Analiza variaional ANOVA

metod de optimizare a
proceselor organizaionale

Daniela COSMA

De ce analiz variaional

Existena unor diferene semnificative ntre nivelul de pregtire al

studenilor, metodele de predare istrucie sau evaluare ale cadrelor
didactice, caracteristicile disciplinelor de nv mnt fac ca strategiile,
modelele i metodele de utilizare optima a resursei umane n procesul
de nvmnt fundamentate pe tendina central s fie mai pu in
eficiente sau eficace.

Rezultatele depind i de factori independei cum ar fi caracteristicile

psiho-individuale

Rezultatul implementrii unei stategii de promovare, selec ie, formare,

perfectionare poate fi evideniat nu mumai pritr-un nivel superior al
tendinei centale ci mai ales prin creterea omogenit ii popula iei
investigate.

De la testul T la F

Am putea folosi testul T ca ca s comparm dou cte

dou valorile medii ale unui numr de caracteristici.

Aceast metod in cazul cercetrii noastre nu e adecvat

din urmtoarele motive
E dificil de luat n considerare toate combinaiile posibile.
Orice statistic care are n vedere date pariale (ca n cazul
considerrii unei combinaii de dou variabile) e mai puin
consistent ca cea care folosete totalitatea informaiilor.
Unele comparaii vor furniza rezultate eronate pentru c la
nivelul eantioanelor ipoteza va fi admis din ntmplare.

De la T (STUDENT)la F(FICHER)

Avem nevoie de un test cu caracter global care va

identifica diferenele semnificative ntre
caracteristicile diferitelor srategii sau impactul
factorilor de mediu asupra procesului de
implementare.
Dac rspunsul la ntrebarea noastr va fi negativ
cercetarea ulterioar nu pateu conduce la rezultate
consistente..
Un asemenea test de semnificaie aplicabil pe un
numr mare de variabile e testul F, sau analiza de
variaie, sau ANOVA.

Logica metodei ANOVA

Ipoteza care se testeaz prin metoda ANOVA se refer la

existena unor diferene semnificative ntre tendinele centrale
(efectul pe care aplicarea unor srategii l are asupra
eantioanelor supuse experimentului) i ne ateptm evident
ca ipoteza nul s fie admis.
Aceast ntrebare dei se refer la medii i gsete rspunsul
prin analiza variaiei.

Printre alte motive pentru care ne concentrm atenia asupra

variaiei este acela c dorim s testm diferena dintre medii.

DOU SURSE ALE VARIABILITII

In ANOVA, o estimaie a variabilitii

ntre grupuri e comparat cu
variabilitatea n cadrul grupurilor.
Variabilitatea ntre grupuri crora li
s-au aplicat tratamente diferite (s-au
experimentat diverse strategii de
promovare a profesiei, instituiei
militare) conduce la diferene intre
medii cu caracter aleatoriu i
datorit efectului unor factori de
mediu dac e semnificativ desigur

variabilitatea n cadrul grupurilor se

datoreaz caracteristicilor .
Diferite ale elementelor din eantion
care evident au participat la acelai
experiment.

Variaia ntre grupuri

Exist o variaie mare ntre medii

Mari diferene ntre medii nu se datoreaz ntmprii.
E dificil de imaginat c toate grupurile sunt eantioane aleatoare ale
aceleiai populaii.
Ipoteza nul e respins indicnd un efect al tratamentului adic
eficiena cel puin unei stategii utilizate.

Variabilitatea n cadrul grupurilor

Exist o oarecare variaie ntre mediile grupurilor.

Totui variaia n cadrul grupurilor e mai mare pentru fiecare
din grupuri.
Cu ct variaia n cadrul grupurilor e mai mare cu att
sigurana unor ipoteze referitoare la populaie se micoreaz.

RAPORTUL F

Variaie la nivelul
populaiei
Variabilitatea intre grupuri
F
Variabilitatea in cadrul grupurilor

ntre
grupuri(datorat
diferenei ntre
metode, modele,
strategii)

n grupuri(datorat
caracteristicilor
individuale diferite,
leadershipului)

DOU SURSE DE VARIAIE

F 1

DOU SURSE DE VARIAIE

F 1

MSbetween
F
MSwithin

RAPORTUL F
Variaie la nivelul
populaiei
ntre grupuri(datorat
diferenei ntre
metode, modele,
strategii)

n grupuri(datorat
caracteristicilor
individuale diferite,
leadershipului)

Dispersia intragrupalDispersia intergrupal

MSbetween
F
MSwithin

RAPORTUL F
sum of squares
within

sum of squares
between

SSwithin
MSwithin
dfwithin

SSbetween
MSbetween
df between

degrees of freedom
within

(X X )

n 1

degrees of freedom
between
Estimarea abaterii
mediilor de grup fa de
media populaiei
Grade de libertate

RAPORTUL F

MSbetween
F
MSwithin

SSwithin
MSwithin
dfwithin

SSbetween
MSbetween
df between

sum of squares total

SStotal SSbetween SSwithin

degrees of freedom
total

df total df between dfwithin

RAPORTUL F : SS intergrup

SSint ergrup n( X group X grand )

Abateri individuale
2

SSint ergrup

T
G

n
N

Volumul populaiei

RAPORTUL F : SSintragrup
SSinragrup ( X X group )

SSint ergrup

2Dispersia la nivelul

T populaiei
X
n
2

Numrul de
indivizi din
fiecare grup

RAPORTUL F : SS Total
SS total ( X X grand ) 2 ( X group X grand ) ( X X group )
2
G
2
SStotal X
N

Numr total de subieci.

Un exemplu: ANOVA

ANOVA INDEX

An Example: ANOVA
Ipoteza

testat.

EXISTA DIFERENE SEMNIFICATIVE NTRE

STATEGII?

Ipoteza

statistic corespunzatoare.

H 0 : 1 2 3
H A : H 0 is false.

Rezultat Test

Repartitia F (Fisher Snedecor)

Valorile functiei F (F = s12/ s22 ) pentru l1, l2 grade de libertate si =0,05, = 0,01 nivel de
semnificatie

An Example: ANOVA

Calculate
Imagined
X
2

the test
statistic.
Retrospective
X
2

Current

X2

49

12

144

64

36

64

10

100

25

81

12

144

36

11

121

10

100

T:24

146

T:40

410

T:40

408

SS within

SS within

T2
X
n
2

Grand Total: 104

24 2 40 2 40 2
146 410 408

964 144 400 400 20

4
4
4

An Example: ANOVA

Calculate
Imagined
X
2

the test
statistic.
Retrospective
X
2

Current

X2

49

12

144

64

36

64

10

100

25

81

12

144

36

11

121

10

100

T:24

146

T:40

410

T:40

408

SS between

T 2 G2

n
N

SS between

24 2 40 2 40 2 (104) 2

144 400 400 901.33 42.67

4
4
4
12

Grand Total: 104

An Example: ANOVA
MS between
F
MS within
MS between
MS within

SS between 42.67

21.34
df between
2

SS within 20

2.22
df within
9

MS between 21.34
F

9.61
MS within
2.22

An Example: ANOVA

Determine if your result is significant.

Interpret your results.

Reject H0, 9.61>4.26

There is a significant difference in the ratings of the intensity of
unrequited love depending on when (or if) the emotion was felt.

ANOVA Summary Table

In the literature, the ANOVA results are often summarized in a

table.
Source

df

SS

MS

Between Groups

42.67

21.34

9.61

20

2.22

Within Groups
Total

11

62.67

After the F Test

When an F turns out to be significant, we know, with

some degree of confidence, that there is a real
difference somewhere among our means.
But if there are more than two groups, we dont know
where that difference is.
Post hoc tests have been designed for doing pairwise comparisons after a significant F is obtained.

An
Example: ANOVA
A psychologist interested in artistic preference randomly assigns a group of 15

subjects to one of three conditions in which they view a series of unfamiliar

abstract paintings. The 5 participants in the famous condition are led to
believe that these are each famous paintings. The 5 participants in the critically
acclaimed condition are led to believe that these are paintings that are not
famous but are highly thought of by a group of professional art critics. The 5 in
the control condition are given no special information about the paintings. Does
what people are told about paintings make a difference in how well they are
liked? Use the .01 level of significance.

Famous

Critically Acclaimed

No Information

10

10

An Example: ANOVA
State

the research hypothesis.

Does what people are told about paintings make

a difference in how well they are liked?

State

the statistical hypothesis.

H 0 : 1 2 3
H A : H 0 is false.

An Example: ANOVA
Set

decision rule.

.01
df between number of groups 1 3 1 2
df within (n1 1) (n 2 1) (n3 1) (5 1) (5 1) (5 1) 12
Fcrit 6.93

An Example: ANOVA
Famous

X2

Critically
Acclaimed

X2

No
Information

X2

10

100

25

16

49

36

25

81

10

100

49

64

16

T:40

338

T:20

100

T:25

151

Grand Total: 85

SS total

G2
X
N

SS total

(85) 2
338 100 151
589 481.67 107.33
15

An Example: ANOVA
Famous

X2

Critically
Acclaimed

X2

No
Information

X2

10

100

25

16

49

36

25

81

10

100

49

64

16

T:40

338

T:20

100

T:25

151

Grand Total: 85

SS between
SS between

T 2 G2

n
N

40 2 20 2 25 2 (85) 2

320 80 125 481.67 43.33

5
5
5
15

An Example: ANOVA
Famous

X2

Critically
Acclaimed

X2

No
Information

X2

10

100

25

16

49

36

25

81

10

100

49

64

16

T:40

338

T:20

100

T:25

151

SS total SS between SS within

107.33 43.33 SS within

SS within 107.33 43.33 64

Grand Total: 85

An Example: ANOVA
MS between
F
MS within
MS between
MS within

SS between 43.33

21.67
df between
2

SS within 64

5.33
df within 12

MS between 21.67
F

4.06
MS within
5.33

An Example: ANOVA
Determine

Retain H0, 4.06<6.93

Interpret

if your result is significant.

your results.

People who are exposed to different kinds of

information (or no information) about a painting do
not differ in their ratings of how much they like the
painting.