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100
Overall accuracy
~
~ J
Held−out test set
98
~
96
90
Overall accuracy
Held−out test set
85
100
Overall accuracy 80
Held−out test set
95
Accuracy
75
90 70
85 65
Accuracy
60
80
55
75
50
0 100 200 300 400 500
Number of constraints
70
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6G?D ]464 D26@ 4D ;albOH= 48] ;al;s <9<D 4665?o<62Dm 8 6G2 ]464 D26 JM` ?8D648>2D@
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D654?82] >A<D625?8_ k?6G 524A ]974?8 p89kA2]_2@ k2 52:25D 69 4 A?7?6 98 G9k :45 43456
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?8 ta= ]464m F8 6G?D D2>6?98@ k2 523956 98 6G2 52D<A6D kG?A2 D6?AA o2?8_ ?8 6G2 D472 A482m F: 6k9 39?86D 452
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=>G592]A 26 4Am ``J@ kG?>G :9><D2D D32>?q>4AAE 98 4 >98D654?86 6G46 k?AA 352C286 6G9D2 6k9 39?86D :597
6G2 359oA27 9: 743 52q827286 48] A482 q8]?8_m o2?8_ 3A4>2] ?8 6G2 D472 >A<D625m
OD k2 k?AA DG9k@ 6G2 <8>98D654?82] pl7248D 4A_95?6G7 ^9 o26625 484AE2 325:95748>2 ?8 6G?D ]974?8@ k2
325:957D 4oED74AAE >973452] 69 ;albOH=@ 79]?q2] 6G2 >A<D625 >28625 52352D28646?98m ^G2 <D<4A
kG?>G G4D 4>>2DD 69 4]]?6?984A ]974?8 p89kA2]_2 k4E 69 >973<62 6G2 >28625 9: 4 >A<D625 ?D 69 4C254_2
4o9<6 6G2 359oA27 m =2>6?98 m ]2D>5?o2D G9k k2 4AA 9: ?6D >98D6?6<286 39?86Dm ^G252 452 6k9 D?_8?q>486
6548D:9572] 6G?D ]974?8 p89kA2]_2 ?869 4 <D2:<A D26 ]54ko4>pD 9: 6G?D 52352D28646?98m ?5D6@ 6G2 >28625 9:
9: ?8D648>2lA2C2A >98D654?86Dm 4 A482 ?D 4 39?86 G4A:k4E 4A98_ ?6D 2r6286@ kG?>G >97l
798AE 7248D 6G46 39?86D ?8D?]2 6G2 A482 o<6 46 6G2 :45
Z. Z/Z -Z./ 28]D 9: 6G2 594] 433245 69 o2 2r65272AE :45 :597 6G2
1?_?64A 594] 743D ><55286AE 2r?D6 6G46 284oA2 D2C254A >A<D625 >28625m =2>98]@ 433A?>46?98D 6G46 74p2 <D2 9:
433A?>46?98D@ D<>G 4D _282546?8_ 325D984A?2] ]5?C?8_ 6G2 >A<D625?8_ 52D<A6D 822] 7952 6G48 4 D?8_A2 39?86 69
]?52>6?98Dm n9k2C25@ 6G2D2 743D >9864?8 98AE >945D2 ]2q82 4 A482m
?8:95746?98 4o9<6 6G2 A9>46?98 9: 4 594]m E 52q8?8_ ;98D2<286AE@ k2 ?8D624] 52352D2862] 24>G A482 >A<Dl
743D ]9k8 69 6G2 A482 A2C2A@ k2 284oA2 4 G9D6 9: 7952 625 k?6G 4 A?82 D2_7286 3454AA2A 69 6G2 >28625A?82m ^G?D
D93G?D6?>462] 433A?>46?98D D<>G 4D 4A256?8_ 4 ]5?C25 kG9 7952 4>><5462AE 79]2AD kG46 k2 >98>236<4A?2 4D 6G2
]5?:6D :597 6G2 ><55286 A482m >28625 9: 6G2 A482 @ 359C?]2D 4 o26625 o4D?D :95 724D<5l
<5 433594>G 69 6G?D 359oA27 ?D o4D2] 98 6G2 9oD25l ?8_ 6G2 ]?D648>2 :597 4 39?86 69 ?6D A482 >A<D625 >28l
C46?98 6G46 ]5?C25D 628] 69 ]5?C2 k?6G?8 A482 o9<8]l 625@ 48] 359C?]2D <D2:<A 9<63<6 :95 96G25 433A?>46?98Dm
45?2Dm C25 6?72@ A482D DG9<A] >9552D398] 69 ]28D2AE 96G 6G2 o4D?> pl7248D 4A_95?6G7 48] ;albOH=
654C2A2] 52_?98D ?8 >98654D6 69 6G2 A482 o9<8]45?2D@ 74p2 <D2 9: 6G?D A482 52352D28646?98 :95 6G?D 359oA27m
kG?>G DG9<A] o2 D345D2AE 654C2A2] m ;98D2<286AE@ .{ .Z ,S { SZ Q { .Z
k2 GE396G2D?2] 6G46 ?6 k9<A] o2 39DD?oA2 69 >9AA2>6
]464 4o9<6 6G2 A9>46?98 9: >45D 4D 6G2E ]5?C2 4A98_ 4 ^4oA2 352D286D 4>><54>E 52D<A6D :95 o96G 4A_95?6G7D
_?C28 594] 48] 6G28 >A<D625 6G46 ]464 69 4<69746?>4AAE 9C25 ` 594] D2_7286Dm ^G2 8<7o25 9: ]464 39?86D :95
]26257?82 kG252 6G2 ?8]?C?]<4A A482D 452 A9>462]m 24>G 594] D2_7286 ?D 4AD9 ?8]?>462]m ^G2D2 ]464 D26D
s2 >9AA2>62] ]464 43359r?7462AE 98>2 325 D2>98] :597 "# '$#$ #$) * "$#
D2C254A ]5?C25D <D?8_ ta= 52>2?C25D 4 r2] 69 6G2 693 "$) )) ( #$) +
9: 6G2 C2G?>A2 o2?8_ ]5?C28m 4>G ]464 39?86 ?D 52352l # #'# %#$ $""#$" #$# $
) $""#$"& " )# # ( "
D2862] oE 6k9 :246<52D ?6D ]?D648>2 4A98_ 6G2 594] #$ '$# ( '#* D $# $# 0 " $
D2_7286 48] ?6D 325328]?><A45 9D26 :597 6G2 594] #$) (# # $*M+
48] 4C254_?8_ cLm - 9C254AAm ^G2 <8>98D654?82] C25l
12 345 7 O$ R ) ! #(# $" Dq $) o) M
=2_7286 l7248D ;al ;98D654?86D D?98 325:9572] 7<>G k95D2@ 4C254_?8_ MLm` - 4>><54>Em
D?2 bOH= 4A982 ^G2 >A<D625D 6G2 A46625 4A_95?6G7 359]<>2D 9:628 D348
J cc KcmL J`` NmL 7<A6?3A2 A482D 48] 82C25 >9C25 6G2 286?52 594] D2_7286
JJ K m J`` NJmM A28_6Gk?D2m 482 >A<D625D G4C2 4 C25E D32>?q> DG432
N MJ MmM J`` KKm 6G2E 452 _5246AE 2A98_462] 48] <D<4AAE 95?2862] G95l
K M KcmK J`` K mJ ?9864AAE k?6G 52D32>6 69 6G2 594] >28625A?82m I26
M K M`m J`` cm 2C28 kG28 6G2 >A<D625 >28625 ?D 4 A?82 546G25 6G48 4
M`N Mm` J`` MmN 39?86@ pl7248D D22pD >9734>6@ <D<4AAE D3G25?>4A >A<Dl
N NmM J`` M mL 625Dm ;98D2<286AE@ ?6 ]92D 4 C25E 3995 }9o 9: A9>46?8_
L JKc Km J`` MNm 6G2 65<2 A482D ?8 6G2 ]464m
c Kc MLm J`` KmL 95 2r473A2@ ?_<52 K DG9kD 6G2 9<63<6 9: 6G2 52_<A45
J` NK M`m J`` NmK pl7248D 4A_95?6G7 :95 ]464 D26 m ^G2 G95?9864A 4r?D
JJ JJ` MmM J`` mN ?D 6G2 ]?D648>2 4A98_ 6G2 594] ?8 72625D 48] 6G2 C25l
J K KLmL cm Mcm 6?>4A 4r?D ?D 6G2 >28625A?82 9D26m ^G252 452 :9<5 65<2
JN ML cm` J`` MJmM A482Dm ^G2 39?86D :95 24>G 9: 6G2 :9<5 >A<D625D :9<8] oE
JK L Mmc J`` Mcmc pl7248D 452 52352D2862] oE ]?25286 DE7o9ADm ;A245AE@
JM K`` MLmL J`` Ncm 6G2D2 A482D ]9 896 >9552D398] 69 6G2 65<2 A482Dm
J JJM Km` m MmK
J NLN `mL cLmc MJmK
JL L M`m J`` Nm 8
traces
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4
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