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CUPRINS
INTRODUCERE 11
CONTRIBUŢIA PERSONALĂ
INTRODUCERE 41
1. IPOTEZE DE LUCRU/OBIECTIVE 43
2. MATERIAL ȘI METODĂ 45
2.1. Procedură 45
2.2. Instrumente utilizate pentru evaluare 45
2.2.1. Scala PANSS (Scala de evaluare a simptomelor pozitive şi negative din schizofrenie) 45
2.2.2. Scala de evaluare a funcţionării globale GAF 48
2.2.3. Chestionar privind caracteristicile demografice și antecedentele heredo-colaterale 48
2.2.4. Evaluarea complianței la tratament 48
2.2.5. Evaluarea conștiinței bolii (insight-ului) 49
2.3. Grupul studiat 50
2.3.1. Criterii de includere 50
2.3.2. Criterii de excludere 50
2.4. Variabile 51
2.4.1.Variabile independente: 51
2.4.2.Variabile dependente 51
2.5 Analiza statistică 52
3. REZULTATE: 55
3.1. Caracteristici sociodemografice ale pacienţilor 55
3.2. Caracteristici clinice ale pacienţilor 62
3.3. Evoluţia pacienţilor 69
3.4. Factorii care influenţează recăderile după primul episod psihotic 76
3.4.1. Prima recădere 76
3.4.2. A doua recădere 79
3.4.3. A treia recădere 82
3.4.4. A patra recădere 83
3.4.5. A cincea recădere 84
3.4.6. Predictori ai recăderii 85
3.5. Variabilele clinice iniţiale care influenţează perioada de timp care trece până la
prima recădere 90
3.6. Evaluarea inițială la cele 5 categorii de pacienți 92
3.7. Evoluţia celor patru grupe de pacienţi în primul an de la debutul bolii 100
3.8. Evoluţia celor patru grupe de pacienţi în al doilea an de la debutul bolii 104
3.9. Evoluţia celor patru grupe de pacienţi la cinci ani de la debutul bolii 108
3.10. Mod. în statutul marital şi ocupaţional al pacienţilor la 5 ani de la debutul bolii 112
3.11. Comparație bărbați-femei în ceea ce privește recăderile, complianța și insight-ul 115
4. DISCUŢII 119
5. CONCLUZII 123
6. ORIGINALITATEA ŞI CONTRIBUŢIILE INOVATIVE ALE TEZEI 125
BIBLIOGRAFIE 127
CUVINTE CHEIE : primul episod de schizofrenie, durata psihozei netratate,
schizofrenie, recădere, remisie.
INTRODUCERE
CONTRIBUŢIA PERSONALĂ
Există un consens în ceea ce privește faptul că prevenirea recăderilor în
perioada evoluției timpurii a psihozei este esențială, în schimb rezultatele cercetărilor
privind etiologia factorilor de risc pentru recădere sunt departe de a fi concludente. 6
În ultimele decenii cercetări de urmărire pe termen mai lung făcute pe cohorte
foarte mari de pacienți au arătat că evoluția pe termen lung a schizofreniei nu este
obligatorie cronică și spre deteriorare.7, 8
Literatura de specialitate arată că un procent de 20% din pacienți vor avea un
episod psihotic unic9 dar cercetările pe acest subgrup de pacienți sunt puține.
Identificarea unui grup de pacienți care ajunge la remisia clinică a simptomelor fără a
mai avea recăderi după aceea este foarte importantă deoarece ar putea duce la
identificarea unor metode de tratament adecvate nevoilor acestora, minimizând
efectele secundare asociate expunerii prelungite la tratamentul cu medicație
antipsihotică.10
Ipoteze de lucru/Obiective
Ipoteză de lucru : existența unor diferențe între pacienții care prezintă recăderi
după un prim episod psihotic și cei care nu prezintă recăderi.
Principalul obiectiv este urmărirea evoluției pacienților în primii cinci ani de la
debutul unui episod psihotic și identificarea predictorilor recăderilor. Studiul își
propune să stabilească dacă factori cum ar fi sexul, vârsta la debut, durata psihozei
netratate, abuzul de alcool, aderența la tratamentul antipsihotic pot prezice riscul de
recădere după prima remisie clinică a simptomelor la pacienții aflați la primul episod
de schizofrenie.
Obiectivele secundare sunt compararea profilului pacienților care prezintă
recăderi cu al pacienților care nu prezintă recăderi și evaluarea impactului psihozei
asupra statutului socio-economic și marital al pacienților.
Discuţii şi concluzii
În literatura de specialitate există două puncte mari de vedere privind evoluția
schizofreniei, unul care consideră că evoluția schizofreniei duce inevitabil la o deterioare
progresivă și altul, mai optimist care vorbește de remiterea simptomelor.15. 16
În ceea ce privește factorii de risc pentru un prognostic mai rezervat pe termen
lung, vârsta de debut a bolii este foarte importantă.
Un debut precoce se asociază cu o evoluție mai severă.17 În studiul nostru,
pacienții la care simptomele au debutat înainte de 23 de ani au mai multe recăderi. De
asemenea simptomele negative și abuzul de alcool sunt asociate cu o evoluție
proastă,18 În cazul nostru simptomele negative s-au dovedit predictori pentru
recăderi, dar consumul de alcool nu.
Un aspect mai puțin explorat este prezența sau absența conștiinței bolii (insight-
ului) ca și predictor al evoluției bolii. În studiul nostru conștiința bolii nu influențează
prezența sau absența recăderilor. Evaluarea conștiinței bolii s-a făcut cu un item dintr-
o scală de psihopatologie, nu cu un chestionar, dar asta este modalitatea cea mai
frecvent utilizată pentru cuantificarea prezenței/absenței conștiinței bolii.
Pentru studiul nostru complianța la tratament nu a fost predictor al recăderilor.
Într-o metaanaliză din 2012 se arată că non-complianța la tratament crește semnificativ
riscul de recădere. 19 Poate cel mai dramatic rezultat este numărul pacienților care după
5 ani de boală nu mai sunt inserați socio-profesional - 60% sunt pensionari de boală,
cifră ce arată necesitatea unor servicii de reintegrare profesională.
Ed. Promotal;2001.
2
Kraepelin E. Dementia Praecox and Paraphrenia. Livingstone, Edinburgh. Larsen, TK, Friis S,
Haahr U et al. Premorbid adjustment in first-episode nonaffective psychosis: distinct patterns of
pre-onset course. Br J Psychiatry. 2004; 185:108–115.
3
Langfeld G. The prognosis of schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand.1960; 53(12): 1047–1052
4
McEvoy JR, Scheifler PL. Frances A. The expert consensus guideline series, treatment of
schizophrenia. J Clin Psychiatry . 1999; 60 (Suppl. 11).
5 Gross G, Huber H, Klosterkotter J. Early diagnosis of schizophrenia.1992; Neurol Psychiatry
Brain Res.
Alvarez-Jimenez M, Priebe A, Hetrick SE, Bendall S, Killackey E, Parker AG, McGorry PD,
6
Gleeson JF. Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis: A systematic
review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies Schiz Res. 2012; 139: 116–128.
Linszen D,Dingemans P,Lenior M.Early intervention and a five year follow up in young adults
9
Moore DS, McCabe GP. Introduction to the practice of Statistics. New York: WH Freeman and
13
versus other psychotic patients: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull . 1997;23: 287–303.
17 Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Hafner H A. Population based elaboration of the role of age of onset
on the course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006; 88: 96–101.
18 Van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: a
longitudinal population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 156(4):319-327.
19 Alvarez-Jimenez M, Priede A, Hetrick SE, Bendall S, Killackey E, Parker AG, McGorry PD,
Gleeso JF. Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis:a systematic
review and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies.Schizophr Res.2012;139(1-3):116-128.
THE ABSTRACT OF THE DOCTORAL THESIS
CLUJ-NAPOCA 2014
INTRODUCTION 11
THE ACTUAL STAGE OF KNOWLEDGE
1. THE EVOLUTION OF THE DIAGNOSTIC CRITERIA UP TO THE CURRENT
DIAGNOSIS
15
1.1. The definition of the concept 15
1.2 The evolution of the diagnosed criteria
15
1.3. The current diagnosis 18
2.4. Variables 51
2.4.1. Independent variables 51
2.4.2. Dependent variables 51
2.5 The statistical analysis 52
4. RESULTS 55
3.1. The socio-demographic characteristics of the patients 55
3.2. The clinical features of the patients 62
3.3. The patients' evolution 69
3.4. The factors that influence the relapses after the first psychotic episode 76
3.4.1. The first relapse 76
3.4.2. The second relapse 79
3.4.3. The third relapse 82
3.4.4. The fourth relapse 83
3.4.5. The fifth relapse 84
3.4.6. The predictors of the relapse 85
3.5. The initial clinical variables that influence the amount of time that passes
until the first relapse 90
3.6. The initial assessment of the five categories of patients 92
3.7. The evolution of the four groups of patients in the first year after the disease's onset 100
3.8. The evolution of the four groups of patients in the second year after the disease's onset
104
3.9. The evolution of the four groups of patients five years after the onset 108
3.10. The changes in the marital and employment status of the patients 5 years after the onset
112
3.11. A male-female comparison regarding relapses, the compliance and the insight 115
4. DISCUSSIONS 119
5. CONCLUSIONS 123
6. THE ORIGINALITY AND THE INNOVATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS OF THE THESIS
125
BIBLIOGRAPHY 127
KEYWORDS: first episode psychosis, duration of untreated psychosis, schizophrenia,
relapse, remission.
INTRODUCTION
The most important health problem that the psychiatry is facing in the last years
is the joined diseases group in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. There were no objective
diagnostic detected, there is no specific morphological changes in patients' brains, it
cannot be accurately determined a cause or a definite evolution of the disease, but the
research has highlighted the importance of the early addressing of the disease.
Therefore, the concept of first-episode psychosis was born. This concept aims to
provide a framework for large prospective studies, but sometimes the restrictive
diagnostic criteria used risks to diminish the uniqueness of each patient.1 In the first
episode of psychosis, given the multiple possibilities of development, the research was
focused on identifying a first episode of schizophrenia in order to achieve a better
social and family reintegration of those affected.2 There were revealed abnormal ways
of thinking, perception and emotion. The presence of the cognitive disorders has the
paramount importance, even at the disease's onset.3
This study aimed to observe the evolution of the patients with a first episode
of schizophrenia for a period of five years, hospitalized or outpatient, within the
Department of Psychiatry and the Specialized Ambulatory Care of the County Hospital
of Bistriţa.
Attempts were made in order to establish the factors that could be associated
with the disease's progression, to find out if they were predictors of relapse and to
establish the possible new research directions.
Although the relapse prevention has become a priority in the strategy of
treatment, a significant percentage of patients suffer multiple relapses in the first five
years. Relapses have important psychosocial implications including the risk of self or
heteroagression, relational ruptures, destroying individual autonomy while
contributing to the stigma and to the economic problems in the treatment of the
schizophrenia.
THE PRESENT STUDY OF KNOWLEDGE
This part of the paper summarizes three chapters of the evolution of the
diagnosis, the patient's evaluation 4 at the first episode of schizophrenia, the theory 5
of its course and a review of the major studies conducted worldwide in order to find
the variables on which to intervene, trying to prevent relapses and the progression to
chronic disease.
THE PERSONAL CONTRIBUTION
There is a consensus regarding the fact that the relapse prevention during
early development of psychosis is essential, but the results of the researches on the
etiology of risk factors for relapse are far from conclusive. 6
In the last decades, longer-term researches of observation made on large
cohorts of patients have shown that the long-term evolution of schizophrenia is not
mandatory chronic and heading towards damage. 7,8
The literature indicates that 20% of the patients will have a single psychotic
episode9 but the researches on this subgroup of patients are few. Identifying a group
of patients who achieve the clinical remission of symptoms without having relapses
afterwards is very important because it could lead to the identification of a method of
treatment appropriate for their needs, minimizing the side effects associated with
prolonged exposure to the treatment with the antipsychotic medication.10
Working Theories / Objectives
Working Theory: there are differences between the patients who relapsed
after a first episode of psychosis and those which did not relapse.
The main objective is to track the patient's evolution in the first five years
after the onset of a psychotic episode and to identify the predictors of relapse. The
study aims to determine whether factors such as gender and age at onset, the duration
of untreated psychosis, the alcohol abuse, the adherence to antipsychotic treatment
may predict the risk of relapse after the first clinical remission of the symptoms at the
patients with the first episode of schizophrenia.
The secondary objectives are comparing the profile of patients who relapsed
with those showing no relapse and assessing the impact of psychosis on the socio-
economic and marital status of the patients.
Materials and Methods \ Procedure
This doctoral thesis will present the results of a naturalistic follow-up study in
which all patients at their first episode of schizophrenia who have presented
themselves for an outpatient or inpatient consult at the Bistriţa Psychiatric Hospital
between January 2006 and January 2008 were treated and observed for a period of 5
years, while the data collection was done by the end of 2013.The study recruited a
consecutive cohort of 86 patients who agreed to participate and signed the informed
consent.
The patients were assessed 4 times, once at the admission, once after one
year, once after two years and once after five years from the first episode of psychosis.
During this period, the patients received the usual care and did not receive any
psychosocial intervention (social or cognitive rehabilitation, psychotherapy).
Tools used for the assessment
versus other psychotic patients: a longitudinal study. Schizophr Bull . 1997;23: 287–303.
17Rabinowitz J, Levine SZ, Hafner H A. Population based elaboration of the role of age of onset on
the course of schizophrenia. Schizophr Res. 2006; 88: 96–101.
18 Van Os J, Bak M, Hanssen M, Bijl RV, de Graaf R, Verdoux H. Cannabis use and psychosis: a
longitudinal population-based study. Am J Epidemiol. 2002; 156(4):319-327.
19 Alvarez-Jimenez M, Priede A, Hetrick SE, Bendall S, Killackey E, Parker AG, McGorry PD, Gleeso
JF. Risk factors for relapse following treatment for first episode psychosis:a systematic review
and meta-analysis of longitudinal studies. Schizophr Res.2012;139(1-3):116-128.