bimH /2 K`2 /BM u Mm 2bi2
+QT2`Bi /2 BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 șB "- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + bmMi șB Hi2
KQiBp2 T2Mi`m +`2 QK2MBB /Q#M/2b+ #mMbi`2 Ki2`BH UQ
KQși2MB`2- Q`B +șiB; H GQiQ 2i+XV
6B;m` 8Xd BHmbi`2x T2`bT2+iBp +2HHi- imM+B +M/ Q +QMDmM+ȧB2
+mxH ·" 2bi2 M2+2b` U/` Mm șB bm}+B2MiV T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2
72MQK2MmHmB uX aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 bBimȧB T`2+2/2Mi- ŗM +`2 MB+B MB+B
" Mm bmMi bm}+B2Mi2 ŗMb +QMDmM+ȧB /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm 2bi2 ŗMi`@/2p`
bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u- ŗM +2bi +x +QMDmM+ȧB ·" 2bi2 M2+2b` /Q` /+
ii +i șB " bmMi M2+2b`2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 uX
u 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM BMi2`b2+ȧB ·" /+ șB MmKB /+ u 2bi2 BM+Hmb
șB ŗM " Hmi2 b2TìX .2 B+B TQi2 } 2KBb m`KiQ`2 `2;mH, /+
u 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM șB ŗM +2HșB iBKT u 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM "- imM+B b2
BMi2`b2+i2x +m " B` u 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM +2bi BMi2`b2+ȧB2X
*QMDmM+ȧB /BMi`2 /Qm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 2bi2 2+?BpH2Mi +m QT2`ȧBmM2
/2 ȘA HQ;B+ UBMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 /Qm KmHȧBKB- /Bb+mii H b2+ȧBmM2 9XjVX
PT2`ȧBmM2 +QM2t 2bi2 +2 /2 al HQ;B+ UmMBmM2 /BMi`2 /Qm KmHȧBKBV-
+`2 2bi2 2+?BpH2Mi +m i2`K2MmH /2 ǳ/BbDmM+ȧB2Ǵ +mxHX
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 Rj8
6B;m` 8X3, am}+B2Mȧ mM2B /BbDmM+ȧBB +mxH2, Y " ⇒ u
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 +QMDmM+ȧB2 U+ȧBmM2 bBKmHiM /Qm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2

bmT` 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2bV- 272+imH T`Q/mb /2 /BbDmM+ȧB /Qm
KmHȧBKB bmT` 272+imHmB M2+2bBi KB KmHi2 2tTHB+ȧBBX ŖM T`BKmH `M/- Q
/BbDmM+ȧB2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB 72MQK2M /+ șB MmKB
/+ }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 bmMi BM/BpB/mH bm}+B2Mi2
T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 +2bimBX
ŖM };m` 8X3 b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + ii +i șB " bmMi BM+Hmb2 ŗM KmHȧBK2
u- ș/` K#2H2 bmMi BM/BpB/mH bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB uX .2șB
KmHȧBK2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi- 2 Mm +QT2` /2+i Q KB+ Tì2 /BM u /2+B
2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi /` B`2H2pMiX ŖM b+?BK#- /BbDmM+ȧB /BMi`2 șB
" b2 /Qp2/2și2 } bm}+B2MiX
H;Q`BiKmH /2 KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2M U/Bb+mii ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 8XRXeV ;2M2`2x
ŗM KQ/ +m`2Mi bQHmȧBB /BbDmM+iBp2 /2 iBTmH ǵ Y "ǶX aQHmȧB Mm K2MȧBQM2x
T2 MB+BmM ŗM KQ/ BM/BpB/mH- +B /Q` T2 K#2H2 ŗM /BbDmM+ȧB2 U272+imH
+mKmHi H K#2HQ`- T`BM mMBmM2 /BMi`2 +2H2 /QmVX LmKB /+@șB mM2b+
272+i2H2 TQi ;2M2` T`Q/m+2`2 HmB u +m Q `2H2pMȧ U+QT2`B`2V ŗM/2DmMb
/2 K`2- Hi72H Hmi2 b2Tì +2H2 /Qm Mm +QMi2x 7Qì2 KmHiX K#2H2-
Hmi2 BM/BpB/mH- bmMi bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b
ŗMb MB+BmM Mm 2bi2 M2+2b` ŗMi`m+i bmMi KB KmHi2 +B TQbB#BH2 /2
T`Q/m+2 72MQK2MmHX
P bBimȧB2 TmȧBM KB +QKTH2t 2bi2 `2T`2x2Mii /2 M2+2bBii2 mM2B
/BbDmM+ȧBB +mxH2- mM/2 bmMi TQbB#BH2 iQi2 bBimȧBBH2 TQbB#BH2 T`BpBM/
`2HȧB BM/BpB/mH /BMi`2 }2+`2 +QM/BȧB2 +mxH șB 72MQK2MmH `2xmHii,
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1t2KTHmH TQi2 } KB mșQ` ŗMȧ2H2b /+ b2 miBHBx2x Q i`2B MQiȧB2
T2Mi`m H;2#` #QQH2M, T`2x2Mȧ mM2B +mx2 +m HBi2` K`2 B` #b2Mȧ
mM2B +mx2 +m HBi2` KB+X ŖM HBi2ìm` /2 bT2+BHBii2- `2T`2x2Mi`BH2 /2
T`2x2Mȧf#b2Mȧ +mx2HQ` T`BM HBi2`2 b2 MmK2b+ ǳHBi2`HBǴ UŗM 2M;H2x
HBi2`HbVX 6B;m` 8XRy T`2xBMi BMi2`b2+ȧBBH2 /2 KmHȧBKB T`BM HBi2`HB- +`2
bmMi +?B` KB bBKTHm /2 ŗMȧ2H2b, /2 2t2KTHm- bTȧBmH /BM 7` +2HQ` i`2B
KmHȧBKB UM2;ȧB bBKmHiM imim`Q` KmHȧBKBHQ`V 2bi2 KB mșQ` /2 ŗMȧ2H2b
miBHBxM/ MQiȧB ǵ#+Ƕ /2+i MQiȧB ǵ·"·*ǶX
ŖM i#2HmH 8Xe TQi } B/2MiB}+i2 /Qm +QK#BMȧBB, Abc T2 T`BK HBMB2 șB
ABc T2 /Qm HBMB2- +`Q` 2tT`2bB2 HQ;B+ 2+?BpH2Mi 2bi2 Abc + ABcX
6B;m` 8XRy, JmHȧBKBH2 ŗM MQiȧB +m HBi2`HB

R9k J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
h#2HmH 8Xd, h#2H /2 /2p` ŗM MQiȧB +m HBi2`HB
" * GBi2`HB
y y y #+
y y R #*
y R y "+
y R R "*
R y y #+
R y R #*
R R y "+
R R R "*
H;Q`BiKmH /2 KBMBKBx`2 ZmBM2@J+*HmbF2v 2bi2 +T#BH /2 bBKTHB}+

U/2 KBMBKBxV +2bi 2tT`2bB2 miBHBxM/ /Qm T`QT`B2iȧB,
Ç P`B+2 2tT`2bB2 HQ;B+ TQi2 } `2b+`Bb miBHBxM/ H2;2 /Bbi`B#miBpc
Ç _2mMBmM2 /BMi`2 X șB x U+m Hi2 +mpBMi2 X + xV 2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM

2;H +m R Ubm 2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM Q 2tT`2bB2 /2pìVX .2
2t2KTHm- 2tT`2bB HBM;pBbiB+ ǳmM bT2+BK2M 2bi2 Kb+mH bm
72K2HǴ 2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM /2pì ŗMi`m+i +mT`BM/2 iQi2
+xm`BH2 TQbB#BH2- ii TQxBiBp2 +i șB M2;iBp2X
liBHBxM/ H2;2 /Bbi`B#miBp- 2tT`2bB Abc + ABc TQi2 } `2b+`Bb UT`BM

b+Qi2`2 7+iQ`mHmB +QKmM AcV bm# 7Q`K Ac(b + B)X .2Q`2+2 bmK
U`2mMBmM2V /BMi`2 T`Mi2x2 (b + B) 2bi2 2;H +m R- `2xmHiimH 2bi2 Ac
B` +QM+HmxB 2bi2 +22șB, 272+imH 2bi2 T`Q/mb /2 +ȧBmM2 +QM+QKBi2Mi
T`2x2Mȧ2B +QM/BȧB2B șB #b2Mȧ2B +QM/BȧB2B *X ŖM +QKT`ȧB2 +m
+QK#BMȧBBH2 BMBȧBH2 +`2 +mT`BM/2m i`2B HBi2`HB- 2tT`2bB Q#ȧBMmi 2bi2
KBMBK ŗMi`m+i +QMȧBM2 /Q` /QB HBi2`HBX +2bi 2bi2 Q Hi KQ/HBii2
7Qì2 bBKTH /2 T`2x2Mi`2 KBMBKBx`BB mM2B 2+mȧBB #QQH22M2-
miBHBxM/ K2iQ/ +QM+Q`/Mȧ2B HmB JBHHX
S2Mi`m +QKT`ȧB /BMi`2 /Qm bim/BB /2 +x U+mK 2bi2 2t2KTHmH /2 KB
bmbV 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi Q BMbT2+ȧB2 pBxmH- ŗMb T2Mi`m mM MmK` KB K`2
/2 +xm`B bim/Bi2 2bi2 M2pQB2 /2 DmiQ`mH mMmB +QKTmi2` T2Mi`m MHBx
șB KBMBKBx iQi2 T2`2+?BH2 /2 +xm`B TQbB#BH2X
ŖM +2bi b+QT- /2@ HmM;mH iBKTmHmB m 7Qbi /QTii2 KB KmHi2 bQHmȧBB
bQ7ir`2 +QM+m`2Mi2X ŖM ;2M2`H- T`BM T`Q;`K`2 b2 TQi Q#ȧBM2 +2H2șB
`2xmHii2 T`BM +Q/m`B /B72`Bi2- +2bi2 /B72`2MȧBBM/m@b2 ŗMi`2 2H2 /Q` T`BM
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 R9j
pBi2x șB +QMbmK /2 `2bm`b2X lM2H2 bQHmȧBB TQi } 2ti`2K /2 H2Mi2 șB b

miBHBx2x2 `2bm`b2 2MQ`K2 /2 +H+mH- B` Hi2H2 TQi } 2ti`2K /2 `TB/2-
+QMbmKM/ `2bm`b2 TmȧBM2X _2bm`b2H2 +H+mHiQ`2HQ` Uii /2 K2KQ`B2
+i șB /2 +H+mHV T`2xBMi Q i`B2+iQ`B2 Tmi2`MB+ b+2M/2MiX ii bTȧBmH
/2 biQ+`2 H ?`/@/BbF@m`BHQ`- K2KQ`B _J +i șB pBi2x
KB+`Q@T`Q+2bQ`2HQ` m +mMQb+mi Q +`2și2`2 /2@ /`2TimH bT2+i+mHQb
B` T`2pBxBmMBH2 bmMi șB KB QTiBKBbi2 Q/i +m /QTi`2
MMQ@i2?MQHQ;BBHQ`X .2 +22- b2 /BbiBM; +2B H;Q`BiKB +`2 `2mș2b+ b
/m+ mM THmb /2 pBi2x- /2șB T2Mi`m H;Q`BiKmH ;2M2`B+ /2 KBMBKBx`2
#QQH2M MB+B Q `2bm`b Mm 2bi2 T`2 K`2 ŗMi`m+i +QKTH2tBii2 2bi2
2tTQM2MȧBH +m }2+`2 MQm +QM/BȧB2 +mxH BMi`Q/mb ŗM MHBxX ŖM
;2M2`2- }2+`2 MQm H;Q`BiK ŗM+2`+ b@B /2Tș2b+ T2 +2B T`2+2/2MȧB-
/m+M/ }2 mM THmb ŗM +2 T`Bp2și2 pBi2x- }2 Q b+/2`2 ŗM +2 T`Bp2și2
+QMbmKmH /2 `2bm`b2- }2 U+xmH +2H KB 72`B+BiV K#2H2X
*`2iQ`mH }2+`mB MQm H;Q`BiK ŗH ŗM;HQ#2x /2 Q#B+2B ŗMi`@mM T+?2i
bQ7ir`2X J2iQ/QHQ;B +`2 m`K2x } T`2x2Mii ŗM m`KiQ`2H2
T`;`72 2bi2 ;2M2`H pH#BH T2Mi`m Q`B+`2 /BMi`2 bQHmȧBBH2 bQ7ir`2
2tBbi2Mi2- iQi2 pM/ H #x i2x2H2 HmB a?MMQM șB J+*HmbF2vX ŖM
șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- H;Q`BiKmH biM/`/ miBHBxi 2bi2 Z* @ ZmHBiiBp2
*QKTìBp2 MHvbBb /2xpQHii /2 _;BM URN3dV- +`2 /Tii
T`Q+2/m` ZmBM2@J+*HmbF2v ŗM bQ+BQHQ;B2 șB șiBBMȧ2H2 TQHBiB+2X ŖM 7Ti-
7mM/K2MimH B/2BB HmB a?MMQM pBM2 iQi /BM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- 2H }BM/
BMbTBì /2 mM +m`b /2 }HQxQ}2 T2 +`2 H@ m`Ki +M/ 2` bim/2Mi- KB
i`xBm ìM/ +mK b2 THB+ HQ;B+ #QQH2M H +B`+mBi2H2 2H2+i`B+2X
H;Q`BiKmH ZmBM2@J+*HmbF2v T`Q+2/2x ŗM KQ/ Bi2ìBp H +QKT``2
imim`Q` T2`2+?BHQ` TQbB#BH2 /2 +xm`B- KBMBKBxM/ T`Q;`2bBp +2H2 T2`2+?B
+`2 /B72` /Q` T`BMi`@mM bBM;m` HBi2`H- ŗM }MH `2xmHiM/ mM b2i mMB+ /2
+QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 +`2 Mm KB TQi } KBMBKBxi2 KB KmHiX
S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+`2 pQB miBHBx +?B` i#2HmH 8X8, /BM +2H2 QTi +QK#BMȧBB
+mxH2 TQbB#BH2- /Q` Ti`m bmMi bQ+Bi2 7` MB+B mM /m#Bm +m T`2x2Mȧ
72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2bc `2bimH bmMi }2 +xm`B M2;iBp2- }2 +xm`B
+QMi`/B+iQ`BB Q`B ŗM +`2 Mm b2 +mMQși2 bi`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2bX
ŖMi`m+i Q#B2+iBpmH MHBx2B 2bi2 /2 2tTHB+ T`BȧB 72MQK2MmHmB UHi72H
bTmb T`2x2Mȧ +2bimBV- pQK b2H2+i + /i2 /2 BMi``2 /Q` +2H2 Ti`m
+QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 bQ+Bi2 Ui#2HmH 8X3VX
S2Mi`m Ti`m +xm`B- 2tBbi 2t+i Rk T2`2+?B TQbB#BH2 /2 +i2 /Qm +xm`B
U/2 +i2 /Qm MmK2`2- /+ MQiK +xm`BH2 b2H2+ii2 +m R- k- j șB 9VX
+2bi2 T2`2+?B bmMi, UR-kV- UR-jV- UR-9V- Uk-RV- Uk-jV- Uk-9V- Uj-RV- Uj-kV-
Uj-9V- U9-RV- U9-kV șB U9-jVX
a2 Q#b2`p ŗMb + iQi2 T2`2+?BH2 bmMi /m#Hi2- ŗMi`m+i +QKT`
T2`2+?2 UR-kV 2bi2 +2HșB Hm+`m +m +QKT` T2`2+?2 Uk-RVX .2 +22-
R99 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
ŗM T`BK Bi2`ȧB2 H;Q`BiKmHmB pQ` } +QKTì2 /Q` +2H2 șb2 T2`2+?B

mMB+2, UR-kV- UR-jV- UR-9V- Uk-jV- Uk-9V șB Uj-9VX +2bi2 pQ` } bmTmb2 mMmB
T`Q+2b /2 KBMBKBx`2 bBKBH` +m +2H /BM i#2HmH 8Xe,
@ T2`2+?2 UR-kV 2bi2 +QKTmb /BM +QK#BMȧBBH2 ǵy y yǶ șB ǵR y yǶ-

+`2 UŗMi`m+i /B72` T`BMi`@mM bBM;m` HBi2`HV TQi2 } KBMBKBxi ŗM
+QK#BMȧB ǵĜ y yǶ Ubm T`BM HBi2`HB ǵ#+ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 UR-jV 2bi2 +QKTmb /BM +QK#BMȧBBH2 ǵy y yǶ șB ǵR y RǶ- +`2 Mm
TQi2 } KBMBKBxi ŗMi`m+i /B72` T`BM /QB HBi2`HB
@ T2`2+?2 UR-9V 2bi2 +QKTmb /BM +QK#BMȧBBH2 ǵy y yǶ șB ǵR R RǶ- +`2 Mm
TQi2 } KBMBKBxi ŗMi`m+i /B72` T`BM i`2B HBi2`HB
@ T2`2+?2 Uk-jV 2bi2 +QKTmb /BM +QK#BMȧBBH2 ǵR y yǶ șB ǵR y RǶ-
+QK#BMȧB ǵR y ĜǶ Ubm T`BM HBi2`HB ǵ#ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 Uk-9V 2bi2 +QKTmb /BM +QK#BMȧBBH2 ǵR y yǶ șB ǵR R RǶ- +`2 Mm
TQi2 } KBMBKBxi ŗMi`m+i /B72` T`BM /QB HBi2`HB
@ T2`2+?2 Uj-9V 2bi2 +QKTmb /BM +QK#BMȧBBH2 ǵR y RǶ șB ǵR R RǶ-
+QK#BMȧB ǵR Ĝ RǶ Ubm T`BM HBi2`HB ǵ*ǶV
LB+B mM /BMi`2 +2H2 i`2B +QK#BMȧBB `Kb2 ŗM MHBx U#+- # șB *V Mm
KB TQi } KBMBKBxi2 KB KmHi- ŗMi`m+i }2+`2 2bi2 /B72`Bi /2 +2H2HHi2
+m KB KmHi /2 mM bBM;m` HBi2`HX ŖM HBK#DmH KBMBKBx`BB #QQH22M2 HmB
J+*HmbF2v- +2H2 i`2B +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 KBMBKBxi2 b2 MmK2b+ BKTHB+MȧB
T`BK`BX
+2bi 2t2KTHm b@ ŗM+?2Bi ŗMi`@Q bBM;m` Bi2`ȧB2X S2Mi`m mM 2t2KTHm
KB +QKTHB+i K Tmi2 T`2bmTmM2 + +2H2 /Qm BMbiMȧ2 ŗM +`2 Mm b2
+mMQși2 /+ 72MQK2MmH T`2 UHBMBBH2 k șB d /BM i#2HmH 8X8V bmMi ŗM 7Ti
BMbiMȧ2 TQxBiBp2 H2 T`BȧB2B 72MQK2MmHmB UbmKTȧB2 iìi KB T2 H`;
h#2HmH 8X3, *2H2 Ti`m +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 MHBxi2
" * GBi2`HB
R y y y #+
k R y y #+
j R y R #*
9 R R R "*
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 R98
ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 kXeX8VX MHBx KB +șiB; bi72H /Qm +xm`B +`2 TQi BMi`
ŗM T`Q+2bmH /2 KBMBKBx`2- B` /i2H2 /2 BMi``2 bmMi,
" * GBi2`HB
y y y #+
y y R #*
R y y #+
R y R #*
R R y "+
R R R "*
S2Mi`m șb2 +xm`B- MmK`mH iQiH TQbB#BH /2 +QKT`ȧBB T2 T2`2+?B 2bi2

/2 *26 = 30- +`2 ŗKT`ȧBi H DmKii2 UŗMi`m+i T2`2+?BH2 b2 `2T2iV
DmM;2 H R8 +QKT`ȧBB TQbB#BH2X l`KM/ +2HșB }` HQ;B+ + ŗM 2t2KTHmH
T`2+2/2Mi Q#ȧBM2K,
@ T2`2+?BH2 UR-9V- UR-8V- UR-eV- Uk-jV- Uk-8V- Uk-eV- Uj-eV- U9-8V Mm TQi }
+QKTì2
@ T2`2+?2 UR-kV, ǵy y yǶ șB ǵy y RǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵy y ĜǶ Ubm ǵ#ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 UR-jV, ǵy y yǶ șB ǵR y yǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵĜ y yǶ Ubm ǵ#+ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 Uk-9V, ǵy y RǶ șB ǵR y RǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵĜ y RǶ Ubm ǵ#*ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 Uj-9V, ǵR y yǶ șB ǵR y RǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵR y ĜǶ Ubm ǵ#ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 Uj-8V, ǵR y yǶ șB ǵR R yǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵR Ĝ yǶ Ubm ǵ+ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 U9-eV, ǵR y RǶ șB ǵR R RǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵR Ĝ RǶ Ubm ǵ*ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 U8-eV, ǵR R yǶ șB ǵR R RǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵR R ĜǶ Ubm ǵ"ǶV
ŖM T`BK Bi2`ȧB2 m `2xmHii ș/` d BKTHB+MȧB,
" * GBi2`HB
y y Ĝ #
Ĝ y y #+
Ĝ y R #*
R y Ĝ #
R Ĝ y +
R Ĝ R *
R R Ĝ "
R9e J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
a2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + mMBB /BMi`2 +2șiB TQi } KBMBKBxȧB KB /2Tì2- /2

2t2KTHm T2`2+?2 ǵ#+Ƕ șB ǵ#*Ƕ +`2 p `2xmHi ŗM ǵ#ǶX 1bi2 M2+2b` Q
/Qm Bi2`ȧB2- /2 +2bi /i +m kR /2 +QKT`ȧBB TQbB#BH2 T2 T2`2+?B- /BM
+`2 bBM;m`2H2 +`2 TQi } KB KmHi KBMBKBxi2 bmMi,
@ T2`2+?2 UR-9V, ǵy y ĜǶ șB ǵR y ĜǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵĜ y ĜǶ Ubm ǵ#ǶV

@ T2`2+?2 Uk-jV, ǵy y ĜǶ șB ǵR y ĜǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵĜ y ĜǶ Ubm ǵ#ǶV
@ T2`2+?2 U9-dV, ǵR y ĜǶ șB ǵR R ĜǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵR Ĝ ĜǶ Ubm ǵǶV
@ T2`2+?2 U8-eV, ǵR Ĝ yǶ șB ǵR Ĝ RǶ `2xmHi ŗM ǵR Ĝ ĜǶ Ubm ǵǶV
.BM +2bi /Qm Bi2`ȧB2 `2xmHii mM MmK` /2 /QB BKTHB+MȧB +`2 Mm

TQi } KBMBKBxȧB KB /2Tì2- ș ŗM+i +2șiB bmMi /2MmKBȧB BKTHB+MȧB
T`BK`B- T`2x2MiȧB ŗM i#2HmH 8XNX
h#2HmH 8XN, AKTHB+MȧBB T`BK`B `2xmHiȧB ŗM m`K T`Q+2bmHmB /2

KBMBKBx`2
" * GBi2`HB
Ĝ y Ĝ #
R Ĝ Ĝ
liBHBxM/ +2bi2 /i2- Tmi2K +QM+Hm/2 + bQHmȧB }MH 2bi2 ǵ Y #Ƕ- +`2
ŗMb2KM + 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b 2bi2 /2+HMși /2 T`2x2Mȧ +mx2B bm
/2 #b2Mȧ +mx2B "X K Q#ȧBMmi ș/` Mm /Q` Q +QM+HmxB2 KBMBK șB
bBKTHm /2 ŗMȧ2H2b +B KB KmHi K `2mșBi b B/2MiB}+K 7TimH + i`2B
+QM/BȧB2 +mxH U*V Mm `2 MB+B Q H2;im` +m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB
U7Ti +`2 H T`BK p2/2`2 Mm 2` +?B` ii /2 2pB/2MiVX
_;BM 7Qbi T`BKmH +`2 BMimBi miBHBii2 +2bi2B i2?MB+B T2Mi`m
`2T`2x2Mi`2 +mx2HQ` șB 272+i2HQ` ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2c bB;m`- KmM+ HmB
2bi2 Tmi2`MB+ BM~m2Mȧi /2 +MQM2H2 BM/m+iBp2 H2 HmB JBHH UR39jV ŗMb
`2 șB K2`BimH /2 } `2mșBi Q H2;im` ŗMi`2 șiBBMȧ2H2 BM;BM2`2șiB șB +2H2
bQ+BH2X .2 Mim` +HBiiBp- Z* `2mș2și2 ŗM +2bi 72H b 2HBKBM2
T2`bT2+iBp2H2 BM/BpB/mH2 bm#B2+iBp2 T`BM /QTi`2 +2bimB H;Q`BiK /2
KBMBKBx`2 +`2 ;2M2`2x ŗMiQi/2mM +22șB bQHmȧB2X _2xmHii2H2 /2pBM
ș/` `2THB+#BH2- B` MHBx /Q#M/2și2 +2H iBT /2 ŗM+`2/2`2 bT2+B}+
+2`+2i`BB +MiBiiBp2X
*2`+2iiQ`BB +MiBiiBpBșiB miBHBx2x mM MmK` K`2 /2 +xm`B T2Mi`m
7+2 BM72`2Mȧ2 #xi2 ŗM T`BKmH `M/ T2 +Q`2HȧBB- ŗMb i2MȧB HQ` 2bi2
8XR MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2 R9d
ŗM/`2Tii 2t+HmbBp bT`2 /B72`Bi2 ;`/2 /2 T`2x2Mȧ +mx2HQ` mMmB

72MQK2MX liBHBxM/ HQ;B+ #BM`- Z* B ŗM +H+mH ii T`2x2Mȧ +i șB
#b2Mȧ +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2X ŖMi`@/2p`- mM `2xmHii TQi2 } T`Q/mb șB /2
#b2Mȧ mM2B +mx2X .2 2t2KTHm K Tmi2 +m mșm`BMȧ b M2 BK;BMK
+ M`?B bm ?QbmH mMmB bBbi2K TQi2 } /2+HMși UT`BMi`2 HȧB 7+iQ`B-
șBV /2 #b2Mȧ mMmB bBbi2K H2;BbHiBp +Q2`2MiX
aQHmȧBBH2 Z* bmMi T`2x2Mii2 ŗM +QK#BMȧBB KBMBK2 /2 T`2x2Mȧf#b2Mȧ
mMQ` +QM/BȧBB +mxH2- M2+2b`2 șBfbm bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB
72MQK2MX SQ`MBM/ /2 H mM MmK` `2HiBp KB+ /2 +QK#BMȧBB Q#b2`pi2-
MHBx T`+m`;2 mM T`Q+2b /2 KBMBKBx`2 T2Mi`m Q#ȧBM2 +QK#BMȧBBH2
KBMBK2X S2Mi`m mM MmK` KB+ /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 U7+iQ`BV- T`Q+2bmH
/2 KBMBKBx`2 TQi2 } T`+m`b șB T2 ?ìB2 ŗMb }2+`2 MQm +QM/BȧB2
+mxH BMi`Q/mb ŗM MHBx K`2și2 MmK`mH +QK#BMȧBBHQ` TQbB#BH2 ŗM
KQ/ 2tTQM2MȧBHX
8XRXd G2;BH2 HmB .2JQ`;M
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+2bi 2bi2 mM 2t2KTHm /2 /i2 MmK2`B+2 +`2 Mm TQi } /2bT`ȧBi2 7Qì2

mșQ` ŗM /Q` /Qm +i2;Q`BBX ŖM bBimȧB T`2x2Mii- T`Q+2/2mH +Q`2+i 2bi2
;`mT`2 +xm`BHQ` ŗM i`2B +i2;Q`BB- ŗM +2bi 72H ŗMi`M/ ŗM `B /2 +ȧBmM2
KmHȧBKBHQ` KmHiBpH2Mi2X
ŖMBMi2 /2 T`BȧB mMmB H;Q`BiK bi#BH /2 MHBx KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B-
#Q`/`2 BMi2`K2/B` KmHiBpH2Mi 7Qbi +QM+2Tmi /2 +i`2
*`QM[pBbi UkyyjV- +`2 bmbȧBM2 ŗM+ /2 imM+B + 2bi2 Q `2xQHp`2
bBimȧB2B ŗM +`2 b2 ŗM`2;Bbi`2x KB KmHi2 Q`/BM2 /2 K`BK2 H2 mMmB
72MQK2M- +m DmiQ`mH mM2B b+H2 BMi2`K2/B`2 UKbmì H MBp2H Q`/BMHV-
ŗMi`2 +2 #BM` KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2 șB +2 +QMiBMm KmHȧBKBHQ` p;BX
+2bi b+H TQ`M2și2 iQi /BM pHQ`2 y U#b2Mȧ +QKTH2i 72MQK2MmHmB
bim/BiV- ŗMb TQi2 p2 Q`B+i2 Q`/BM2 /2 K`BK2 ŗM bmb- ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2
;`/mH ŗM +`2 mM MmKBi 72MQK2M 2bi2 T`2x2MiX "x /2 /i2 +`2și2
ŗM +QKTH2tBii2 /2Q`2+2 MmK`mH TQbB#BH /2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 +`2și2
T`QTQ`ȧBQMH +m +QKTH2tBii2 }2+`2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 ŗM Tì2X
8Xk MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 R8j
P`B+2 pH2Mȧ /m;i mM2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 KmHiBTHB+ MmK`mH iQiH /2

+QK#BMȧBB TQbB#BH2 ŗM i#2H /2 /2p`X .2 2t2KTHm- /+ b2 bim/Bx
i`2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 /BMi`2 +`2 T`BK `2 j pHQ`B- /Qm +BM+B pHQ`B B`
i`2B /Qm pHQ`B- MmK`mH iQiH /2 +QK#BMȧBB 2bi2 2;H +m j×8×k 4 jy
/2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 TQbB#BH2X
ai#BHB`2 MmK`mHmB QTiBK /2 ;`mT`B b2 7+2 ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 /Qm +`Bi2`BB
2;H BKTQìMi2,
Ç b +Q`2bTmM/ ;`mT`BHQ` Mim`H2 /BM /Bbi`B#mȧB pHQ`BHQ` BMBȧBH2c
Ç }2+`2 ;`mT`2 b +QMȧBM mM MmK` bm}+B2Mi /2 K`2 /2 +xm`BX
S`BKmH +`Bi2`Bm 7Qbi /Bb+mii KB bmbX l`KM/ +2HșB 2t2KTHm +m

bi#BHB`2 /Qm T`;m`B U/2+B b2 7Q`K2x i`2B ;`mT`BV- /+ H HBKBi
mM /BMi`2 ;`mT`B +QMȧBM2 mM bBM;m` +x- imM+B 2tTHB+ȧB BM~m2Mȧ2B
+2H2B ;`mT`B H T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2b 2bi2 +QKTH2i
TìB+mH`Bxi șB b2 TB2`/2 +`+i2`mH /2 ;2M2`HBii2 H mM2B BTQi2x2
șiBBMȧB}+2X
ŖM QTBMB *`QM[pBbi ȔB "2`;@a+?HQbb2` UkyyNV- i`2B bm Ti`m ;`mT`B bmMi
/2 Q#B+2B `?B@bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m biBb7+2`2 imim`Q` +`Bi2`BBHQ`X +2bi
TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 ì 2tT2`B2Mȧ HQ` /2 Hm+`m +m /i2H2 KmHiBpH2Mi2-
QTBMB +2biQ` }BM/ HQ;B+ ŗMi`m+i K`B`2 MmK`mHmB /2 ;`mT`B /m+2
miQKi H b+/2`2 MmK`mHmB /2 +xm`B T2 }2+`2 ;`mT`2X *mK
MHBx +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp Hm+`2x- /2 Q#B+2B- +m mM MmK` `2HiBp
`2bi`Mb /2 +xm`B- 2bi2 TmȧBM T`Q##BH b p2K bm}+B2Mi2 Q#b2`pȧBB
T2Mi`m 7Qì2 KmHi2 ;`mT`BX
"2M2}+BmH KDQ` H ŗKT`ȧB`2 mM2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 MmK2`B+2 ŗM KB KmHi
/2 /Qm ;`mT`B 2bi2 TQbB#BHBii2 /2 272+im +QKT`ȧBB H mM MBp2H /2
Kbm``2 Q`/BMH- bT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 MHBx T2 KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2
mM/2 Mm b2 TQi 7+2 +QKT`ȧBB /2+i H MBp2H MQKBMH UT`2x2Mȧ f #b2Mȧ
+QM/BȧB2B +mxH2VX
aQHmȧB KBMBK }MH 2bi2 Q#ȧBMmi +m DmiQ`mH +2HmBșB T`BM+BTBm /BM
H;Q`BiKmH +HbB+ ZmBM2@J+*HmbF2v, KBMBKBx`2 mM2B T2`2+?B /2
+QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 b2 TQi2 `2HBx /Q` /+ /B72` T`BMi`@mM bBM;m`
+QM/BȧB2 +mxH- +m iQi2 pHQ`BH2 +2bi2BX
h#2HmH 8XRR ì mM 2t2KTHm i2Q`2iB+ /2 KBMBKBx`2 mM2B T2`2+?B /2
+QM/BȧBB +mxH2 +m pHQ`B KmHiBTH2, b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p +- ŗM 7` /2
+QM/BȧB +mxH - iQi2 +2H2HHi2 +QM+Q`/ +m T`2x2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmBX
S`BM +QMi`bi- +QM/BȧB T`2xBMi ŗM KQ/ bBKmHiM iQi2 +2H2 i`2B pHQ`B
Q/i +m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB bim/Bi- ș ŗM+i Tmi2K i`;2
+QM+HmxB + Mm TìB+BT H T`Q/m+2`2 +2bimBX
h#2HmH 8XRR, JBMBKBx`2 +m pHQ`B KmHiBTH2
" * 62MQK2M
y j y R
R j y R
k j y R
Ĝ j y
+2bi2 T2`2+?B /2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 TQi } KBMBKBxi ŗMi`m+i Mm /B72`

/2+i T`BM +QM/BȧB +mxH - B` BKTHB+MimH T`BK` `2xmHii 2bi2 ǵĜ j yǶX
ŖM +2bi bBimȧB2 Mm b2 KB TQi ŗMHQ+mB +B7`2H2 +m HBi2`2 K`B șB KB+B U+ ŗM
p`BMi #BM`Vc /+ b2 /Q`2b+ iQimșB miBHBx`2 HBi2`2HQ` +`2 ŗMHQ+mB2b+
+QM/BȧBBH2 +mxH2- +QK#BMȧB KBMBKBxi TQi2 } b+`Bb ǵĜ "&j' *&y'Ƕ
Ubm KB bBKTHm ǵ"&j'*&y'ǶVX
ŖM i2`K2MB 7Q`KHB- 2+mȧB TQi2 } b+`Bb bi72H,
A {0} B {3} C {0} + A {1} B {3} C {0} + A {2} B {3} C {0} ⇒ Y
hQi2 pHQ`BH2 +QM/BȧB2B b2 KMB72bi Q/i +m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB-

ș/` +QM/BȧB Mm `2 MB+BQ H2;im` +m T`2x2Mȧ +2bimB- /2+B 2+mȧB
b2 TQi2 `2b+`B2 +m,
B {3} C {0} ⇒ Y
.+ /Q` /Qm /BMi`2 pHQ`BH2 HmB ` } 7Qbi T`2x2Mi2- KBMBKBx`2 Mm

b2 TQi2 272+im,
A {0} B {3} C {0} + A {1} B {3} C {0} ⇒ Y
ŖM +2bi bBimȧB2- HBTb2și2 pHQ`2 &k'- /2+B 2bi2 TQbB#BH + b

+QMi`B#mB2 H T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB u- T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH pHQ`BHQ` &y'
șB &R'X
.BM +2bi MQiȧB2 TQi2 } /2/mb șB 7TimH + MHBx T2 KmHȧBKB #BpH2Mi2
2bi2 mM +x TìB+mH` H MHBx2B T2 KmHȧBKB KmHiBpH2Mi2X ŖM i#2HmH 8XN
/BM b2+ȧBmM2 T`2+2/2Mi- ŗM HQ+ /2 MQiȧB ǵ Y #Ƕ +2B /QB BKTHB+MȧB
T`BK`B TQi } `2b+`BșB bm# 7Q`K, ǵ&R' Y "&y'ǶX JmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2
#BpH2Mi2 Mm bmMi Hi+2p /2+i MBși2 KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 +m
/Q` /Qm pHQ`B U+i2;Q`BB- ;`mT`BVX
* șB ŗM +xmH +2HQ` #BpH2Mi2- +QM/BȧBBH2 +mxH2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 TQi } miBHBxi2
T2Mi`m 2HBKBM +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 B`2H2pMi2X ŖM THmb- J?QM2v UkyyyV 2bi2
8Xk MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 R88
/2 T`2`2 + K2iQ/ Q`/BMH `2T`2xBMi i`2+2`2 Mim`H /2 H MHBx

KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2- #BM`2- H K2iQ/ p`BȧBBHQ` +QM+QKBi2Mi2 HmB JBHHX
liBHBx`2 MBp2HmHmB /2 Kbm``2 Q`/BMH 2bi2 ș/` Q T`BK 7Q`K /2
i2bi`2 mMQ` BTQi2x2 T`Q##BHBbiB+2X
J?QM2v `2B 2t2KTHmH HmB GB2#2`bQM +m șQ72`mH #2i Ub2+ȧBmM2 kXeX9V șB
}`K + +2bi BTQi2x ` Tmi2 } i2bii T`BM K2iQ/QHQ;B +QKTìBp
bim/BBM/ /Bp2`b2 +xm`B ŗM +`2 /B72` ;`/mH ŗM +`2 șQ72`mH 2bi2 #2iX ŖM
+QK#BMȧB2 +m Hi2 p`B#BH2 UM2+2b`2 Q`B bm}+B2Mi2V- Tmi2K }`K ŗM
+2bi +/`m /+ BTQi2x HmB GB2#2`bQM 2bi2 bm Mm /2pìX
Ai +mK- miBHBxM/ Q 2ti2MbB2 mM2B MHBx2 +QMbB/2ì /2i2`KBMBbi-
TQi2 } i2bii Q BTQi2x T2 +`2 TM +mK b2 +`2/2 + Mm TQi2 }
i2bii /2+i +m DmiQ`mH BMbi`mK2Mi2HQ` +MiBiiBp@T`Q##BHBbi2X
.2șB p`B#BH2H2 Q`/BMH2 Mm bmMi 2+?BpH2Mi2 p`B#BH2HQ` K2i`B+2 UŗM
+QMb2+BMȧ Mm TQi2 } +H+mHi- /2 2t2KTHm- mM +Q2}+B2Mi /2 +Q`2HȧB2
ŗMi`2 Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH șB mM 272+iV- 2tBbi K2iQ/2 /2 +H+mH`2
bQ+B2`BB /BMi`2 /Qm p`B#BH2 +HBiiBp2 miBHBxM/ +Q`2HȧB2 /2 `M;m`BX ŖM
+2bi2 +QM/BȧBB- K2iQ/ +QKTìBp +m p`B#BH2 Q`/BMH2 TQi2 }
miBHBxi T2Mi`m 2HBKBM +mx2 Q`B +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2X .+ Q p`B#BH
Q`/BMH +mx Ubm Q +QK#BMȧB2 +mxHV Mm 2bi2 bQ+Bi +m Q p`B#BH
Q`/BMH 272+i UQ`B /+ +2H2 /Qm Mm m Q +Q`2HȧB2 Tmi2`MB+ /2 `M;m`BV
imM+B Tmi2K 2HBKBM +mx /BM b2imH /2 BTQi2x2X
ŖM MHBx T2 KmHȧBKB KmHiBpH2Mi2- 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b Mm TQi2 Hm
/2+i KtBK /Qm pHQ`B, R șB y UT`2x2Mȧ f #b2MȧVX 1bi2 bBM;m`
p`B#BH +`2 Mm TQi2 p2 /2+i /Qm pHQ`B- ŗMi`m+i MHBx
+HBiiBp@+QKTìBp Mm 7+2 Hi+2p /2+i b +mi2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2
KBMBK2 +`2 b 2tTHB+2 ǵT`Q/m+2`2Ƕ 72MQK2MmHmB- Mm Q bi`2
BMi2`K2/B` +2bimBX .2 7Ti- +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 pH#BH T2Mi`m iQi2
iBTm`BH2 /2 MHBx2- /2 H KmHȧBKBH2 #BpH2Mi2 TM H KmHȧBKBH2 p;B-
BM+HmxM/ B+B KmHȧBKBH2 KmHiBpH2Mi2X
_2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ KmHȧBKBHQ` KmHiBpH2Mi2 2bi2 bBKBH` /B;`K2HQ`
o2MM /2 H KmHȧBKBH2 #BpH2Mi2X S2Mi`m }2+`2 pH2Mȧ +QM/BȧB2B +mxH2
pQK p2 +i2 Q KmHȧBK2 bT2+B}+ U}2+`2 pHQ`2 2bi2 Q KmHȧBK2 ŗM
bBM2V- bBM;m` /B72`2Mȧ 7ȧ /2 KmHȧBKBH2 #BpH2Mi2 }BM/ +22 + KmHȧBKBH2
+Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 pHQ`BHQ` Mm b2 pQ` Tmi2 BMi2`b2+i MB+BQ/i ŗMi`m+i
+2bi2 bmMi KmimH 2t+HmbBp2X
ŖM };m` 8XRk 2bi2 T`2x2Mii `2HȧB /BMi`2 Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH s +m i`2B
pHQ`B Uy- R- kV șB mM 72MQK2M /2 BMi2`2b uX 6B2+`2 pHQ`2 +QM/BȧB2B
+mxH2 `2 T`QT`B BM+HmxBmM2 șB T`QT`B +QT2`B`2 ŗM KmHȧBK2 uX amMi
}și2 /Q` /Qm /BMi`2 +2H2 i`2B pHQ`B UMmK2 s&R' șB s&k'V- ŗMi`m+i
+i2;Q`B s&y' 2bi2 `2T`2x2Mii /2 bTȧBmH /BM 7` +2HQ` /QmX
6B;m` 8XRk, L2+2bBii2 șB bm}+B2Mȧ KmHiBpH2Mi

X s&R' ⇐ u #X s&R' ⇒ u c s&k' ⇒ u
.2șB T`ȧBM +2H2BșB +QM/BȧBB +mxH2- pHQ`BH2 b2 +QKTQì + șB +mK `

} KmHȧBKB /B72`Bi2X *?B` /+ `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ H2 ì HBTBi2 mM
/2 +2HHi- B/22 /2 #x `KM2 +22șB, KmHȧBKBH2 +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2
pHQ`BHQ` bmMi KmimH 2t+HmbBp2 /2+B Mm b2 BMi2`b2+i2x MB+BQ/iX
.BM `2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2 /BM };m` 8XRkX b2 TQi2
p2/2 7TimH + /Q` mM /BMi`2 +2H2 i`2B pHQ`B TQi2 } M2+2b`- MB+BQ/i
KB KmHi /2 mMX +2bi ŗMi`m+i KmHȧBK2 u Mm TQi2 } BM+Hmb ŗM KQ/
bBKmHiM ŗM KB KmHi2 KmHȧBKB KmimH 2t+HmbBp2, /+ mM /BMi`2 pHQ`B
2bi2 M2+2b`- ŗMb2KM + `2bimH pHQ`BHQ` Mm bmMi M2+2b`2X
ŖM +2 T`Bp2și2 `2HȧB /2 bm}+B2Mȧ- TQi } KB KmHi2 TQbB#BHBiȧB,
Ç MB+BQ pHQ`2 bm}+B2Mi UMB+BQ KmHȧBK2 Mm 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM uV
Ç Q bBM;m` pHQ`2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi U+2H2HHi2 /Qm }BM/ ŗM 7` HmB uV
Ç /Qm pHQ`B bm}+B2Mi2 UK#2H2 }BM/ BM+Hmb2 ŗM KmHȧBK2 uV
6B;m` 8XRkX# T`2xBMi bBimȧB /BM m`K- ŗM +`2 K#2H2 pHQ`B s&R' șB
s&k' bmMi bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX _KM2 pH#BH
7TimH + KmHȧBKBH2 +2HQ` /Qm pHQ`B bmMi KmimH 2t+HmbBp2, 2H2 bmMi
K#2H2 BM+Hmb2 ŗM u ŗMb Mm b2 BMi2`b2+i2xX Lm 2bi2 TQbB#BH + iQi2
pHQ`BH2 b }2 bm}+B2Mi2 T2Mi`m u- ŗM KQ/ bBKmHiM UŗM };m`- KmHȧBK2
s&y' Mm 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 uVX
_2H2pMȧ Q`B+`2B pHQ`B T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB- /+ 2bi2 Q
pHQ`2 bm}+B2Mi- b2 +H+mH2x /mT +2H2șB +`Bi2`BB + H KmHȧBKBH2
#BpH2Mi2X ŖMi`m+i +QM/BȧBBH2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 bmMi iQi /BbiBM+i2- b2 TQi 7+2
i#2H2 ŗM+`m+Bși2 /Q` + /BK2MbBmM2 +2biQ` Mm p KB } /2 k×k +B
/2 k×o- mM/2 ǵoǶ 2bi2 MmK`mH /2 pHQ`B H2 +QM/BȧB2B +mxH2X
8Xk MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 KmHiBpH2Mi2 R8d
h#2HmH 8XRk, h#2H ŗM+`m+Bși k×j
h#2HmH 8XRk +QMȧBM2 k `M/m`B șB j +QHQM2- mM/2 72MQK2MmH bim/Bi `2

k pHQ`B UT`2x2Mȧ f #b2MȧV B` +QM/BȧB +mxH s `2 j pHQ`B Uy- R șB
kVX oHQ`2 y TQi2 ŗMb2KM ǳ#b2MȧǴ /+ pHQ`BH2 BMBȧBH2 2`m /2 iBT
Q`/BMH- bm TQi2 ŗMb2KM Q`B+2 Hi +i2;Q`B2 /+ p`B#BH BMBȧBH 2`
Kbmì H MBp2H MQKBMHX
ŖM `2bi- +H+mH`2 BM+Hm/2`BB șB +QT2`B`BB m 7Q`KmH2 /2 +H+mH +m iQimH
bBKBH`2 + H MHBx +m KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2X .2 2t2KTHm-
BM+HmxBmM2 T2Mi`m BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B pHQ`BB s&R' T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2
72MQK2MmHmB u 2bi2,
c
inclX {1}⇒Y =
c+d
aBKBH`- BM+HmxBM2 T2Mi`m BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B pHQ`BB s&k' T2Mi`m

T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB u 2bi2,
e
inclX {2}⇒Y =
e+ f
a+Q`mH /2 +QT2`B`2 T2Mi`m BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B pHQ`BB s&k' T2Mi`m

T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB u 2bi2,
e
cov X {2}⇒Y =
a+c+e
l`KM/ +22șB `2;mH +`2 bTmM2 + BM+Hm/2`2 T2Mi`m bm}+B2Mȧ 2bi2

2;H +m +QT2`B`2 T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2 șB + BM+Hm/2`2 T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2
2bi2 2;H +m +QT2`B`2 T2Mi`m bm}+B2Mȧ- 7Q`KmH T2Mi`m BM+Hm/2`2 ŗM
BTQi2x M2+2bBiȧBB pHQ`BB s&k' T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB u- 7Q`KmH
/2 +H+mH 2bi2,
e
inclX {2}⇐Y =
a+c+e
ŖM }MH- 7Q`KmH /2 +H+mH T2Mi`m +QT2`B`2 ŗM BTQi2x M2+2bBiȧBB pHQ`BB

s&R' T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB u 2bi2,
e
cov X {2}⇐Y =
e+ f
H;Q`BiKmH /2 KBMBKBx`2 +QM/BȧBBHQ` KmHiBpH2Mi2 2bi2 +m iQimH bBKBH`

+2HmB /2 H KmHȧBKBH2 #BpH2Mi2- H }MH }BM/ T`Q/mșB MBși2 BKTHB+MȧB
T`BK`B U+QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 +`2 Mm KB TQi } `2/mb2 KB KmHiV- B` T`BM
+QK#BM`2 +2biQ` b2 DmM;2 H bQHmȧB KBMBK Ubm bQHmȧBBH2 KBMBK2V
+`2 2tTHB+ T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B
ŖM +22 +2 T`Bp2și2 +QM/BȧBBH2 M2+2b`2 șB bm}+B2Mi2- ŗMi`2; 2tTmM2`2 /BM

b2+ȧBmMBH2 Mi2`BQ`2 b2 #x2x T2 bmKTȧB BKTHB+Bi /B?QiQKB2BX P
pHQ`2 }2 2bi2 M2+2b`- }2 Mm 2bi2 M2+2b` Ub2 THB+ T`BM+BTBmH i2`ȧmHmB
2t+HmbVX
hQi +2bi HQ;B+ 2bi2 /B`2+i /2b+2M/2Mi /BM HBMB }HQxQ}+ HmB
`BbiQi2H Ub2+ȧBmM2 9XkXRV- TQB m`KM/ pBxBmM2 +mxH HmB >mK2
Ub2+ȧBmM2 kXRV șB +mHKBMM/ +m miBHBx`2 H;2#`2B #QQH2M2X *?B` șB
`2T`2x2Mi`2 ;`}+ T`BM /B;`K2H2 o2MM bmMi Q `2~2+i`2 }HQxQ}2B
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TQi2 } B/2MiB}+i UQ`B +2H TmȧBM Mm m 7Qbi `2+mMQb+mi2 + 2iMBB ŗM KQ/
Q}+BHV, +2 `b `2 mM +QTBH T`Qp2MBi /BMi`@mM ii 7`Q@K2`B+M șB Q
KK T2 DmKii2 bBiB+ șB DmKii2 ?BbTMB+\
ș/`- i`B#mB`2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ șB miBHBx`2 +2biQ` b+Q`m`B
ŗM QT2`ȧBmMB +QKTH2t2 bmMi M2+2b`2 ŗM +QMbi`mB`2 șB i2bi`2 mM2B i2Q`BB
U+HBiiBp2 bm +QKTìBp2V bmT` mMmB 72MQK2MX ŖM +QMiBMm`2 bmMi
T`2x2Mii2 QT2`ȧBmMBH2 TQbB#BH2 T2 KmHȧBKB p;B- B` T`BK2H2 QT2`ȧBmMB
bmMi +QKTì2 +m +2H2 +Q`2bTQM/2Mi2 T2 KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2X
L2;ȧBX ii ŗM KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 +i șB ŗM KmHȧBKBH2 p;B- M2;ȧB 2bi2

+QKTH2K2MimH mM2B KmHȧBKB, iQi +2 Mm 2bi2 ŗM KmHȧBK2 `2bT2+iBpX
LQiM/ Q KmHȧBK2 Q`2+`2 +m HBi2` - +QKTH2K2MimH +2bi2B `2
KB KmHi2 MQiȧBB, w/2? ŗH MQi2x +m Ƕ- ŗM Hi2 Hm+``B b2 ŗMiHM2și2
b2KMmH ¬- B` _;BM ŗH MQi2x +m X
ŖM KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2- M2;ȧB b+?BK# pHQ`2 R +m pHQ`2 y șB
BMp2`b, 6`Mȧ T2`+2T2 it2 /2 miQbi`/ Ub+Q` /BbiBM+i RV ŗM iBKT
+2 :2`KMB Mm T2`+2T2 bi72H /2 it2 Ub+Q` /BbiBM+i yV,
R 4 y
y 4 R
ŖM KmHȧBKBH2 p;B- +QKTH2K2MimH HmB U+m Hi2 +mpBMi2 MQiV 2bi2,
4 R −
S`2bmTmMM/ + _QKMB T`ȧBM2 /2 KmHȧBK2 ȧ`BHQ` /2KQ+ì2
UV +m mM b+Q` /2 yXd imM+B T`ȧBM2 ŗM +2HșB iBKT H KmHȧBK2
ȧ`BHQ` M2/2KQ+ì2 UV +m mM b+Q` /2 R − yXd 4 yXjX
L2;ȧB 2bi2 Q iBim/BM2 /2b ŗMiHMBi ŗM +/`mH +2`+2i`BHQ` bQ+BH2X
aBKBH` +m 2t2KTHmH Tì2M2Mȧ2B `bBH2- TQi2 } miBHBxi mM
2t2KTHm H Tì2M2Mȧ2B 2iMB+2X ŖM _QKMB 2tBbi KmHi2 ŗM+2`+`B
/2 2biBK MmK`mH /2 HQ+mBiQ`B /2 2iMB2 `QK- B` biiBbiB+BH2
Q}+BH2 Tm#HB+i2 /2 ALaa1 bmMi 7Qì2 /B72`Bi2 /2 +B7`2H2 Tm#HB+i2
/2 Q`;MBxȧBBH2 /2 2iMB2 `QKX wK}` ȔB wK}` URNNjV m +2`+2ii
+2bi bT2+i șB m Tm#HB+i Q Hi K2iQ/QHQ;B2X aBM;m`mH Hm+`m +2ì
2bi2 7TimH + Q T2`bQM Mm 2bi2 Tm` șB bBKTHm `QK /2+i /+
bBKi2- ++2Ti șB b2 miQ/2+H`X h2Q`BBH2 ;2M2iB+2 m 7Qbi
Re9 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
#M/QMi2 Q/i +m H /QBH2 _x#QB JQM/BHX P T2`bQM TQi2

} Mb+mi /BM T`BMȧB /2 2iMB2 /B72`Bi- +22 +2 Mm ŗMb2KM + 2bi2
T2 DmKii2 /BM }2+`2 2iMB2X *QMi2x +22 +2 bBKi2 Q T2`bQM-
B` }2+`2 T2`bQM bBKi2 KB Tmi2`MB+ bm KB bH#X +2bi iBT /2
miQT2`+2TȧB2 Mm TQi2 } Kbmì /2+i T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH
KmHȧBKBHQ` p;BX
_2+2MbKMimH TQTmHȧB2B MmK` /Q` T2`bQM2H2 miQ/2+Hì2X
aiB;KiBx`2 TQTmHȧB2B `QK /2+HMși Q `2iB+2Mȧ `B/B+i ŗM
/2+H` +2bi 2iMB2- B` ŗM #b2Mȧ mMmB b+Q` +2ì T2Mi`m Q 2iMB2
bm Hi- QK2MBB T`272` mM b+Q` `B/B+i T2 M2;`2 2iMB2BX
lM +x bT2+BH ŗH +QMbiBimB2 M2;ȧB ŗM +/`mH bim/BBHQ` /2 ;2MX
bi72H- ŗM #Q`/`2 +HbB+- iQȧB QK2MBB +`2 Mm bmMi #`#ȧB bmMi
72K2B șB BMp2`bX aB;m` + ŗM bQ+B2ii2 KQ/2`M b2 TQi2 TmM2 ŗM
/Bb+mȧB2 Q MmKBi K#B;mBii2 /iQì miQT2`+2TȧB2B- ŗMb
2tBbi T2`bQM2 +`Q` b2t +?B` Mm TQi2 } /2i2`KBMi
U?2`K7`Q/BȧBBVX ŖM +2bi2 +QM/BȧBB- M2;`2 Mm /m+2 Tm` șB bBKTHm
+i`2 ǵ+2HHHiǶ b2tc 7TimH + Q T2`bQM Mm 2bi2 72K2B2 Mm
ŗMb2KM M2Tì + 2bi2 #`#iX ŖM +/`mH KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B- mM
b+Q` 7Qì2 b+xmi /2 yXk T2Mi`m Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBK2 72K2BHQ`
Mm ŗMb2KM M2Tì mM b+Q` /2 yX3 T2Mi`m Tì2M2Mȧ H
KmHȧBK2 #`#ȧBHQ`- +B Tm` șB bBKTHm Q Tì2M2Mȧ /2 yX3 H
KmHȧBK2 QK2MBHQ` +`2 Mm bmMi 72K2BX
AMi2`b2+ȧBX .2 KmHi2 Q`B- ŗM +/`mH mM2B +2`+2i`B bmMi +mii2 +xm`B

+`2 ŗM/2THBM2b+ ŗM KQ/ bBKmHiM KB KmHi2 +`+i2`BbiB+BX .+ M2@
` BMi2`2b bim/B2`2 +`BKBMHBiȧBB m`#M2- imM+B pQK bim/B /Q`
HQ+HBiȧBH2 m`#M2 +`2 T`2xBMi mM MBp2H ŗMHi /2 +`BKBMHBii2X ŖM
KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2- +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTHm, +Q/M/ ŗM #x
/2 /i2 +m R iQi2 HQ+HBiȧBH2 m`#M2 UșB y HQ+HBiȧBH2 `m`H2V- TQB
+m R HQ+HBiȧBH2 mM/2 b2 ŗMiHM2și2 +`BKBMHBii2 ŗMHi UșB y T2Mi`m
iQi2 +2H2HHi2VX oQK b2H2+i T2Mi`m MHBx /Q` +2H2 +xm`B +`2
T`2xBMi +B7` R H K#2H2 +`+i2`BbiB+BX
P Hi K2iQ/ TQbB#BH 2bi2 +`Qbi#mH`2 U7Q`K`2 mMmB i#2H k×k
ŗM m`K +`2B b2 Q#ȧBM 9 +2HmH2V b2H2+iM/m@b2 /Q` HQ+HBiȧBH2 +`2
b2 ~ ŗM +2HmH +Q`2bTQM/2Mi +B7`2B R H K#2H2 +`+i2`BbiB+B, 2bi2
T`2x2Mi ȘA Q +`+i2`BbiB+- ȘA +2HHiX AMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 /Qm
KmHȧBKB 2bi2 2+?BpH2Mi +m ŗMKmHȧB`2 +2biQ`- B` QT2`ȧBmM2 b2
KB MmK2și2 ǳȘA HQ;B+Ǵ șB 2bi2 BM/B+i /2 b2KMmH ǳ·Ǵ,
0·0 = 0
0·1 = 0
1·0 = 0
1·1 = 1
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B Re8
AMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 /Qm KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 șB " 2bi2 Q Hi

KmHȧBK2 *- KB KB+ /2+i }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qmc 2bi2 Q
bm#@KmHȧBK2 7Q`Ki /Q` ŗMi`@Q bBM;m` +2HmH /BM Ti`m TQbB#BH2X
ŖM KmHȧBKBH2 p;B- Mm b2 TQi2 Q#ȧBM2 mM i#2H ŗMi`m+i 2tBbi Q
BM}MBii2 /2 pHQ`B T2Mi`m }2+`2 p`B#BH ŗM Tì2X S`2bmTmMM/
+ Q HQ+HBii2 TQi2 } KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM m`#M-
Tì2M2Mȧ +2bi2B H BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 m`#M șB +`BKBMHBii2 b2
+H+mH2x T`BM KBMBKmH b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 H +2H2 /Qm +`+i2`BbiB+B,
* 4 ∩ " 4 KBMU- "V
.+ Q HQ+HBii2 `2 mM b+Q` H m`#MBx`BB /2 yX3 șB mM b+Q` H
+`BKBMHBiȧBB /2 yXj- imM+B T`ȧBM2 /2 BMi2`b2+ȧB +`+i2`BbiB+BHQ`
+m +2H KB KB+ /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm b+Q`m`B,
∩ " 4 KBMUyX3- yXjV 4 yXj
a+Q`mH ŗMHi T2 +`+i2`BbiB+ m`#MBx`2 Mm TQi2 +QKT2Mb b+Q`mH
b+xmi /2 +`BKBMHBii2c +m Hi2 +mpBMi2- Mm `2 MB+B Q BKTQìMȧ
+ HQ+HBii2 2bi2 7Qì2 /2xpQHii- ŗMi`m+i +`BKBMHBii2 HQ+H
2bi2 /2bimH /2 b+xmi, b2 +QMbii Q Tì2M2Mȧ b+xmi ŗM +/`mH
KmHȧBKBB Q`ș2HQ` +m +`BKBMHBii2 ŗMHiX
w/2? URNe8- TXj9RV /2MmK2și2 BMi2`b2+ȧB ǳ+2 KB K`2 KmHȧBK2
+`2 2bi2 +QMȧBMmi ii ŗM +i șB ŗM "ǴX
_2mMBmM2X Hi2 bBimȧBB /2 +2`+2i`2 b2 TQi +QM+2Mi` T2 bim/B2`2 mMQ`

+xm`B +`2 T`2xBMi +2H TmȧBM Q +`+i2`BbiB+X a T`2bmTmM2K +
/Q`BK b +2`+2iK /+ 2bi2 /2pì 2tT`2bB ǳ62`B+BȧB +2B b`+B
+m /m?mHǴX 1tBbi /Qm KmHȧBKB /2 BMi2`2b, +2 T2`bQM2HQ` 72`B+Bi2
șB +2 T2`bQM2HQ` b`+2 +m /m?mH UQ`B K Tmi2 b +QMbB/2`K
KmHȧBK2 +QKTH2K2Mi` T2`bQM2HQ` +`2 Mm bmMi BMi2HB;2Mi2VX
lMBB QK2MB TQi } 72`B+BȧB +?B` /+ bmMi BMi2HB;2MȧB- HȧBB TQi }
b`+B +m /m?mH /` Mm M2Tì 72`B+BȧB- ŗM iBKT +2 HȧBB TQi T`2x2Mi
K#2H2 +`+i2`BbiB+BX h`2#mB2 bim/Bi2 K#2H2 KmHȧBKB- +?B` /+
mM2H2 T2`bQM2 7+ Tì2 /BM K#2H2 KmHȧBKB bBKmHiMX .Q` +2B
+`2 Mm 7+ Tì2 /BM MB+B mM /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm KmHȧBKB Mm BMi` ŗM
mMBp2`bmH +2`+2i`BBX
* șB ŗM +xmH BMi2`b2+ȧB2B- `2mMBmM2 /BMi`2 /Qm KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2
șB " 2bi2 Q Hi KmHȧBK2 *- KB K`2 /2+i }2+`2 /BMi`2 T`BK2H2
/Qmc 2bi2 Q bmT`@KmHȧBK2 7Q`Ki /BM i`2B +2HmH2 H2 i#2HmHmB
2 × 2X aBM;m`2H2 T2`bQM2 +`2 Mm 7+ Tì2 /BM mMBp2`bmH +2`+2i`BB
bmMi +2H2 +`2 Mm bmMi MB+B 72`B+Bi2- MB+B b`+2 +m /m?mHX PT2`ȧBmM2
/2 `2mMBmM2 2bi2 QTmb +2H2B /2 BMi2`b2+ȧB2X
ŖM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B- QT2`ȧBmM2 QTmb +H+mH`BB KBMBKmHmB
/BMi`2 /Qm b+Q`m`B 2bi2 +H+mH`2 KtBKmHmB /BMi`2 +2bi2,
* 4 ∪ " 4 KtU- "V
Ree J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
.+ mM BM/BpB/ `2 mM b+Q` /2 yXd T2Mi`m 72`B+B`2 șB mM b+Q` /2 yXk

T2Mi`m KmHȧBK2 +2HQ` b`+B +m /m?mH- p p2 mM b+Q` /2 yXd H
KmHȧBK2 QK2MBHQ` 72`B+BȧB al b`+B +m /m?mH UKtBKmH /BMi`2
+2H2 /Qm b+Q`m`BV,
∪ " 4 KtUyXd- yXkV 4 y-d
Lm +QMi2x + `2 mM b+Q` b+xmi H mM /BMi`2 KmHȧBKB- ŗMi`m+i `2
mM b+Q` `B/B+i H +2HHic /+ `2 mM b+Q` `B/B+i H +2H TmȧBM mM
/BMi`2 KmHȧBKB- imM+B p p2 mM b+Q` H 72H /2 `B/B+i H `2mMBmM2
/BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm KmHȧBKBX +2HșB T`BM+BTBm b2 THB+ șB T2Mi`m KB
KmHi /2 /Qm KmHȧBKB, b+Q`mH T2Mi`m `2mMBmM2 /BMi`2 i`2B KmHȧBKB
b2 +H+mH2x T`BM KtBKmH /BMi`2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H }2+`2
/BMi`2 +2H2 i`2B KmHȧBKBX
w/2? /2MmK2și2 `2mMBmM2 ǳ*2 KB KB+ KmHȧBK2 +`2 H2 +QMȧBM2
ii T2 +i șB T2 "ǴX
*QM+2Mi``2X .+ T`BK2H2 i`2B QT2`ȧBmMB TQi } 272+imi2 șB T2

KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2- m`KiQ`2H2 bmMi bT2+B}+2 KmHȧBKBHQ` p;BX
S`2Q+mTi /2 K#B;mBii2 HBK#DmHmB- w/2? /Q`Bi b bm`T`BM/
ŗMi`@Q 7Q`KmH +QMi`bimH /BMi`2 Q +`+i2`BbiB+ șB bmT2`HiBpmH
+2bi2BX P T2`bQM TQi2 p2 mM b+Q` `B/B+i ŗM KmHȧBK2
QK2MBHQ` BMi2HB;2MȧB- ŗMb mM b+Q` b2MbB#BH KB b+xmi ŗM KmHȧBK2
QK2MBHQ` 7Qì2 BMi2HB;2MȧBX
_2xmHiimH +QM+2Mi``BB b+Q`mHmB /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H Q KmHȧBK2 b2
Q#ȧBM2 T`BM `B/B+`2 H Tiì b+Q`mHmB `2bT2+iBpX +2bi ìB}+Bm
b2 #x2x T2 Q#b2`pȧB T2ìBM2Mi 7TimHmB + mM MmK`
bm#mMBi` `B/B+i H Tiì ;2M2`2x iQi mM MmK` bm#mMBi` ŗMb
KB KB+X _B/B+`2 H Tiì U+QM+2Mi``2 b+Q`mHmBV 2bi2
2+?BpH2MimH Ki2KiB+ H THB+`BB i`B#mimHmB ǳ7Qì2Ǵ /BM +/`mH
HBK#DmHmBX
.2 2t2KTHm- /+ Q T2`bQM `2 mM b+Q` /2 yX3 ŗM +/`mH KmHȧBKBB
QK2MBHQ` BMi2HB;2MȧB- p p2 mM b+Q` /2 yX32 = yXe9 ŗM +/`mH
KmHȧBKBB QK2MBHQ` 7Qì2 BMi2HB;2MȧBX
.BHi`2X ŖM Hi2 bBimȧBB /Q`BK b `2HtK Q`2+mK +`Bi2`BBH2 /2

i`B#mB`2 Tì2M2Mȧ2B H Q KmHȧBK2X lM2Q`B- +2bi2 +`Bi2`BB TQi }
ii /2 `2bi`B+iBp2 ŗM+i MB+B mMmH /BMi`2 +xm`BH2 bim/Bi2 Q`B
+mMQb+mi2 Mm TQi2 b iBM; b+Q`m`B ŗMHi2 /2 Tì2M2MȧX .2
2t2KTHm- TmȧBM2 T2`bQM2 b2 TQi Hm/ +m mM +QKTQìK2Mi
T2`72+i KQ`H- /+ T`BM KQ`HBii2 ŗMȧ2H2;2K `2bT2+i`2 mMQ`
biM/`/2 7Qì2 ŗMHi2 /2 +QM/mBi șB +QKTQìK2MiX hQimșB-
7Qì2 KmHi2 T2`bQM2 m mM +QKTQìK2Mi T`QT2 /2 KQ`HBii2-
+?B` /+ mM2Q`B bmMi /2Tì2 /2 biM/`/2H2 bQ+BH2 ++2Tii2X
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B Red
.2 +22- 2bi2 M2pQB2 /2 `2Ht`2 +2biQ` +`Bi2`BB, ŗM HQ+ b

i`B#mBK b+Q`m`B /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBK2 QK2MBHQ` UT2`72+iV
KQ`HB- K Tmi2 b i`B#mBK b+Q`m`B /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBK2
QK2MBHQ` T`QT2 KQ`HBX _;BM miBHBx2x 2tT`2bB ǳKB KmHi bm
KB TmȧBMǴ UKQ`HBV- ŗMb ŗM QTBMB K2 b2 BM/m+2 Q +QM7mxB2 +m
i2Q`B ;2M2`H KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B- mM/2 ǳKB KmHi bm KB TmȧBMǴ
ŗMb2KM Tì2M2Mȧ T`ȧBH H Q KmHȧBK2X
*mpMimH ǳT`QT2Ǵ `2Ht2x `2bi`B+ȧBBH2 ŗMi`@mM KQ/
+QKTH2K2Mi`- QTmb KQ/mHmB ŗM +`2 +mpMimH ǳ7Qì2Ǵ ŗMi`2și2
`2bi`B+ȧBBH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H Q KmHȧBK2X .2 +22- `2xmHiimH
/BHi`BB mMmB b+Q` b2 Q#ȧBM2 T`BM 2ti`;2`2 `/B+HmHmB /BM b+Q`mH
`2bT2+iBp UQT2`ȧBmM2 BMp2`b `B/B+`BB H TiìV, /+ Q T2`bQM
`2 mM b+Q` /2√ yX9 ŗM +/`mH KmHȧBKBB QK2MBHQ` BMi2HB;2MȧB- p p2
mM b+Q` /2 0.4 = yXej ŗM +/`mH KmHȧBKBB QK2MBHQ` T`QT2
BMi2HB;2MȧBX
h2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B b2 ~ ŗMi`@Q +QMiBMm /2xpQHi`2- Mm /Q` ŗM

șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH@mKM2- +B ŗM iQi2 `Km`BH2 șiBBMȧ2BX .2 2t2KTHm- B/2BH2
pMbi2 /2 w/2? m T`BMb `/+BMB Tmi2`MB+2 ŗM +QKmMBii2 șiBBMȧB}+
DTQM2x- +`2 H2 miBHBx2x T2Mi`m /2xpQHi`2 mMQ` H;Q`BiKB /2
BMi2HB;2Mȧ ìB}+BHX Tì2H2 2H2+i`Q@+bMB+2 m /2p2MBi +mK
BMi2HB;2Mi2, mM2H2 7`B;B/2`2 KQMBiQ`Bx2x biQ+mH mMmB T`Q/mb șB m 7mM+ȧBB
/2 +QKM/ T`BM AMi2`M2i T2Mi`m Q MQm T`QpBxBQM`2 imM+B +M/
biQ+mH 2bi2 T2 }MHX AMi2`T`2i`2 +QK2MxBHQ` pQ+H2 /2 +i`2 +H+mHiQ`
bmMi /2D Q `2HBii2- ŗMb THB+`2 KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B T2`KBi +QKTmi2`2HQ`
b BMi2`T`2i2x2 +Q`2+i MmMȧ2 H2 HBK#DmHmB mKMX
8XjXj *HB#``2 KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B
ŖM ;2M2`H- Q#ȧBM2`2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBKBH2 p;B U/2 H y

H RV TQ`M2și2 /2 H Q p`B#BH MmK2`B+ BMBȧBH U/i2H2 #`mi2V- TQB b2
THB+ MBși2 bBKTH2 i`Mb7Q`K`B T2Mi`m Q#ȧBM2`2 b+Q`m`BHQ` 7mxxvX
PT2`ȧBmM2 /2 +HB#``2 2bi2 7mM/K2MiH /B72`Bi /2 Kbm``2 miBHBxi
ŗM MHBx +MiBiiBpX _;BM Ukyy3-#V ì 7Qì2 +H` /B72`2Mȧ /BMi`2
+2H2 /Qm- miBHBxM/ MBși2 2t2KTH2 bBKTHm /2 ŗMȧ2H2bX SQ`M2și2 /2 H pHQ`BH2
p2MBimHmB T2` +TBi T2Mi`m k9 /2 ȧ`B- ŗM Q`/BM2 /2b+`2b+iQ`2- ŗM+2TM/
+m 1Hp2ȧB U+m mM p2MBi T2` +TBi /2 9yRRy0V TM H "m`mM/B U+m mM
p2MBi T2` +TBi /2 RRy0VX
G Q i`Mb7Q`K`2 Ki2KiB+ MBp- HmM/ +2H KB K`2 b+Q` /`2Ti
`2T2` T2Mi`m BM+Hm/2`2 ŗM ǳKmHȧBK2 ȧ`BHQ` /2xpQHii2Ǵ- 1Hp2ȧB ` p2
mM b+Q` 7mxxv /2 9yRRyf9yRRy 4 R UQ Tì2M2Mȧ T2`72+i H +2bi
Re3 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
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KB+BX
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S2 /2 Q Tì2- T2Mi`m + bmMi KmHi2 ȧ`B UMm /Q` mMV T2 +`2 H2@K
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` i`2#mB b B# Q Tì2M2Mȧ iQiH H +2bi KmHȧBK2- Mm /Q` mM b+Q`
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Mm 2bi2 MB+B T2 /2 Tì2 H;2#`B+- Ki2KiB+- ŗM b2MbmH ŗM +`2 /B72`2Mȧ
/BMi`2 9yyyy șB jNyyy 2bi2 /2 Ryyy- +22șB /B72`2Mȧ }BM/ șB ŗMi`2 kyyy
șB RyyyX .2șB /B72`2Mȧ Ki2KiB+ 2bi2 +22șB- Mm b2 b+?BK# T`QT2
MBKB+ ŗM i`BmH /2 xB +m xB H +2iȧ2MBHQ`- /+ p2MBimH T2` +TBi +`2și2 /2
H jNyyy H 9yyyy- ŗMb Q +`2și2`2 /2 H Ryyy H kyyy `2T`2xBMi Q /2xpQHi`2
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lM Hi KQiBp BKTQìMi 2bi2 H2;i /2 pHB/Bii2 miBHBx`BB Ki2KiB+2
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8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B ReN
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bm HiV `2T` ŗMi`m+ip T`Q#H2K pHB/BiȧBB- ŗMb m +22șB
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+M/ T }2`#2X +2bi2 Mm bmMi MBși2 pHQ`B 7mM/K2MiH2- Ki2KiB+
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X ŖM KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 y șB R #X ŖM KmHȧBKB p;B- /2 H y H R
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yc
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BMi2`BQ`mH KmHȧBKBB /2+i ŗM 7` 2B- B` pHQ`BH2 KB KB+B }BM/ KB
KmHi ŗM 7` KmHȧBKBB /2+i ŗM BMi2`BQ`mH +2bi2Bc
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UAV- B` pHQ`BH2 KB K`B /2+i T`;mH pQ` } miQKi `2+Q/B}+i2 +m
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U/` TmȧBM KB KB+BV + R ŗM biM; T`;mHmB AX ŖM HQ+ /2 Q 7mM+ȧB2 #`mb+
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Q 7mM+ȧB2 HQ;BbiB+X
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AM/B72`2Mi /2 mMBii2 /2 Kbm` +QM/BȧB2B MmK2`B+2 BMBȧBH2 UMB-
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KmHȧBK2X
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H2;2`2 /2 MmKB KmHȧBK2 ȧ`BHQ` ǳ+2H TmȧBM K2/Bm /2xpQHii2Ǵ TQi2 b
T` +Bm/i ŗMb Mm 2bi2 ŗMiKTHiQ`2X 1bi2 bBM;m` 7Q`KmH`2 p2`#H
Rdk J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
6B;m` 8XR8, *HB#``2 +m KmHȧBK2 ǳȧ`B K2/Bm /2xpQHii2Ǵ

X ŖM KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 y șB R #X ŖM KmHȧBKB p;B- /2 H y H R
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B` iQi2 pHQ`BH2 /BM /`2Ti T`;mHmB A b }2 `2+Q/B}+i2 +m R U+m Hi2
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K2/Bm /2xpQHii2ǴVX
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Mm 7+ Tì2 /BM KmHȧBK2- H 72H + șB ŗM +xmH ȧ`BHQ` /2xpQHii2X S2 /2
Hi Tì2 ŗMb- Q ȧ` + 1Hp2ȧB bm mM + aii2H2 lMBi2 bmMi ȧ`B ŗM
KQ/ 2pB/2Mi /2xpQHii2- /2+B MB+B +2bi2 Mm 7+ Tì2 /BM KmHȧBK2
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G 72H + ŗM +xmH T`2+2/2Mi- 7mM+ȧB /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBK2 ȧ`BHQ`
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Kbm` +2 p2MBimH T2` +TBi +`2și2 iQi KB KmHi UT2 Kbm` +2 b2 T`QTB2
/2 KmHȧBK2 ȧ`BHQ` /2xpQHii2V 7mM+ȧB /2 Tì2M2Mȧ b+/2 T2 Kbm`X
.B;`K 8XR8X ì +HB#``2 ŗM KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 ȧ`BHQ` K2/Bm
/2xpQHii2X 1bi2 M2pQB2 /2 /Qm T`;m`B T2Mi`m /2HBKBi xQM ǳK2/B2Ǵ
/2 +2H2HHi2 ȧ`BX ŖM +2bi bBimȧB2- ȧ`BH2 b`+2 pQ` } +Q/B}+i2 +m y-
B` ȧ`BH2 #Q;i2 U/2xpQHii2V 7Q` } +Q/B}+i2 șB +2bi2 +m y ŗMi`m+i Mm
bmMi ȧ`B K2/Bm /2xpQHii2X .Q` ȧ`BH2 /BM KBDHQ+ TQi } +Q/B}+i2 +m RX
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i`2B T`;m`B T2 KmHȧBKB p;B- H Q bBM;m` TMi b+2M/2MiX ŖM KQ/
bBKBH`- T2Mi`m }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm TMi2 H KmHȧBK2 ȧ`BHQ` K2/Bm
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Ç /Qm /2 2t+Hm/2`2 +QKTH2i U11 șB 12 V, iQi2 +xm`BH2 /BM biM; HmB

11 șB /BM /`2Ti HmB 12 bmMi miQKi +Q/B}+i2 +m yc
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BMi2`T`2i`2 +HBiiBp /2MmKB`BB KmHȧBKBBX S2Mi`m KmHȧBKBH2 p;B-
2bi2 M2pQB2 /2 mM KBMBK /2 j T`;m`B- B` T2Mi`m 7mM+ȧBBH2 +`2 T`2xBMi
TMi2 ii b+2M/2Mi2 +i șB /2b+2M/2Mi2 2bi2 M2pQB2 /2 bT2+B}+`2 e
T`;m`BX *QKT``2 K`BKBB +2biQ`- ŗM Q`/BM2 +`QMQHQ;B+
bT2+B}+`BB HQ`- /2i2`KBM b+2M/2Mȧ bm /2b+2M/2Mȧ TMi2HQ` bQ+Bi2X
*HB#``2 KmHȧBKBHQ` `2 șB Hi2 7Q`K2X *22 +2 7Qbi T`2x2Mii ŗM
+2bi b2+ȧBmM2 `2T`2xBMi ș@MmKBi ǳi`B#mB`2 /B`2+iǴ, Q/i
bi#BHBi2 T`;m`BH2- iQi2 pHQ`BH2 +`2 bmMi ŗM 7` HQ` pQ` } `2+Q/B}+i2
}2 +m y /+ bmMi KB KB+B /2+i T`;mH /2 2t+Hm/2`2- }2 +m R /+ bmMi
KB K`B /2+i T`;mH /2 BM+Hm/2`2 +QKTH2iX
_;BM Ukyy3#V /2KQMbi`2x șB Q Hi K2iQ/- +`2 miBHBx2x
T`QtBK`2 T2 Q 7mM+ȧB2 HQ;BbiB+- +m Q 2iT BMi2`K2/B` +`2
miBHBx2x 2biBK`2 HQ;`BiKmHmB șMb2HQ` /2 bm++2b T2Mi`m Tì2M2Mȧ
/2THBM H Q KmHȧBK2X 1tT`BK`2 T`2 TmȧBM +QKTHB+i- ŗMb 2bi2
T2`72+i Mim`H T2Mi`m miBHBxiQ`BB +`2 m +mMQșiBMȧ2 /2 #x ŗM
`2;`2bB HQ;BbiB+X
J`2 KDQ`Bii2 +HB#``BHQ` /2 KmHȧBKB p;B bmMi 272+imi2- ŗM
T`2x2Mi- miBHBxM/ 7mM+ȧB HQ;BbiB+ T`QTmb /2 _;BM U2tBbi /2bB;m`
T`Q;`K2 bQ7ir`2 bT2+BHBxi2 +`2 +H+mH2x pHQ`BH2 +HB#ì2VX
+2bi b2+ȧBmM2 `2 `QHmH /2 +H`B}+ M2+2bBii2 ǳ+HB#``BBǴ
KmHȧBKBHQ`- ŗMȧ2H2;2`2 /2THBM /B72`Bi2HQ` K2iQ/2 /2 +HB#``2 șB
/B72`2Mȧ2HQ` /BMi`2 +2bi2 M2+2bBi bim/BmH T`Q7mM/i H `272`BMȧ2HQ` /2
bT2+BHBii2X
8XjX9 MHBx /2 M2+2bBii2
ŖMBMi2 /2 MHBx /i2H2 +m DmiQ`mH i#2H2B /2 /2p`- mM/2 `2xmHii2H2

Q#ȧBMmi2 b2 `272` H bm}+B2Mȧ- T`BKmH Tb ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp
2bi2 MHBx`2 `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2 ŗMi`2 }2+`2 +QM/BȧB2 +mxH UHmi
BM/BpB/mHV șB 72MQK2MmH bim/BiX
Rd9 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
* șB ŗM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2- `2HȧB /2 M2+2bBii2 2bi2 mM ŗM +`2 Q

+QM/BȧB2 +mxH 2bi2 Q bmT`KmHȧBK2 72MQK2MmHmB bim/BiX ŖM KmHȧBKBH2
p;B- +2bi ŗMb2KM + iQi2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H2 mM2B +QM/BȧB2B
+mxH2 s i`2#mB2 b }2 KB K`B bm 2;H2 +m b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H
72MQK2MmH bim/Bi u,
X⇐Y
S2Mi`m + s b }2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m u- b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ

ŗM KmHȧBK2 s i`2#mB2 b }2 ŗM KQ/ +QMbBbi2Mi KB K`B bm 2;H2 +m
b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ ŗM KmHȧBK2 u,
Xi ≥ Yi
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2- mM/2 `2HȧB /2 M2+2bBii2 b2 TQi2

Q#b2`p mșQ` +m DmiQ`mH mMmB i#2H ŗM+`m+Bși- ŗM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B
+2bi mHiBK BM2;HBii2 b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p +m DmiQ`mH mM2B /B;`K2 /2
ŗKT`șiB2`2X G KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 2tBbi mM MmK` }MBi /2 +2HmH2 H2
i#2HmHmB ŗM+m+Bși- B` Q`B+`2 /BMi`2 +xm`B T`ȧBM2 mM2B /BMi`2 +2bi2
+2HmH2- ŗMb H KmHȧBKBH2 p;B Q`B+`2 +QK#BMȧB /BMi`2 /Qm b+Q`m`B 7mxxv
2bi2 } `2T`2x2Mii +m DmiQ`mH mMQ` +QQ`/QMi2 ŗMi`@mM bBbi2K +ì2xBM-
B` TmM+imH `2bT2+iBp TQi2 b }2 TQxBȧBQMi Q`BmM/2 ŗM +/`mH +2bimB THM
sQuX
imM+B +M/ b+Q`m`BH2 T2 +QM/BȧB +mxH s bmMi ŗM KQ/ bBbi2KiB+ KB
K`B /2+i b+Q`m`BH2 T2 72MQK2MmH bim/Bi u- TmM+i2H2 `2T`2x2Mii2 /2
+2bi2 +QQ`/QMi2 ` i`2#mB b b2 `2;b2b+ ŗM i`BmM;?BmH /BM Tì2 /BM
/`2Ti DQb Ubm# /B;QMH T`BM+BTHV bBbi2KmHmB +ì2xBM sQu- ș
+mK 2bi2 T`2x2Mii ŗM };m` 8XReX
ŖM +2bi };m`- b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + iQi2 TmM+i2H2 b2 ~ bm# /B;QMH
T`BM+BTH- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + iQi2 +QQ`/BMi2H2 T2 t Q`BxQMiH Qs
bmMi KB K`B /2+i +QQ`/QMi2H2 T2 t p2ìB+H QuX
1t2KTHmH Q72`Bi /2 _;BM Ukyyy- TXkR8V 2bi2 T2`72+i bmT` `2HȧB2B /2
M2+2bBii2, Dm+iQ`BB /2 #bF2i +`2 b2 Mi`2M2x KmHi pQ` ŗMb+`B2 șB KmHi2
+Qșm`BX .BM +2bi }`KȧB2 `2xmHi + Mi`2MK2MimH 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2
M2+2b` U/` Mm șB bm}+B2MiV T2Mi`m ŗMb+`B2 +Qșm`B ŗMi`@mM K2+B /2
#b+?2iX oQ` } /2bB;m` KmHi2 +xm`B UŗM 7Ti +2H2 KB KmHi2 +xm`BV ŗM
+`2 Dm+iQ`BB +`2 b2 Mi`2M2x KmHi Mm pQ` ŗMb+`B2 7Qì2 KmHi2 +Qșm`B-
+22 +2 ŗMb2KM + b+Q`m`BH2 T2 t Qs pQ` } ŗM KQ/ bBbi2KiB+ KB K`B
/2+i b+Q`m`BH2 T2 t QuX
ŖM i2`K2MB /2 KmHȧBKB- bTmM2K + KmHȧBK2 Dm+iQ`BHQ` +`2 ŗMb+`Bm KmHi2
+Qșm`B UuV 2bi2 Q bm#KmHȧBK2 Dm+iQ`BHQ` +`2 b2 Mi`2M2x KmHi UsVX
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B Rd8
6B;m` 8XRe, s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b`, s⇐u
am BMp2`b- iQȧB Dm+iQ`BB +`2 b2 Mi`2M2x ŗMb+`Bm /2 Q#B+2B șB +Qșm`B-

ŗMb Mm H 72H /2 KmHi2 +Qșm`B T2 +i /2 KmHi b2 Mi`2M2x UHi72H bTmb-
KmHȧBK2 Dm+iQ`BHQ` +`2 b2 Mi`2M2x 2bi2 Q bmT`KmHȧBK2 Dm+iQ`BHQ`
+`2 ŗMb+`Bm +Qșm`BVX
P`B+2 +x TQxBȧBQMi /2bmT` /B;QMH2B /m+2 H ŗMi`2`mT2`2 BK2/Bi
`2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2 +QKTH2i HmB s T2Mi`m uX .2 2t2KTHm- TQi } șB
Dm+iQ`B +`2 b2 Mi`2M2x TmȧBM șB iQimșB ŗMb+`Bm /2bimH /2 KmHi
U/iQ`Bi mMmB iH2Mi ŗMMb+miV- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + Mi`2MK2MimH Mm
2bi2 ŗMiQi/2mM Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m ŗMb+`B2X
hQimșB- ŗMi`@Q bBimȧB2 2ti`2K ŗM +`2 iQi2 +xm`BH2 b2 ~ bm# /B;QMH
KB TmȧBM mMmH- Mm b2 TQi2 MmH +QKTH2i }`KȧB /2 M2+2bBii2- +B b@`
Tmi2 }`K + s 2bi2 ŗM 7Qì2 K`2 Kbm` Q +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB uX
+2bi bBMi;K ǳŗM 7Qì2 K`2 Kbm`Ǵ TQi2 } i`Mb7Q`Ki- ŗM 7Ti-
ŗMi`@Q Kbm` MmK2`B+ +`2B K`BK2 M2 p bTmM2 +m 2t+iBii2 ŗM ǳ+iǴ
Kbm` 2bi2 s M2+2b` T2Mi`m u,
∑ min( Xi , Yi )
∈ [0, 1]
∑ Yi
ŖM QT2`ȧBBH2 +m KmHȧBKB p;B- KBMBKmH /BMi`2 /Qm pHQ`B ì BMi2`b2+ȧB

/BMi`2 +2bi2- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + 7Q`KmH b2 TQi2 i`/m+2 ŗM +2bi 72H,
Rde J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
+i /2 K`2 2bi2 BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 s șB u- `TQìi H ŗMi`2; K`BK2

HmB u Ubm +i /2 KmHi +QT2` +2bi BMi2`b2+ȧB2 /BM KmHȧBK2 uVX
ȦBMM/ +QMi + KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 KB K`2 /2+i KmHȧBK2 u UŗMi`m+i s
2bi2 M2+2b`V- +2bi 7Q`KmH ì +i /2 KmHi 2bi2 BM+Hmb KmHȧBK2
u ŗM KmHȧBK2 s, +m +i KB BM+Hmb 2bi2 u- +m ii KB M2+2b` 2bi2 b2
/Qp2/2și2 } s T2Mi`m uX
.+ KmHȧBK2 u 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 s- ŗMb2KM +
BMi2`b2+ȧB 2bi2 H 72H /2 K`2 + u UHi72H bTmb u 2bi2 +QKTH2i
BMi2`b2+ii +m sV B` 7Q`KmH p ;2M2` mM b+Q` 2;H +m R- 7Ti +`2
/2KQMbi`2x- H 72H + ŗM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2- +`+i2`mH /2
M2+2bBii2 HmB s T2Mi`m uX
ŖM +xmH ŗM +`2 u Mm 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 s- BMi2`b2+ȧB
/BMi`2 s șB u p } KB KB+ /2+i iQiHmH KmHȧBKBB u B` 7Q`KmH p ì
+i /2 +QMbBbi2Mi 2bi2 `2HȧB /2 M2+2bBii2 /BMi`2 s șB u, +m +i b+Q`mH
p } KB T`QTBi /2 R- +m ii KB +QMbBbi2Mi 2bi2 `2HȧB /2 M2+2bBii2X
ŖM /B;`K sQu- Q`B+2 TmM+i2 /2bmT` /B;QMH2B T`BM+BTH2 m
+QQ`/QMi2 ŗM +`2 b+Q`mH T2 p2ìB+H UT2 KmHȧBK2 uV 2bi2 KB K`2
/2+i b+Q`mH T2 Q`BxQMiH UT2 KmHȧBK2 sV- B` KBMBKmH /BMi`2 +2bi2
b+/2 /BM KtBKmH TQbB#BH T2 KmHȧBK2 uX P`B+2 bi72H /2 TmM+i2 b+/
ș/` /BM +`+i2`mH /2 M2+2bBii2 HmB s T2Mi`m uX
8XjX8 MHBx /2 bm}+B2Mȧ
* șB ŗM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2- +QM+2Ti2H2 /2 M2+2bBii2 șB bm}+B2Mȧ

bmMi +QKTH2K2Mi`2 șB 2tTHB+#BH2 T`BM BMi2`K2/BmH +QM+2Ti2HQ` /2
BM+Hm/2`2 șB +QT2`B`2X .+ ŗM +xmH `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2- KmHȧBK2 u
2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 s U2bi2 Q bm#KmHȧBK2 +2bi2BV- ŗM +xmH
`2HȧB2B /2 bm}+B2Mȧ- KmHȧBK2 s 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 72MQK2MmHmB
bim/Bi uX
ŖM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B- Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH s 2bi2 BM+Hmb ŗMi`@Q KmHȧBK2
u U2bi2 Q bm#KmHȧBK2 +2bi2BV /+ iQi2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H
KmHȧBK2 s bmMi KB KB+B /2+i b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H KmHȧBK2 u,
X⇒Y ( Xi ≤ Yi )
ŖM +2bi bBimȧB2- b2 TQi2 bTmM2 + s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m

T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB uX ŖMi`@Q /B;`K sQu- ș +mK 2bi2
T`2x2Mii ŗM };m` 8XRd- iQi2 TmM+i2H2 b2 ~ TQxBȧBQMi2 /2bmT`
/B;QMH2B T`BM+BTH2- 2t+i BMp2`b + ŗM +xmH `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2X
S2Mi`m Q`B+2 TmM+i ~i /2bmT` /B;QMH2B T`BM+BTH2- +QQ`/QMi T2
t Q`BxQMiH Qs 2bi2 mM MmK` KB KB+ /2+i +2H 72`2Mi +QQ`/QMi2B
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B Rdd
6B;m` 8XRd, s 2bi2 Q +QM/BȧB2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m u- /B+ s⇒u
T2 t p2ìB+H Qu- 7Ti +`2 /2KQMbi`2x `2HȧB /2 BM+Hm/2`2 KmHȧBKBB

s ŗM KmHȧBK2 uX
P`B+2 TmM+i ~i bm# +2bi /B;QMH b+/2 /BM +QMbBbi2Mȧ `2HȧB2B /2
bm}+B2Mȧ HmB s T2Mi`m uX S2Mi`m Q T`QTQ`ȧB2 KB+ /2 bi72H /2 +xm`B-
b+Q`mH /2 +QMbBbi2Mȧ `2HȧB2B /2 bm}+B2Mȧ p } +m TmȧBM KB KB+ /2+i
R- ŗMb /+ KmHi2 bi72H /2 +xm`B T` ŗM /B;`K sQu- imM+B b+Q`mH
/2 +QMbBbi2Mȧ TQi2 b b+/ 7Qì2 KmHi
ŖMi`@mM KQ/ bBKBH` +m 7Q`KmH T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2- b2 TQi2 /2`Bp Q
7Q`KmH b2KMiQ`2 T2Mi`m `2HȧB /2 bm}+B2Mȧ,
∑ min( Xi , Yi )
∈ [0 , 1]
∑ Xi
ŖM +2bi 7Q`KmH- Tì2 /2 H MmKìQ` 2bi2 B/2MiB+ șB ì

BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 s șB u UKBMBKmH /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm pHQ`B T2Mi`m }2+`2
TmM+iV- ŗMb +2bi bmK `2xmHii 2bi2 `TQìi H bmK b+Q`m`BHQ` T2
KmHȧBK2 sX *m Hi2 +mpBMi2- 7Q`KmH ì +i /2 +QMbBbi2Mi 2bi2
`2HȧB /2 bm}+B2Mȧ KmHȧBKBB s T2Mi`m KmHȧBK2 u, +m +i b+Q`mH }MH
p } KB T`QT2 /2 R- +m ii KB +QMbBbi2Mi p } +2bi `2HȧB2X
Rd3 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
8XjXe AM+Hm/2`2 șB +QT2`B`2
K#2H2 `2HȧBB UM2+2bBii2 șB bm}+B2MȧV /BMi`2 Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH s șB mM

72MQK2M u b2 #x2x- ș +mK K pxmi ŗM b2+ȧBmMBH2 Mi2`BQ`2- T2
+QM+2TimH /2 BM+Hm/2`2 mM2B KmHȧBKB ŗM +2HHi KmHȧBK2X *2H2 /Qm
7Q`KmH2 T2Mi`m BM+HmxBmM2 b2 7QHQb2b+ ŗM KQ/ BMi2`KBi2Mi- mM }BM/
`2p2`bmH +2H2BHHi2 T2Mi`m BM+HmxBmM2 șB +QT2`B`2- ŗMiQ+KB + /Qm 72ȧ2
H2 mM2B KQM2/2X
.2i2`KBM`2 `2HȧB2B /BMi`2 Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH șB mM 72MQK2M /2 BMi2`2b
ŗM+2T2 +m MHBx /2 BM+HmxBmM2 T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2- /mT 7Q`KmH ìi
KB /2p`2K2,
∑ min( Xi , Yi )
inclX ⇐Y =
∑ Yi
AMi2`T`2i`2 K`BKBB +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 BM+HmxBmM2 2bi2 ŗMi`m+ip bBKBH`

+m BMi2`T`2i`2 +Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 +Q`2HȧB2, Q`B+2 b+Q` bm# yX8 ì Q bH#
+QMbBbi2Mȧ +2bi2B `2HȧBB- B` mM b+Q` /2 R ì Q +QMbBbi2Mȧ T2`72+iX
lM b+Q` ++2Ti#BH Mm TQi2 } KB KB+ /2+i yXd8- T`272`#BH T2bi2 yX3X
P/i bi#BHBi +QMbBbi2Mȧ `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2 U `2HȧB2B /2 BM+HmxBmM2
KmHȧBKBB u ŗM KmHȧBK2 sV- TbmH m`KiQ` 2bi2 bi#BHB`2 `2H2pMȧ2B +2bi2B
BM+HmxBmMBX JmHȧBK2 u TQi2 } BM+Hmb +QKTH2i ŗM KmHȧBK2 s U+m mM
b+Q` /2 +QMbBbi2Mȧ T2`72+i `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2V- ŗMb 2bi2 TQbB#BH +
+2 +QM/BȧB2 +mxH s b }2 B`2H2pMi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB uX
.2 2t2KTHm- T`2x2Mȧ QtB;2MmHmB 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m Q#ȧBM2`2
T2`7Q`KMȧ2HQ` bTQìBp2X P bi72H /2 T`QTQxBȧB2 `2 HQ;B+- ŗMi`m+i mM
bTQìBp ;2M2`2x 7Qì2 KmHi2 `/2`B ŗM +/`mH mMmB 27Qì +QKT2iBiBp- B`
+2H2 `/2`B b2 #x2x T2 T`2x2Mȧ QtB;2MmHmBX hQimșB- 2bi2 +H` +
T`2x2Mȧ QtB;2MmHmB 2bi2 B`2H2pMi- ŗMi`m+i +2bi 2bi2 T`2x2Mi ŗM
2ti`2K /2 KmHi2 +xm`B ŗM +`2 T2`7Q`KMȧ bTQìBp Mm b2 T`Q/m+2X
LmK`mH /2 +xm`B ŗM +`2 T2`7Q`KMȧ 2bi2 bQ+Bi +m T`2x2Mȧ
QtB;2MmHmB 2bi2 7Qì2 KB+- ŗM `TQì +m MmK`mH iQiH /2 +xm`B ŗM +`2
QtB;2MmH 2bi2 T`2x2MiX ŖM i2`K2MB /2 KmHȧBKB- +2bi Hm+`m b2 i`/m+2 T`BM
7TimH + bm#KmHȧBK2 u +QT2` Q 7Qì2 KB+ Tì2 /BMi`@Q KmHȧBK2 s
7Qì2 K`2X +2bi b+Q` /2 +QT2`B`2 2bi2 /i /2 m`KiQ`2 7Q`KmH,
∑ min( Xi , Yi )
cov X ⇐Y =
∑ Xi
6Q`KmH Mm ì Hi+2p /2+i ;`/mH ŗM +`2 BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 s șB u

+QT2` iQiHmH +xm`BHQ` ŗM +`2 s 2bi2 T`2x2MiX 1bi2 mșQ` /2 Q#b2`pi +
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B RdN
h#2HmH 8XRj, a+Q`m`B /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H /Qm KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2
X .i2H2 #`mi2 #X ŖM+`m+Bș`2 /BMi`2 s șB u
s u KBMUs - uV
y y y
R y y
y R y
R R R
R R R
R R R
R y y
R R R
R R R
y y y
e 8
+2bi 7Q`KmH 2bi2 2t+i +22șB +m 7Q`KmH /2 BM+HmxBmM2 T2Mi`m `2HȧB

/2 bm}+B2MȧX
*m +i KB K`2 2bi2 b+Q`mH /2 +QT2`B`2 HmB u T2bi2 s- +m ii KB
`2H2pMi p } +QM/BȧB s ŗM +HBii2 /2 +QM/BȧB2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB uX
+2bi2 7Q`KmH2 bmMi pH#BH2 ii T2Mi`m KmHȧBKBH2 p;B +i șB T2Mi`m
KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2X ŖM +xmH +2HQ` /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2- b+Q`m`BH2 /2
Tì2M2Mȧ Bm /Q` /Qm pHQ`B, y șB RX JBMBKmH /BMi`2 Q`B+2 bi72H /2
T2`2+?B Mm TQi2 } /2+i }2 y U/+ +2H TmȧBM mM /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm
T`2xBMi pHQ`2 yV- }2 R- imM+B +M/ K#2H2 bmMi T`2x2Mi2X
amK +2biQ` BMi2`b2+ȧBB U KBMBKmHmB /BMi`2 iQi2 T2`2+?BH2 /2 pHQ`BV b2
/Qp2/2și2 } 2;H +m 2t+i +2HmH + /BM i#2HmH 8XjVX S2Mi`m
2t2KTHB}+`2- b HmK /i2H2 /BM i#2HmH 8XRjXX .BM +2H2 Ry +xm`B
T`2x2ii2- ŗM șb2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 2bi2 T`2x2Mi 72MQK2MmH u- B` /BMi`2
+2bi2 ŗM +BM+B +xm`B 2bi2 T`2x2Mi șB +QM/BȧB +mxH s- ŗM+`m+Bș`2
}BM/ T`2x2Mii ŗM i#2HmH 8XRjX#X
ŖM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2 #BpH2Mi2- 7Q`KmH T2Mi`m BM+HmxBmM2 ŗM
+xmH `2HȧB2B /2 M2+2bBii2 HmB s T2Mi`m u 2bi2,
c 5 5
inclX ⇐Y = = =
a+c 1+5 6
_2xmHiimH +2bi2B 7Q`KmH2 2bi2 B/2MiB+ +m +2H /BM 7Q`KmH T2Mi`m KmHȧBKB
p;B- ŗMi`m+i bmK T2Mi`m +QHQM KBMUs - uV 2bi2 2;H +m 8 B` bmK
T2Mi`m +QHQM +Q`2bTmMxiQ`2 KmHȧBKBB u 2bi2 2;H +m e,
∑ min( Xi , Yi ) 5
inclX ⇐Y = =
Y
∑ i 6
ș/`- 7Q`KmH T2Mi`m KmHȧBKB p;B 2bi2 mMBp2`bH pH#BH- ii T2Mi`m
KmHȧBKBH2 p;B +i șB T2Mi`m KmHȧBKBH2 /BbiBM+i2 U}2 +2bi2 #BpH2Mi2 bm
KmHiBpH2Mi2VX aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 MHBx +MiBiiBp UbiiBbiB+ șB
T`Q##BHBbiB+V- `2HȧB /2 M2+2bBii2 Mm 2bi2 bBK2i`B+ T2Mi`m T`2x2Mȧ șB
#b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB, /+ Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxH 2bi2 M2+2b` T2Mi`m
T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2b- +2bi }`KȧB2 Mm bTmM2 #bQHmi
MBKB+ /2bT`2 +xm`BH2 ŗM +`2 72MQK2MmH Mm b2 T`Q/m+2X
ŖM MHBx biiBbiB+- mM +Q2}+B2Mi /2 +Q`2HȧB2 bTmM2 +22șB TQp2bi2
/2bT`2 iQi2 +xm`BH2 U}2 + p`B#BH /2T2M/2Mi b2 T`Q/m+2 bm MmV- ŗM
b+?BK# ŗM MHBx +QKTìBp i`2#mB2 7+mi2 MHBx2 b2Tì2 T2Mi`m
T`2x2Mȧ șB T2Mi`m #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmBX
ŖM +2 T`Bp2și2 `2HȧB /2 bm}+B2Mȧ- BM+Hm/2`2 KmHȧBKBB s ŗM KmHȧBK2 u
2bi2 /i /2 7Q`KmH,
∑ min( Xi , Yi )
inclX ⇒Y =
∑ Xi
.+ b+Q`mH `2xmHii /BM +2bi 7Q`KmH 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi /2 T`QT2 /2 R-

imM+B b2 ŗM TbmH m`KiQ` b2 /2i2`KBM `2H2pMȧ +QM/BȧB2B s ŗM `2HȧB
/2 bm}+B2Mȧ T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 HmB u- +m DmiQ`mH 7Q`KmH2B `2p2`bi2 /BM
BM+HmxBmM2 T2Mi`m M2+2bBii2,
∑ min( Xi , Yi )
cov X ⇒Y =
∑ Yi
*m +i KB KmHi +QT2` s /BM KmHȧBK2 u- +m ii KB `2H2pMi p }

+2bi +QM/BȧB2 T2Mi`m `2HȧB /2 bm}+B2Mȧ ŗM T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2
BMi2`2b uX
_`2Q`B b2 p ŗMiKTH + Q bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 +mxH b }2 M2+2b`
șBfbm bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 mMmB 72MQK2M uX 62MQK2M2H2 bQ+BH2
m Q bi`m+im` +mxH KmHi KB +QKTH2t- ŗM +2H2 KB KmHi2 /BM +xm`B
KB KmHi2 +QK#BMȧBB U+QMDmM+ȧBB bm /BbDmM+ȧBBV /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 }BM/
M2+2b`2 T2Mi`m Q#ȧBM2`2 mMmB b+Q` ŗMHi /2 +QMbBbi2Mȧ `2HȧB2B
`2bT2+iBp2X
S2Mi`m `2HȧB /2 bm}+B2Mȧ- 7TimH + iQi2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H
KmHȧBK2 u bmMi KB K`B /2+i +2H2 T2Mi`m KmHȧBK2 s ŗMb2KM +
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B R3R
KB bmMi șB Hi2 +QM/BȧBB Ubm +QK#BMȧBB /2 +QM/BȧBBV +mxH2 +`2

+QMi`B#mB2 H T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB uX .BM +2bi KQiBp- MHBx /2
bm}+B2Mȧ 2bi2 7Qì2 BKTQìMi ŗM K2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B
+HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2X S`BM miBHBx`2 +2bi2B- b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p /+
KQ/2HmH 2tTHB+iBp +QMbi`mBi T2 #x +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2 b2H2+ii2 2bi2
bm Mm bm}+B2Mi UpQK p2/2 ŗM b2+ȧBmMBH2 +`2 m`K2x + MHBx /2
bm}+B2Mȧ TQi2 } THB+i Mm /Q` T2Mi`m Q bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 +mxH- +B
șB T2Mi`m Q +QK#BMȧB2 /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2VX
8XjXd h#2H /2 /2p`
ŖM b2+ȧBmM2 8XRX8 m 7Qbi T`2x2Mii2 MQȧBmMBH2 /2 #x T2Mi`m +QMbi`mB`2

mM2B i#2H2 /2 /2p` #xi2 T2 KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2X ŖM 2b2Mȧ- Q i#2H /2
/2p` 2bi2 Q 7Q`K /2 `2T`2x2Mi`2 +22 +2 Gx`b72H/ URNjdV MmK2
7BKQbmH bm +QM+2Ti /2 ǳbTȧBm /2 T`QT`B2iȧBǴ- #xi T2 Q i2?MB+
+QMbi`m+ȧB2B /2 iBTQHQ;BBX
h2?MB+ HmB Gx`b72H/ B/2MiB}+ MmKBi2 +QKTmM2`B U+QK#BMȧBB mMB+2V /2
i`B#mi2 H2 mMmB +QM+2Ti- B` }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 ;2M2`2x mM +QM+2Ti
b2Tì- +QKTmbX i`B#mi2H2 +QKTQM2Mi2 b2 TQi `MD ŗMi`@mM i#2H /2
+QMiBM;2Mȧ- T`Q+2/m` }BM/ /2KQMbiì `2+2Mi /2 aM/m UkyRRVX
*QMbi`mB`2 bTȧBBHQ` /2 T`QT`B2iȧB 7Qbi `2Hmi /2 1HKM Ukyy8V- +`2
ì + }2+`2 +2HmH /BM +2bi i#2H +Ti2x +i2 Q ;`mT`2 mMB+ /2
/2 i`B#mi2 H2 mMmB +QM+2Ti- B` b`+BM +2`+2iiQ`mHmB +`2 +QMbi`mB2și2
iBTQHQ;BB 2bi2 +22 /2 +HbB}+ mM +x ŗMi`@mM bm Hi /BMi`2 +2bi2
+QK#BMȧBB /2 i`B#mi2X ŖM #Q`/`2 HmB 1HKM UTX8V- }2+`2 iBTQHQ;B2 b2
#x2x T2 Q i2Q`B2 +`2 TQi2 } /2`Bpi ŗM KQ/ BM/m+iBp /BM Q#b2`pȧBB
bm ŗM KQ/ /2/m+iBp miBHBxM/ K2iQ/2 7Q`KH2X .BK2MbBmMBH2 bTȧBmHmB
/2 T`QT`B2iȧB bmMi Q72`Bi2 /2 p`B#BH2H2 T2 +`2 +2`+2iiQ`mH H2 miBHBx2x
ŗM i2Q`B b- B` +QMȧBMmimH +2HmH2HQ` /BM +2bi bTȧBm T`QpBM2 /BM HQ;B+
i2Q`B2B șB /BM BKTHB+ȧBBH2 HQ;B+2 H2 +2bi2BX
ŖMi`2 i#2H2H2 /2 +QMiBM;2Mȧ șB i#2H2H2 /2 /2p` 2tBbi Q +Q`2bTQM/2Mȧ
2t+i- bBM;m` /B72`2Mȧ KDQ` }BM/ +22 + +2H2 /2 +QMiBM;2Mȧ }ș2x
BM7Q`KȧB ŗMi`@mM MmK` /2 +2HmH2- ŗM iBKT +2 i#2H2H2 /2 /2p` }ș2x
+22șB BM7Q`KȧB2 ŗMi`@mM MmK` /2 HBMBBX h#2H2H2 8XR9 }ș2x K#2H2
TQbB#BHBiȧB- ii T2Mi`m ŗM+`m+Bș`B k×k +i șB T2Mi`m k×jX +2bi2 bmMi
/Qm 2t2KTH2 7Qì2 bBKTH2- ŗMb i#2H2H2 ŗM+`m+Bși2 /2pBM /BM +2 ŗM +2
KB /B}+BH /2 }și H }2+`2 BMi`Q/m+2`2 mM2B MQB T`QT`B2iȧBX
ŖM 2b2Mȧ- /B}+mHii2 pBM2 /BM 7TimH + mM i#2H ŗM+`m+Bși 2bi2 HBKBii
H }ș`2 ŗM /Q` /Qm /BK2MbBmMB UTQi2 b +`2b+ MmKB T2 Q`BxQMiH
bm MmKB T2 p2ìB+HV- ș ŗM+i BMi`Q/m+2`2 mM2B i`2B T`QT`B2iȧB
* ` ŗMb2KM ŗM+ mM b2i /2 HBMBB T2 Q`BxQMiH- /2 2t2KTHmX Gm+`m`BH2
h#2HmH 8XR9, aTȧBB /2 T`QT`B2iȧB,

X k×k #X k×j
+X i#2H /2 /2p` k×k #X i#2H /2 /2p` k×j
"
"
y y #
y y # y R /
y R / y k 7
R y R y
R R + R R +
R k 2
b2 +QKTHB+ TM +M/ }ș`2 /2pBM2 T`QT2 BKTQbB#BH- H 9 bm 8

T`QT`B2iȧBX ŖM b+?BK#- +2bi T`Q#H2K 2bi2 7Qì2 bBKTH T2Mi`m i#2H
/2 /2p`- ŗMi`m+i +2bi +`2și2 T2 Q bBM;m` /BK2MbBmM2, MmK`mH /2
`M/m`B- T2Mi`m }2+`2 MQm T`QT`B2ii2 BMi`Q/mb T2 +QHQM2X
S2Mi`m Q`B+i /2 KmHi2 T`QT`B2iȧB BMi`Q/mb2 ŗM MHBx- i#2H /2 /2p`
p p2 mM MmK` }MBi /2 HBMBB- 2;H +m MmK`mH /2 +2HmH2 H2 mMmB i#2H
ŗM+`m+Bși KmHiB/BK2MbBQMHX +2bi2 TQi } +H+mHi2 7Qì2 bBKTHm-
MmK`mH iQiH }BM/ +?B` T`Q/mbmH MmK`mHmB /2 bi`B U+i2;Q`BBV H2
}2+`2B T`QT`B2iȧBX S2Mi`m /Qm T`QT`B2iȧB +m /Qm +i2;Q`BB }2+`2 Uy
@ T`2x2Mȧ- R @ #b2MȧV- MmK`mH iQiH p } 2;H +m k × k 4 9X
S2Mi`m i`2B T`QT`B2iȧB +m +i2 /Qm +i2;Q`BB }2+`2- MmK`mH iQiH 2bi2
k × k × k 4 3X
.+ MmK`mH /2 +i2;Q`BB 2bi2 2;H T2Mi`m iQi2 T`QT`B2iȧBH2- imM+B
7Q`KmH b2 bBKTHB}+ H 23 4 3- B` T2Mi`m +xmH ;2M2`H 2bi2,
ck
mM/2 c 2bi2 MmK`mH /2 +i2;Q`BB B` k 2bi2 MmK`mH /2 T`QT`B2iȧBX

8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B R3j
*xmH KB ;2M2`H 2bi2 ŗMb +2H ŗM +`2 MmK`mH /2 +i2;Q`BB 2bi2 Ubm
TQi2 }V /B72`Bi T2Mi`m }2+`2 T`QT`B2ii2 ŗM Tì2- bi72H ŗM+i 7Q`KmH
mMBp2`bH pH#BH 2bi2,
c1 × c2 × · · · × c k
ŖM Hm+``2 6mxxv a2ib aQ+BH a+B2M+2- _;BM UkyyyV /2}M2și2 KmHȧBKBH2

p;B + mM bTȧBm p2+iQ`BH KmHiB/BK2MbBQMH +m mM MmK` /2 +QHȧm`B 2;H
+m 2k - mM/2 k 2bi2 MmK`mH /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 /BM Z* U+2HșB Hm+`m
+m MmK`mH /2 i`B#mi2 /2b+`BTiBp2- bm T`QT`B2iȧB H2 mMmB +xVX ŖMi`@Q
`2HȧB2 bBKBH` ii +m i#2H2H2 /2 +QMiBM;2Mȧ +i șB +m i#2H2H2 /2 /2p`-
}2+`2 +QHȧ H +2bimB bTȧBm `2T`2xBMi Q +QK#BMȧB2 mMB+ /2 T`QT`B2iȧB-
7Ti +`2 /Qp2/2și2 + _;BM `2B bm# Q Hi 7Q`K +22 +2 Gx`b72H/
pMb ŗM+ /2 H ŗM+2TmimH b2+QHmHmB ssX
LmK`mH /2 +QHȧm`B 2bi2 /2 2k - ŗMi`m+i T2Mi`m KmHȧBKBH2 p;B Mm 2tBbi
KB KmHi2 ǳ+i2;Q`BBǴ U+ ŗM +xmH KmHȧBKBHQ` /BbiBM+i2V- +B /Q` /Qm
HBKBi2- KBMBK șB KtBK- `2T`2x2Mii2 /2 pHQ`BH2 y șB RX
*QMbi`mB`2 șB miBHBx`2 i#2H2B /2 /2p` T2 KmHȧBKB p;B M2+2bBi Q
BMi`Q/m+2`2 șB Q 2tTHB+`2 KMmMȧBi `2HȧB2B /BMi`2 +QMbi`m+ȧB /2
iBTQHQ;BB șB /Bp2`b2H2 `2T`2x2Mi`B H2 i#2H2HQ` /2 +QMiBM;2Mȧ bQ+Bi2X
*2H KB bBKTHm 2t2KTHm /2 i#2H /2 +QMiBM;2Mȧ 2bi2 +2H 2 × 2 /BM };m`
8XR3X- `2Hmi ŗM };m` 8XR3X# ŗMi`@Q 7Q`K bmTHBK2Mi`- ;`}+X
.mT +mK b2 TQi2 Q#b2`p- 2tBbi Q +Q`2bTQM/2Mȧ 2t+i ŗMi`2 +2H2 Ti`m
+2HmH2 H2 i#2HmHmB /2 +QMiBM;2Mȧ U/B;`K XV șB +2H2 Ti`m +QHȧm`B
H2 bTȧBmHmB #B/BK2MbBQMH U/B;`K #XV- B` K#2H2 TQi } KB /2Tì2
`2T`2x2Mii2 ŗMi`@Q i#2H /2 /2p` + ŗM i#2HmH 8XR9X+
+2bi 2bi2 Q `2T`2x2Mi`2 }/2H bTȧBmHmB /2 T`QT`B2iȧB HmB
Gx`b72H/- +`2 ŗM miBHBx`2 HmB _;BM b2 MmK2și2 ǳbTȧBm p2+iQ`BHǴ UŗM
6B;m` 8XR3, h#2H ŗM+`m+Bși,

X 7Q`K i#2H` #X bTȧBm p2+iQ`BH #B/BK2MbBQMH
6B;m` 8XRN, SQxBȧBQM`2 mMmB +x ŗMi`@mM bTȧBm p2+iQ`BH #B/BK2MbBQMH
+2bi 2t2KTHm #B/BK2MbBQMHVX ș +mK K pxmi- ǳT`QT`B2iȧBH2Ǵ /BM

+2 i2?MB+ +QMbi`m+ȧB2B /2 iBTQHQ;BB TQì MmK2H2 /2 ǳ+QM/BȧBB
+mxH2Ǵ ŗM MHBx +HBiiBp@+QKTìBpX ŖM +2bi T2`bT2+iBp- 2bi2
BKTQìMi /2 K2MȧBQMi 7TimH + i#2H /2 /2p` b2 +QMbi`mB2și2 MmKB
T2Mi`m +QM};m`ȧB /2 pHQ`B H2 +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2- Mm șB T2Mi`m pHQ`BH2
/2 T`2x2Mȧ bm #b2Mȧ H2 72MQK2MmHmB `2xmHiiX
imM+B +M/ +2bi2 /Qm T`QT`B2iȧB bm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 m pHQ`B /BbiBM+i2
U+`BbTV- +QMbi`mB`2 i#2H2B /2 /2p` 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 7+BHX S`Q#H2K
2bi2 TmȧBM KB +QKTHB+i imM+B +M/ pHQ`BH2 +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2 bmMi
Kbmì2 T2 KmHȧBKB p;B- +m b+Q`m`B /2 Tì2M2Mȧ Q`BmM/2 ŗMi`2 y șB RX
_2xQHp`2 2bi2 ŗMb `2HiBp bBKTH +m DmiQ`mH bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BH
U#BV/BK2MbBQMH- ŗM +`2 Q`B+2 +x U+QK#BMȧB2 /2 pHQ`B 7mxxvV `2 MBși2
+QQ`/QMi2 T2 Q`BxQMiH șB p2ìB+HX .2 2t2KTHm- ŗM };m` 8XRN- mM +x
T`2xBMi pHQ`2 /2 yXRR T2Mi`m T`QT`B2ii2 șB yXNk T2Mi`m
T`QT`B2ii2 "- B` +QK#BMȧB `2bT2+iBp 2bi2 `2T`2x2Mii /2 TmM+imH
H#bi`m- TQxBȧBQMi 7Qì2 T`QT2 /2 +QHȧmH UyRV H bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BHX
ŖM KmHȧBKB p;B- +xmH `2bT2+iBp Mm `2 2t+i +QQ`/QMi2H2 Uy- RV T2Mi`m
} TQxBȧBQMi 2t+i ŗM +QHȧmH /BM /`2Ti DQb- ŗMb 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi /2 T`QT2
/2 +2H +QHȧ T2Mi`m } TQxBȧBQMi +QHQX a+Q`mH /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H +2H +QHȧ
2bi2 /2 yX3N UK2iQ/ /2 +H+mH 2bi2 T`2x2Mii KB DQbV șB M2 și2TiK +
b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H +2H2HHi2 i`2B +QHȧm`B b }2 7Qì2 KB+B- ŗMi`m+i
TmM+imH `2bT2+iBp b2 ~ 7Qì2 /2Tì2 /2 iQi2 +2H2 +QHȧm`BX
J2iQ/ /2 +H+mH 2bi2 2ti`2K /2 bBKTH șB 7+2 T2H H QT2`ȧBmMBH2 +m
KmHȧBKB p;B T`2x2Mii2 ŗM b2+ȧBmM2 9Xj- ŗM bT2+BH +2H2 /2 M2;ȧB2
ULPhV șB BMi2`b2+ȧB2 UȘA HQ;B+VX S2Mi`m Q`B+`2 /BMi`2 +QHȧm`B- pHQ`2 y
ŗMb2KM #b2Mȧ T`QT`B2iȧBB `2bT2+iBp2 Uș/` b+Q`mH /2 Tì2M2Mȧ
i`2#mB2 M2;iV- B` pHQ`2 R ŗMb2KM T`2x2Mȧ T`QT`B2iȧBB UB` b+Q`mH
/2 Tì2M2Mȧ `KM2 M2b+?BK#iVX
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B R38
S2Mi`m +QHȧmH UyyV- K#2H2 b+Q`m`B i`2#mB2 M2;i2- TQB BMi2`b2+ii2,

KBMU- "V 4 KBMUR−yXRR- R−yXNkV 4 KBMUyX3N- yXy3V 4 yXy3
S2Mi`m +QHȧmH URyV- /Q` b+Q`mH T2Mi`m T`QT`B2ii2 " i`2#mB2 M2;i,
KBMU- "V 4 KBMUyXRR- R−yXNkV 4 KBMUyXRR- yXy3V 4 yXy3
ŖM }M2- T2Mi`m +QHȧmH URRV b2 +H+mH2x /Q` BMi2`b2+ȧB /BMi`2 +2H2 /Qm
b+Q`m`B,
KBMU- "V 4 KBMUyXRR- yXNkV 4 yXRR
aTȧBmH p2+iQ`BH 2bi2 mM bTȧBm +QMiBMmm- T2Mi`m Tmi2 `2T`2x2Mi

Q`B+2 TQbB#BH2 pHQ`B 7mxxv H2 +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2X 1t2KTHmH Mi2`BQ`
TQi2 } +QKTHB+i KB /2Tì2 T`BM /m;`2 mM2B i`2B +QM/BȧBB
+mxH2- `2xmHiM/ mM bTȧBm p2+iQ`BH i`B/BK2MbBQMH +m 3 +QHȧm`B- + ŗM
};m` 8Xky mM/2 +xmH `2T`2x2Mii /2 TmM+imH +m +QQ`/QMi2 7mxxv yXk-
yXd șB yXR- 7Qì2 T`QT2 /2 +QHȧmH ǵ"+Ƕ UyRyVX
6B;m` 8Xky, aTȧBm p2+iQ`BH i`B/BK2MbBQMH
S2Mi`m Q`B+i /2 KmHi2 T`QT`B2iȧB H2 mMmB 72MQK2M- bm ŗM Z* T2Mi`m
Q`B+2 MmK` /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 k- b2 TQi +QMbi`mB bTȧBB p2+iQ`BH2 +m mM
MmK` /2 +QHȧm`B 2;H +m kk ,
Ç T2Mi`m /Qm +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 Uk 4 kV pQK p2 k2 4 9 +QHȧm`Bc
Ç T2Mi`m i`2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 Uk 4 jV pQK p2 k3 4 3 +QHȧm`Bc
Ç T2Mi`m Ti`m +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 Uk 4 9V pQK p2 k4 4 Re +QHȧm`Bc
Ç T2Mi`m Q`B+2 MmK` `#Bi`` /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 k pQK p2 kk +QHȧm`BX

h2?MB+ `2/m+2`BB #QQH22M2 T2 #x +QKT`ȧB2B ŗM T2`2+?B- T`2x2Mii ŗM

b2+ȧBmM2 8XRXe- T`2bmTmM2 2tBbi2Mȧ mMQ` KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2- +m mM MmK`
}MBi /2 pHQ`BX S2 /2 Hi Tì2- KmHȧBKBH2 p;B TQi p2 Q BM}MBii2
/2 pHQ`B TQbB#BH2- B` MmK`mH +QK#BMȧBBHQ` TQbB#BH2 /2 pHQ`B 7mxxv b2
KmHiBTHB+ Q/i +m +`2și2`2 MmK`mHmB /2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2X
ŖMi`m+i Mm 2bi2 TQbB#BH MHBx`2 mMmB MmK` BM}MBi /2 pHQ`B
U+QK#BMȧBBH2 /BMi`2 +2bi2 }BM/ BM}MBi2V- T`Q#H2K i`2#mB2 `2/mb H
i`Mb7Q`K`2 pHQ`BHQ` 7mxxv ŗM pHQ`B /BbiBM+i2 }MBi2X JB ŗMiB b2
/2i2`KBM +QHȧmH +2H KB T`QTBi 7ȧ /2 +QQ`/QMi2H2 TmM+imHmB- +`2
p } bQ+Bi KB /2Tì2 +m +QHȧmH `2bT2+iBpX
lM TmM+i UKB 2t+i mM +x +`2 T`2xBMi Q +QK#BMȧB2 /2 b+Q`m`B 7mxxv
T2 KB KmHi2 +QM/BȧBB +mxH2V TQi2 p2 Q`B+2 bi72H /2 +QQ`/QMi2 ŗM
bTȧBmH p2+iQ`BH- T`QTBBM/m@b2 KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM /2 Q`B+`2 /BMi`2
+QHȧm`B- ŗMb T`QTB2`2 +2 KB K`2 p } bQ+Bi MmKB +m mMmH bBM;m`
+QHȧX
a2 Q#ȧBM2 mM b+Q` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ T`ȧBH ŗM Q`B+`2 /BMi`2 +QHȧm`B- +m
pHQ`B ŗMi`2 y șB R U+m +i 2bi2 KB T`QTBi /2 mM MmKBi +QHȧ- +m ii
b+Q`mH /2 Tì2M2Mȧ p +`2și2 bT`2 pHQ`2 RVX S2Mi`m mM bBM;m` +QHȧ-
Tì2M2Mȧ T`ȧBH p p2 mM b+Q` KB K`2 /2+i yX8- B` +xmH p }
bQ+Bi +m +QHȧmH `2bT2+iBpX
h#2HmH 8XR8 T`2xBMi +2HșB bTȧBm p2+iQ`BH i`B/BK2MbBQMH
U+Q`2bTQM/2Mi +2HQ` i`2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 - " șB *V- B` Ti` +QHQM
`2T`2xBMi Tì2M2Mȧ T`ȧBH TmM+imHmB H }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2H2 3
+QHȧm`BX .mT +mK b2 TQi2 p2/2- +xmH `2bT2+iBp `2 Q bBM;m`
Tì2M2Mȧ KB K`2 /2+i yX8- H +QHȧmH UyRyVX
h#2HmH 8XR8, Tì2M2Mȧ +xmHmB UyXk- yXd- yXRV H +QHȧm`BH2 bTȧBmHmB

p2+iQ`BH
" * Tì2M2Mȧ
y y y yXj
y y R yXR
y R y yXd
y R R yXR
R y y yXk
R y R yXR
R R y yXk
R R R yXR
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B R3d
+2bi2 +QHȧm`B TQi `2T`2x2Mi +22 +2 q2#2` UkyyjV MmK2și2 ǳiBT B/2HǴX
"B`Q+`ȧB 2bi2 mM iBT B/2H /2 Q`;MBx`2- B` }2+`2 ȧ` `2 mM bBbi2K
KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM #B`Q+ìB+ U/BM MQm- +`mB +mMiB}+`2 Mm TQi2
} /2+i p;VX .+ T`QT`B2ii2 ` ŗMb2KM b`+B2- T`QT`B2ii2
" #B`Q+`ȧB2- B` T`QT`B2ii2 * ` ŗMb2KM /2KQ+`ȧB2- imM+B mM +x
+`2 T`2xBMi +QK#BMȧB UyRRV b2 +`+i2`Bx2x T`BMi`@mM bBbi2K bBKmHiM
#B`Q+ìB+- /2KQ+ì șB +`2 Mm T`2xBMi /2HQ+ Q bi`2 /2 b`+B2X
.2șB 2tBbi bmbȧBMiQ`B B +22 +2 b2 MmK2și2 ǳB/2H@ivT2 Z*Ǵ- QTBMB +`2
T`2 b }2 iQimșB mMMBK ++2Tii 2bi2 + iBTm`BH2 B/2H2 Mm TQi } miBHBxi2
+ i`2 ŗM MHBx ŗMi`m+i +2bi2 Mm 2tBbi MB+BQ/i ŗM `2HBii2- 7Ti
+`2 ŗKTB2/B+ mM T`Q+2b +Q`2bTmMxiQ` /2 +HB#``2 KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B
Q#b2`pi2X .+ iQi2 M+Q`2H2 +HBiiBp2 ` } bi#BHBi2 H mM MBp2H B/2H
KmHi T`2 /2Tì2 /2 `2HBii2- b2 TB2`/2 /BM Tmi2`2 /2 /Bb+`BKBM`2 ŗMi`2
b+Q`m`BH2 Q#b2`pi2X
.BM +2bi KQiBp- b2 T`272` ŗMHQ+mB`2 +QM+2TimHmB /2 iBTm`B B/2H2 +m +2H2
/2 ǳ+xm`B iBTB+2Ǵ- +2bi2 }BM/ ș2xi2 ŗM }2+`2 +QHȧ H bTȧBmHmB
p2+iQ`BH- B` +xm`BH2 Q#b2`pi2 bmMi TQxBȧBQMi2 ŗMmMi`mH +2bimB bTȧBm
T`BM `TQì`2 H +xm`BH2 iBTB+2 /BM +QHȧm`BX
*H+mH`2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H2 +xm`BHQ` H +QHȧm`BH2 bTȧBmHmB
p2+iQ`BH 2bi2 /Q` mM T`BK Tb T2Mi`m /2`Bp`2 ŗMi`2;BB i#2H2 /2
/2p`X SbmH H /QBH2 2bi2 +?B` KB BKTQìMi- ŗMi`m+i KB `KM2
/2 bi#BHBi /+ +2H2 2k +QK#BMȧBB /2 pHQ`B /BbiBM+i2 m bm Mm Q
H2;im` +m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2bX .+ ŗM T`BKmH Tb m
7Qbi MHBxi2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ T2 +QM/BȧBBH2 +mxH2 șB
TQxBȧBQM`2 +xm`BHQ` ŗM bTȧBmH p2+iQ`BH- ŗM TbmH H /QBH2 b2 bi#BH2și2
b+Q`mH /BbiBM+i T2Mi`m 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b- ŗM /`2TimH }2+`mB +QHȧ H
bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BHX
S2Mi`m mM2H2 /BMi`2 +QHȧm`B- pQK Tmi2 bi#BHB /+ 72MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b
b2 T`Q/m+2 UpHQ`2 RV- T2Mi`m Hi2 +QHȧm`B pQK bi#BHB /+ 72MQK2MmH
Mm b2 T`Q/m+2 UpHQ`2 yV- B` T2Mi`m +2H2 KmHi2 /BMi`2 +QHȧm`B Mm pQK
Tmi2 bTmM2 MBKB+ /2bT`2 H2;im` +m T`2x2Mȧ bm #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB-
/BM HBTb /2 2pB/2Mȧ2 2KTB`B+2X
ŖMi`2;mH H;Q`BiK /2 i`Mb7Q`K`2 KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B ŗM KmHȧBKB /BbiBM+i2-
T2Mi`m Q#ȧBM2`2 i#2H2B /2 /2p` +QKTH2i2- 7Qbi Tm#HB+i iQi /2 +i`2
_;BM Ukyy8V- +`2 /Qp2/2și2 Q BK;BMȧB2 BM+`2/B#BH- /m#Hi /2 mM bTB`Bi
+QMbi`m+iBp /2KM /2 mM ŗMi2K2B2iQ` /2 ș+QHX
S2Mi`m 2t2KTHB}+ ŗMi`2; T`Q+2/m`- pQB 7+2 T2H H mM b2i /2 /i2
BTQi2iB+ T`2x2Mii ŗM i#2HmH 8XReX +QHQ b2 `2;b2b+ i`2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2
- " șB *- T`2+mK șB mM 72MQK2M /2 BMi2`2bX S2Mi`m }2+`2 /BMi`2 +2bi2
bmMi T`2x2Mii2 b+Q`m`BH2 7mxxv H2 mMmB MmK` /2 3 +xm`B MmK2`Qii2 /2
h#2HmH 8XRe, a2i /2 /i2 BTQi2iB+ +m i`2B +QM/BȧBB +mxH2 șB mM 72MQK2M
" * u
_1 yXk yXd yXR yX3
_2 yX3 yXR RXy yXj
_3 yXy yXy RXy yXk
_4 yXd yXN yX9 yX3
_5 yXN yXe RXy yXd
_6 yXd yXd yXj yX9
_7 RXy yXk yXN yXN
_8 yXN yXd yXe yXd
H _1 H _8 X ŖMi`@Q +2`+2i`2 `2H- MmK`mH +xm`BHQ` MHBxi2 TQi2 }

KmHi KB K`2- ŗMb- T2Mi`m b+QTm`B /2 T`2x2Mi`2 T`Q+2/m`BB- 2bi2 miBH
mM b2i /2 /i2 /2 /BK2MbBmMB `2/mb2X
+2bi2 +xm`B ` Tmi2 `2T`2x2Mi- /2 2t2KTHm- +2H2 3 `2;BmMB /2 /2xpQHi`2
H2 _QKMB2B șB 2bi2 Q Tm` ŗMiKTH`2 7TimH + MmK`mH +2biQ` `2;BmMB
2bi2 T2`72+i 2;H +m MmK`mH +2HQ` k3 4 3 +QHȧm`B H2 bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BHX
S`Q+2/m` /2 +QMbi`m+ȧB2 i#2H2B /2 /2p` +QMiBMm +m m`KiQ`2
Q#b2`pȧB2, /+ mM +x `2 +i2 Q Tì2M2Mȧ T`ȧBH H }2+`2 /BMi`2
+QHȧm`BH2 bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BH- `2xmHi + }2+`2 +QHȧ `2 +i2 Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2
/2 b+Q`m`B /2 Tì2M2Mȧ /2@ HmM;mH imim`Q` +xm`BHQ` MHBxi2X
h#2HmH 8XRd T`2xBMi ŗMi`2; Ki`B+2 /2 b+Q`m`B /2 Tì2M2Mȧ- T2 HBMBB
}BM/ T`2x2Mii2 +xm`BH2 U+2H2 3 `2;BmMB /2 /2xpQHi`2V B` T2 +QHQM2 +2H2
h#2HmH 8XRd, Ji`B+2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H +QHȧm`B
_2;X #+ #* "+ "* #+ #* "+ "*

yyy yyR yRy yRR Ryy RyR RRy RRR
_1 yXj yXR yXd yXR yXk yXR yXk yXR
_2 yXy yXk yXy yXR yXy yX3 yXy yXR
_3 yXy RXy yXy yXy yXy yXy yXy yXy
_4 yXR yXR yXj yXj yXR yXR yXe yX9
_5 yXy yXR yXy yXR yXy yX9 yXy yXe
_6 yXj yXj yXj yXj yXj yXj yXd yXj
_7 yXy yXy yXy yXy yXR yX3 yXR yXk
_8 yXR yXR yXR yXR yXj yXj yX9 yXe
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B R3N
3 +QHȧm`B H2 bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BHX a2 TQi2 Q#b2`p + T`BK HBMB2 +2bi2B

Ki`B+B +QMȧBM2 2t+i b+Q`m`BH2 /BM +QHQM +m Tì2M2Mȧ /BM i#2HmH
8XR8- bT2+B}+2 +xmHmB _1 +m +QQ`/QMi2H2 UyXk- yXd- yXRVX
ŖM BMi2`BQ`mH +2bi2B Ki`B+B- bmMi 2pB/2MȧBi2 +2HmH2H2 +`2 ì bT`2 +`2
+QHȧm`B bmMi /Bbi`B#mBi2 +xm`BH2, bT`2 MmKBi2 +QHȧm`B TQi } /Bbi`B#mBi2
KB KmHi2 +xm`B- ŗM iBKT +2 Hi2 +QHȧm`B TQi b }2 +QKTH2i ;QH2- MB+BmMmH
/BMi`2 +xm`B b }2 TQxBȧBQMi2 T`QT2 /2 +2bi2X
i`B#mB`2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /BbiBM+i2 T2Mi`m T`2x2Mȧ bm #b2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB
b2 7+2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 +QHȧ H bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BH ŗM Tì2- T2 #x i2?MB+BB
/2 BM+HmxBmM2 T`2x2Mii ŗMi`@Q b2+ȧBmM2 Mi2`BQ`X _2;mH /2 #x 2bi2
m`KiQ`2, /+ KmHȧBK2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H mM +QHȧ 2bi2
BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H 72MQK2MmH Q#b2`pi-
imM+B Tmi2K +QM+HmxBQM + +2 +QK#BMȧB2 +mxH bT2+B}+ +QHȧmHmB
`2bT2+iBp 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB- ș/` pQK
+Q/B}+ b+Q`mH /BbiBM+i RX
.2 2t2KTHm- T`BKmH +QHȧ 7ȧ /2 +`2 +2H TmȧBM mM +x `2 mM b+Q` /2
Tì2M2Mȧ KB K`2 /2+i yX8 2bi2 #* UyyRVX .Bbi`B#mȧB b+Q`m`BHQ`
/2 Tì2M2Mȧ +xm`BHQ` H +2bi +QHȧ 2bi2 T`2x2Mii ŗM Q;HBM/ 7ȧ
/2 /Bbi`B#mȧB b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H2 +2HQ`șB +xm`B H 72MQK2MmH
Q#b2`pi Ui#2HmH 8XR3V- T2Mi`m bi#BHB /+ T`BK KmHȧBK2 2bi2 bm Mm
BM+Hmb ŗM /Qm- T2 #x 7Q`KmH2B /2 BM+HmxBmM2 T2Mi`m bm}+B2Mȧ,
∑ min( abC, Y ) 1.1

inclabC⇒Y = = = 0.579
∑ abC 1.9
h#2HmH 8XR3, h2bi`2 BM+HmxBmMBB +QHȧmHmB #* UyyRV ŗM u
#* u KBMU#*- uV
_1 yXR yX3 yXR
_2 yXk yXj yXk
_3 RXy yXk yXk
_4 yXR yX3 yXR
_5 yXR yXd yXR
_6 yXj yX9 yXj
_7 yXy yXN yXy
_8 yXR yXd yXR
RXN RXR
RNy J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
AM+HmxBmM2 +2bi2B +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 ŗM 72MQK2MmH u 2bi2 /2bimH /2

b+xmiX ŖM KQ/ MQ`KH- ` i`2#mB + KmHȧBK2 b+Q`m`BHQ` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ
H +QHȧmH #* UyyRV b }2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 u T2Mi`m Tmi2
bTmM2 + +2 +QK#BMȧB2 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmBX
hQimșB- ŗM T`+iB+ Mm b2 Q#b2`p T`QT2 MB+BQ/i Q `2HȧB2 /2 bm}+B2Mȧ
T2`72+i U+m mM b+Q` /2 BM+HmxBmM2 2;H +m RV- /2 +22 b2 ++2Ti b+Q`m`B
TmȧBM KB KB+B /2+i R ŗMb B/2H +i KB T`QT2 /2 b+Q`mH KtBKX
ŖMi`@mM 72H- T`2+B2`2 K`BKBB +2bimB b+Q` 2bi2 bBKBH` +m BMi2`T`2i`2
+Q2}+B2MimHmB /2 +Q`2HȧB2 /BM MHBx +MiBiiBp, Mm b2 p Q#b2`p
MB+BQ/i Q +Q`2HȧB2 T2`72+i- 2;H +m RX .2 +22- B/2H ` } + +2bi
+Q2}+B2Mi b }2 +i KB K`2, +m +i KB T`QT2 /2 R- +m ii KB #BM2X
.BM `ȧBmMB +`2 ȧBM Q T`+iB+ 2KTB`B+ bBKBH`- mM b+Q` /2 BM+HmxBmM2
2;H +m yXN 2bi2 +QMbB/2ì mM T`; ++2Ti#BHX S`272`#BH ` } mM b+Q`
/2 BM+HmxBmM2 2;H +m yXN8- B` ŗM Tì2 KBMBK Mm b2 p ++2Ti mM b+Q`
/2 BM+HmxBmM2 KB KB+ /2+i yXd8X ŖM +xmH +QK#BMȧB2B #* UyyRV- b+Q`mH
/2 BM+HmxBmM2 2bi2 /2 MmKB yX8dN /2 mM/2 Tmi2K +QM+HmxBQM + +2bi
+QK#BMȧB2 +mxH Mm 2bi2 bm}+B2Mi T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 72MQK2MmHmB /2
BMi2`2b- /`2Ti T2Mi`m +`2 +2bi p } +Q/B}+i +m pHQ`2 yX
lM +x +QMi`` 2bi2 T`2x2Mii ŗM i#2HmH 8XRN /2 m`KiQ`2 +QK#BMȧB2
+mxH "+ UyRyV- T2Mi`m +`2 BM+HmxBmM2 2bi2 T2`72+i +m mM b+Q` 2;H
+m RXy ŗM KmHȧBK2 72MQK2MmHmB Q#b2`piX
∑ min( aBc, Y ) 1.4

inclaBc⇒Y = = = 1.000
∑ aBc 1.4
h#2HmH 8XRN, h2bi`2 BM+HmxBmMBB +QHȧmHmB "+ UyRyV ŗM u
"+ u KBMU"+- uV
_1 yXd yX3 yXd
_2 yXy yXj yXy
_3 yXy yXk yXy
_4 yXj yX3 yXj
_5 yXy yXd yXy
_6 yXj yX9 yXj
_7 yXy yXN yXy
_8 yXR yXd yXR
RX9 RX9
8Xj MHBx +m KmHȧBKB p;B RNR
hQi2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 Tì2M2Mȧ H +2bi +QHȧ bmMi KB KB+B /2+i b+Q`m`BH2
/2 Tì2M2Mȧ H 72MQK2MmH bim/Bi- +22 +2 ŗMb2KM + +2
+QK#BMȧB2 +mxH 2bi2 +QKTH2i BM+Hmb ŗM KmHȧBK2 u /2+B ì Q
`2HȧB2 /2 bm}+B2Mȧ T2`72+i T2Mi`m T`Q/m+2`2 +2bimBX
*H+mHM/ ŗM +2bi 72H +i2 mM b+Q` /2 BM+HmxBmM2 T2Mi`m }2+`2 /BMi`2
+2H2HHi2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 +`2 m +2H TmȧBM +i2 mM +x TQxBȧBQMi ŗM
T`QTB2`2 U#*- "+ șB "*V- `2xmHi bi72H Q i#2H /2 /2p` +QKTH2i-
T`2x2Mii ŗM i#2HmH 8XkyX
ŖM +QHQM `2xmHii ǳPlhǴ b2 TQi Q#b2`p HQ+`BH2 /2 b+Q`m`B /BbiBM+i2
T2Mi`m 72MQK2MmH bim/BiX S2 +QHQM ǳMǴ bmMi MmK`mH /2 +xm`B ŗM
T`QTB2`2 }2+`mB /BMi`2 +2H2 3 +QHȧm`B H2 bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BH- B` T2
+QHQM ǳBM+HǴ bmMi T`2x2Mii2 b+Q`m`BH2 /2 BM+HmxBmM2 H2 +QK#BMȧBBHQ`
+mxH2 `2bT2+iBp2 ŗM KmHȧBK2 72MQK2MmHmB bim/Bi- T2 BTQi2x bm}+B2Mȧ2B
ŗM T`Q/m+2`2 +2bimBX
.2 `2K`+i 7TimH + HBMBBH2 /2 H R H 3 ŗM i#2H /2 /2p` Mm b2
+QM7mM/ +m +2H2 3 `2;BmMB- +B `2T`2xBMi iQiHmH +2HQ` 23 = 8 +QK#BMȧBB
TQbB#BH2X _2;BmMBH2 bmMi T`2x2Mii2 T2 mHiBK +QHQM- /2 2t2KTHm
șb2 +QK#BMȧB2 URyRV b2 `2;b2și2 ŗM /Qm `2;BmMB- MmK2 _2 șB _7 X
_2xQHp`2 +2bi2B i#2H2 șB Q#ȧBM2`2 bQHmȧB2B m`K2x TQB +22șB
T`Q+2/m` + ŗM T`Q+2bmH /2 KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2M T2Mi`m KmHȧBKB
/BbiBM+i2- T2 HBMB 2t2KTHmHmB /BM b2+ȧBmM2 8XRXe, b2 b2H2+i2x
+QK#BMȧBBH2 +mxH2 bQ+Bi2 +m T`2x2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2b UŗM
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URN3d- TXRRkV- bQHmȧB TQi2 } șB KB KmHi KBMBKBxi, _Ƕ 4 " Y *
+2bi 2bi2 mM 2t2KTHm `2HiBp bBKTHm /2 iì`2 +xm`BHQ` HBTb T2Mi`m
`2xQHp`2 T`Q#H2K2B /Bp2`bBiȧBB HBKBii2X aB;m`- iQi2 bmKȧBBH2
bBKTHB}+iQ`2 i`2#mB2 DmbiB}+i2 i2Q`2iB+ șB bmMi 2tTmb2 +`BiB+BHQ`
K2iQ/QHQ;B+2X *m iQi 7`;BHBii2 THB+`BB mMmB b2K2M2 T`Q+2/2m-
i`2#mB2 ȧBMmi b2K + UŗMi`@mM KQ/ KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM 2tTHB+BiV
bi72H /2 bmKTȧBB bmMi miBHBxi2 7`2+p2Mi ŗM +2`+2i`2 bQ+BH H iQi2
MBp2Hm`BH2X
ŖM THmb- Q bmKTȧB2 bBKTHB}+iQ`2 2bi2 MHQ;mH 2tT2`BK2MimHmB BK;BM`
H HmB q2#2`, ǳ+2 b@` ŗMiKTH /+XXXǴX ș +mK K pxmi- +QK#BMȧBBH2
`Kb2 bmMi 2+?BpH2MimH +QM/BȧBBHQ` +mxH2 +QMi`7+imH2- ș/` Q ;K
ŗMi`2; /2 mM2Hi2 K2iQ/QHQ;B+2 +`2 +QMp2`; ŗM +22șB /B`2+ȧB2 T2Mi`m
`2HBx`2 mM2B MHBx2 +QKTìBp2X
și2Ti`BH2 /B`2+ȧBQMH2 șB bmKTȧBBH2 bBKTHB}+iQ`2 bmMi- ș +mK K
pxmi- /Qm bT2+i2 bi`Mb H2;i2 /2 T`Q#H2K /Bp2`bBiȧBB HBKBii2 șB /2
M2pQB /2 BM+Hm/2 ŗM MHBx +xm`B +QMi`7+imH2 THmxB#BH2 T2Mi`m
Q#ȧBM2 Q bQHmȧB2 KBMBK- H mM MBp2H /2 ;2M2`HBii2 +i KB ŗMHiX
ŖM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2- 7TimH + /Bp2`bBii2 2bi2 HBKBii i`2#mB2 iìi +
T2 mM /i șB Mm + T2 Q bBimȧB2 M2TH+mi T`Q#H2KiB+X 1bi2 mM bBKTHm
bT2+i +`2 +`+i2`Bx2x bQ+B2iȧBH2 mKM2- B` +2bi Hm+`m b2 ŗMiKTH
/2Q`2+2 bBimȧBBH2 bQ+BH2 bmMi `2HiBp QKQ;2M2 bm# bT2+imH Q`;MBx`BBX
ŖM 7QM/- }2+`2 bQ+B2ii2 `2 mM bBbi2K Dm`B/B+- mM bBbi2K /2 Q`;MBx`2
B2``?B+- Q biìB}+`2 șB Q /Bbi`B#mȧB2 BM2;H p2MBim`BHQ`X .2șB ŗM KQ/
HQ;B+ ` Tmi2 2tBbi șB Q bQ+B2ii2 ŗM +`2 p2MBim`BH2 b }2 /Bbi`B#mBi2
T2`72+i 2;H- ŗM +`2 b Mm }2 M2pQB2 /2 mM bBbi2K Dm`B/B+ ŗMi`m+i iQȧB
BM/BpBxBB b2 ŗMȧ2H2; T2`72+i U2HBKBMM/ bi72H șB M2+2bBii2 mM2B Q`;MBx`B
8X9 lM 2t2KTHm /2KQMbiìBp RNd
B2``?B+2V- ŗM `2HBii2 mM bi72H /2 bBbi2K 2bi2 /Q` BTQi2iB+ șB Mm p Tmi2

} bim/Bi MB+BQ/iX
aT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 }xB+- mM/2 2tT2`BK2Mi2H2 T`2bmTmM UșB +?B` Q#HB;
+2`+2iiQ`mHV H KbmìQ`B #xi2 T2 /Bp2`b2 KMBTmH`B H2 p`B#BH2HQ`
2tT2`BK2MiH2- ŗM șiBBMȧ2H2 bQ+BH2 +2bi Hm+`m 2bi2 BKTQbB#BH, Mm Tmi2K
BMi2`p2MB bmT` mM2B bQ+B2iȧB /Q` T2Mi`m 2tT2`BK2Mi `2+ȧB H /Bp2`șB
biBKmHBX Lm Tmi2K 7+2 Hi+2p /2+i b Q#b2`pK +22 +2 2tBbi- șB b
7+2K bmKTȧBB bmT` +22 +2 b@` Tmi2 ŗMiKTH /+ MmKBi2 +QM/BȧBB
+mxH2 ` } ŗM/2THBMBi2X
8X9 lM 2t2KTHm /2KQMbiìBp
1bi2 BKTQìMi /2 bm#HBMBi- /2 H #mM ŗM+2Tmi- + +2bi 2t2KTHm i`2#mB2

T`BpBi /Q` /BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 /2KQMbiìBpX Lm 2bi2 pQ`# /2 Q +2`+2i`2
ŗM b2MbmH 2B +HbB+ șB Mm m`K`2și2 i2bi`2 p`2mM2B BTQi2x2 bT2+B}+2- B`
T2Mi`m b+QTmH +2bi2B b2+ȧBmMB Mm bmMi BKTQìMi2 ŗMi`2#`BH2 7mM/K2MiH
i2Q`2iB+2 /BM bTi2H2 +2bimB șB MB+B BTQi2x2H2 T2 +`2 b2 #x2x- +B /Q`
/2KQbi`ȧB T`+iB+ THB+`BB H;Q`BiKmHmB Z*X
ŖM +2bi b2+ȧBmM2 pQB /2KQMbi` +mK b2 TQi miBHBx /i2H2 /BM
+2`+2i`2 +MiBiiBp- H MBp2H ;`2;i- T2Mi`m 272+im`2 /2 +QKT`ȧBB
H MBp2H bi`m+im`HX .2bB;m`- Z* Mm 2bi2 bBM;m`mH iBT /2 MHBx +`2 b2
TQi2 THB+ T2 bi72H /2 /i2- ŗMb ++2MimH +/2 T2 /Bp2`bBii2
K2iQ/QHQ;B+ șB KmHiBim/BM2 /2 K2iQ/2 /2 +2`+2i`2 TQbB#BH2- +`2 b2
TQi pHB/ `2+BT`Q+ /+ T`Q/m+ +QM+HmxBB bBKBH`2X
m 7Qbi miBHBxi2 /i2H2 /BM 1m`QT2M oHm2b am`p2v- pHmH j /BM RNNN șB
pHmH 9 /BM kyy3- #x /2 /i2 T2 _QKMB U/i2H2 bmMi /BbTQMB#BH2 T2
T;BM /2 r2# T`QB2+imHmB ?iiT,ffrrrX2m`QT2MpHm2bbim/vX2mfVX
62MQK2MmH /2 BMi2`2b 2bi2 BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH- bim/Bi /2
S`HQM; Ukyy3VX *QQ`/QMiQ`2 6mM/ȧB2B T2Mi`m Q aQ+B2ii2 .2b+?Bb
H ŗM+2TmimH MBHQ` RNNy- S`HQM; 7Qbi BMi2`2bi /2 2K2`;2Mȧ șB
/2xpQHi`2 bQ+B2iȧBB +BpBH2- +m BKTHB+`2 T2 Q72`B`2 /2 }MMȧ`2 T2Mi`m
T`QB2+i2 ŗM +`2 BM/BpBxBB b2 bQ+Bx șB m`K`2b+ mM BMi2`2b +QKmMX
P#b2`pM/ + MmK`mH /2 T`QB2+i2 2bi2 KB K`2 ŗM h`MbBHpMB /2+i ŗM
+2H2HHi2 xQM2 BbiQ`B+2- S`HQM; 2KBb BTQi2x +QM7Q`K +`2B BKTHB+`2 ŗM
bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH `2 /2i2`KBMMȧB +mHim`HB U/Bp2`bBii2 2iMB+ }BM/ KB
K`2 ŗM +2 xQM ȧ`BBV șB m`K`Bi b Q i2bi2x2 ŗM i2x b /2 /Q+iQìX
S2Mi`m Kbm``2 /BK2MbBmMBHQ` +mHim`H2 H2 mM2B TQTmHȧBB- S`HQM;
miBHBxi i2Q`B HmB >Q7bi2/2 URNNdV- +`2 bim/Bi T2bi2 RyyXyyy /2
M;DȧB B A"J ŗM Mm KB TmȧBM /2 8y /2 ȧ`B /2 T2 8 +QMiBM2Mi2X S`BM
RN3 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
b2H2+i`2 /2 M;DȧB T2 TQxBȧBB bBKBH`2- >Qbi2/2 `2mșBi b +QMi`QH2x2

7+iQ`BB 2/m+ȧBQMHB Q`B +2B /2 bT2+B}+ BMbiBimȧBQMH- BMi2`2bM/m@b2
MmKB /2 pHQ`BH2 +mHim`H2X >Q7bi2/2 2MmK2ì +BM+B K`B /BK2MbBmMB,
RX .BbiMȧ 7ȧ /2 Tmi2`2 US.A @ SQr2` .BbiM+2 AM/2tV KbQ`

MBp2HmH T2`+2Tmi /2 2;HBii2 2tBbi2Mi ŗM bQ+B2ii2X >Q7bi2/2
Kbmì +2bi /BbiMȧ /BM T2`bT2+iBp BM/BpBxBHQ` UMm 2HBi2HQ`V-
/BM T2`bT2+iBp +2HQ` HBTbBȧB /2 Tmi2`2X *m +i /BbiMȧ T2`+2Tmi
7ȧ /2 2HBi2 U7ȧ /2 BM~m2Mȧ`2 /2+BxBBHQ` +2biQ`V 2bi2 KB
K`2- +m ii bQ+B2ii2 2bi2 T2`+2Tmi + BM2;HBi`c BMp2`b- +m
+i +2bi /BbiMȧ 2bi2 KB KB+- bQ+B2ii2 2bi2 T2`+2Tmi +
pM/ BM2;HBiȧB KBMBK2 ŗMi`2 BM/BpBxBX
kX Jb+mHBMBii2 pbX 62KBMBii2 UJa* @ Jb+mHBMBivVX P#b2`pM/
+ `QHm`BH2 bQ+Bi2 +m }2+`2 ;2M bmMi /2}MBi2 +mHim`H- >Q7bi2/2
TmM+i2x 7TimH + bQ+B2iȧBH2 +m pHQ`B Kb+mHBM2 bmMi Q`B2Mii2
+i`2 Q#ȧBM2`2 bm++2bmHmB șB 7QHQb2HQ` Ki2`BH2- bmK`2 mMQ`
+iBpBiȧB /2 Tmi2`2 șB 7Q`ȧ- ŗM iBKT +2 Q`B2Mi`2 +i`2 pHQ`B
72KBMBM2 +`+i2`Bx2x bQ+B2iȧBH2 +`2 bmMi KB /2;`#
T`2Q+mTi2 /2 ;`BD 7ȧ /2 K2K#`BB +2bi2B- ŗM p2/2`2
ŗK#mMiȧB`BB +HBiȧBB pB2ȧBB HQ`X
jX AM/BpB/mHBbK pbX *QH2+iBpBbK UAL. @ AM/BpB/mHBbKVX +2bi
/BK2MbBmM2 U/2 7Ti Q /mHBii2 TQH`V m`K`2și2 /B72`2MȧB2`2
ŗMi`2 +mHim`BH2 +2Miì2 T2 BM/BpB/ șB +2H2 Q`B2Mii2 bT`2 pHQ`BH2 /2
;`mTX ŖM bQ+B2iȧBH2 BM/BpB/mHBbi2- }2+`2 BM/BpB/ i`2#mB2 b b2
/2b+m`+2 ŗM pBȧ KB KmHi bm KB TmȧBM T2 +QMi T`QT`Bm- bT`2
/2Qb2#B`2 /2 bQ+B2iȧBH2 +QH2+iBpBbi2 ŗM +`2 }2+`2 K2K#`m 2bi2
bi`Mb BMi2;ì ŗM ;`mTmH /BM +`2 7+2 Tì2X .Qm 2t2KTH2 iBTB+2
bmMi aii2H2 lMBi2 U+2Miì2 pBxB#BH bT`2 pHQ`BH2 BM/BpB/mH2V șB
CTQMB UmM/2 BM/BpB/mH Mm TQi2 2tBbi ŗM 7` mMmB ;`mTVX
9X 1pBi`2 BM+2ìBim/BMBB UlA @ lM+2ìBMiv pQB/M+2 AM/2tVX S`BM
BMi2`K2/BmH +2bi2B /BK2MbBmMB- >Q7bi2/2 ŗM+2`+i b KbQ`2
iQH2`Mȧ 7ȧ /2 M2T`2pxmi- T2 B/22 + ǳ+22 +2 2bi2 /B72`Bi- 2bi2
T2`B+mHQbǴX A/22 B@ p2MBi imM+B +M/ +HiQ`2 +m i`2MmH ŗM
:2`KMB- Q#b2`pM/ 2t+iBii2 +m +`2 p2M2m șB TH2+m +2bi2-
bT`2 /2Qb2#B`2 /2 Hi2 ȧ`B ŗM +`2 +i2p KBMmi2 /2 ŗMi`xB2`2 bmMi
mM 7Ti +QiB/BMX :2`KMBB și2Ti 2t+iBii2- ŗșB +QMbmHi
T2`KM2Mi +2bmH șB BMi` BK2/Bi ŗM H2ì /+ Hm+`m`BH2 ŗMi`xB2-
7Ti +`2 /2KQMbi`2x Q iQH2`Mȧ b+xmi 7ȧ /2 bBimȧBBH2
M2T`2pxmi2- 7ȧ /2 M2+mMQb+miX
8X P`B2Mi`2 T2 i2`K2M HmM; bm b+mì UGhP @ GQM; h2`K
P`B2MiiBQMVX +2bi mHiBK /BK2MbBmM2 7Qbi miBHBxi /2
8X9 lM 2t2KTHm /2KQMbiìBp RNN
>Q7bi2/2 T2Mi`m /B72`2MȧB +mHim`BH2 bBiB+2 /2 +2H2 2m`QT2M2X

1tBbi +2p H bBiB+B- 7mM/K2MiH /B72`Bi /2 +mHim`BH2 2m`QT2M2-
BKTQbB#BH /2 bm`T`BMb +m DmiQ`mH T`BK2HQ` Ti`m /BK2MbBmMB U+`2
+QMȧBM mM #Bb H pHQ`BHQ` p2biB+2VX
.2bB;m`- i2Q`B HmB >Q7bi2/2 2bi2 +`BiB+#BH ii bm# bT2+imH BTQi2x2HQ`
/2 TH2+`2 +i șB /BM TmM+i /2 p2/2`2 K2iQ/QHQ;B+- KB H2b + +2bi
7+mi BM72`2Mȧ2 H MBp2H /2 ȧ` miBHBxM/ /i2 /BMi`@Q bBM;m` +QKTMB2-
ŗMb 7TimH 2bi2 + /2b+QT2`B`BH2 +2bimB Mm TQi } M2;HBDi2X ŖMi`2 iBKT-
>Q7bi2/2 șB@ KB `}Mi i2Q`B șB 2KBb Q șb2 /BK2MbBmM2 +mHim`H-
ŗMb ŗM +2bi Hm+``2 pQB iì /Q` +2H2 8 /BK2MbBmMB Q`B;BMH2 +`2 m
7Qbi Hmi2 ŗM +QMbB/2``2 ŗM Hm+``2 b+`Bb /2 S`HQM;X
lM bT2+i /2Qb2#Bi /2 BMi2`2bMi UșB +`m+BH iQiQ/iV H i2Q`B2B HmB
>Q7bi2/2 2bi2 7TimH + b2 `272` MmKB H +`+i2`BbiB+B +mHim`H2
;`2;i2X .2șB miBHBxi /i2 H MBp2H BM/BpB/mH U+?2biBQM`2 +m M;DȧBB
A"JV- BM/B+BB +H+mHȧB /2 2H m b2Mb /Q` H MBp2H ;`2;iX *m Hi2
+mpBMi2- Mm 2tBbi +`+i2`BbiB+B +mHim`H2 H MBp2H /2 BM/BpB/- +B /Q` H
mM MBp2H /2 ;`2;`2 bmT2`BQ` UŗM +2bi +x ȧ`VX
ŖMi`m+i BMi2MȧB HmB >Q7bi2/2 7Qbi /2 +QKT` ȧ`B UKB #BM2 bTmb-
+mHim`BV- 2H Mm +H+mH2x /2+i Kbm`B H +2bi MBp2H /2 ;`2;`2 șB Mm
MHBx2x MB+BmM /2iHBm H MBp2H /2 BM/BpB/X
l`KM/ mM i`b2m K2iQ/QHQ;B+ bBKBH`- K ŗM+2`+i b i2bi2x BTQi2x
2KBb /2 S`HQM; miBHBxM/ /i2H2 1m`QT2M oHm2b am`p2v UpHmH j /BM
RNNN șB pHmH 9 /BM kyy3V T2Mi`m +QKT` /B72`2Mȧ2H2 ŗM +2 T`Bp2și2
BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH ŗMi`2 +2H2 R3 `2;BmMB bQ+BQ@+mHim`H2
/2}MBi2 /2 aM/m URNN3VX .i2H2 1oa b2 TQi miBHBx ŗM +2HșB KQ/
T2Mi`m +QKT`ȧBB UBMi2`VMȧBQMH2- ŗMb Hm+``2 b+`Bb /2 S`HQM; b2
`272` H /B72`2MȧB2`2 +mHim`H ŗM BMi2`BQ`mH _QKMB2BX
.2șB 2bi2 Q +2`+2i`2 +`2 b2 `272` H pHQ`B U+`2 ȧBM ŗMi`@Q Q`2+`2
Kbm` /2 +mHim` MȧBQMHV- +?2biBQM`mH 1oa Mm 7Qbi +QM+2Tmi
bT2+BH T2Mi`m +H+mH BM/B+BB T2Mi`m /BK2MbBmMBH2 HmB >Q7bi2/2X ŖM KQ/
MQ`KH- +2H2 /BK2MbBmMB șB BM/B+iQ`BB bQ+BȧB ` i`2#mB /Tii2 bT2+BH
T2Mi`m Q bi72H /2 +2`+2i`2- ŗMb T2Mi`m b+QTmH +2bimB 2t2KTHm K
+QMbB/2ì + Q MHBx b2+mM/` T2 /i2H2 1oa 2bi2 bm}+B2MiX
S2Mi`m mMBB BM/B+iQ`B U/2 2t2KTHm B /BK2MbBmMBB Jb+mHBMBii2 f
62KBMBii2V- ŗMi`2#`BH2 /BM 1oa b2 `272` +?B` H +2HșB +/`m
BMbiBimȧBQMH miBHBxi /2 >Q7bi2/2- MmK2 HQ+mH /2 KmM+X .2 +22- ŗM
+Q`/ +m Bi2KBB miBHBxȧB ŗM Hm+``2 Q`B;BMH +2bimB- T`2+mK șB ŗM
+Q`/ +m 2tTHB+ȧBBH2 Q72`Bi2 /2 >Q7bi2/2 bmT` Mim`BB /BK2MbBmMBB
`2bT2+iBp2- K miBHBxi i`2B Bi2KB T`Qp2MBȧB /2 H ŗMi`2#`2, ǳ*`2 /BMi`2
kyy J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
m`KiQ`2H2 Hm+`m`B H2 +QMbB/2`ȧB BKTQìMi2 T2Mi`m Q bHmD#\Ǵ
J2MȧBQMi L2K2MȧBQMi
peNX a }2 #BM2 THiBi R k
pd9X SQbB#BHBii2 /2 p2 BMBȧBiBp R k
pd3X P bHmD# ŗM +`2 b bBKȧB + TQȧB R k
`2HBx +2p
oHQ`BH2 +2biQ` i`2B Bi2KB TQi } mșQ` i`Mb7Q`Ki2 ŗM pHQ`B #BM`2- T`BM
bBKTH /B72`2Mȧ /BM +B7` kX _KM2 +B7` R U/BM k − R 4 RV T2Mi`m
+i2;Q`B ǳJ2MȧBQMiǴ șB b2 Q#ȧBM2 +B7` y U/BM k − k 4 yV T2Mi`m +i2;Q`B
ǳL2K2MȧBQMiǴX
ŖMi`m+i +2bi2 /Qm `bTmMbm`B TQbB#BH2 m /2p2MBi #BM`2 U/2 iBT .
bm LmV- TQi2 } +QMbi`mBi mM b+Q` K2i`B+ BM/BpB/mH T2Mi`m
ǳJb+mHBMBii2Ǵ T`BM ŗMbmK`2 pHQ`BHQ` H +2B i`2B Bi2KB- +`2 p`Bx
ŗMi`2 mM KBMBK 2;H +m y UKBMBK /2 Kb+mHBMBii2- bm KtBK /2
72KBMBii2V- șB mM KtBK 2;H +m j UKtBK /2 Kb+mHBMBii2- bm KBMBK
/2 72KBMBii2VX S2Mi`m `2;BmMBH2 bQ+BQ@+mHim`H2- b+Q`mH 7Qbi ;`2;i
T`BM +H+mH`2 K2/B2B b+Q`m`BHQ` BM/BpB/mH2X
S2Mi`m /BK2MbBmM2 AL. @ BM/BpB/mHBbK- m 7Qbi b2H2+iȧB Ti`m Bi2KB
Kbm`ȧB T2 Q b+H /2 `bTmMb /B72`Bi- /2 H R H Ry,
pRN9X 6B2+`2 BM/BpB/ ` aiimH ` i`2#mB b

i`2#mB b@șB bmK2 ŗșB bmK2 KB KmHi
KB KmHi `2bTQMb#BHBii2
`2bTQMb#BHBii2 T2Mi`m T2Mi`m #mMbi`2
T`QT`B #mMbi`2 BM/BpB/mH
R k j ... 3 N Ry
pRNdX aiimH ` i`2#mB b aiimH ` i`2#mB b

+Q`/2 KB KmHi +QMi`QH2x2 KB
HB#2ìi2 }`K2HQ` KmHi }`K2H2
R k j ... 3 N Ry
pRN3X .B72`2Mȧ2H2 ŗMi`2 .B72`2Mȧ2H2 ŗMi`2

p2MBim`B ` i`2#mB p2MBim`B ` i`2#mB
b b2 KB+șQ`2x2 b }2 șB KB K`B
R k j ... 3 N Ry
pRNNX S`QT`B2ii2 T`Bpi S`QT`B2ii2 /2 bii
` i`2#mB b b2 ` i`2#mB b b2
2tiBM/ șB b b2 2tiBM/ șB b b2
/2xpQHi2 /2xpQHi2
R k j ... 3 N Ry
8X9 lM 2t2KTHm /2KQMbiìBp kyR
h`2B /BMi`2 +2șiB BM/B+iQ`B UpRN9- pRNd șB pRNNV m 7Qbi BMp2`bȧB ŗMi`m+i
BM/BpB/mHBbKmH b2 ;b2și2 T2 TQHmH /BM biM; H /mHBiȧBB- B` mHi2`BQ`
iQȧB +2B Ti`m Bi2KB m 7Qbi /mșB H Q b+H /2 y XXX N T`BM b+/2`2 mM2B
mMBiȧBX ŖM }MH- b+Q`mH iQiH BM/BpB/mH 7Qbi +H+mHi T`BM bmK pHQ`BHQ`
/2 H +2B Ti`m Bi2KB- B` b+Q`mH ;`2;i T2 `2;BmMB bQ+BQ@+mHim`H2 7Qbi
+H+mHi T`BM K2/B b+Q`m`BHQ` bmKiBp2 BM/BpB/mH2X a+/2`2 mM2B mMBiȧB
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h#2HmH 8Xk9, h#2H /2 /2p` T2Mi`m /BK2MbBmMBH2 HmB >Q7bi2/2
S.A Ja* AL. Gl GhP Plh M BM+H +xm`B

j y y y R y R k yXNke _8,15
3 y y R R R y R yXdR3 _10
N y R y y y R R yXN9R _11
Rk y R y R R y R yX3R8 _1
R8 y R R R y y k yXeR9 _16,17
Re y R R R R y 9 yX89j _2,3,6,18
Rd R y y y y y R yXdeN _7
R3 R y y y R y R yXd33 _9
ky R y y R R y R yX3kj _4
kR R y R y y y k yX339 _5,13
k9 R y R R R y R yX3Nj _14
jy R R R y R y R yXdkR _12
8X9 lM 2t2KTHm /2KQMbiìBp kyd
1tBbi 25 = 32 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 TQbB#BH2 T2Mi`m +2H2 +BM+B +QM/BȧBB

+mxH2 miBHBxi2X S2Mi`m 2+QMQKB2 /2 bTȧBm- i#2HmH Mm T`2xBMi /2+i
+2H2 +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 T2Mi`m +`2 Tmimi } +H+mHi mM b+Q` /2
BM+HmxBmM2X _2bimH HQ` `2T`2xBMi ș MmKBi2H2 +QK#BMȧBB `Kb2- +QHȧm`B
H2 bTȧBmHmB p2+iQ`BH 7` MB+BmM +x ŗM T`QTB2`2 +`2 b Q72`2 2pB/2Mȧ2
2KTB`B+2 /+ 72MQK2MmH b2 TQi2 T`Q/m+2 bm MmX
*2H2 R3 `2;BmMB bQ+BQ@+mHim`H2 bmMi T`2x2Mii2 T2 mHiBK +QHQM ǳ+xm`BǴ-
/2 2t2KTHm +QK#BMȧB +mxH UyyyRyV 2bi2 bQ+Bi +m /Qm `2;BmMB- 3
șB R8X S`BK2H2 /Qm +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 Uyyyyy șB yyyyRV Mm m bQ+Bi2
MB+BmM +x- /2 +22 i#2HmH ŗM+2T2 +m T`BK +QK#BMȧB2 T2Mi`m +`2 2tBbi
/Qp2xB 2KTB`B+2- /B+ HBMB j ŗM i#2H /2 /2p` +QKTH2i U+m iQi2 +2H2
jk /2 +QK#BMȧBB TQbB#BH2VX
lHiBK HBMB2 /BM +2bi i#2H 2bi2 jy +QK#BMȧB2 +mxH /BM i#2H /2
/2p` +QKTH2i URRRyRV- ŗM iBKT +2 mHiBK2H2 /Qm +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2
TQbB#BH2 URRRRy șB RRRRRV Mm m MB+BmM +x 2KTB`B+ bQ+BiX
S2Mi`m iQi2 +QK#BMȧBBH2 2KTB`B+ Q#b2`pi2 7Qbi +H+mHi +i2 mM b+Q`
/2 BM+Hm/2`2- B` +QHQM ǳPlhǴ 7Qbi +Q/B}+i ŗM 7mM+ȧB2 /2 mM T`; /2
BM+Hm/2`2 bi#BHBi B+B H pHQ`2 /2 yXN UT2Mi`m + Q +QK#BMȧB2 +mxH
b }2 /2+Hì TQxBiBp- i`2#mB2 b B# mM b+Q` /2 BM+HmxBmM2 +2H TmȧBM
2;H +m yXNVX hQi2 +QK#BMȧBBH2 T2Mi`m +`2 b+Q`mH /2 BM+HmxBmM2 2bi2 KB
KB+ /2 yXN m 7Qbi +Q/B}+i2 +m pHQ`2 y T2Mi`m +QHQM PlhU+QK2VX
.mT +mK b2 TQi2 p2/2- /Q` /Qm +QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 m bm}+B2Mi 7Q`ȧ
2KTB`B+ T2Mi`m } bQ+Bi2 +m T`2x2Mȧ 72MQK2MmHmB /2 BMi2`2b UmM/2
Plh 2bi2 2;H +m RVX +2bi2 +QK#BMȧBB- b+`Bb2 +m DmiQ`mH Q#BșMmBi2B
MQiȧBB +m HBi2`2 KB+B T2Mi`m #b2Mȧ șB HBi2`2 K`B T2Mi`m T`2x2Mȧ- bmMi,
UyyyRyV T/B·Kb+·BM/·Gl·HiQ
UyRyyyV T/B·Ja*·BM/·Hm·HiQ
H;Q`BiKmH ZmBM2 J+*HmbF2v /2 KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2M- T`2x2Mii ŗM

b2+ȧBmM2 8XRXe- T`2bmTmM2 +QKT``2 imim`Q` T2`2+?BHQ` TQbB#BH2 /2
+QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 TQxBiBp2 șB KBMBKBx`2 +2HQ` +`2 b2 /2Qb2#2b+
T`BMi`@Q bBM;m` +QM/BȧB2 +mxHX ŖM +2bi +x- bmMi /Q` /Qm
+QK#BMȧBB +mxH2 Q#b2`pi2- TQxBiBp2- +`2 b2 /2Qb2#2b+ T`BM /Qm
+QM/BȧBB +mxH2 UJa* șB GlV- ș/` 2H2 Mm KB TQi } KBMBKBxi2
KB /2Tì2X
+2bi2 +QK#BMȧBB KBMBK2 `2T`2xBMi +22 +2 ŗM Z* b2 MmK2b+ ǳbQHmȧBB
+QKTH2t2ǴX S`BM BM+Hm/2`2 +QK#BMȧBBHQ` `Kb2 ŗM H;Q`BiKmH /2
KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2M- b2 Q#ȧBM +22 +2 b2 MmK2b+ ǳbQHmȧBB `2bi`Mb2Ǵ UŗM
2M;HX T`+BKQMBQmb bQHmiBQMbVX ŖM +xmH /2 7ȧ- /m;`2 +2HQ` ky /2
+QK#BMȧBB `Kb2 H +2H2 /Qm +QK#BMȧBB 2KTB`B+ Q#b2`pi2 +QM/m+2 H
ky3 J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
h#2HmH 8Xk8, AKTHB+MȧBB T`BK`B

#X +QT2` +QK#BMȧBBH2
X `2xmHiȧB /BM KBMBKBx`2 TQxBiBp2
S.A Ja* AL. Gl GhP UyyyRyV UyRyyyV
Rd Ĝ Ĝ y R y ×
j8 Ĝ y Ĝ R y ×
8N Ĝ R Ĝ y y ×
e8 Ĝ R y Ĝ y ×
ed Ĝ R y y Ĝ ×
38 y Ĝ Ĝ y Ĝ ×
Nk y Ĝ y Ĝ y × ×
RRy y y Ĝ Ĝ y ×
RR3 y y y Ĝ Ĝ ×
mM MmK` /2 kk /2 +QK#BMȧBB BMBȧBH2 +`2 BMi` ŗM T`Q+2bmH /2

KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2MX
ŖM T`BK Bi2`ȧB2- /BM +QKT``2 +2HQ` C20
2 4 RNy /2 T2`2+?B TQbB#BH2 /2
+QK#BMȧBB BMBȧBH2 `2xmHi mM MmK` /2 j3 /2 BKTHB+MȧB `2/mșBX

ŖM /Qm Bi2`ȧB2- /BM +QKT``2 +2HQ` C38
2 4 dyj /2 T2`2+?B TQbB#BH2 /2
BKTHB+MȧB `2xmHi mM MmK` /2 HȧB RN BKTHB+MȧB `2/mșB KB KmHiX

ŖM i`2B șB mHiBK Bi2`ȧB2- /BM MHBx +2HQ` C19
2 4 RdR /2 T2`2+?B TQbB#BH2
/2 BKTHB+MȧB `2xmHi mM MmK` /2 R9 BKTHB+MȧB T`BK`B UŗM 2M;H2x T`BK2

BKTHB+MibV- /B+ BKTHB+MȧB +`2 Mm TQi } `2/mșB KB KmHi ŗMi`m+i iQi2
T2`2+?BH2 /2 BKTHB+MȧB T`BK`B /B72` T`BM KB KmHi /2 Q +QM/BȧB2 +mxHX
.BMi`2 +2șiB- /Q` N +QT2` +2H2 /Qm +QK#BMȧBB BMBȧBH2 2KTB`B+
Q#b2`pi2- T2Mi`m +`2 +QHQM `2xmHii Plh 7Qbi +Q/B}+i +m +B7` R
T2Mi`m T`2x2Mȧ- B` +2B N BKTHB+MȧB T`BK`B pHBxB bmMi T`2x2MiȧB ŗM
i#2HmH 8Xk8XX 1tBbi mM MmK` iQiH /2 j5 4 k9j /2 HBMBB ŗM Ki`B+2
imim`Q` BKTHB+MȧBHQ`- +2B N BKTHB+MȧB T`BK`B m MmK2`2H2 +mT`BMb2 ŗMi`2
Rd șB RR3X .2 2t2KTHm- T`BKmH BKTHB+Mi T`BK` `2xmHii /mT T`Q+2bmH
/2 KBMBKBx`2 b2 `2;b2și2 T2 Rd HBMB2 /BM Ki`B+2 imim`Q`
BKTHB+MȧBHQ`X
ŖM 2iT }MH /2 Q#ȧBM2`2 bQHmȧB2B- b2 `2xQHp +22 +2 b2 MmK2și2 i#2HmH
BKTHB+MȧBHQ` T`BK`B UŗM 2M;H2x SA +?ìVX ŖM i#2HmH 8Xk8X# 2bi2 ș2xi
b2KMmH × T2 }2+`2 +2HmH mM/2 BKTHB+MimH T`BK` +QT2` +QK#BMȧB
Q#b2`pi `2bT2+iBp U2bi2 Q bmT`KmHȧBK2 +2bi2BVX
.2 2t2KTHm- BKTHB+MimH T`BK` +m MmK`mH Rd /2 T2 T`BK HBMB2 2bi2 Q
bmT`KmHȧBK2 +QK#BMȧB2B Q#b2`pi2 UyyyRyV- ŗMb Mm 2bi2 Q
8X9 lM 2t2KTHm /2KQMbiìBp kyN
bmT`KmHȧBK2 șB +2H2BHHi2 +QK#BMȧBB BMBȧBH2 Q#b2`pi2- /BM +mx +

/Qm +QK#BMȧB2 Q#b2`pi Mm ì T`2x2Mȧ Gl ŗM T2MmHiBK TQxBȧB2X
.BM +2B N BKTHB+MȧB T`BK`B T`2x2MȧB ŗM i#2H- /Q` mMmH bBM;m` +QT2`
K#2H2 +QK#BMȧBB BMBȧBH2X aB;m`- 2tBbi KB KmHi2 T2`2+?B /2 BKTHB+MȧB
T`BK`B +`2 HmȧB ŗKT`2mM UT`BM `2mMBmM2V +QT2` K#2H2 +QK#BMȧBB-
ŗMb T`BM+BTBmH KBMBKBx`BB #bQHmi2 T`BK2x- b+QTmH }MH ŗM Z* }BM/
+2H /2 ;bB +QK#BMȧBBH2 #bQHmi KBMBK2 +`2 2tTHB+ U+QT2`V iQi2
+QK#BMȧBBH2 TQxBiBp2 2KTB`B+ Q#b2`pi2X
lM bBM;m` BKTHB+Mi T`BK` bmT`pB2ȧmB2și2 +2bimB T`Q+2b /m`- +2bi
}BM/ +KTBQMmH #bQHmi H T`Q+2bmHmB /2 KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2MX 1bi2 +2H
/2 T2 HBMB +m MmK`mH Nk /BM Ki`B+2 imim`Q` BKTHB+MȧBHQ` UyĜyĜyV- B`
bQHmȧB }MH 2bi2,
T/B·BM/·HiQ
*QM7Q`K /i2HQ` /BM 1oa- BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH U/2bimH /2

bH# ŗM _QKMB- +QKTì +m Hi2 ȧ`B 2m`QT2M2V 2bi2 2tTHB+i /2 Q
+QK#BMȧB2 bBKmHiM ŗMi`2 Q /BbiMȧ KB+ 7ȧ /2 Tmi2`2- #b2Mȧ
BM/BpB/mHBbKmHmB șB #b2Mȧ Q`B2Mi`BB T2 i2`K2M HmM;X
*mMQb+M/ 7TimH + >Q7bi2/2 BMi`Q/mb /BK2MbBmM2 GhP /Q` T2Mi`m
/B72`2MȧB ŗMi`2 +mHim` 2m`QT2M șB +2 bBiB+- K Tmi2 bTmM2 +
ŗM +xmH _QKMB2B UQ ȧ` 2m`QT2MV- BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH `
Tmi2 } 2tTHB+i bBKTHm /Q` /2 +QK#BMȧB bBKmHiM /BMi`2 Q /BbiMȧ
KB+ 7ȧ /2 Tmi2`2 șB #b2Mȧ BM/BpB/mHBbKmHmB UT/B·BM/VX
ŖM +mpBMi2 bBKTH2- BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBH 2bi2 KB K`2 ŗM +2H2
`2;BmMB ŗM +`2 QK2MBB bBKi + TQi b+?BK# +2p U/BbiMȧ KB+ 7ȧ /2
Tmi2`2V șB +`2 Mm bmMi BM/BpB/mHBșiB- +B Q`B2MiȧB +i`2 pHQ`B +QKmM2X
AMi2`2bMi 2bi2 șB 7TimH +- /+ K b+Qi2 +QKTH2i /BM MHBx
/BK2MbBmM2 GhP- bQHmȧB }MH ŗM m`K T`Q+2bmHmB /2 KBMBKBx`2
#QQH2M b2 KQ/B}+ ŗM,
T/B·BM/·Kb+
a2 K2MȧBM2 +QK#BMȧB /BMi`2 /BbiMȧ KB+ 7ȧ /2 Tmi2`2 șB #b2Mȧ

BM/BpB/mHBbKmHmB U2bi2 Q `2HȧB2 +`2 T`2 ŗM KQ/ +QMbBbi2Mi Q/i +m
BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBHV- /2 +2bi /i ŗMi`M/ ŗM +QK#BMȧB2 șB
#b2Mȧ Kb+mHBMBiȧBBX
+2bi2 /Qm +`+i2`BbiB+B UT/B·BM/V +QK#BMi2 }2 +m Q`B2Mi`2 T2 i2`K2M
b+mì /+ b2 MHBx2x iQi2 /BK2MbBmMBH2 HmB >Q7bi2/2- bm +m #b2Mȧ
Kb+mHBMBiȧBB U/+ b2 2HBKBM /BK2MbBmM2 GhPV- +QM/m+ H mM TQì`2i
/2bimH /2 `2HBbi H 2tTHB+ȧB2B +m T`BpB`2 H BKTHB+`2 ŗM bQ+B2ii2 +BpBHX
kRy J2iQ/QHQ;B MHBx2B +HBiiBp@+QKTìBp2
+2bi /2KQMbi`ȧB2 i`2#mB2 T`BpBi + i`2- ŗMi`m+i MHBx

b2+mM/` mMQ` /i2 +`2i2 T2Mi`m Hi2 b+QTm`B /2 +2`+2i`2 T2`KBi2
KB ;`2m B/2MiB}+`2 mMQ` Bi2KB +`2 b +Q`2bTmM/ i2Q`B2B HmB >Q7bi2/2X
S`Q##BH + Bi2KBB miBHBxȧB MB+B Mm b2 bmT`TmM T2`72+i T2bi2
QT2`ȧBQMHBx`2 +QM+2Ti2HQ` HmB >Q7bi2/2X
S2 /2 Hi Tì2- >Q7bi2/2 miBHBx2x /BK2MbBmMB #BTQH`2- mM Hm+`m
M2TQi`BpBi /BM TmM+imH /2 p2/2`2 H i2Q`B2B KmHȧBKBHQ` ŗMi`m+i 2bi2 TmȧBM
T`Q##BH + /BK2MbBmMBH2 `2bT2+iBp2 b }2 T2`72+i #BTQH`2X .2 2t2KTHm-
2bi2 mșQ` /2 BK;BMi Q T2`bQM +`2 b }2 ŗM +2HșB iBKT șB Kb+mHBM
șB 72KBMBMX +2bi 7Ti 2bi2 ŗMi`m iQimH +Q2`2Mi +m i2Q`B KmHȧBKBHQ` p;B-
+`Q` HBKBi2 Mm bmMi #BTQH`2- +B 2tBbi +i2 mM b+Q` /2 Tì2M2Mȧ /2
H y U+QKTH2i ŗM 7`V H R U+QKTH2i ŗMmMi`mV T2Mi`m }2+`2 KmHȧBK2 ŗM
Tì2X lM șB +22șB T2`bQM UBM/B72`2Mi /+ pQ`#BK /2 mM #`#i bm
Q 72K2B2V TQi2 b B# +i2 mM b+Q` T2Mi`m K#2H2 KmHȧBKB- ii
T2`bQM2HQ` +`+i2`Bxi2 /2 Kb+mHBMBii2 +i șB T2`bQM2HQ`
+`+i2`Bxi2 /2 72KBMBii2X
1t2KTHmH T`2x2Mii i`2#mB2 T`BpBi +m b+2TiB+BbKmH mMmB T`Q+2b BKT2`72+i
/2 QT2`ȧBQMHBx`2- +m BKTHB+ȧBB /B`2+i2 bmT` +QM+HmxBBHQ` șB bQHmȧB2B
}MH2X 1bi2 +Q`2+i bm#HBMB2`2 +2bi2B HBKBi2 șB +`+i2`Bx`2 2t2KTHmHmB
+ Q ŗM+2`+`2 HBKBii ŗM K`2 Kbm` /2 /BbTQMB#BHBii2 Bi2KBHQ` ŗM
T`QB2+imH 1oa +`2 Mm 7Qbi +QM+2Tmi ŗM KQ/ bT2+BH T2Mi`m Kbm``2
/BK2MbBmMBHQ` HmB >Q7bi2/2X P +2`+2i`2 /2/B+i- +m Q QT2`ȧBQMHBx`2
bT2+BH +QM+2Tmi- ` Tmi2 b ;2M2`2x2 `2xmHii2 /B72`Bi2- ŗMi`@Q Kbm`
KB K`2 bm KB KB+X
:HQb`
#/m+ȧB2- e9- ee +QM+Q`/Mi2- ey- R9y

H;2#` #QQH2M- Ryk- R9d- Rek +QMi`/B+iQ`BB- 3d- R9y
H;Q`BiKB- kj- Rky- R9j +QMi`7+imH2- 88- RNe
M;HB- 88 K+`QbQ+BH2- 38
bmKTȧBB- kj- kd- kN- j9- 8k- 8N- dy- M2+2b`2- 89
Ryy- Rje- RNd T`2x2Mȧf#b2Mȧ- Rjd- R9j- R9d
bBKTHB}+iQ`2- RNe bm}+B2Mi2- 8e
+QMDmM+ȧB2 +mxH- RjkĜRj9- Rje-
#x2 /2 /i2- ke R3y
+Q`2HȧB2- jR- 8j- 88- ej- e9- dR- d8-
+/`2 MHBiB+2- 9d- e3- eN- dk
d3- RkR- Rkk- R9e- R88- Rd3-
+HB#``2- Red- ReN- RdRĜRdj- R3d R3y- RNy
+MQM2 BM/m+iBp2- ey- Rjd- R9e +mMiB}+`2- Rk- k9- je
+TBiH- 9y- 9k- 39 +mHim`- Re- j8- 9y- 9N- d3- dN- Ny-
+mxHBii2- 9e- 9d- 8R- 8j- 8N RNd
T`2Mi- eR /B7mxBmM2- 3y
KmHiBTH- eR +miB M2;`- Rd- 89- d8
+xm`B
+QMbiBimB`2- jy /2/m+ȧB2- e9- ee- e3- eN- 3R
HBTb- RNe /2KQ+`ȧB2- 9j- R8N- Rej
M2;iBp2- jk- 3j /2i2`KBMBbK- jj- 3j- 38
MQM+QM7Q`K2- jj /B;`K2 o2MM- RR9ĜRR3- Rk8- Rjy-
b2H2+ȧB2- RN- kR- 9e R88- R83
mMB7Q`K2- jR /BbDmM+ȧB2 +mxH- Rjk- Rj9- Rje-
+2Mi`HBx`2- 9k- 9j Rjd- R3y
*?BM- dk- dj- NR /Bp2`bBii2 HBKBii- ky- 3eĜ33- RNk-
+QKmMBbK- e- R8- ke- jd- 9k- dj- N9- RNj- RNe
N8
+QM+2Ti2- j 2`Q`2- Rd- RN- jj- jd- 8y- 8k- 8j- d8
/2Mb2- j8 2i2`Q;2MBii2- j8- NyĜNk
Kbm``2- je 2iMB2- Rej- Re9
QT2`ȧBQMHBx`2- Rj- R8 2tT2`BK2Mi- 8N- eR- dy
p;B- Rek 2șMiBQM- N- RR- Rj- R8- RdĜkR- 9R-
+QM/BȧBB +mxH2- 88 8k- ej- eN- d8- dN- Ne- ReN
kRk :GPa_
}/2HBii2- je- Ne KpZ*- R8y

6`Mȧ- jR- 88- dk- dj
`2;`2bB2- R8- kd- jj- 8y- d8- dN
:HiQM- Rd- d3 `2THB+#BHBii2- Rk- Re- kj- k9- 9e-
:2`KMB- ke- 88- Rej- RN3 R9e- Rey
`2T`2x2MiiBpBii2- R8- Rd- R3- 9R-
BM/B+iQ`B- j- R8- j8- je- 8R- de- d3- 8k- d9- Ne
dN- R8N- Re3 _2Tm#HB+ JQH/Qp- NR
BM/BpB/mHBbK- 9y- 9R- dk- RN3 `2pQHmȧB2- e- kR- jR- 8e- dk- dj- 3e-
BM/m+ȧB2- e8- 3R N9
MHBiB+- ed _QKMB- k- k9- ke- jd- ej- N9- R9N-
M2Q@MHBiB+- eN R8N- Rej
BM/mbi`BHBx`2- 9R _mbB- dk- dj
BM72`2Mȧ- 88- R9e
bTȧBm /2 T`QT`B2iȧB- 3k- R3R
CTQMB- Re- 9y- 9R- 99- dk- Ny bTȧBm p2+iQ`BH- R3jĜR33- RNR- RNk-
kye
HQM;Bim/BMH- 8j- dk- dd- 3R aii2H2 lMBi2- e- R3- kR- 9y- dk- d3
biiBbiB+- k8- kN- de- 3k
Ki2KiB+- 3- Re- kN- RyR- RyN-
biìB}+`2- dk- NR- RNe
RR9- Rek- Red
bi`m+im`HBbK- jN- NR- NN
#BM`- Ryk
KB;`ȧB2- k8- ed i#2H /2 /2p`- Rjd- R9k- R93- R8R-
KBMBKBx`2 #QQH2M- R9y R3RĜR3j- RNR- RN8- kyd
KQ/2`MBii2- 9y i2Q`B2 mMBp2`bH- RR
KmHȧBKB- Rdj iBT@B/2H- R3e
/BbiBM+i2- RR9- R8N i`b`2 T`Q+2b2HQ`- 3R
BMi2`b2+ȧB2- RRk- RRe- R9R- Re9 hm`+B- 9j- 99
M2;ȧB2- RRj- Rej
`2mMBmM2- RRR- Re8 pHB/Bii2- je- d9- d3- Ne- Nd- Re3
p;B- R83- R8N- Rek T`2Mi- Nd
p`B#BH2- e- d- Rk- Rj- Re- kd- jR- j9-
M2mi`HBii2 tBQHQ;B+- jN je- 9R- 88- dy- d8- de- d3-
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Copyright © 2014 Adrian Dușa

Tritonic grup editorial

Descrierea CIP a Bibliotecii Naționale a României

Coperta colecției: Alexandra Bardan

Orice reproducere, totală sau parțială, a acestei lucrări, fără acordul

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G +2 ` 7QHQbB iQi +2bi 27Q`i- ŗM +QM/BȧBBH2 ŗM +`2 bQ+B2ii2 Mm `KM2

RX9X8 *QMbiBimB`2 +xm`BHQ`

lM /BMi`2 bH#B+BmMBH2 MHBx2B +MiBiiBp2 2bi2 7TimH + i`i2x iQi2

*xm`BH2 bmMi H2b2 iQ+KB T2Mi`m + T`2xBMi mM BMi2`2b i2Q`2iB+ ŗMHiX

RX9Xe aim/BmH +xm`BHQ` mMB7Q`K2

ŖMi`2; }HQxQ}2 MHBx2B +MiBiiBp2 b2 #x2x T2 +QM+2TimH /2

JB KmHi- Q#B2+iBpmH T`BM+BTH H biiBbiB+BB 2bi2 +2H /2 2tTHB+ p`BȧB

RX9Xd .2}MB`2 +xm`BHQ` M2;iBp2

_;BM ŗșB +QMiBMm T`2x2Mi`2 b2`B2B /2 bBimȧBB T`Q#H2KiB+2 T`BM

Tmi2`MB+ T2 Q b+H p`BȧB2BX .+ H MBp2H KB+`Q mM BM/BpB/ +`2 B2b2

RX9X3 1tKBM`2 +xm`BHQ` KmHiBTH2 șB +QMDmM+im`H2

+2bi 2bi2 Q bBimȧB2 T2 +`2 K2iQ/2H2 +MiBiiBp2 Mm Q TQi /2i2+iX ŖM

RX9XN h`i`2 +xm`BHQ` MQM+QM7Q`K2

1tBbi bBimȧBB ŗM +`2 mM2H2 BMbiMȧ2 T`2xBMi 72MQK2M2 +`2 +QMi`xB+ Q

U+MiBii2 /2 p`BȧB2 `Kb M22tTHB+i, 1 − R2 V BMi` miQKi ŗM

RX9XRy Hi2 +`BiB+B

1##BM;?mb Ukyy8V `2 șB 2H mM2H2 T`2`B +`BiB+2 H /`2b MHBx2B

S`Q#H2K BM/B+iQ`BHQ` +MiBiiBpB Mm 2bi2 + 2B KbQ`

T`Q#H2K p`B#BH2HQ` +QMiBMm2 2bi2 + KbQ` MmKB

ŖM QTBMB K2- *QTT2/;2 `2 /`2Tii2 +M/ bTmM2 + Kbm``2

*QM+m`2Mȧ +2`# /2 T2 TBȧ /2 +2`+2i`2 `QKM2b+ /2i2`KBMi Q

RX8 *QKTH2K2Mi`Bii2 +2HQ` /Qm K2iQ/2

ŖM BMi`Q/m+2`2 +2bimB +TBiQH K `ii + `2HȧB /BMi`2 K2iQ/

ŖM+2TmimH b2+QHmHmB ky /m+2 B/22 + `2HBii2 bQ+BH 2bi2 +QMbi`mBi-