1.
Four Types of Transport Mechanisms in a Cell:
a. Passive Transport: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, without energy
input. Examples include diffusion and osmosis.
b. Facilitated Diffusion: Similar to passive transport but requires a protein carrier or channel
to move substances across the membrane.
c. Active Transport: Movement of molecules against their concentration gradient, from low to
high concentration, requiring energy (ATP). Example: sodium-potassium pump.
d. Endocytosis and Exocytosis: Involves vesicles to move large molecules. Endocytosis
brings substances into the cell, while exocytosis expels them.
2. Biomolecules:
Biological molecules (biomolecules) are organic compounds essential for life, composed of
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur and phosphorus. They are
involved in structural, functional, and regulatory roles within organisms.
3. Four Major Types of Biomolecules and Their Functions:
1. Carbohydrates: Serve as a primary energy source.
Example: glucose is a simple sugar; starch is a complex carbohydrate.
2. Proteins: Involved in cell structure, enzyme functions, and regulation.
Example: enzymes like amylase, and structural proteins like collagen.
3. Lipids: Provide long-term energy storage, form cell membranes, and act as signaling
molecules.
Example: triglycerides (fats) and phospholipids.
4. Nucleic Acids: Store and transfer genetic information.
Example: DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA (ribonucleic acid).
4. Examples of Micromolecules:
Amino acids
Monosaccharides (e.g., glucose)
Fatty acids
Nucleotides
5. Properties and Elements of Biomolecules:
Properties:
- Organic, carbon-based
- Involved in cellular processes (metabolism, energy transfer)
- Can form large macromolecules (polymers)
-Capable of forming complex structures and interactions
Elements:
Primarily Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O), Nitrogen (N)
Also includes Phosphorus (P) and Sulfur (S) in some biomolecules.
