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Radicali,Puteri
1.1.1
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Puteri
mn
m
n
a
= a
a
m
m
m
a
b
= (a b)
m
n
mn
a
: a = a
m
m
m
a
: b
= (a : b)
1
m
a
=
am
m n
mn
(a ) = a
.
1.1.2
1.
Radicali
n
a = a n , a > 0;
v
2.
3.
u
1
u1
1
n
t
= = a m;
na
a
n
( n a) = a;
4.
n
n
n
a
b =
ab;
v
u
1
u1 n
t )
( n
;
=
a
a
n
n
n
n
6.
a
b
c =
abc;
s
a
na : nb = n ;
7.
b
q
nm n+m
m
8.
a na =
a
;
q
nm nm
m
9.
a : na =
a
;
n nm
m
10.
a
= a ;
n
m
11.
an = a m ;
n
mn
12.
amp =
ap ;
n
nm
m
13.
ap
bq =
apn bqm ;
q
m n
14.
a = nm a;
5.
q
15.
16.
a2 = |a|;
p
2n+1
a = 2n+1 a;
q
17.
v
u
ua + c
b = t
2
2
2
c = a b;
v
u
ua c
9.3
Combinari
Proprietati:
1
n
0
0
Cn = n; Cn = Cn = C0
= 1;
m
nm
Cn = Cn
;
m1
m
m
3. Cn = Cn1 + C
n1 ;
n
4. Numarul submultimilor unei multimi cu n elemnte este 2 ;
1.
2.
5.
m1
m1
m
Cn = Cn1 + Cn2 + ..
m1
m1
m1
+Cm+1 + Cm
+ Cm1 ;
6.
n!
p
p2
= Cn1 Cnp
1
p1 ! p2 ! ... pm !
...C
pm , unde p1 +
n(p1+p2 +...+pm1
... + pm < n.
73
9.4
0 n
1 n1
= Cn x + Cn x
a+
k nk k
n n
... + Cn x
a + ... + Cn a ,
n
0 n
1 n1
(x a) = Cn x Cn x
a + ... +
k k nk k
n n n
(1) Cn x
a + ... + (1) Cn a .
Avem: (x + a)
Teorema 9.1.
1.
Proprietati:
k k nk k
Tk+1 = (1) Cn x
a
nk k
k+1
Cn
=
Cn ;
k+1
nk k
k+1
3. C
Cn ;
n+1 =
k+1
nk a
4. Tk+2 =
Tk+1 vagy
k+1 x
nk a
Tk+2 =
Tk+1 ;
k+1 x
n
5. Numarul termenilor dezvoltarii (x a) este n + 1;
2.
6.
74
Relatii importante:
1.
2.
3.
4.
0
1
n
n
0
1
Cn + Cn + ... + Cn = 2 ; Cn Cn +
n
n
... + (1 )Cn = 0;
0
2
4
Cn + Cn + Cn + ... = 2n1 ;
1
3
5
n1
Cn + Cn + Cn + ... = 2
;
n
0 2
1
n 2.
C2n = (Cn ) + (Cn )2 + ... + (Cn
)
Dezvoltari uzuale:
2
2
2
= a 2ab + b ;
2
2
2
2
(a + b + c) = a + b + c + 2(ab +
bc + ac);
3
3
2
2
3
3. (a + b) = a + 3a b + 3ab + b ;
3
3
2
2
3
4. (a b) = a 3a b + 3ab b ;
3
3
3
3
2
5. (a + b + c) = a + b + c + 3(a b +
2
2
2
2
2
a c + b a + b c + c a + c b) + 6abc;
4
4
3
2 2
3
6. (a+b) = a +4a b+6a b +4ab +
4
b .
1.
(a b)
2.
75
9.5
Daca Sp = 1
avem:
p
p
+ 2 + ... + n , p N, atunci
n(n + 1)
1.
2.
S1 =
2
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
S2 =
6
n(n + 1) 2
3. S3 = (
) ;
2
n(n + 1)(6n3 + 9n2 + n 1)
4. S4 =
;
30
n2 (n + 1)2 (2n2 + 2n 1)
5. S5 =
.
12
6. Pentru a determina Sp cu ajutorul Sp1 , Sp2 ,...,
S1 se poate cu formula lui Pascal:
p+1
(n + 1)
=
p
1
1 + Cp+1 Sp + .. + Cp+1 S1 + n.
76
15
15.1
Primitivele functiilor
af (x) dx = a
1.
f (x) dx
[f (x) + g(x)] dx =
2.
f (x) dx +
g(x) dx
Z
3.
f (x)g(x) dx =
f (x)
g(x) dx
Z Z
g(x) dx
129
d(f (x))
15.2
(ax + b)n+1
n
(ax + b) dx =
a(n + 1)
(pentru n 6= 1)
Z
dx
1
=
ln |ax + b|
2.
ax + b
a
Z
n
3.
x(ax + b) dx =
Z
1.
a(n + 1)x b
n+1
a2 (n + 1)(n + 2)
(ax + b)
xdx
x
=
4.
ax + b
Z
xdx
5.
(ax + b)2
b
a2
ln |ax + b|
b
a2 (ax + b)
130
a2
ln |ax + b|
xdx
Z
6.
(ax + b)n
a(1 n)x b
a2 (n 1)(n 2)(ax + b)n1
(pentru n 6 {1, 2})
x2 dx
7.
ax + b
(ax + b)2
1
a3
(
2
2
2b(ax + b) + b ln |ax + b|)
x2 dx
Z
8.
(ax + b)2
1
a3
(ax + b 2b ln |ax + b|
b2
)
ax + b
131
Z
9.
x2 dx
(ax + b)3
1
a3
1
a3
Z
10.
2b
b2
2(ax + b)2
ax + b
x2 dx
=
(ax + b)n
(ax + b)3n
1
a3
+
(n 3)
2b(a + b)2n
b2 (ax + b)1n
(n 2)
(n 1)
11.
x(ax + b)
132
ax + b
ln
dx
Z
12.
x2 (ax + b)
bx
b2
ln
x2 (ax + b)2
a(
1
b2 (ax + b)
1
ab2 x
ax + b
)
2
b3
ln
dx
Z
14.
dx
Z
13.
ax + b
a
+
x2 + a2
=
x
1
arctan
a
15.
dx
x2 a2
x
arctanh
133
ax
1
=
ln
2a
a+x
xa
1
=
2a
x
arccoth
a
ln
x+a
dx
Z
16.
1
a
ax2 + bx + c
2ax + b
arctan q
4ac b2
2
q
4ac b2
2
> 0)
2ax + b
artanh q
.
2
b 4ac
b2 4ac
(pentru 4ac b
(pentru 4ac b
< 0)
2
(pentru 4ac b
2ax + b
Z
17.
xdx
ax2 + bx + c
1
2a
2
ln ax + bx + c
134
= 0)