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Introducere
De aproape 20 de ani se constat o cretere a interesului pentru cercetarea
comportamentelor de la locul de munc care produc daune angajailor sau organizaiei, n
special din cauza consecinelor duntoare si costurilor asociate. Printre acestea se numr
cele economice (pierderea productivitii datorit ntrzierii la serviciu, furturi sau sabotaj)
sau cele psihologice (retragere sau satisfacie sczut n munc pentru cei care sunt inte ale
comportamentelor nocive interpersonale sau un grad ridicat de stres i insecuritate pentru
cei care percep astfel de comportamente) (Vardi i Weitz, 2004). Acestea reprezint argumente
importante pentru nevoia de a identifica predictorii comportamentelor nocive att la nivel
interpersonal ct i organizaional. Astfel de informaii vor putea ajuta actorii organizaionali
n ceea ce privete modalitile de prevenire ale unor astfel de acte (n timpul procesului de
selecie, orientndu-i atenia ctre acei predictori ce in de personalitate care determin
comportamente nocive sau la nivelul organizaiei, lund n considerare factorii cu caracter
situaional care pot declana sau ncuraja astfel de comportamente).
Comportamentele nocive includ: comportamentul abuziv fa de alii, agresivitatea
fizic i verbal, efectuarea incorect a muncii n mod intenionat, sabotajul, furtul, absenele,
ntrzierile etc. Aceste comportamente reprezint un set de acte distincte care au caracteristici
comune: sunt intenionate (nu accidentale) i duneaz ori au intenia de a face ru
organizaiei i/sau actorilor organizaionali comandani, colegi i subordonai (Spector i
Fox, 2005).
tipuri de norme nclcate (ale societii, organizaiei, ale grupului de lucru sau nici una);
persistena actului (un act singular sau repetat de-a lungul timpului);
intensitatea i profunzimea comportamentelor manifestate.
persoanei sau subminarea abilitii sale de a lucra eficient; deviana legat de producie (mai
pasiv) este neefectuarea intenionat a sarcinilor de serviciu n mod eficient, aa cum ar
trebui; sabotajul (mai activ) se refer la distrugerea sau deteriorarea bunurilor fizice care
aparin angajatorului; furt care se refer la sustragerea unor obiecte, informaii din
organizaie; retragerea const n comportamente care diminueaz timpul de lucru (angajaii
lucreaz mai puin dect se cere n organizaie, absenteaz, ntrzie sau iau pauze mai des
dect este permis).
n 2004, Lanyon i Goodstein au realizat Counterproductive Behavior Index, care este
alt tip de instrument, folosit n selecie i consultan organizaional, dar nu i n cercetri.
Autorii susin c este un test de integritate, ce constituie i o procedur de screening pentru
identificarea candidailor ale cror comportamente, atitudini i valori legate de munc e
probabil s interfereze cu succesul lor ca angajai. CBI este un chestionar cu 140 de itemi
(adevrat/fals) i are apte dimensiuni: aspecte legate de ncredere, agresivitate, abuzul de
substane, abuzul legat de computer, hruirea sexual i aspecte generale.
Organizaional
Minor Devian minor i
organizaional
DEVIANA LEGAT DE
PRODUCIE
DEVIANA REFERITOARE LA
PROPRIETATE
A sabota echipamentul
A accepta mit
A risipi resursele
AGRESIVITATE PERSONAL
A face favoruri
A hrui sexual
A brfi colegii
A acuza/nvinovi colegii
A fura de la colegi
A fi n competiie incorect
Major
foarte interesat de realitatea din mediul su de lucru. Astfel de iniiative, semnale de alarm
chiar, pot avea un impact important n gestionarea disfuncionalitii, pentru c depistarea ct
mai timpurie a unor astfel de comportamente favorizeaz i o intervenie eficient.
1. Cele care trateaz deviana ca fiind o reacie la experienele trite ale angajatului. Aici
sunt luate n considerare reacia la frustrare, lipsa de autonomie, injustiia organizaional,
constrngerile organizaionale i emoiile resimite la locul de munc, percepiile asupra
situaiilor de munc. Comportamentul nociv ca reacie la frustrare a primit un puternic suport
empiric, susinnd viziunea conform creia deviana angajailor este o reacie emoional la
experiena unor stresori frustrani afereni postului (Fox, Spector i Miles, 2001), frustrarea
fiind interpretat drept interferena cu scopurile persoanei sau cea aprut n activitatea n
derulare a unei persoane. i Bennett i Robinson (2000) au descoperit o puternic relaie ntre
frustrare i comportamentele nocive interpersonale.
Anumii cercettori consider c lipsa de autonomie i participare a angajatului are
un rol important n manifestarea comportamentului nociv, el putnd constitui un mijloc de
descrcare a tensiunii sau de corectare pentru restabilirea sentimentului de control al
angajatului asupra mediului de lucru. Analoui i Kakabadse (1992) au evideniat posibilitatea
ca unul dintre motivele pentru care angajaii se implic n practici neconvenionale s fie
dorina de a avea mai mult autonomie la locul de munc. Dwyer i Fox (2000) au oferit
dovezi, dei indirecte, pentru posibilele efecte ale autonomiei la locul de munc. n acest sens,
o monitorizare exagerat a modului de realizare a sarcinilor profesionale i neluarea n
considerare a ideilor i propunerilor unui subordonat pot favoriza activiti de sabotare a
sarcinilor alocate sau desconsiderarea a autonomiei unor colegi ori subordonai. Fox i
colaboratorii si (2001) au artat c autonomia la locul de munc are o corelaie negativ
semnificativ cu comportamentul nociv organizaional, dar nu cu comportamentul nociv
interpersonal. Totui, atunci cnd angajaii cu o autonomie ridicat percep un nivel nalt de
stresori, crete probabilitatea ca ei s se implice n comportamente nocive.
Fox i colaboratorii si (2001) au raportat c anumite constrngeri
organizaionale (de exemplu, constrngeri situaionale ce rezult din reguli i proceduri, lipsa
de resurse etc.) sunt corelate pozitiv cu comportamentele contraproductive, n special cu cele
de tipul rzbunrii. De asemenea, au artat c, pentru indivizii cu scoruri nalte pe trstura
anxietate, niveluri nalte ale constrngerilor au fost asociate cu niveluri crescute ale
comportamentelor nocive interpersonale. Pentru cei care au avut scoruri nalte pentru furie,
nivelurile nalte ale conflictului au fost asociate cu niveluri nalte ale comportamenului nociv
interpersonal. i Mehta (2000), n cercetarea sa, a artat c unele constrngeri organizaionale
6
lucru este legat negativ de comportamente nocive i locul intern al controlului e corelat
negativ cu aceste comportamente. Storms i Spector (1987) au artat c n cazul persoanelor
cu un loc al controlului extern a existat o probabilitate mai mare s reacioneze la frustrare
prin comportamente nocive.
Trstura furie coreleaz n mod consistent cu comportamentele nocive (Douglas i
Martinko, 2001; Fox i Spector, 1999; Penney i Spector, 2002). Fox i Spector (1999) au
artat c o structur temperamental care include furia e mai puternic legat de
comportamentul nociv interpersonal, iar furia ca reacie este legat de comportamentul nociv
organizaional. Herschovis, Turner, Barling, Arnold, Dupre, Inness, LeBlanc, Sivanathan
(2007), n metaanaliza lor, au artat c trstura furie i conflictul interpersonal au fost cei mai
puternici predictori ai agresivitii interpersonale. Pentru agresivitatea organizaional, cei mai
puternici predictori au fost: conflictul interpersonal, constrngerile situaionale i insatisfacia
la locul de munc.
Penney i Spector (2002) au descoperit, n studiul lor, c indivizii cu un nivel nalt al
narcisismului se nfurie mai frecvent i au tendina de a se exprima prin comportamente
nocive, n special cnd percep i prezena unor constrgeri n mediul n care lucreaz.
Aquino i colab. (1999) au relevat c exist o relaie direct ntre afectivitatea negativ
i comportamente contraproductive, afectivitatea negativ fiind corelat pozitiv att cu
deviana interpersonal, ct i cu cea organizaional. Afectivitatea negativ este o variabil de
personalitate important ce descrie gradul n care un individ manifest (n termeni de
frecven i intensitate) niveluri de emoii perturbatoare cum ar fi furia, ostilitatea, frica sau
anxietatea (Watson i Clark, 1984). S-a constatat i c un nivel crescut al afectivitii negative
este legat de stabilirea unor scopuri minimale i o probabilitate mai mare de a se implica n
comportamente de retragere, de a avea un nivel mai ridicat de ostilitate, pretenii i un
comportament mai distant (Necowitz i Roznowski, 1994). i Lee i Allen (2002) au
argumentat c emoiile legate de munc (job affects) pot constitui predictori pentru deviana
interpersonal, iar cogniiile legate de munc (job cognition) prezic deviana organizaional.
3. Cele care consider deviana o adaptare la contextul social. Chiar dac, prin definiie,
deviana organizaional poate implica nerespectarea unor norme organizaionale
semnificative, s-ar putea ca presiunile grupurilor locale de lucru, normele i actele care susin
deviana s fie eseniale pentru ca ea s se produc. n acest sens, cercetrile au relevat c un
predictor primar al comportamentului antisocial la locul de munc este gradul n care colegii
unui angajat sunt implicai n comportamente similare (Robinson i OLeary-Kelly, 1998).
Factorii cu caracter situaional pun accent pe circumstanele individuale i organizaionale
care ar crete probabilitatea manifestrii unui comportament contraproductiv. Vardi i Wiener
(1996) iau n considerare oportunitatea determinat de natura postului, sistemele prea laxe de
monitorizare i control al activitii profesionale i scopurile organizaionale nerealiste sau
foarte solicitante pentru angajai.
7. Concluzii
Comportamentele nocive au o dimensiune organizaional i una interpersonal, avnd
potenialul de a produce daune i efecte negative att organizaiei n sine, ct i persoanelor
care fac parte din organizaie. Aceste tipuri de comportamente constituie produsul interaciunii
anumitor factori personali i organizaionali. Dintre principalii factori ce in de individ,
amintim trsturile de personalitate, contiinciozitatea i amabilitatea, ale cror niveluri
sczute au un rol important n apariia comportamentelor nocive; n acelai registru se afl
afectivitatea negativ, al crei nivel ridicat se coreleaz similar cu comportamentele nocive.
Relevante sunt i judecile pe care le face angajatul mai specific, atribuirile pe care le
realizeaz legat de ce se ntmpl la locul de munc. Dintre predictorii organizaionali
amintim importana perceperii insatisfaciei crescute n munc, precum i diferite constrngeri
organizaionale i factori stresori, cum ar fi ambiguitatea rolului. Nu n ultimul rnd, un rol
important l au emoiile disconfortante resimite de angajat la locul de munc. n ceea ce
privete grupurile de lucru, ele pot constitui un factor de meninere i ncurajare a
comportamentelor nocive, din cauza subculturii lor, dar i a modelelor de rol, care exemplific
astfel de comportamente.
Din perspectiva cercetrilor, exist o serie de instrumente pentru analiza acestor
comportamente, cele mai populare fiind elaborate de Bennett i Robinson (2000), respectiv
Spector i colaboratorii si (2006). n general, se folosesc instrumente de tip auto-raportare, o
condiie de baz fiind asigurarea confidenialitii rspunsurilor.
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in
organizations:
Motivational
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