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A. Despre LEADERSHIP
If we look in the Dictionary, Leadership is defined as “the action of leading a group of people or an
organisation”.(…….), exista numeroase definitii si acceptiuni ale leaderului si ale leadership-ului (vom
utiliza aici termenul din limba engleza, preferandu-l termenului de conducere, mai putin cuprinzator).
Etimologic, leader (engl. leader) si leadership vin de la verbul englezesc to lead, care are mai multe sensuri: a
conduce; a indrepta; a determina; a indruma; a dirija; a arata drumul; a insoti
Others may say “A simple definition is that leadership is the art of motivating a group of people to
act toward achieving a common goal. In a business setting, this can mean directing workers and
colleagues with a strategy to meet the company's needs.”
There are a lot of ways to phrase an explanation of a word, but in the end the message and the
feelings that are transmitted, are the same.
From my point of view, in order to practice leadership, first, you need to be a leader. A leader is
“the person who leads or commands a group, organisation, or country.”- according to the
dictionary.
Leadershipul reprezinta un atribut dorit si cerut de organizatii managerilor lor. Leaderii au incredere in fortele
lor proprii si genereaza incredere celorlalti. In preajma adevaratilor leaderi, angajatii se simt mai competenti si
gasesc munca mai interesanta. Leadershipul se afla in relatie directa cu capacitatea de a influenta
comportamentul oamenilor.
Unii specialisti din domeniu considera ca manager si leader sunt termeni sinonimi si ii folosesc in mod
alternativ, insa leadershipul si managementul reprezinta de fapt dimensiuni distincte ale persoanelor din
conducere: leadershipul reprezinta capacitatea de a determina oameni sa actioneze.
Managerul, in schimb, este individul care asigura atingerea obiectivelor organizationale prin planificare,
organizare si orientarea muncii catre finalitate. Prin urmare, o persoana poate fi un manager eficient fara a
avea capacitatile unui leader.
Majoritatea companiilor de astazi sunt mai mult gestionate (managed) si mai putin conduse (lead). Ele au
nevoie sa-si dezvolte capacitatea de a-si exercita leadership-ul. Companiile de succes nu asteapta ca leaderii
sa vina spre ele. Ele cauta in mod activ persoane cu potential de a deveni leaderi si,in timpul carierei lor ii pun
in situatii proiectate pentru ale dezvolta potentialul.
Activitatea echivalenta a leadership-ului este de a ghida (align) oamenii. aceasta inseamna sa comunice noua
directie pentru cei care pot crea grupuri ce inteleg viziunea si sunt dedicati transpunerii acesteia in realitate.
Managementul asigura indeplinirea planurilor prin control si rezolvarea problemelor- monitorizarea rezultatelor
prin rapoarte, intalniri si alte instrumente ; identificarea abaterilor ; apoi planificarea si organizarea pentru
rezolvarea problemelor.
Managerii sunt niste persoane care sunt investiti in niste pozitii care cer derularea unor activitati de organizare,
planificare, coordonare, conducere si control. Au diferite si variate personalitati. Pot fi si imaginativi, pot fi si
non-conformisti. Managerii pot fi leaderi in sensul de a manifesta leadership, in sensul de a-i face pe altii sa-i
urmeze de buna voie, in sensul de a crea si transmite o viziune, de a-i insufleti pe oameni etc. Leaderii pot fi
oameni investiti cu functii manageriale sau nu. Actul managerial implica asigurarea functiilor managementului,
actele de leadership nu neaparat sau se pot manifesta in cadrul actelor manageriale.
A. Teoria leaderilor innascuti – “Leaderii se nasc, nu se fac.” Conform acestei abordari leaderul are trasaturi
definitorii innascute prin urmare nu pot fi leaderi decat cei care s-au nascut cu aceste trasaturi de personalitate.
Aceasta teorie neaga posibilitatea dobandirii de abilitati si competente in ceea ce priveste leadershipul.
B. Teoria trasaturilor personale – “Leaderii difera de oamenii echipei lor prin anumite caracteristici.”
S-au facut multe studii pentru compararea trasaturilor fizice, intelectuale sau de personalitate ale leaderilor si
ale celor care ii urmeaza. De exemplu, s-a crezut ca leaderii tind sa fie mai bine adaptati si sa aiba perceptii
sociale mai precise decat ceilalti. Totusi, in general, aceasta abordare a dezamagit. Teoria trasaturilor
personale a fost discreditata ca fiind o abordare simplista a conducerii.
C. Abordarea situationala – “Situatia va determina cine va fi leaderul.”
Aceasta abordare se bazeaza pe ipoteza conform careia comportamentul leaderilor difera in functie de situatie,
ceea ce sugereaza nevoia de flexibilitate in procesele de selectie si pregatire a leaderilor.
D. Teoria rolului functional
Conform acestei abordari, conducerea ar trebui sa fie preluata in functie de sarcinile de indeplinit. Unele
persoane pot fi potrivite pentru mentinerea unei atmosfere de prietenie in grup, altele pot fi potrivite pentru
analiza logica a problemei, si asa mai departe. In acest model, grupul este cel mai eficient atunci cand
responsabilitatea pentru fiecare sarcina este preluata de catre membrul grupului cel mai potrivit pentru ducerea
ei la indeplinire. Leaderul formal al grupului va conduce numai in situatiile in care este cel mai competent.
E. Teoria stilurilor de conducere – Stilurile de conducere pot fi clasificate in: autoritar, democratic si “laissez-
faire”.
O clasificare a leaderilor se poate face dupa urmatoarele criterii:
dupa stilul de conducere: leader democratic, autoritar, neutru
dupa rolul in procesul de conducere: leader formal, informal
(De refacut)
From my point of view, the ability to be a good leader and to practice leadership is something that
you have or you don’t have, either it is in you or it is not, it may be genetically transmitted or just a
characteristic/inclination you are born with, I don’t know. I may be wrong by making this
assumption, and I may contradict the “growth vs fixed mindset” concept that we continuously talked
about since reading “Science of Success” Paula J. Caproni, but this is my opinion regarding this
subject and I can support it with solid arguments.
Referring back to the “Science of Success” book which states that every skill can be learnt if you
are putting enough time to practice it, I can completely agree with it. Every skill can be learnt, but I
believe that some people will do it better than others, and some people will do it worst than others.
You can learn it, and you can practice it but if you do not have an acquired inclination from birth to
this field- leadership/leader, you will not master it and you will not make a performance out of this.(
“In business, leadership is linked to performance, and any leadership definition has to take that into
account.”https:// www.thebalancesmb.com/leadership-definition-2948275)
(De refacut)Of course, I am not saying that it is impossible to be a good leader if you were not
“born” one, I am trying to say that from my perspective, if you can’t be the best at something, you
should reorientate to something else, to your passion/inclination perhaps. But still, there is a
difference between good and performance, so I believe you first need to decide where you want to
locate yourself.
There are a lot of aspects that differentiate a normal leader and a normal leadership style, from a
great leader/leadership style. I have done my research online, on books, blogs, journals etc.
regarding what skills define a good leader in order to perform a good leadership style, and all of
them states that you need the following set of skills:
• Communication
• Motivation
• Delegating
• Positivity
• Trustworthiness
• Creativity
• Feedback
• Responsibility
• Commitment
• Flexibility
Un alt aspect al vietii de grup, foarte important pentru intelegerea comportamentului, pentru diagnosticarea
problemelor acestuia si pentru imbunatatirea activitatii sale este modul in care sunt indeplinite diferite
roluri.
Exista 3 categorii de roluri:
1. Roluri de formare si de mentinere a grupului– cele care contribuie la intemeierea relatiilor si a coeziunii
dintre membrii grupului(latura sufleteasca). Aceste roluri sunt necesare grupului pentru a se mentine ca grup.
2. Roluri de stabilire a sarcinilor grupului– cele care ajuta grupul in munca sa(latura sociala). Aceste roluri
sunt necesare pentru indreptarea grupului catre atingerea obiectivelor sale.
3. Roluri individuale
1. ROLURI DE FORMARE SI MENTINERE A GRUPULUI
INCURAJARE – presupune a fi prietenos, cald, deschis catre ceilalti, a aprecia ideile celorlalti, de a fi de acord
cu si a accepta contributiile celorlalti
MEDIERE – a armoniza, a concilia diferentele de opinie, a face compromisuri
MODERARE – a incerca sa obtina si contributia unui alt membru al grupului, spunand: “Nu am auzit inca
parerea lui Ion” sau a pune la dispozitie un anume tip de vorbire pentru a da posibilitatea tuturor sa vorbeasca.
FIXAREA STANDARDELOR – emiterea de standarde pe care grupul sa le foloseasca in alegerea subiectelor
sau procedurilor, conduitei sau a valorilor etice.
A URMA GRUPUL – a merge impreuna cu grupul, acceptand intr-un fel pasiv ideile celorlalti, jucand rolul
publicului in discutiile de grup, a fi un bun ascultator
A ELIBERA TENSIUNEA – a inlatura sentimentele negative prin glume, a distrage atentia de la problemele
neplacute indreptandu-se catre probleme placute.
2. ROLURI DE STABILIRE A SARCINILOR IN GRUP
A INITIA – a sugera noi idei sau o noua perspectiva asupra problemelor sau obiectivelor grupului, a propune
noi activitati.
A CAUTA INFORMATII – a cere fapte rlevante sau informatii autorizate.
A DA INFORMATII – a oferi fapte relevante sau informatii autorizate sau a lega experienta personala in mod
pertinent de sarcinile grupului.
A OFERI OPINII – a exprima opinii pertinente despre o problema aflata in discutie.
A CLARIFICA – a cerceta pentru a descoperi sensul si a aprofunda, a da exemple
A COORDONA – a arata sau a clarifica relatiile dintre diferite idei, incercand sa adune laolalta idei si sugestii.
A ORIENTA – a defini desfasurarea discutiilor relative la scopurile grupului, a formula intrebari in legatura cu
sensul pe care il iau discutiile.
A TESTA – a verifica impreuna cu grupul daca acesta e gata sa ia o decizie sau sa intreprinda o actiune.
A REZUMA – a rezuma continutul discutiei precedente.
Aceste roluri nu sunt necesare toate in acelasi timp. Bineinteles, daca un rol nu este indeplinit corect, acesta s-
ar putea sa afecteze in mod negativ activitatea grupului. De exemplu, o gluma spusa pentru a risipi tocmai
tensiunea care ar fi rezultat intr-o actiune concreta. Dar deseori, cand membrii unui grup nu se inteleg cum
trebuie, o diagnosticare a problemei ar putea arata ca nimeni nu indeplineste unul din rolurile mentionate mai
sus, acestea fiind necesare pentru a impinge grupul inainte. Pare de asemenea adevarat faptul ca unii se simt
mai bine si sunt mai eficienti indeplinind mai curand un anume rol decat altul, asa incat tind sa joace acelasi rol
in orice grup din care fac parte. Exista totusi pericolul super-stereotipizarii unui individ ca “mediator” sau “cel
care-si exprima parerea”, etc. deoarece trebuie stiut ca orice rol se poate invata cand persoana respectiva este
constienta de acest lucru.
3. ROLURI INDIVIDUALE
Deseori se pot observa grupuri comportamentale care nu se potrivesc cu niciuna dintre aceste categorii.
Acesta pare a fi comportamentul egocentric care in literatura de specialitate se numeste “rol nefunctional”.acest
comportament nu aduce nici o contributie grupului, ci satisface numai nevoi personale.
BLOCARE – a interveni in discutie cu un subiect tangent, a cita experienta personala fara legatura cu
problema grupului, a insista prea mult asupra unui punct pe care grupul l-a rezolvat deja, a respinge idei fara a
gandi, a impiedica votul.
AGRESIUNE – a critica sau invinovati pe ceilalti, a manifesta ostilitate fata de grup sau un individ fara legatura
cu ceea ce s-a intamplat in grup, a ataca motivele celorlalti, a denigra statutul celorlalti.
A CAUTA CU ORICE PRET APRECIEREA – a incerca sa atragi atentia asupra ta vorbind prea mult, prin idei
excentrice, laudandu-te, exagerand.
INTERVENTII SPECIALE – a introduce sau sustine idei legate de interese proprii, fara motiv, incercand sa
treci drept “inteleptul casei”, “buricul pamantului”, etc.
A SE RETRAGE – a se preface indiferent sau pasiv apeland la formalitati excesive, a sopti unora la ureche,
etc.
A DOMINA – a incerca sa-si exercite autoritatea in a manipula grupul sau unii membri “impunandu-si functia”,
dand directive, intrerupandu-i pe ceilalti.
STILURI DE CONDUCERE
a.Autocrat – se caracterizeaza prin:
supraveghere stricta a subordonatilor,
planificarea este facuta independent,
comunicare de sus in jos,
leaderul ia singur decizii si comunica subordonatilor ce au de facut,
tehnici si etape de lucru dictate de autoritate, grupul nestiind dinainte ce va face,
repartitia sarcinilor direct de catre leader,
evaluarea este facuta personal de catre leader,
autoritate sustinuta prin teama insuflata subordonatilor.
2. Democrat – se caracterizeaza prin:
spirit de echipa, sociabilitate, cooperare, atmosfera prieteneasca in cadrul firmei,
grupul primeste suficiente informatii de la leader, dar intocmeste el insusi planificarea,
comunicarea este deschisa in toate sensurile,
alegerea politicilor si adoptarea deciziilor in grup, leaderul implica subordonatii in procesul luarii
deciziei, imparte cu ei problemele, ca si puterea de decizie,
alegerea etapelor in urma discutiei de grup, iar atunci cand propune tehnici, leaderul indica mai multe
posibilitati, lasand alegerea finala grupului,
discutarea repartitiei sarcinilor in grup; membri echipei pot sa lucreze cu cine vor,
evaluarea este raportata la obiective,
obiectivitatea leaderului, acesta dorind sa fie un membru egal al grupului.
2. Laissez – faire (tolerant/ingaduitor) (lasa-ma sa te las) – caracterizat prin :
libertate de actiune acordata subordonatilor, controlul fiind aproape nul,
nu exista planificare,
comunicarea din partea leaderului aproape inexistenta, acesta nu ia initiativa de a participa la discutii,
leaderul evita sa ia decizii, lasandu-si subordonatii sa actioneze, dupa cum crede fiecare de cuviinta,
etapele de lucru si tehnicile utilizate raman la latitudinea fiecarui membru,
abtinerea leaderului de a participa la repartitia sarcinilor si a colegilor de lucru,
evaluare nesistematica sau chiar absenta.
_________________________________________
D. Puncte de vedere personale
Aspecte practice
I can not agree more, or describe better these characteristics that define a good leader and
automatically practicing a good leadership style. But, again, as I received the permission to
express my opinion freely on this subject, I would like to take advantage of that, and do it at it’s
maximum potential. I like to see leadership more as a feeling, rather than a set of skills. A felling
that comes when you are confident enough in yourself and when you have enough knowledge
about the team you are leading, the direction you are leading to, the reason, the main goal you
want to achieve by leading, the mission, vision and the values you rely on when leading. If you
have those aspects really clear in your own mind, the set of skills I described earlier, will come
naturally.
Going back to the definition of leadership, “ leadership is the ART of motivating…” so the leader
should be an artist, and artists make great art, out of passion, passion which they are born with.
Reflecting back to my experience as a leader in TE, I don't have that much to say, as I never took
the role of a leader in my first 2 years of UWE. I have never took this role as I was never confident
enough on my set of skills, or on my persona in general, so I always let others be the leader, and I
took the role of a follower. Even if I never took this responsibility of being a leader, I studied
leadership a lot, and you can imagine 2 years of University studying other people leadership styles
is quite a long period of time. I have studied a lot of leadership styles, from the drastic and strict
one that believed he’s always right and can’t be wrong and people should rigorously follow his
instructions, to the “absent-minded” one that used to always forget he is the leader and needed to
constantly be reminded that he needs to take initiative. I believe there is no better position from
which you can study leadership than the followership one. I have heard all the possible opinions
about all the leaders me, and the different teams I was assigned to, needed to follow. From “who
does he thinks he is”, “he tries to much”, to “he doesn’t tries at all, we should “wake him up””. Of
course from the position of a follower, it was inevitable to not study follower ship as well, and the
correlation between follower ship and leadership. Something really interesting came out of this
observation, namely people tends to respond the same way you treat them. If you are anxious and
don’t know how to deal with the situation, you inevitable show it, so followers tend to react the
same. If the leader tries to be a “director” and to give orders, followers tends to feel not at all useful
or important, so they will end up doing the job just for the sake of having it done and not achieving
the results that the “leader” was expecting.
I believe a good leader should get to know his teammates first, their strengths, their weaknesses,
what motivates them, what demotivates them etc. in order to practice an effective leadership style.
As I said before, people tends to act the way they are treated. I believe there is a law of attraction,
and as my Team Company’s Coach- Val always says “You first need to be able and willing to give
before receiving”. So I believe the best and most efficient way to be a leader is to treat your
teammates the same way you would like to be treated, namely, make them feel important, make
them feel like they are really doing something valuable, boost their confidence, make them
understand why they need to do those specific tasks, make them aware of the power of their
contribution. When delegating roles, explain in detail what needs to be done and why, and let your
followers choose who wants to do what, give them the needed “tools“ and let them do their work in
their own original way. Guide them, but don’t force anything, don’t pressure, don’t make them feel
like they are following orders, like they are trapped in a case or like they are wearing horse
glasses, make them feel like they are doing something from their own initiative, while you as a
leader, just keep them accountable and on track. From this, everything will flow naturally. I believe
you as a leader, need to build a trust and respect relationship with your followers, but at the same
time set some boundaries so you can maintain that respect from both ways and to prevent being
“stepped on”.
One of the most important qualities/characteristics of both a follower and a leader is to be able to
actively listen. It is necessary in this case, and in general, in life, in order to be successful, to be
able to listen not just to hear, because there is a big difference between these two.
I believe that knowledge is power, and the more you know about the subject you are interested in,
the better the results of your work towards that aspect will be. So “creating favourable conditions
for learning is one of the main tasks of any great leader”(Jonas Ridderstrale&Kjell Nordstorm,
funky Business, pg. 177). “ Building an organisation based on learning is about increasing the rate
of the transfer and transformation of knowledge. And this process starts with consolidating
information throughout the company. We need to reallocate knowledge from the individual to the
group and organisational levels. It sounds elementary, but let us ask you three simple questions:
1. Do some of you colleagues perform better than others?
2. Would you like others to be just as good?
3. What are you doing about it?”(Jonas Ridderstrale&Kjell Nordstorm, Funky Business, pg. 176).
Same concepts, theories and ideas applies when leading a team. Let's take the example of the
Client Project(Twenty20) that me and my team are working on at the moment. As now I am
more confident in myself and in my skills, I took the role of the leader of the client project team
in order to practice what I have learnt from my past experiences in TE. In order to work as
efficient as possible, the first step is that the teammates should all have a clear and mutual
understanding of how the client’s organisation works. Namely, understand it’s mission, vision,
values, strategies and goals.