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The Battle of Red Cliffs (also known as the Battle of Chibi, 208 CE)
was the pivotal engagement between the forces of Northern China led by
the warlord Cao Cao (l. 155-220 CE) and the allied defenders of the
south under the command of Liu Bei (d. 223 CE) and Sun Quan (d. 252
CE). The battle is considered the turning point in the conflict between
various warlords who assumed control of their regions and then
extended their reach in the waning days of the Han Dynasty (206 BCE -
220 CE). Cao Cao was defeated by the southern coalition and driven
back north, ending his dream of unifying China under his rule.
The engagement leveled the playing field of the central antagonists
as, previously, Cao Cao had been the most powerful and commanded
the largest army. Afterwards, with Cao Cao beaten and forced to retreat
with heavy losses, Liu Bei and Sun Quan stabilized their regions and this
eventually led to the Three Kingdoms Period (220-280 CE) following the
end of the Han Dynasty with Cao Cao ruling the kingdom of Cao Wei, Liu
Bei reigning over Shu Han, and Sun Quan as king of Eastern Wu. The
Three Kingdoms remained in often uneasy truce with each other until
they were united in 280 CE under the Jin Dynasty.