Dictionar Roman Englez

Dictionar Roman-Englez
Page 1 of 20
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Dictionar Roman-Englez de Termeni Matematici

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
A
abscis
absolut
aceleai semne
acuratee
admisibil
aduna
adunare
afirmaie
algebr
algoritm
algoritm de divizare
algoritmul lui Euclid
alternan
alternare
amplasare
amplitudine
analiza
analiz
analiz matematic
analogic
analogie
anula
aplicat
aplicaie
arbitrar
arc
arccosinus
abscissa
absolute
like signs
accuracy
admissible
to add
addition
statement
algebra
algorithm
algorithm for division, division algorithm
Euclidean algorithm
alternance
alteration
disposition
amplitude
to analyze
analysis
calculus
analogous, analogical
analogy
to vanish
applicate
map, mapping
arbitrary
arc
anticosine, arccosine
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/roman.html
2/17/05
arcsinus
arctangent
argument
argument al funciei
arie
arie a suprafeei
asemnare
asimetric
asimetrie
asimptot
asimptote ale hiperbolei
axa x
ax
ax de coordonate
ax de rotaie
ax orizontal
ax principal
ax vertical
axiom
Page 2 of 20
-
antisine, arcsine
arctangent
argument
argument of a function
area
surface area
similarity, similitude
asymmetric(al), unsymmetric
asymmetry
asymptote
asymptotes of a hyperbola
x-axis
axis
coordinate axis
pivot
horizontal axis
major axis, principal axis
vertical axis
axiom
B
baz
baz ortogonal
baz ortonormat
bilion
binar
bine definit
binom
bisectoare
biunivoc
base, basis
orthogonal base
orthonormal basis
billion
binary
well-defined
binomial
bisector, bisectrix
one-to-one
calculus, computation
to count
computable
evaluation of determinant
C
calcul
calcula
calculabil
calculul determinantului
2/17/05
canonic
determinarea extremului
cmp
ct
cel mai mare divizor comun
cel mai mic multiplu comun
cel mai mic numitor comun
centru
centru de rotaie
centru al unei circumferine exnscrise
centrul circumferinei circumscrise
centrul circumferinei nscrise
cerc
cercuri concentrice
cifr
cilindru
circumferin nscris
circumferin unitar
circumscris
coard
coeficient
coeficient binomial
coeficient unghiular
coincident
coliniaritate
combinaie
comparare
comparaie
con
concav
condiie
condiie iniial
condiie necesar i suficient
congruen
conjugat
consecin
constant
constant de integrare
continuitate
convex
convexitate
Page 3 of 20
- canonical
- hill climbing
- field
- quotient, ratio
- greatest common divisor, greatest common
factor
- lowest common multiple
- lowest common denominator
- centre, center
- pivot
- excentre, centre of the escribed circle
- circumcenter
- incenter
- circle
- concentric circles
- digit
- cylinder
- incircle, inscribed circle
- unit circle
- escribed
- chord
- coefficient
- binomial coefficient
- slope
- coincident
- collinearity
- combination
- comparation
- comparation
- cone
- concave
- condition
- initial condition
- necessary and sufficient condition
- congruence
- adjoint, conjugate
- corollary
- constant
- integration constant
- continuity
- convex
- convexity
2/17/05
coordonat
coordonate afine
coordonate carteziene
coplanar
corolar
cosinus director
crete
cretere
criteriu
criteriu de divizibilitate
cuantor
cuantor existenial
cuantor universal
cub
cunoscut
cuplu
cuplu ordonat
curb
curb concav
curb convex
curb cubic
curb integral
Page 4 of 20
-
coordinate
affine coordinates
Cartesian coordinates
coplanar
corollary
direction cosine
to increase
increment
criterion
criterion for divisibility
quantifier
existential quantifier
universal quantifier
cube
known
pair
ordered pair
curve
concave curve
convex curve
cubic, cubic curve
integral curve
if and only if
data
decision
deduction
to define
everywhere defined
definition
degenerate
dividend
multiplicand
dilatation, stretching
to prove
proof
dependent
differentiability
D
dac i numai dac
date
decizie
deducie
defini
definit peste tot
definiie
degenerat
demprit
denmulit
delatare
demonstra
demonstraie
dependent
derivabilitate
2/17/05
derivat
derivat n punct
descazut
descompunere
descompunere binomial
descompunere n factori
descompunere n factori primi
descompunere n fracii elementare
descompunere a unei fracii
descrete
determina
determinant
deviaie
deviere
dezvoltare
dezvoltare a determinantului
diagonal
diagonal principal
diametru
diferen
difereniabilitate
diferit
dimensiune
direct proporional
direcie
discontinuu
discriminant
disprea
distan
distinct
divizare
divizibil {prin}
divizor
divizor comun
divizor propriu
domeniu
domeniu de definiie
dreapt
dreapt numeric
drept
drepte neconcurente
Page 5 of 20
-
derivative
derivative at a point
minuend
decomposition, expansion
binomial expansion
factoring, factorization
prime factorization
partial-fraction expansion
decomposition of a fraction
to decrease
to determine
determinant
deviation
deviation
expansion
expansion of a determinant
diagonal
main diagonal, principal diagonal
diameter
difference
differentiability
unequal
dimension
directly proportional
direction
discontinuous
discriminant
to vanish
distance, way
distinct
division
divisable {by}
divisor
common divisor, common factor
proper factor
domain, range
domain of definition
line
number line
straight
skew lines
2/17/05
dreptunghi
drum
dual
Page 6 of 20
- rectangle
- way
- dual
E
echilateral
echivalent
ecuaie
ecuaie algebric
ecuaie a liniei drepte
ecuaie a unei drepte cu coeficient
unghiular
ecuaie bipatrat
ecuaie de ordinul nti
ecuaie exponenial
ecuaie liniar
ecuaie neliniar
ecuaie omogen
ecuaie de ordinul doi(patrat)
element
element {al multimii}
element de arie
element de arie (al suprafeei)
element diagonal
eliminare
eliminare prin substituie
elips
eroare
eroare de rotunjire
esenial
estimaie
evaluare
exact
exactitate
excepie
exemplu
exnscris
exponent
exponenial
- equilateral
- equivalent
- equation
- algebraic equation
- equation of a straight line
- slope-intercept form of a straight line
equation
- biquadratic equation
- first-order equation
- exponential equation
- linear equation
- non-linear equation
- homogeneous equation
- quadratic equation
- element
- member {of a set}
- differential of area, element of area
- surface element
- diagonal element
- elimination
- elimination by substitution
- ellipse
- error
- rounding error
- essential
- estimation
- evaluation
- exact
- accuracy
- exclusion
- example
- escribed
- degree, exponent, grade, power
- exponential
2/17/05
expresie
expresie algebric
expresie de sub integral
extremal
extremum absolut
Page 7 of 20
-
expression
algebraic expression
integrand
extremal
absolute extremum
F
factor
familie
fascicul
fascicul de drepte
fa lateral
figur circumscris
figur congruent
figuri congruente
flux
focar
form general
form parametric
form standard
formula binomului
formula coeficientului unghiular
formula lui Leibniz
formula rdcinilor ecuaiei patrate
formul
formulele jumtii unui unghi
fracie
fracie elementar
fracie ordinar
fracie subunitar
fracie supraunitar
fracie zecimal
fracie zecimal finit
fracie zecimal infinit
fracie zecimal periodic
fracii cu numitori egali
funcie
funcie concav
- factor
- family
- pencil
- pencil of lines
- leg
- circumscribed figure
- equivalent figure
- congruent figures
- flux
- focus
- general form
- parametric form
- standard form
- binomial formula
- slope formula
- Leibniz rule
- quadratic formula
- formula
- half-angle formulas
- fraction
- partial fraction
- common fraction
- proper fraction
- improper fraction
- decimal fraction
- terminating decimal fraction
- infinite decimal fraction, non-terminating
decimal
- periodic decimal fraction
- similar fractions
- function
- concave function
2/17/05
funcie continu
funcie de mai multe variabile
funcie de o variabil
funcie de variabil complex
funcie descresctoare
funcie difereniabil
funcie discontinu
funcie impar
funcie n scar
funcie liniar
funcie monoton cresctoare
funcie monoton descresctoare
funcie monoton
funcie par
funcie periodic
funcie primitiv
funcie raional
funcie signum
funcie simetric
funcie trigonometric
fundamental
Page 8 of 20
- continuous function
- function of several variables
- function of a single variable
- function of a complex variable
- decreasing function
- differentiable function
- discontinuous function
- odd-function
- inter-stage function, jump function, step
function
- linear function
- monotone increasing function
- monotone decreasing function
- monotonic function
- even function, symmetric function
- periodic function
- primitive
- rational function
- signum function
- symmetric function
- trigonometric function
- fundamental
G
general
geometrie
geometrie euclidian
grad
grad al polinomului
general
geometry
Euclidean geometry
degree, grade
degree of a polinomial
hexahedron, hexaeder
hexagon
hyperbola
hyperbolic
H
hexaedru
hexagon
hiperbol
hiperbolic
2/17/05
Page 9 of 20
I
identitate
imagine
impar
implicaie
incertitudine
include
incluziune
incompatibil
incorect
independent
independen liniar
inducie
inducie complet
inducie matematic
inecuaie
inegal
infinit
inflexiune
iniial
integral
integrare prin pri
interdependen
intersecie
interval
interval deschis
interval nchis
interval mrginit
interval seminchis
invers
invers proporional
ipotenuz
ipotez
ireductibilitate
identity
image, map, mapping
odd
implication
uncertainty
to include
inclusion
inconsistent
incorrect
independent
linear independency
induction
complete induction
mathematical induction
inequality
unequal
infinite
inflexion
initial
integral
integration by parts
interdependency
intersection
interval
open interval
closed interval
bounded interval
semiclosed interval
inverse, vice versa
inversely proportional
hypotenuse
hypothesis
irreductibility
2/17/05
mpri n dou {n jumtate}
mprire fr rest
n ntregime
nlime
nlime a triunghiului
nchis
nclinare
nlocui
nmuli
nmulire
nmulitor
nscrie
Page 10 of 20
-
to halve
exact division
whole
height
altitude of a triangle
closed
slope
to replace
to multiply
multiplication
multiplier
to inscribe
K
kilogram
kilometru
- kilogram(me)
- kilometre
L
latur {a unui unghi}
latur adiacent
lege
lege asociativ
lege comutativ
lege de compozitie
lege distributiv
legea terului exclus
lem
limit
limit inferioar
limite de integrare
linie de fracie
liniar
liniaritate
linie dreapt
linie frnt
linie punctat
side {of an angle}

adjacent side
law
associative law
commutative law
law of composition
distributive law
law of the excluded middle
lemma
limit
lower limit
limits of integration
bar, vinculum
linear
linearity
straight-line
brocken line
dotted line
2/17/05
linie tangent
loc geometric al punctelor
local
logaritm
logaritm zecimal
logaritm natural
lungime
lungimea arcului
Page 11 of 20
-
tangent line
geometric locus
local
logarithm
common logs
natural logarithm
length
arc-length
mrime
msur
msurabil
matematic
matrice
matrice de transformare
matrice diagonal
matrice invers
matrice nul
maxim
maximum
median
medie aritmetic
medie geometric
metoda eliminrii
metoda induciei complete
metru
minim
minimum
modul
monom
monoton
muchie
mulime
mulime de soluii
mulime de valori
mulime universal
mulime vid
magnitude
measure
measurable
mathematics
matrix
matrix of the transformation
diagonal matrix
reciprocal matrix
null-matrix
maximum
maximum
median {of a triangle}
mean, arithmetic mean
geometric average, geometric mean,
mean proportional
elimination method
principle of complete induction
meter
minimim
minimum
module
monom
monotonous
edge
set
solution set
range
universal set
empty set, null-set
2/17/05
multiplicare
multiplicator
multiplu
multiplu comun
mutual
mutual disjuncte
Page 12 of 20
-
multiplicaton
factor, multiplier
multiple, multiplex
common multiple
mutually
mutually disjoint
unknown
undefined
non-degnerate
non-decreasing
indeterminancy, uncertainty
indefinite, undetermined
negative
negligible
non-linear
unbounded
inhomogeneous
non-periodic
non-symmetric
node
normal
normal to the surface
number
complex number
integer number
irrational number
natural number
even number
prime number
rational number
real number
transcendental number
decimal number
ordinal number
numerator
term of a fraction
consecutive integers
N
necunoscut
nedefinit
nedegenerat
nedescresctor
nedeterminare
nedeterminat
negativ
neglijabil
neliniar
nemrginit
neomogen
neperiodic
nesimetric
nod
normal
normal la suprafa
numr
numr complex
numr ntreg
numr iraional
numr natural
numr par
numr prim
numr raional
numr real
numr transcendent
numr zecimal
numr ordinal
numrtor
numrtor al fraciei
numere ntregi consecutive
2/17/05
numere reciproc prime
numitor
numitor comun
numitori diferii
numitori identici
Page 13 of 20
-
coprime numbers, relatively prime numbers

denominator
common denominator
unlike denominators
like denominators, same denominators
oblique
octagon
homogeneous
degree, exponent
order of derivative
order of equation
order
ordinate
origin {of coordinates}
horizontal
oval
even
parabola
parabolic
parallel
parallelepiped
parallelogram
parameter
braces
square brackets, brackets
parentheses
quadrate, square
tetragon
quadratic
pentagon
perimeter
period
O
oblic
octagon
omogen
ordin
ordin al derivatei
ordin al ecuaiei
ordine
ordonat
origine de coordonate
orizontal
oval
P
par
parabol
parabolic
paralel
paralelepiped
paralelogram
parametru
paranteze figurate
paranteze patrate
paranteze rotunde
patrat
patrulater
ptratic
pentagon
perimertu
perioad
2/17/05
perpendicular
picior al perpendicularei
piramid
plan
plan tangent
plan xOy
planimetrie
plus
poliedru
poligoane asemenea
poligoane congruente
poligon
poligon convex
poligon nscris
poligon regulat
polinom
posibilitate
pozitiv
precedent
precizie
preimagine
presupunere
prim derivat
principal
principiul dualitatii
prizm
procent
produs
produs scalar
produs vectorial
progresie
progresie aritmetic
progresie geometric
proiecie
proporie
propoziie
proprietate
proprietate asociativ
punct
punct de discontinuitate
punct de extrem
Page 14 of 20
-
normal, perpendicular
foot {of a perpendicular}
pyramid
plane
tangent plane
xy-plane
plane geometry, planimetry
plus sign
polyhedron
similar polygons
congruent polygons
polygon
convex polygon
inscribed polygon
equilateral polygon, regular polygon
polynomial
possibility
positive
preceding
accuracy
pre-image
assumption
first derivative
principal
duality principle
prism
per cent
product
dot product
cross-product, vector product
progression
arithmetic progression
geometric progression
projection
proportion
proposition, statement
property
associative property
dot, point
point of discontinuity
extremum point
2/17/05
punct de inflexiune
punct diametral opus
punct focal
punct izolat
putere
Page 15 of 20
-
point of inflexion
diametrically opposite point
focal point
acnode
degree, grade, power
radian
radical, radical sign
branch
rank of a matrix
ratio, relation
common difference
common ratio
rational
radius
radius vector
root
double root
repeated root
square root
simple root
conjugate roots
real
vice versa
to reduce
combine similar terms
reducible
rule
parallelogram law, parallelogram rule
relation
relative
multiplex
to represent
remainder, rest
restriction
union
to solve
to square
R
radian
radical
ramur
rang al unei matrici
raport
raie a unei progresii aritmetice
raie a unei progresii geometrice
raional
raz
raz vectoare
rdcin
rdcin dubl
rdcin multipl
rdcin patrat
rdcin simpl
rdcini conjugate
real
reciproc
reduce
reducere termenilor asemenea
reductibil
regul
regula paralelogramului
relaie
relativ
repetat
reprezenta
rest
restricie
reuniune
rezolva
ridica la patrat
2/17/05
ridica la putere
romb
rotaie
rotunji
Page 16 of 20
-
to raise to a power
lozenge, rhombus, rhomb
rotation
to round
salt
satisface
scalar
scdere
scztor
schem bloc
schema lui Horner
schimb de variabil
secant
seciune
seciune conic
seciune conic central
seciune conic degenerat
seciune conic nedegenerat
sector circular
segment
segment de pe axa x
segment liniar
segmente congruente
semicerc
semidreapt
semisfer
semn
semnul adunrii
semnul rdcinii
semnul scderii
sfer
simbol
simetric
simetrie central
simplifica
simplificare
jump
to satisfy
scalar
subtraction
subtrahend
flow chart
Horner's scheme, synthetic division
change of variable
secant
cut
conic, conic section
central conic
degenerate conic
non-degenerate conic,
non-degenerate conic section
sector of a circle
closed interval, intercept, segment
x-intercept
line segment, straight-line segment
congruent segments
semi-circle
ray
hemisphere
sign
addition sign, plus sign
radical, radical sign
minus {sign}
sphere
symbol
symmetric
central symmetry
to cancel
simplification
2/17/05
simplu
sinusoid
sistem
sistem cartezian de coordonate
sistem cu mai multe necunoscute
sistem de coordonate
sistem de ecuaii liniare
sistem neortogonal de coordonate
sistem omogen
sistem ortogonal de coordonate
sistem rectangular de coordonate
soluie admisibil
soluie aproximativ
soluie complet
soluie exact
soluie general
soluie nenul
soluie netrivial
soluie nul
soluie periodic
soluie unic
soluiona
soluionare {a unei probleme}
spaiu
spaiu euclidian
strict
strict monoton
substitui
substituie
substituie invers
suma
sum
suprafa
suprafa de rotaie
submulime
Page 17 of 20
-
simple
sine curve
system
Cartesian coordinate system
many-variable system
coordinate system
system of linear equation
non-orthogonal coordinate system
homogeneous system
orthogonal coordnate system
rectangular coordonate system
permissible solution, admissible solution
approximate solution
complete solution
exact solution
general solution
non-zero solution
non-trivial solution
zero solution
periodic solution
unique solution
to solve
solution {of a problem}
space
Euclidean space
strict
strongly monotonic
to replace
substitution
back-substitution
to add
sum
surface
surface of revolution
subset
T
tangent
teorema lui Pythagoras
- tangent
- Pythagorean theorem
2/17/05
teorem
teorema fundamental a aritmeticii
teorema lui Bezout
teorema lui Thales
teorema sinusurilor
teoria mulimilor
teorie
termen
termen al sumei
termen general
termeni asemenea
tetraedru
tot
transforma
transformare de coordonate
translare
translaie
tranzitivitate
trapez
trigonometric
trigonometrie
trisecia unui unghi
triunghi
triunghi ascutunghic
triunghi asemenea
triunghi dreptunghic
triunghi echilateral
triunghi isoscel
triunghi obtuzunghic
triunghi scalen
triunghiular
Page 18 of 20
-
theorem
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
factor theorem
intercept theorem
law of sines, sine rule
set theory
theory
term
addend, summand
general term
similar terms
tetrahedron
whole
to transform
transform of coordinates
translation
bridging
transitivity
trapezoid, trapezium
trigonometric
trigonometry
trisection of the angle
triangle
acute triangle
similar triangle
right triangle
equilateral triangle
isosceles triangle
obtuse triangle
scalene triangle
triangular
angle
adjacent angle
adjacent angle
acute angle
complementary angle
U
unghi
unghi adiacent
unghi alturat
unghi ascuit
unghi complementar {pn la 90o}
- explementary angle
2/17/05
unghi complementar pn la 360o
unghi de nclinare
unghi diedru
unghi drept
unghi exterior {al triunghiului}
unghi interior
unghi nscris
unghi ntins
unghi la baz a triunghiului
unghi la centru
unghi obtuz
unghi plin
unghi suplimentar pn la 360o
unghiuri adiacente suplimentare
unghiuri alterne
unghiuri alterne externe
unghiuri alterne interne
unghiuri congruente
unghiuri corespondente
unghiuri opuse la vrf
unghiuri suplimentare {pn la 180o}
unic
unicitate
unitate
univoc
Page 19 of 20
- slope angle
- dihedral angle
- right angle
- exteriar angle {of a triangle}
- interior angle
- inscribed angle
- straight angle
- base angle {of a triangle}
- central angle
- obtuse angle
- straight ahgle
- conjugate angle
- adjacent supplementary angles
- alternate angles
- alternate exterior angles
- alternate interior angles, opposite interior
angles
- congruent angles
- corresponding angles
- vertex angles
- supplementary angles
- single
- uniqueness
- unit
- unambiguous
V
valabil
valid
valoare
valoare absolut
valoare absolut a numrului complex
valoare iniial
valoare medie
valoare limit
variabil
variabil independent
valid
valid
value
absolute value
absolute value of a complex number
initial value
average, average value
limit value
variable
independent variable
2/17/05
vrf
vector
vector coplanar
vector de baz
vector normal
vector nul
vector unitar
vector tangent unitar
veridicitate
verifica
vertical
vitez
volum
Page 20 of 20
-
vertex
vector
coplanar vector
base vector
normal vector
null-vector
unit vector
unit tangent vector
truth
to verify
vertical
speed, velocity
volume
Z
zecimal
zero
- decimal
- zero
Bibliografie

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2/17/05
Dictionar Englez-Roman
Page 1 of 22

Dictionar Englez-Roman de Termeni Matematici

A
abscissa
absolute
absolute extremum
absolute value
absolute value of a complex number
accuracy
acnode
acute angle
acute triangle
add
addend
addition
addition sign
adjacent angle
adjacent side
adjacent supplementary angles
adjoint
admissible
admissible solution
affine coordinates
algebra
algebraic equation
algebraic expression
algorithm
algorithm for division
alternance
alteration
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/engl.html
abscis
absolut
extremum absolut
valoare absolut
valoare absolut a numrului complex
precizie, exactitate, acuratee
punct izolat
unghi ascuit
triunghi ascuitunghic
a aduna, a suma
termen al sumei
adunare
semnul adunrii
unghi adiacent, unghi alturat
latur adiacent
unghiuri adiacente suplimentare
conjugat
admisibil
soluie admisibil
coordonate afine
algebr
ecuaie algebric
expresie algebric
algoritm
alternan
alternare
2/17/05
alternate angles
alternate exterior angles
alternate interior angles
altitude of a triangle
amplitude
analogous
analogical
analogy
analysis
analyze
angle
anticosine
antisine
applicate
approximate solution
arbitrary
arc
arccosine
arc-length
arcsine
arctangent
area
argument
argument of a function
arithmetic mean
arithmetic progression
associative law
associative property
assumption
asymmetric(al)
asymmetry
asymptote
asymptotes of a hyperbola
average
average value
axiom
axis
Page 2 of 22
-
unghiuri alterne
unghiuri alterne externe
unghiuri alterne interne
nlime a triunghiului
amplitudine
analogic
analogic
analogie
analiz
a analiza
unghi
arccosinus
arcsinus
aplicat
soluie aproximativ
arbitrar
arc
arccosinus
lungimea arcului
arcsinus
arctangent
arie
argument
argument al funciei
medie aritmetic
progresie aritmetic
lege asociativ
proprietate asociativ
presupunere
asimetric
asimetrie
asimptot
asimptote ale hiperbolei
valoare medie
valoare medie
axiom
ax
B
2/17/05
back-substitution
bar
base
base angle {of a triangle}
base vector
basis
billion
binary
binomial
binomial coefficient
binomial expansion
binomial formula
biquadratic equation
bisector
bisectrix
bounded interval
braces
brackets
branch
bridging
brocken line
Page 3 of 22
-
substituie invers
linie de fracie
baz
unghi la baz a triunghiului
vector de baz
baz
bilion
binar
binom
coeficient binomial
descompunere binomial
formula binomului
ecuaie bipatrat
bisectoare
bisectoare
interval mrginit
paranteze figurate
paranteze patrate
ramur
translaie
linie frnt
analiz matematic, calcul

a simplifica
canonic
sistem cartezian de coordonate
coordonate carteziene
unghi la centru
seciune conic central
simetrie central
centru
centru unei circumferine exnscrise
centru
schimb de variabil
coard
cerc
centrul circumferinei circumscrise
figur circumscris
C
calculus
cancel
canonical
Cartesian coordinate system
Cartesian coordinates
central angle
central conic
central symmetry
centre
centre of the escribed circle
center
change of variable
chord
circle
circumcenter
circumscribed figure
2/17/05
closed
closed interval
coefficient
coincident
collinearity
combination
combine similar terms
common denominator
common difference
common divisor
common factor
common fraction
common logs
common multiple
common ratio
commutative law
comparation
complementary angle
complete induction
complete solution
complex number
computable
computation
concave
concave curve
concave function
concentric circles
condition
cone
congruence
congruent angles
congruent figures
congruent polygons
congruent segments
conic
conic section
conjugate
conjugate angle
conjugate roots
consecutive integers
constant
Page 4 of 22
-
nchis
interval nchis, segment
coeficient
coincident
coliniaritate
combinaie
reducere a termenilor asemenea
numitor comun
raie a unei progresii aritmetice
divizor comun
divizor comun
fracie ordinar
logaritm zecimal
multiplu comun
raie a unei progresii geometrice
lege comutativ
comparaie, comparare
unghi complementar {pn la 90o}

inducie complet
soluie complet
numr complex
calculabil
calcul
concav
curb concav
funcie concav
cercuri concentrice
condiie
con
congruen
unghiuri congruente
figuri congruente
poligoane congruente
segmente congruente
seciune conic
seciune conic
conjugat
unghi suplimentar pn la 360o

rdcini conjugate
numere ntregi consecutive
constant
2/17/05
continuity
continuous function
convex
convex curve
convex polygon
convexity
coordinate
coordinate axis
coordinate system
coplanar
coplanar vector
coprime numbers
corollary
corresponding angles
count
criterion
criterion for divisibility
cross-product
cube
cubic
cubic curve
curve
cut
cylinder
Page 5 of 22
-
continuitate
funcie continu
convex
curb convex
poligon convex
convexitate
coordonat
ax de coordonate
sistem de coordonate
coplanar
vector coplanar
consecin, corolar
unghiuri corespondente
a calcula
criteriu
criteriu de divizibilitate
produs vectorial
cub
curb cubic
curb cubic
curb
seciune
cilindru
date
zecimal
fracie zecimal
numr zecimal
decizie
descompunere
descompunere a unei fracii
a descrete
funcie descrescatoare
deducie
a defini
definiie
degenerat
D
data
decimal
decimal fraction
decimal number
decision
decomposition
decomposition of a fraction
decrease
decreasing function
deduction
define
definition
degenerate
2/17/05
degenerate conic
degree
degree of a polinomial
denominator
dependent
derivative
derivative at a point
determinant
determine
deviation
diagonal
diagonal element
diagonal matrix
diameter
diametrically opposite point
difference
differentiability
differentiable function
differential of area
digit
dihedral angle
dilatation
dimension
direction
direction cosine
directly proportional
discontinuous
discontinuous function
discriminant
disposition
distance
distinct
distributive law
dividend
divisable {by}
division
division algorithm
divisor
domain
domain of definition
dot
Page 6 of 22
-
seciune conic degenerat

putere, ordin, grad, exponent
grad al polinomului
numitor
dependent
derivat
derivat n punct
determinant
a determina
deviaie, deviere
diagonal
element diagonal
matrice diagonal
diametru
punct diametral opus
diferen
derivabilitate, difereniabilitate
funcie difereniabil
element de arie
cifr
unghi diedru
delatare
dimensiune
direcie
cosinus director
direct proporional
discontinuu
funcie discontinu
discriminant
amplasare
distan
distinct
lege distributiv
demprit
divizibil {prin}
divizare
divizor
domeniu
domeniu de definiie
punct
2/17/05
dot product
dotted line
double root
dual
duality principle
Page 7 of 22
-
produs scalar
linie punctat
rdcin dubl
dual
principiul dualitii
muchie
element
element de arie
eliminare
eliminare prin substituie
metoda eliminrii
elips
mulime vid
ecuaie
ecuaie a liniei drepte
echilateral
poligon regulat
triunghi echilateral
echivalent
figur congruent
eroare
circumscris, exnscris
esenial
estimaie
algoritmul lui Euclid
geometrie euclidian
spaiu euclidian
evaluare
calculul determinantului
par
funcie par
numr par
definit peste tot
exact
mprire fr rest
soluie exact
exemplu
E
edge
element
element of area
elimination
elimination by substitution
elimination method
ellipse
empty set
equation
equation of a straight line
equilateral
equilateral polygon
equilateral triangle
equivalent
equivalent figure
error
escribed
essential
estimation
Euclidean algorithm
Euclidean geometry
Euclidean space
evaluation
evaluation of determinant
even
even function
even number
everywhere defined
exact
exact division
exact solution
example
2/17/05
excentre
exclusion
existential quantifier
expansion
expansion of a determinant
explementary angle
exponent
exponential
exponential equation
expression
exterior angle {of a triangle}
extremal
extremum point
Page 8 of 22
-
centru al unei circumferine exnscrise

excepie
cuantor existenial
descompunere, dezvoltare
dezvoltare a determinantului
unghi complementar pn la 360o

exponent, ordin
exponenial
ecuaie exponenial
expresie
unghi exterior {al triunghiului}
extremal
punct de extremum
factor, multiplicator
teorema lui Bezout
familie
cmp
prim derivat
ecuaie de ordinul nti
schem bloc
flux
punct focal
focar
picior al perpendicularei
formul
fracie
funcie
funcie de variabil complex
funcie de o variabil
funcie de mai multe variabile
fundamental
teorem fundamental a aritmeticii
F
factor
factor theorem
factoring
factorization
family
field
first derivative
first-order equation
flow chart
flux
focal point
focus
foot {of a perpendicular}
formula
fraction
function
function of a complex variable
function of a single variable
function of several variables
fundamental
fundamental theorem of arithmetic
2/17/05
Page 9 of 22
G
general
general form
general solution
general term
geometric average
geometric locus
geometric mean
geometric progression
geometry
grade
greatest common divisor
greatest common factor
general
form general
soluie general
termen general
medie geometric
loc geometric al punctelor
medie geometric
progresie geometric
geometrie
grad, exponent, putere
formule ale jumtii unui unghi

a mpri n dou {n jumtate}
nlime
semisfer
hexagon
hexaedru
hexaedru
determinarea extremului
omogen
ecuaie omogen
sistem omogen
orizontal
ax orizontal
schema lui Horner
hiperbol
hiperbolic
ipotenuz
ipotez
H
half-angle formulas
halve
height
hemisphere
hexagon
hexaeder
hexahedron
hill climbing
homogeneous
homogeneous equation
homogeneous system
horizontal
horizontal axis
Horner's scheme
hyperbola
hyperbolic
hypotenuse
hypothesis
I
2/17/05
identity
if and only if
image
implication
improper fraction
incenter
incircle
include
inclusion
inconsistent
incorrect
increase
increment
indefinite
independent
independent variable
indeterminancy
induction
inequality
infinite
infinite decimal fraction
inflexion
inhomogeneous
initial
initial condition
initial value
inscribe
inscribed angle
inscribed circle
inscribed polygon
integer number
integral
integral curve
integrand
integration by parts
integration constant
inter-stage function
intercept
intercept theorem
Page 10 of 22
identitate
dac i numai dac
imagine
implicaie
fracie supraunitar
centrul circumferinei nscrise
circumferin nscris
a include
incluziune
incompatibil
incorect
a crete
cretere
nedeterminat
independent
variabil independent
nedeterminare
inducie
inecuaie
infinit
inflexiune
neomogen
iniial
condiie iniial
valoare iniial
a nscrie
unghi nscris
circumferin nscris
poligon nscris
numr ntreg
integral
curb integral
expresie de sub integral
integrare prin pri
constant de integrare
funcie n scar
segment
teorema lui Thales
2/17/05
interdependency
interior angle
intersection
interval
inverse
inversely proportional
irrational number
irreductibility
isosceles triangle
Page 11 of 22
-
interdependen
unghi interior
intersecie
interval
invers
invers proporional
numr iraional
ireductibilitate
triunghi isoscel
J
jump
jump function
- salt
- funcie n scar
K
kilogram(me)
kilometre
known
- kilogram
- kilometru
- cunoscut
L
law
law of composition
law of sines
law of the excluded middle
least common denominator
least common multiple
leg
Leibniz rule
lemma
length
like denominators
like signs
limit
limit value
lege
lege de compoziie
teorema sinusurilor
legea terului exclus
fa lateral
formula lui Leibniz
lem
lungime
numitori identici
aceleai semne
limit
valoare limit
2/17/05
limits of integration
line
line segment
linear
linear equation
linear function
linear independency
linearity
local
logarithm
lower limit
lowest common denominator
lowest common multiple
lozenge
Page 12 of 22
-
limite de integrare
dreapt
segment liniar
liniar
ecuaie de gradul nti (liniar)
funcie liniar
independen liniar
liniaritate
local
logaritm
limit inferioar
romb
mrime
diagonal principal
ax principal
sistem cu mai multe necunoscute
imagine, aplicaie
imagine, aplicaie
metru
inducie matematic
matematic
matrice
matrice de transformare
maximum, maxim
medie aritmetic
medie geometric
msurabil
msur
median
element {al mulimii}
minimum, minim
desczut
semnul scderii
modul
monom
M
magnitude
main diagonal
major axis
many-variable system
map
mapping
meter
mathematical induction
mathematics
matrix
matrix of the transformation
maximum
mean
mean proportional
measurable
measure
median {of a triangle}
member {of a set}
minimum
minuend
minus {sign}
module
monom
2/17/05
monotone decreasing function
monotone increasing function
monotonic function
monotonous
multiple
multiplex
multiplicand
multiplication
multiplier
multiply
mutually
mutually disjoint
Page 13 of 22
-
funcie monoton descresctoare

funcie monoton cresctoare
funcie monoton
monoton
multiplu
multiplu, repetat
denmulit
nmulire, multiplicare
nmulitor, multiplicator
a nmuli
mutual
mutual disjuncte
logaritm natural
numr natural
condiie necesar i suficient
negativ
neglijabil
nod
nedescresctor
nedegenerat
neliniar
ecuaie neliniar
sistem neortogonal de coordonate
neperiodic
nesimetric
soluie netrivial
soluie nenul
normal, perpendicular
normal la suprafa
vector normal
vector nul
matrice nul
mulime vid
numr
N
natural logarithm
natural number
necessary and sufficient condition
negative
negligible
node
non-decreasing
non-degnerate
non-degenerate conic
non-degenerate conic section
non-linear
non-linear equation
non-orthogonal coordinate system
non-periodic
non-symmetric
non-terminating decimal
non-trivial solution
non-zero solution
normal
normal to the surface
normal vector
null-vector
null-matrix
null-set
number
2/17/05
number line
numerator
Page 14 of 22
- dreapt numeric
- numrtor
O
oblique
obtuse angle
obtuse triangle
octagon
odd
odd-function
one-to-one
open interval
opposite interior angles
order
order of derivative
order of equation
ordered pair
ordinal number
ordinate
origin {of coordinates}
orthogonal base
orthogonal coordnate system
orthonormal basis
oval
oblic
unghi obtuz
triunghi obtuzunghic
octagon
impar
funcie impar
biunivoc
interval deschis
unghiuri alterne interioare
ordine
ordin al derivatei
ordinul ecuaiei
cuplu ordonat
numr ordinal
ordonat
origine de coordonate
baz ortogonal
sistem ortogonal de coordonate
baz ortonormat
oval
cuplu
parabol
parabolic
paralel
paralelepiped
paralelogram
parametru
form parametric
P
pair
parabola
parabolic
parallel
parallelepiped
parallelogram
parallelogram law
parallelogram rule
parameter
parametric form
2/17/05
parentheses
partial fraction
partial-fraction expansion
pencil
pencil of lines
pentagon
per cent
perimeter
period
periodic decimal fraction
periodic function
periodic solution
permissible solution
perpendicular
pivot
plane
plane geometry
planimetry
plus sign
point
point of discontinuity
point of inflexion
polygon
polyhedron
polynomial
positive
possibility
power
pre-image
preceding
prime factorization
prime number
pimitive
principal
principal axis
principal diagonal
principle of complete induction
prism
product
progression
projection
Page 15 of 22
-
paranteze rotunde
fracie elementar
descompunere n fracii elementare
fascicul
fascicul de drepte
pentagon
procent
perimertu
perioad
fracie zecimal periodic
funcie periodic
soluie periodic
soluie admisibil
perpendicular
ax de rotaie, centru de rotaie
plan
planimetrie
planimetrie
semnul adunrii, plus
punct
punct de discontinuitate
punct de inflexiune
poligon
poliedru
polinom
pozitiv
posibilitate
putere, exponent
preimagine
precedent
descompunere n factori primi
numr prim
funcie primitiv
principal
ax principal
diagonal principal
metoda induciei complete
prizm
produs
progresie
proiecie
2/17/05
proof
proper factor
proper fraction
property
proportion
proposition
prove
pyramid
Pythagorean theorem
Page 16 of 22
-
demonstraie
divizor propriu
fracie subunitar
proprietate
proporie
propoziie
a demonstra
piramid
teorema lui Pythagoras
Q
quadrate
quadratic
quadratic equation
quadratic formula
quantifier
quotient
patrat
ptratic
ecuaie de gradul al doilea (patrat)
formula rdcinilor ecuaiei de gradul al doilea
(ecuaiei patrate)
- cuantor
- ct
R
radian
radical
radical sign
radius
radius vector
raise to a power
range
rank of a matrix
ratio
rational
rational function
rational number
ray
real
real number
reciprocal matrix
radian
radical, semnul rdcinii
radical, semnul rdcinii
raz
raz vectoare
a ridica la putere
mulime de valori, domeniu
rang al unei matrici
ct, raport
raional
funcie raional
numr raional
semidreapt
real
numr real
matrice invers
2/17/05
rectangle
rectangular coordonate system
reduce
reducible
regular polygon
relation
relative
relatively prime numbers
remainder
repeated root
replace
represent
rest
restriction
rhomb
rhombus
right angle
right triangle
root
rotation
round
rounding error
rule
Page 17 of 22
-
dreptunghi
sistem rectangular de coordonate
a reduce
reductibil
poligon regulat
relaie, raport
relativ
rest
rdcin multipl
a substitui, a nlocui
a reprezenta
rest
restricie
romb
romb
unghi drept
triunghi dreptunghic
rdcin
rotaie
a rotunji
eroare de rotunjire
regul
S
same denominators
satisfy
scalar
scalene triangle
secant
sector of a circle
segment
semi-circle
semiclosed interval
set
set theory
side {of an angle}
sign
signum function
numitori identici
a satisface
scalar
triunghi scalen
secant
sector circular
segment
semicerc
interval seminchis
mulime
teoria mulimilor
latur {a unui unghi}
semn
funcia signum
2/17/05
similar fractions
similar polygons
similar terms
similar triangle
similarity
similitude
simple
simple root
simplification
sine curve
sine rule
single
single root
skew lines
slope
slope angle
slope formula
slope-intercept form of a straight line
equation
solution {of a problem}
solution set
solve
space
speed
sphere
square
square brackets
square root
standard form
statement
step function
straight
straight angle
straight-line
straight-line segment
stretching
strict
strongly monotonic
subset
substitution
subtraction
subtrahend
Page 18 of 22
- fracii cu numitori egali
- poligoane asemenea
- termeni asemenea
- triunghi asemenea
- asemnare
- asemnare
- simplu
- rdcin simpl
- simplificare
- sinusoid
- teorema sinusurilor
- unic
- rdcin simpl
- drepte neconcurente
- nclinare, coeficient unghiular
- unghi de nclinare
- formula coeficientului unghiular
- ecuaie a unei drepte cu coeficient
unghiular
- soluie {a unei probleme}
- mulime de soluii
- a soluiona, a rezolva
- spaiu
- vitez
- sfer
- patrat, a ridica la patrat
- paranteze patrate
- rdcin patrat
- form standard
- propoziie, afirmaie
- funcie n scar
- drept
- unghi ntins, unghi plin
- linie dreapt
- segment liniar
- delatare
- strict
- strict monoton
- submulime
- substituie
- scdere
- scztor
2/17/05
Page 19 of 22
sum
summand
supplementary angles
surface
surface area
surface element
surface of revolution
symbol
symmetric
symmetric function
synthetic division
system
system of linear equations
- sum
- termen al sumei
-
unghiuri suplimentare {pn la 180o}

suprafat
arie a suprafeei
element de arie {al suprafeei}
suprafa de rotaie
simbol
simetric
funcie simetric, funcie par
schema lui Horner
sistem
sistem de ecuaii liniare
T
tangent
tangent line
tangent plane
term
term of a fraction
terminating decimal fraction
tetragon
tetrahedron
theorem
theory
transcendental number
transform
transform of coordinates
transitivity
translation
trapezium
trapezoid
triangle
triangular
trigonometric
trigonometric function
trigonometry
trisection of the angle
truth
tangent
linie tangent
plan tangent
termen
numrtor al fraciei
fracie zecimal finit
patrulater
tetraedru
teorem
teorie
numr transcendent
a transforma
transformare de coordonate
tranzitivitate
translare
trapez
trapez
triunghi
triunghiular
trigonometric
funcie trigonometric
trigonometrie
trisecie a unui unghi
veridicitate
2/17/05
Page 20 of 22
U
unambiguous
unbounded
uncertainty
undefined
undetermined
unequal
union
unique solution
uniqueness
unit
unit circle
unit tangent vector
unit vector
universal quantifier
universal set
unknown
unlike denominators
unsymmetric
univoc
nemrginit
incertitudine, nedeterminare
nedefinit
nedeterminat
inegal, diferit
reuniune
soluie unic
unicitate
unitate
circumferin unitar
vector tangent unitar
vector unitar
cuantor universal
mulime universal
necunoscut
numitori diferii
asimetric
valid, valabil
valoare
a se anula, a disprea
variabil
vector
produs vectorial
vitez
a verifica
vrf
unghiuri opuse la vrf
vertical
ax vertical
invers, reciproc
linie de fracie
V
valid
value
vanish
variable
vector
vector product
velocity
verify
vertex
vertex angles
vertical
vertical axis
vice versa
vinculum
2/17/05
volume
Page 21 of 22
- volum
W
way
well-defined
whole
- drum, distant
- bine definit
- tot, n ntregime
X
x-axis
x-intercept
xy-plane
- axa x
- segment de pe axa x
- plan xOy
Y
y-axis
- axa y
Z
z-axis
zero
zero solution
- axa z
- zero
- soluie nul
Bibliografie

2/17/05
Page 22 of 22
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale
Page 1 of 70

Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez de Fraze Uzuale

A
abia
The superscripts are hardly (or scarcely) visible.
abordare
A more careful approach is needed.
absolut analog
In complete analogy with the result, we may prove

that ...
accentua atenie
se accentuiaz atenie asupra In this section, emphasis is placed (or attention is
focussed) on autonomous systems.
accepta o ipotez
to accept a hypothesis
aceiai
The numbers +8 and +3 have like signs.

No two polynomials can have all their roots alike (or
the same) unless they differ by a numerical factor.
acelai
The preceding discussion may be summed up by

saying that the arithmetic for complex numbers is
much the same as that for real numbers.
acum
We now want to let j.

For the present we content ourselves with
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning the
sets G and H.
arta
acum este uor de artat c
We can now easily show that ...
adecvat
The model fits the process under study adequately.
adeveri
se adeverete c
s-a adeverit a fi
Thus the martingale (t) turns out to be a process

with independent increments.
This proved to be a bigger problem than originally
anticipated.
http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html
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This value was found to be cos(/17).
admite
la fel admite
adresa
ne adresm la
aduce
demonstraia este adus
aduna
adunm
afirma
afirm
afirmaie
afirmaie mai general
afirmaie necesar
afirmaie reciproc
The function (t) also admits decomposition of the

form (4).
We now turn to the task of considering the
continuous-parameter supermarlingales.
The proof of the theorem is given in [8].
Now write down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m
and add them to obtain the estimation (6).
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that
every integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and
only one way, apart from order, as the product of
positive prime numbers.
Bohm [2] claims that there is such a thing as the
primacy of metaphysics in connection with biology.
A more general statement can be found in [15].
Approaching the limit as N we obtain the
required assertion.
The converse of (5) is false.
The converse of this statement is known to be false.
However, if we are concerned only with versions of a
given process, the converse holds in the following
sense.
afla
a afla
ajunge
ajungem la ...
ajutor
cu ajutorul
We are now in a position to determine (or to find)

the value of x*.
Thus we arrive at the following conclusion
[definition, equation, theorem, assertion, result].
By means of the equivalence relation we get the
decomposition of the set of all oriented segments into
disjoint classes such that segments in the same class
are equivalent and segments in different classes are
not equivalent.
When formalizing the notions of probability theory,
the first fundamental assumption is that the results of
experiments can be described by means of a certain
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set .
The data were obtained with the help (or with the
aid) of a digitizer.
Both problems are solved by constructing a right-hand
inverse matrix Sr-1 of S.
alt
alt
Another way to approach the problem is to take a

Taylor series expansion of g(t).
Any term may be transposed from one member of
equation to the other, provided its sign is changed.
The random variable may have a different
distribution.
altfel
This definition also makes use of the abstraction

principle, but in another way.
altfel zis
Otherwise speaking [fn(x)] = [gn(x)] if and only if

{fn(x)}~{gn(x)}.
amnunit
mai amnunit
ambele
ambele pri
These operations are discussed in more detail in next

section.
Both estimates are quite rough.
But the functions f and g are both continuous, and
thus the two functions coincide.
Multiplying the two sides of (4) by cosmx and
integrating, we obtain ...
The two sides of Young's inequality
are equal if and only
if b=(a).
ambiguu
aminti
amintim c
analiza
pentru a analiza
este analizat
analogic
This ambiguity does not lead to misunderstanding.

We recall that the compensator n of the measure of
jumps n is non-negative.
Recall that L is generated by all processes whose
trajectories are right-continuous and have right limits.
To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to
non-dimensional variables.
To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to
non-dimensional variables.
The sum S is analysed analogously.
The proof of (11) is completely analogous to that of
(10).
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analogic cu ...
Page 4 of 70
We shall introduce distributions in a way analogous
to that used in the Cantor theory when generalizing
rational to real numbers.
analogie
The analogue of the Fermat's theorem is also valid.
anume
In this particular case only one side of the triangle,

namely BC, has traces within the limits of the
drawing.
If S consists of a single element x, then R(x), namely
the smallest subring containing x, is commutative.
The extended solutions have the property II, namely
of uniform continuity.
aparatul matematic
mathematical apparatus (or tools / techniques)

a body of mathematics
aparine
aparine la
care nu aparine
aprea
apare
aplica
s aplicm
pot fi aplicate
se poate de aplicat
aproape
aproape de
aproape peste tot
aproape toate
aproape toi
aproximativ acelai
The process X(t) falls into one of the following three

classes depending on its asymptotic behaviour.
This equation falls among the so-called renewal
equations.
This equation contradicts the assumption that G
contains points not belonging to D.
The problem arises of finding the conditions under
which the distribution p(u) is unimodal.
Let us apply this result to the case of an increasing
process At.
Formulas (1) and (2) may be employed on condition
that the contour C has no loops.
Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is
applicable and hence p=x2+y2.
The temperature was observed to be near zero.
The angle is closed to 45 deg.
The Lebesque-integrable functions are equal if and
only if they have the same values almost everywhere.
Nearly all scientific problems deal with quantities and
relations among them.
It is easy to verify that f(x)<C for almost all x.
As the numbers of the molecules moving in opposite
directions are much the same, it is natural to
assume ...
aproximaie
n prim aproximaie
As (or in) a first approximation, x(t) may be chosen
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to be t2.
aranja n ordine cresctoare

[descresctoare]
sunt aranjai n ordine cresc- The jump moments t1, t2, ..., tn are arranged in
toare [descresctoare]
ascending [descending] order.
arta
arat
vom arta
este artat
pentru a arta c
cum este artat mai sus
Fig.12 depicts the slope of the line x versus t.

We shall show that in this case p must divide b.
The slope of the line x versus t is shown
schematically in Fig.12.
To show that q and r are unique, suppose that q'
and r' is any pair of integers for which a=bq'+r', 0
r' < b.
As has been shown above, the process X t is a
continuous L2-martingale.
arbitrar
Let (t) be an arbitrary quasi-potential.

Suppose this is true for an arbitrary n.
argument
This is a convincing reason for the study of stochastic

equations of the form.
This reason suggests that the solution to Eqn (17) is
unique.
There are doubtful points in the above reasoning.
argumente
aritmetic
asigura
asigur
asociat
asociat cu (referitoare la)
asociat la
Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics

dealing with the properties of numbers and their
operations.
Property 1o ensures the feasibility of the addition.
The MIS furnishes (or supplies) data for
management.
The error is associated with (or is due to) the
inaccuracy in computations.
The study is concerned with linear functionals of
supercritical processes.
The first problem is directly related to partial
differential equations.
Further extension of the notion of a stochastic integral
is connected with the extension of the notion of
convergence.
The polynomial R(t) corresponding to this function
by (6) is almost everywhere nonzero.
The space, S2k-1, and the projective metric, L(r,s),
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associated with it will play an important part in the
future.
It is convenient to replace k by a new factor related
to k by the relation =4k.
astfel
astfel nct
astfel ... ca
astfel ... nct
Thus the following theorem has been proved.

The factors and k are related as follows: =4k.
Let X be a space such that from every open cover we
can select a finite cover.
We break up the component a into several
components in such a way that A and B now belong
to different components.
We select a basis in the underlying space such that ...
Specifically, the parameter can be chosen so that the
distribution is unimodal.
The model is so constructed as to allow further
modification and improvement.
We take a point on the line such that ...
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there
exists a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)=g(x).
aa numit
In applications we often come across the so-called

Heaviside function.
aa ... pentru care
aadar
Thus, the integral on the right-hand side of (5) can be

analytically continued to the whole domain.
The last formula becomes p(la+mq)=b, so that p|b.
Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so
there must be one of them, , which is of least
positive norm.
Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is
applicable and hence p=x2+y2.
Therefore P(x,s,t,A) saitsfies the ChapmanKolmogorov equation.
Consequently,
ataa la
poate fi ataat la
atinge
atinge maximum [minimum]
The process X(t) may be placed (or put) into one of

the following three classes depending on its
asymptotic behaviour.
The function (x) reaches its maximum [minimum]

at x*=3h/2.
Let b1(s,w) coincide with the z for which the
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minimum of the function | B(s,w) z |, | z |=1, is
attained and let b2(s,w) coincide with z for which the
above function attains its maximum.
atinge scopul
de a atinge scopul
este atins scopul
atinge
se atinge
atrage atenia
s atrag atenia
se atrage atenia
atribui sens
pentru a atribui sens
se atribuie sens
atribui valoarea
atribuim valoarea
valori pot fi atribuite
In order to attain the purpose, we shall not avail

ourselves of the methods of functional analysis.
This aim is attained (or objective is accomplished)
by introducing non-dimensional variables x' = x/x0
and y' = y/y0.
Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain
point
, then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that
point.
The reader should take notice of the fact that the scale
parameter a does not enter into the expression for G
(u).
It is necessary to pay special attention to the
behaviour of F(x) at infinity.
Recently much attention (or thought /
consideration) has been given to the study of the
diffusion processes.
To attach a meaning to the solution of this stochastic
equation, we must define the measure more
accurately.
Analogous meaning is attached to the notation D
[0,).
We assign the value 0 to this state.

A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number
of values can be assigned in an investigation.
automat
It follows automatically that these Rm-semisimple

rings are strongly Rm-semisimple.
auxiliar
As a preliminary to the proof of the theorem, we shall

discuss several auxiliary assertions.
avantaj
avantaje
avantaj principal
To appreciate the merits (or the advantages) of this

theory, it suffices to observe that ...
The main (or principal / major) advantage of this
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approach is that it enables the results of the previous
chapter to be extended to the case under
consideration.
avea
avem
nu are
Since a satisfies (1), we have Y 1=Y 2.

For instance, the function
has not a derivative at
poate avea
nu poate avea
avea de-a face
avem de-a face
avea intenia
vom avea intenia
avea loc
aceast nu poate avea loc
aceast are loc n cazul
avea maxim [minim]
are maxim [minim]
avea neajunsul
au neajunsul
are neajunsul
avea nevoie de
vom avea nevoie de
avea o form ...
are o form ...
avea o mare importan
are o mare importan
the point 0.
The prime number p possess no factors other than 1
and p.
It follows that the solution can have only a finite
number of zeros in D.
It follows that the solution cannot have more than a
finite number of zeros in D.
In this section we deal only with rational integers.
In this section we are going to modify our definition
of distribution so as to obtain a notion equivalent to
that of S. Sobolyev and L. Schwartz.
This cannot be, for l/p is not a rational number.
This happens to be the case for those equations in
which S increases.
The function (x) has a maximum [minimum] at the
point x*=3h/2.
These equations possess a fundamental defect (or
demerit / draw back / disadvantage).
His hypothesis has limitations of its own.
In order to achieve this, we shall need some material
from elementary number theory.
Equation (3.2) is of the following form ...
In applications the following theorem is of great
importance.
avea sens
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dac are sens

The symbol
nu are sens
avea soluie unic
are soluie unic
avea un caracter
are un caracter
avea valoarea
are valoarea
, if it is meaningful, always
represents a number.
If the common part is empty, the difference has no
sense.
Equation (7) has a unique solution.
Noise (t) is stochastic in character (or in nature).
Noise (t) is of a stochastic character (or nature).
The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.
B
baza pe
se bazeaz pe
The proof is based on the ideas of Kunita and

Watanabe [36].
The previous analysis proceeds from the assumption
that the class M* contains the class M2,.
bineneles
It is clear that the definitions and properties given

below can be extended to -algebras.
biunivocitate
Hence from (6) and the remark concerning the

one-to-one-ness of the correspondence, relation (8)
yields F=0.
C
ca de obicei
As usual, we use continuous versions of (4).
ca i n
As in the example discussed above, we can easily

prove the following proposition.
ca i n cazul ...
In the same manner as in the case of convergence to

a Wiener process, one can easily deduce the following
result.
In the case of distributions, as in the case of functions,
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the following properties hold true.
ca urmare
Such a solution does not exist in consequence (or on

account) of (6) and Remark 4.
calcula
sunt calculate
As is easy to calculate ...

The coefficients of expansion (9) are evaluated (or
computed) from formulas (5).
as is easy to calculate
as is easy to evaluate
cum este uor de calculat

calcula integral dea-lungul
curbei
to take the integral along a curve
calcula integral pe domeniu
to take the integral over a domain
care
In classical analysis there have been considered several

sequences of functions which are distributionally
convergent to (x).
Choose in D2 any function that tends to infinity as
crui
al crui
care este
x0.
A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number
of values can be assigned in an investigation.
Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of
definition does not depend on t.
Consider the function (y), which is a periodical
distribution coinciding with (y) for | y | < 1/2.
caz
caz particular
cazul considerat
cuta
vom cuta
sunt cutate
cutat
care va fi cutat
This formula can be considered as a particular case of

formula (14).
In the case under consideration the process (t) is
continuous.
Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under
discussion.
We shall seek a solution to (12) in the form
z(t,u) = x(t) y(u).
It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters for
the numders which are sought.
The sought-for quantity M is involved in the equation
reciprocally.
The desired value of m can be determined from
conition (4).
Consider the equation (3), where f(t) is the function to
be found.
Here v* is the value of v to be determined.
cutare
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n cutarea
cteva
cteva modaliti
Page 11 of 70
In looking (or in search) for the optimal solution we
discovered that ...
To see this, we shall prove several lemmas.
A few words should be said about physical meaning of
this parameter.
Some other examples of fundamental sequences will
be given after the following lemma.
There is more than one way to approach the problem.
ce
For instance, the Dirac delta distribution cannot be

identified with any continuous function, which will be
proved in Section 8.
cel mai bine
The nature of this problem can best be made plain by

examples.

(CMMDC)
The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers

h and k is the largest positive factor common to both h
and k.

(CMMMC)
Twelve is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and

4.
cel mult
The set of the points of discontinuity of f(t) is at (the)

most countable.
cel puin
Formula (7) is true under the hypothesis that at least

one of the integrals on the left-hand side is meaningful.
cercetare
cercetare profund
cercetare ulterioar
the in-depth study

To determine whether these ideals coincide, we must
make a further study of the polynomials.
cere
se cere
se cere ntrebarea
cerin mai puternic
It is required to estimate in the best possible manner

the value of a random variable .
It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of
"integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for
which it does not.
The process Mt, satisfies the conditions of (1) with the
stronger requirement that
martingale.
chiar n cazul cnd
ci
be an L2-
This example shows that the ordinary derivative does

not always coincide with the distributional derivative,
even when the ordinary derivative wrists everywhere
except at one point.
Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the
system.
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ciocni cu
ne ciocnim cu
Page 12 of 70

Heaviside function.
cititor
The reader will find it a useful exercise to supply the

details of the proof.
clasic
In classical analysis there have been considered

several sequence of functions which are
distributionally convergent to (x).
clar
este clar c
intuitiv este clar
coeficientul pe lng
coeficientul pe lng
termenul
superior
coincide
coincide cu
complet satisfctor
completa
este completat
Clearly, the sum, difference and product of such

integers are of the same form.
It is clear that a and -a are both in the set A.
It is clear intuitively that every collection, finite or
infinite, of non-negative integers contains a smallest
one.
the coefficient of smth.
the coefficient multiplying smth.
A polinomial is monic if its leading coefficent is 1.
For an arbitrary function F(x) satisfying conditions 1) 6) there exists a unique probability measure whose
distribution function coincides with F(x).
The characteristic through A is the same as the one
through B.
Completely satisfactory solution of the functional
problem is given in [6].
It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed (or
augmented) by all P-null sets.
complicat
The problem of optimization is, in general, more

complicated.
Integration of equation (3.2) represents a rather
involved boundary-value problem.
conclude
From a>b and b>c we conclude that a>c.
condiie
condiia asupra
condiiile conform crora
This result was established in another way under

somewhat weaker conditions on the diffusion
coefficients.
The problem arose of finding the conditions under
which the distribution p(t) is unimodal.
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condiie de convergen la
condiie de existen i
unicitate a soluiei
condiii exacte pentru
condiie mai fin
condiii sunt verificate
alte condiii fiind aceleai
n condiia c
n condiiile teoremei
Page 13 of 70
The condition for convergence to a Wiener process is
stated in the next section.
Let the coefficients of equation (9) satisfy the
condition for the existence and uniqueness of the
solution.
The exact conditions for equilibria to exist and be
stable are examined.
The tangent bundle of the manifolds provides a
sharper necessary condition.
Assume that conditions (5) and (20) are satisfied.
If the conditions of Theorem 10 are satisfied and,
moreover, A(,t) is continuously differentiable, then ...
Let the conditions of Theorem 4 be satisfied and the
function be twice continuously differentiable.
The distinction between (14) and (15) is that the
variable x entering into (15) depends on , other
things being equal.
Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined,
provided that it exists everywhere.
equation to the other, providing its sign is changed.
The abstraction principle can be applied to sets of
arbitrary elements provided there exists an
equivalence relation ~.
These functions are locally Riemann-integrable under
(or on) the condition that their values are equal at all
points of continuity.
Under the conditions of Theorem 6.1 the limit
exists and is differentiable.
conduce
conduce la ecuaia
This reasoning yields a simple equation.
confirma ipoteza
to verify a hypothesis
conform
conform algoritmului
conform criteriului
conform definiiei
conform ipotezei induciei
conform lemei
The classes can be formed by the FLAMENCO

algorithm.
By the Eisenstein's criterion, the polynomial xn-2 is
irreducible over the field of rational numbers.
Then, by definition, ...
By the induction hypothesis, the theorem is true for f
(x).
By Lemma 2.3, the sequence {gn(x)} is fundamental.
conform presurunerii
By assumption, E(1)=0.
By the assumption of the lemma, the solution to (1) is
positive.
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conform proprietii
conform teoremei
consecin
consecin din
este o consecin
consecutiv
considera
considerm
poate fi considerat
s considerm
sunt considerate
considerat
poate fi considerat ca
n lucrare se consider
considera acum
considerm acum
considera de la nceput
vom considera de la nceput
Page 14 of 70
Since ... by hypothesis, (4) is a bounded sequence.
By property (4) of norms, every element in T has
norm at least equal to 1, so there must be one of them,
, which is of least positive norm.
By Theorem 1.1, we can find q and r so that b=dq+r,
0 r < d.
To complete the proof of the lemma, we use the
corollary of Lemma 2.
The inequality f(x)0 is a direct consequence of the
system fi(x)0, i=l, 2, ..., n.
When an expression contains parentheses within
parentheses, they may be removed in succession,
beginning with the innermost.
Consider the rational number a/b.
The problem can be approached in many different
ways.
Let us now consider the case a>1.
Consider now the case a>1.
Several other functions, very useful from the practical
point of view, are considered in the following section.
Some properties of the operator L are dealt with in the
next chapter.
An integral part of the creative approach to the
problem under consideration (or under study) is the
analysis of its similarity to and difference from the
analogous problems.
C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable
metric space under the topology of uniform
convergence.
The paper deals with the theory of distributions of
finite order.
We now consider the process (t).
Consider now the process (t).
Consider first the simplest case where a=0.
We will first confine our attention to discreteparameter martingales.
considera util
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Page 15 of 70
We find it useful to define a new concept of
conjugacy and to discuss its relation to the old.
considerabil mai simplu
Theorems IV and VI are considerably simpler than

the analogous theorems in the differential calculus.
consideraie
We now turn to the task of considering the

continuous-parameter stochastic processes.
The consideration (or discussion) of this problem in
more detail shows that ...
We must now subject the concept of equivalence to a
somewhat closer scrutiny.
Further inspection (or examination) of Fig.1 discloses
that there are two points of inflection on the curve.
consta
const n ...
construcie
construi
pentru a construi
continuu
continu din dreapta dup t
The abstraction principle consists (or lies) in the

identification of objects (mathematical entities) which
have a common property.
By a slight change in the method of (7), the
construction of such functions is easily carried out.
The abstraction principle is often applied in
mathematics to construct new notions.
continuous at every point of the interval (c,d).
Ft is continuous from the right (or right-continuous)
in t if for all t 0
contrazice
ce contrazice
So is a unit, contrary to the hypothesis.

So p|L, contradicting the fact that L is prime.
aceast contrazice
This contradicts r 0.
contrazice presupunerii

contains a point not belonging to D.
This contradicts the hypothesis that k and that (6)
holds for all l<km.
contribui
pentru a contribui la
rspndirea
conine
se conine
This series of expository presentations of the best

thoughts and keenest researches in pure and applied
mathematics is intended to contribute to the
dissemination of mathematical knowledge.
The subgroup Pn is contained in the centralizer of the
element p in B.
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conine proprieti
convenabil
convenabil
Page 16 of 70
The following list contains the fundamental
properties of the norm.
In some cases the following complex form of
trigonometrical series
mai convenabil
este convenabil
va fi convenabil
deseori este convenabil
conveni
vom conveni
converge
converge absolut
converge aproape peste tot
converge n medie
converge n probabilitate
converge uniform
convinge
ne convingem c
a se convinge n
trebuie s se conving c
pentru a se convinge n ...
pentru a se convinge n
aceasta
is advantageous.
It is more convenient to break up the experiment into

three phases.
It is convenient to call two Gaussian integers
associates if =, where is a unit.
It will be convenient to define the convergence of fn
(x) in the following sense.
It is often convenient to establish the position of
points by giving their coordinates.
We shall agree to write A(x,t)S if A(x,t) is a process
with independent increments.
The series (1) converges absolutely.
to converge almost everywhere
to converge in (the) mean
to converge in probability
Thus the series (4) converges uniformly.
Make (or be) sure that the coefficients have no
common factors other than +1.
To complete the proof, check that ...
Before applying Theorem 10.7, check to see that there
is an in A such that ...
To prove the convergence X nM, it suffices to make
sure that ...
The investigator must assure himself that the errors
are within the admissible limits.
To see that if satisfies an equation
anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a0 = 0, then there is a rational r
such that r is an algebraic rational, observe that an
satisfies (3).
To be certain that c is the required element, check
that D[c,A]>0.
To see this, notice that Powell's frequency function is
identical with our function b(x).
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se poate de convins c
este uor de convins c
coordona
se coordoneaz
Page 17 of 70
Then, similarly as has been done in [1], one ascertains
that the limit function satisfies the equation (4).
It is easy to make sure that (x) is convex on [c,).
The theory checks well (or agrees / is in good

agreement) with experiment.
The hypothesis fits the experimental data.
This conjecture is in line with that of Seidenberg.
corect
This definition is correct; since the sequence {pn(m)

(x)} is fundamental.
corectitudinea definiiei
To verify the correctness of this definition, we must

prove that ...
coresponden biunivoc
The one-to-one correspondence established above

makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions
f(x) and distributions [f(x)].
cresctor
cresctoare
strict cresctor
crete
crete monoton dup t
There is an increasing sequence of integers km such

that ...
Introduce a strictly increasing funstion g(x) defined
on [0,).
Ft monotonically increases in t, that is Fs Ft, for
s<t.
cu ... ce tinde ...
Each summand on the right of (12) becomes

vanishingty small with (or as) n.
cub al numrului
When a is used three times as a factor, the product is

called the third power of a, or the cube of a.
cunoate
cum noi deja cunoatem
cunoscut cu
este cunoscut c
Since, as we already know, all these trigonometrical

integrals vanish, we obtain formula (5).
The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals
can interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as
the equality almost everywhere.
It is well known that for an arbitrary function F(x)
satisfying conditions 1) - 6) there exists a unique
probability measure whose distribution function
coincides with F(x).
cum este cunoscut

As is well known, the nth partial sum of the series
is nothing else
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than the Dirichlet kernel

este bine cunoscut
It is well known that there exist sequences {Tn} and

{Sn} such that n=Tn-Sn.
este cunoscut ca
cuvnt
cu alte cuvinte
This relation is known as the Biot-Savart law.

To put it in another way, the gross weight W can be
represented as W=Wst+We+Wp.
D
da
d
dm
da posibilitate
d posibilitate
da restul de la mprire
d restul de la mprire
dac
dac acesta este cazul

dac acesta exist
The repeated application of relation (2.1) yields ...

The following theorem provides the description of the
everywhere dense set E.
We give (or present) below a synthesis of various
approaches available.
The martingale approach enables us (or permits) to
suggest a new method for constructing solutions of
stochastic differential equations.
Knowledge of the numerical values of a and b offers a
means of (or makes possible) determining ...
This method makes it possible to tackle the boundaryvalue problem under discussion.
The main advantage of this approach is that it enables
the results of the previous chapter to be extended to the
case under consideration.
Every integer a leaves a remainder r, 0 r < m, on
division by m.
In the course of the proof of the theorem we have
described the method for determining the functions
n (x0, ..., xn) if X is locally compact.
If this is the case, the deterministic approach is quite
suited for this purpose.
Hence, it follows that the representation of f(x) in the
form (4), if it exists, is unique.
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dac este necesar
dac n-ar fi
dac nu
dac numai
Page 19 of 70
The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any
greater integer.
Were is not for the discontinous coefficient,the
problem would be much simpler.
If there is no such , we write max f = .
Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be
assumed to be in force.
Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined,
provided (that) it exists everywhere.
dac i numai dac

dac i numai dac exist
R is a realization of (t) if and only if ...

The martingale (t) is uniformly integrable if and only
if there exists a random variable such that E || <
and (t) = E { | Ft}.
dac ..., atunci
Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point

, then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point.
dac ... nu
Unless u is a power of 2, this can always be done.
dar
Element belongs to V, whereas (or and) belongs to

W.
This value is negative not positive.
But then we could proceed from the pair (x, y) to a still
smaller in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2).
dar atunci
dar nu
With time the number of particles increases, rather

than remains constant.
date iniiale
the initial (or the input) data
datorit
Delacherie and Meyer are well known for their book

'Stochastic Processes and Potentials'.
Mathematics, due to (or owing to / because of) its
abstract nature, finds wide application in most spheres
of human activity.
de aceea
For this reason the points belonging to are called

elementary events.
Conversely, if N=1, we have a+b=1, so that either a=0
or b=0.
Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there
must be one of them, g, which is of least positive norm.
de asemenea
Observe also that |Dn(s)| C logn.

From equation (3) we find, as well,
.
If and belong to F, so do +, , , and / if
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0.
de fapt
In fact, this follows from the consideration that the

sequence gn(x) is bounded for x>0.
Since these are continuous processes, we actually
have ...
de fiecare dat cnd
In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the

numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be
given whenever the rule is applied.
de k ori
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there

exists a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)(x)=g(x).
Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the
equality ...
de la
The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI

century.
Prof. Romanov is giving a course of lectures on chaos
and bifurcations in room 406, commencing October 1.
In order to start from the very beginning, we introduce
first the basic notions and concepts of the theory of
measurements.
From this time on, the density function decreases.
We shall start with the basic notions and concepts of
the theory of measurements.
de unde
Setting (*) we obtain (**), whence, in view of

inequality (1), ...
The author does not explain from whence the estimate
(7) emerges.
deduce
deducem
deducem ecuaia
defini
definim
definit
Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer (or deduce)

that there exists a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)=g
(x).
We derive (or deduce) the equation for the
distribution of cell size at division and the distribution
of generation time.
Define unit and prime just as we did for the Gaussian
integer.
The function h(x) is defined at every point of the
interval [c,d].
The variable, whose value is determined once the
value of the independent variable is given, is called the
dependent variable.
bine definit
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The integral
definit anterior
pozitiv definit
definire
n definirea
definiie
din definiie
definiie echivalent
definiie exact
demonstra
demonstreaz
pentru a demonstra
este demonstrat
is well defined in
accordance with the above definition.

Using the Haar family {gn} defined above, we
introduce functions {hn}.
A complex-valued function f(x) is called positive
definite if for any n and complex numbers zj
In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption

that b(x)=0 for x<a.
In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace
the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x).
From the definition it follows at once that G(u)
satisfies condition (2).
It is possible to give an equivalent definition of
integral (1) as the limit of sums (2).
A precise definition is given below.
This proves that d is a factor shared by both a and b.
To prove the theorem, it suffices to show that ...
Since N<N, the inequality (3) is established.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in

the double integral in (6), after which all the integrals
except (8) can be evaluated exactly by appropriate
change of variables.
To prove the theorem, note first that neither a nor b can
be zero.
If p|a, there is nothing to prove.
nu este ce demonstra
se poate de demonstrat c
It may be proved that if ...
de la nceput vom demonstra We shall first prove the following two lemmas.
nainte de a demonstra
Before proving the theorem we illustrate its
applications.
teorema
trebuie s demonstrm c
We must prove that the two factorizations differ at
most in the order in which the primes appear.
pentru a demonstra
demonstrare
n procesul demonstrrii
In the course of the proof of this theorem we have

made use of the following lemma.
demonstraie
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fr demonstraie
Page 22 of 70
We shall assume without proof the following theorem.
denumire
The name 'distribution' is due to L. Schwartz, who

developed the theory in 1945 and later.
deoarece
This cannot be, for 1/p is not a rational number.

In the theory of distributions a distinction between the
trigonometrical series and the Fourier series is
unnecessary since each convergent trigonometrical
series is an expansion of a periodic distribution.
Because (3), we have ...
All numbers amn can be arranged in a sequence {bk}
convergent to b0, for otherwise it would suffice to
neglect a finite number of initial terms a1n, a2n, ..., apn
to get a contradiction to property (5).
Since the functions w are solutions of this equation, the
difference of any two of them may be regarded as the
solution of a certain linear differential equation.
deoarece n caz contrar
deoarece ..., atunci
deosebi
se deosebete prin
The function f(x) differs from F(x)(k-1)by a constant.

se deosebesc prin
se deosebesc una de alta prin The equation f'(x) = g'(x) holds if and only if the
distributions f(x) and g(x) differ from each other by a
constant function.
deosebire
spre deosebire de ...
The absolute value of a number a, as distinguished

from its algebraic value, is represented by |a|.
As opposed to (or as distinct from / in contrast to)
the real case, any polynomial always has a root in the
field of complex numbers.
In fundamental contrast to M. R. Stein, we have
preferred the algebraic approach.
deosebit
este deosebit de important The case of a linear substitution is especially
important (or is of particular importance) for us.
depinde
care nu depinde de
nu depinde de alegere
depinde esenial de
depinde monoton de t
To this end, we establish first that there exists a

constant L not depending on s and n such that ...
The distribution (1) does not depend on the choice of
the indefinite integral (x).
In this new definition the fact that the choice of the
integer k depends on the interval [a,b] is essential.
Let (2) be a family of finite stopping times which are
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monotonically dependent on t and right-continuous in
t.
deriva
deriva ... dup x
deriva ... n raport cu x
derivnd
derivnd de k ori
derivnd succesiv
derivata dup x
deschide
deschide posibiliti
To differentiate v(t,x) with respect to x.

To take the derivative of v(t,x,u) with respect to x.
In fact, by differentiating (3) we obtain ...
Hence, by successive differentiation we obtain ...
Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the
equality ...
Hence by successive differentiation we obtain ...
A derivative of u(t,x,u) with respect to x.
The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that
direction.
deschiderea parantezelor
the removal of parentheses
descompune n factori
to expand the number into factors

to factor the number
to present smth in a factor form
to factor smth into components
descompune n serie
descompunem n serie
Expand function (x) in a Taylor series.
descompunem n serie n
Expand function u(t,x,u) into a Taylor series about x.
raport cu x
poate fi descompus n serie Under certain conditions a continuous function can be
expanded into a Fourier-Bessel series.
Function f(x) can be expanded as an infinite power
series.
descompunere
descompunere n
descompunere n fracii
elementare
descompunere n serie
Any supermartingale (t) has exactly one

decomposition of the form (t)=(t)-(t).
6 = 2*3 = 3*2 are the only factorizations of 6 into
positive prime factors.
The decomposition of a fraction into partial
fractions.
Hence, we obtain the expansion of ctgx:
ctgx = 2(sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + ...).
descresctor
Let {an} be a decreasing sequence and {bn} an

increasing sequence of numbers.
descriere formal
A formal description of the basic notions is usually

based on the set-theoretical model of probability theory
developed by A. N. Kolmogorov in 1929.
descris
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descris anterior
descris de ecuaie
desemna
desemneaz
desen
pe desen
din desen se vede c
n limitele desenului
dei
detaliat
mai detaliat
detaliile
determina
determin
determinat cu exactitate de
deveni
devine
dezacord
Page 24 of 70
We now show how the method described above can be
extended to move the existence of .
We will consider only those systems whose evolution is
given by the equation of form (8).
The symbol Fn(x) will denote that the sequence
{Fn(x)} converges almost uniformly to a function.
In Fig.11 the planes 1 and 2 are shown as coinciding.
In Fig.10 it is seen that ...
namely BC, has traces within the limits of the
drawing.
It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist,
although the distributional derivative has a value at this
point.
It is necessary to consider this problem in greater
detail.
The details can be found in most texts on the theory of
equations, for example in the book of Thomas listed in
bibliography.
The Introduction gives details concerning the
application of stochastic differential equations in
natural sciences.
Two sequences {fn(x)} and {gn(x)} determine the same
distribution if and only if they are equivalent.
The indefinite integral is determined up to a constant.
Integrating f(x) k times, we obtain a locally integrable
function F(x), which is determined up to a polynomial
of degree less than k.
The relation of equivalence is then transformed into
the usual equality.
With this terminology Theorem 1.5 becomes
meaningful for the Gaussian integers.
This explains the discrepancy in behaviour of the two
functions.
diferen
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unic diferen ntre
diferi
difer de
diferite de
dificil
este mai dificil
dificultate
dificultate poate fi trecut
Page 25 of 70
The only difference among them is the order of
appearance of the factors.
The function f(x) differs from F(k-1)(x) by a constant.
The proof is not like that of Theorem 5.6.
Consider the numbers which are different from 0 and
1.
The prime numbers p possess no factors other than 1
and p.
It is slightly more difficult to see that
This difficulty can be remedied by a slight restatement

of the fundamental theorem to include negative
numbers.
din nou
Now we can, once again, use the arguments analogous

to those presented in Section II.
direct
This inequality can be proved directly (or

immediately) using (7) and Lemma 9 in Section 1.
direcie
n aceea direcie
discontinuitate de spea ntia
[a doua]
discuta
discutm
nu va fi discutat
distinge
pentru a distinge
The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that

direction.
With probability 1 (t) has no discontinuities of the
first [second] kind.
In Chapter 8 we discuss the filtering problem.
The validity of this assumption will not be debated
here.
makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions
f(x) and distributions [f(x)].
distingere

distribuie comun
the joint (or simultaneous) distribution
divide
se divid
Then the numbers 1, 2, ..., p-1 fall into pairs such that
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se divide
se divide prin
divizibil
sunt divizibile prin
domeniu de definiie
Page 26 of 70
the product of any pair is congruent to 1 modulo p.
The procedure is then broken down (or divided /
subdivided) into the three steps: ...
Nine is a multiple of three.
All the terms on the right are divisible by p.
Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of
definition does not depend on G.
dori
dorit
este de dorit
dup ce
Passing to the limit in (6) we obtain the desired result.

This is exactly the wanted decomposition.
It is desirable in many applications that the function Xt
be also measurable.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the
double integral in (6), after which all the integrals
E
ecuaie
din ecuaia
ecuaie cu n necunoscute
ecuaie de gradul n
ecuaie iniial
ecuaie n raport cu
(necunoscuta) x
ecuaie rezolvabil n raport
cu x
editarea
efectua
pot fi efectuate
de a efectua transformarea
From equation (2) we find that ...

the equation in n unknowns
the equation of degree n
the input equation
the equation in (the unknown) x
the equation solvable for x
The publication of this monograph was made possible
due to ...
He has over 70 published works.
The calculations can be carried out (or performed) in
the same way as in Section 15.
On many occasions it is useful to take the Laplace
transform of equation (15).
egal
sunt egali
The vectors
and
are equal in magnitude.
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elabora
era elaborat
elementar
elibera
s ne eliberm de
Page 27 of 70
The statistical theory has been developed quite

recently.
The solution of equation (5) is obtained in an
elementary manner by expanding function x(t) in a
Fourier series.
But here we need only free ourselves of the term V(x)
*.
enunul problemei
The most general statement of the problem can be

formulated as follows.
evident
A more exact answer to the question requires

apparently (or evidently) a refinement of the
definition of a system.
It is obvious (or evident) that Xt is progressively
measurable.
Obviously (or evidently / apparently), the above
theorem hot index set is taken to be a finite interval
[0,T ] instead of R+.
este evident
eveniment
eveniment sigur
We note that any subset of is called an event.

the sure event
evident
The proof of this property is obvious since b=0.

Applying Theorem 12.3 to the obvious equality (*) we
get ...
evita
pentru a evita confuzii
pentru a evita nenelegeri
pentru a evita repetri n

viitor
exact
exact unul
mai exact
exactitate
cu exactitate de
To avoid possible confusion, the continuity condition

will be restated in each case.
To avoid misunderstanding, we may call the first kind
of intervals (including end-points) the closed intervals
and the second kind the open intervals.
To avoid repetitions in future, we present here basic
concepts and definitions.
Any prime divides exactly one positive rational
prime p.
More precisely, we shall assume that the following
condition is satisfied.
Then we can write for the division-size density function

(up to a normalization factor)
.
The factors in product (4) are determined uniquely
except for order.
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Factorization of any positive integer is unique to within
the order of factors.
The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that
every integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and
only one way, apart from as the product of positive
prime numbers.
excepie
cu excepia
exclude
se exclude
exclude posibilitate
exemplu
de exemplu
prin exemple
exemplu interesant
exemplu tipic
unele exemple
n calitate de exemplu
exista
exist limita
existen
The function possesses the property (1) for all and t

except for some sets of measure 0.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the
double integral in (6), after which all the integrals
The second of these possibilities is excluded, for r(x) is
in T.
This approach excludes the possibility of considering
the equations having solutions which belong to a more
general class of numbers.
Another example of the abstraction principle is the
Cantor definition of a real number.
Let us first look at some simple examples.
For instance (or for example), the coefficient of
variation, CV, of size at division is typically 10% and
the CV of age at division is typically 20% or more.
As an example, let =5 and =1+2i.
The nature of this problem can best be made plain by
examples.
We shall explain it by means of examples.
We shall construct an interesting example of such a
process in this chapter.
The polynomials Bn(t) are typical examples of
generalized Brownian functionals.
Some other examples of fundamental sequences will
be given after the following lemma.
As an example, consider the primitive polynomials
x2+3 and 3x2+7x-11.
With probability 1 there exists the limit
.
The existence of the Wiener process follows easily
from the Kolmogorov's criterion.
explica
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vom explica
pot fi explicate
pentru a explica
Page 29 of 70
We shall explain the essence of the problem by giving
several examples.
The variations are greater than can be accounted for
by chance.
Chance is unlikely to account for so great variations.
exponentul puterii
A figure or a letter placed a little above and to the right

of a number is called an index, or an exponent, of the
power thus indicated.
expresie algebric
An expression composed of numbers, letters and signs

of algebraic operations and aggregation is called an
algebraic expression.
exprima
exprima ... prin ...
s exprim recunotin
expunere
extinde
va fi extins
extindem ... asupra
de extins n cazul
extinde rezultatele
de a extinde rezultatele
rezultatele pot fi extinse

extinderile noiunii de
To express the solution of equation (2) in terms of w

(t), it is sufficient to observe that w(t) satisfies equation
(3).
I wish to express deep gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for
her valuable advice and her interest in my work.
The exposition of mathematical subject is set forth in a
manner comprehensible not only to teachers and
students specializing in mathematics, but to all those
taking interest in mathematics and its applications.
The definition of a stochastic integral will be further
extended to cover the alternating functions.
We now extend the definition of a stochastic integral to
a wider class of random processes.
In 21 we show how to extend the basic definitions
and theorems to the case of distributions of infinite
order.
The main purpose of this section is to extend the
results of the preceding section to the processes of a
continuous argument.
These results can be extended to all other cases.
As it is currently being recognized, similar extensions
of the notion of entropy are needed in the field of
biology.
extrage rdcin patrat [cubic] To extract the square [cube] root of a number.
extragere a rdcinei
extremitate
cu extremiti
Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a

root of a number, or as the inverse of involution.
In every closed subinterval with ends a and b there is at
most a finite number of poles.
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F
face
de a face
This helps to make the proofs of all the theorems

elementary and very simple.
fcnd ...
Making (or letting) n along the subsequence nk,

we have ...
Before presenting the main results, we want to make a
few comments on the notion of entropy.
makes it unnecessary to distinguish between function
f(x) and distribution [f(x)].
s facem cteva observaii

referitor
face de prisos
face referin
de a face referin la
facem referin la
poate s fac referin la
To complete the proof, it is sufficient to refer to the

Cantor theorem on uniform continuity.
For the proof of this theorem, we refer the reader to
Theorem 9.
For further information the reader is referred to
Chapter VI.
fals
That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate

by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for
which Theorem 8 is false.
familie (set)
M is a collection (or family / set) of processes mt ,

tT.
fi
poate fi
fi de prisos
este de prisos
fi n relaie
sunt n aa relaie nct
fi n stare
suntem n stare
In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be

replaced by the requirement (i).
When two variables are so related that the value of
the first variable is determined when the value of the
second variable is given, then the first variable is said
to be a function of the second.
We are now in a position to prove the fundamental
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theorem stated in the opening paragraph of the chapter.
fi recunosctor ... pentru ...

sunt recunosctor ...
pentru ...
fie
acum fie
fie c este dat
fie dat
I am particularly indebted to Miss Leila R. Raines for

her painstaking assistance in the revision and
preparation of the manuscript for publication.
Put w=5.7.
Set v=t.
Let d be the smallest positive number in the set A.
Let G denote the set of all Gaussian integers, and J the
set of all rational integers.
.
Now set
Let there be given a continuous increasing process
(t).
Given point A,construct point B symmetrical to the
given point A in relation to plane .
Given any >0, we fix an index n0 such that
| fn(x) - f(x) |< for all n>n0.
fiecare
fiecare dintre care
pentru fiecare din

fix acelai
Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables

each of which is the sum of certain number of mutually
independent random variables.
M is the set of processes mt for each of which there
exists a random variable m such that ...
Precisely the same proof is valid for Gaussian primes
provided only that we can find one prime.
fixa
vom fixa
We fix some tS.

Fix k points -1 x1 < x2 < ... < xn 1.
fixat
este fixat
Indeed, let c>0 be an arbitrary fixed number.

A quantity whose value is fixed in any investigation is
called a constant.
folosi
se folosete
In the order to construct the solution to (2), we can use

(or utilize / make use of / apply / employ) relation
(12).
The reader can draw on the data from [4].
century.
This property is utilized (or exploited) in numerous
technical applicarions.
The term "information" is sometimes used (or applied)
to mean "data".
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ne vom folosi acum de ...

font aldin
forma
formeaz
a forma ecuaia
formalizare
n formalizarea
form
de form
n form
n form explicit
ntr-o form concis
ntr-o form mai simpl
formula
s formulm
formulare
formul
formula schimbului de
variabil
formul iniial
funcie
funcii absolut continue
funcie caracteristic
funcie invers
Page 32 of 70
Let us now make use of the fact that the trajectory of
process is right-continuous.
The title should be printed in bold type.
The numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., p-1 form a complete residue
system modulo p.
to set up (or to formulate / to form / to write) the
equation
the experiments can be described by means of a certain
set .
The function (t) also admits decomposition of the
form (4.3).
An integral of this form can be evaluated by
substitution.
Write equation (3.2) as (or in the form) ...
To represent the solution of equation (12) explicitly, it
is necessary to solve equation (8) for u(t).
An equation that states a rule in a brief form is called a
formula.
More recently some of results were obtained in a
simplified form.
Let us formulate the conditions under which the
statement is valid.
The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is
this.
Apply now the change of variables formula to (1).

the assumption formula
The class of indefinite Lebesgue integrals of locally
integrable functions is the class of absolutely
continuous functions.
E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
unity inside and to zero outside .
the inverse function
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G
garanta
garanteaz
This condition ensures (or assures) the uniqueness of

the solution.
gsi
gsim
se poate gsi
greuti mari
genera
genereaz
generat
general
mai general
generaliza
pentru a generaliza
poate fi generalizat
poate uor fi generalizat
generaliza ... pentru cazul
From (5), (6) and (7), we find ...

The facts used below can be found in [5]-[7].
The estimation of runs into severe (or great)
difficulties.
Here w(t) denotes the process which generates the
current {Ft}.
Fs is a -algebra generated by the events {(s)B}.
More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost
everywhere, then it converges also in a distributional
sense.
If the function f(x) is sectionally continuous, or, more
generally, if it is Riemann-integrable, equation (1) is
also true except of the points of discontinuities of f(x).
To generalize the theorem, it is necessary to modify the
definition of convolution.
We now show how the method described above can be
extended to prove the existence of .
Theorem 6 can be easily generalized.
Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under
discussion.
poate fi generalizat pentru This theorem may be generalized to the case of

multiplicative error.
cazul
generalizare
Distributions are a generalization of functions.
grad
de gradul n
grupa
grupm termenii asemenea
pn(x) is a polynomial of degree n.

To solve the equation 2x+x=12, unite (or group /
collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain 3x
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Page 34 of 70
and then divide both members by 3 to find the value of
x to be 4.
I
imediat
imita
vom imita
implica
aceast implic
Using Lemma 2 we can prove at once that G(u)

satisfies condition (ii).
It follows at once from 12.4 that ...
In proving that Theorem 1.5 holds for the Gaussian
integers we shall imitate as far as possible the proof
already given for rational integers.
This implies the completeness of {hn} in L01[0,).
important
foarte important
In applications the following theorem is of great

importance.
una din cele mai importante The concept of hierarchy is among the most
important in the theory of general systems.
importan
The importance of the primes is due to the fact that,

together with 0 and 1, all the other integers can be
constructed from them.
impresie fals
That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate

by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for
which Theorem 8 is false.
impune
s impunem condiii asupra In order that the solutions converge, we must impose
the following conditions on the coefficients of
equations (2).
include
include (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
sunt incluse
inclusiv
It is obvious that the set F includes the set of rational

numbers.
Equation (8) incorporates normal losses.
The dictionary contains (or includes) some
information about the appropriate use of collocations.
Some elements of artificial intelligence are now
incorporated in system.
The function f(x,y) possesses bounded partial
derivatives up to the third order inclusive.
Let Ft be a -algebra of the events observed up to and
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Page 35 of 70
including the moment t.
independent
independent de
mutual independente
indica
indic c
indiferent
este indiferent
imposibil
este imposibil
inducie
dup inducie
inducie dup k
infinit
la infinit
pn la infinit
infinit mic
By a slight change in the method of [3] the reader can

easily prove the theorem by himself.
Let be a random variable independent of the algebra.
This is true irrespective of whether E is a Hausdorff
space or not.
We can always do this, no matter how many points
from D are contained in the sphere S.
After each moment of regeneration the process X(t)
evolves independently of its past.
The distance between two points is the same
irrespective of the direction in which it is measured.
The function ex remains unaltered regardless of the
number of times it is differentiated.
Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables
each of which is the sum of certain number of mutually
independent variables.
These results indicate (or suggest) that ...
It makes no difference whether we say that t is a
stopping time relative to {Ft} or {F't}.
But this is impossible for any pair of integers a and b is
in J.
It is impossible to represent 12 as m2 + n2.
Many of these questions are difficult if not impossible
to answer.
We shall prove the theorem by induction.
Define the random variables Mn inductively.
We shall prove the relation by induction in k.
The value of a function f(x) at infinity, written f(), is
the limit of this function as x .
to infinity
the infinitesimal (or the infinitesimal quantity / the
infinitely small quantity)
The limit distribution functions are determined by the
fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing
number of independent random variables such that a
single summand becomes vanishingly small (or
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Page 36 of 70
infinitesimal) with n.
iniial
The distribution of the initial vector converges

weakly to a limit as u0.
The reader should be reminded that the initial value of
was chosen to be 0=7.18.
instructiv
This example is instructive because it displays the

structure of the process (P).
integra prin pri
to integrate by parts
integral
integral definit
integral improprie
the definite integral

If g(x) is a locally integrable function and the
improper integral
integral nedefinit
integrant
integrare
dup integrare
integrare prin pri
interesant
este interesant de observat
c
intra
intr n
care intr n ...
introduce
introducem
introducnd
a fost introdus
sunt introduse
exists, then g()=0
provided g() exists.

By an indefinite integral of a function f(x) we
understood each function (x) such that '(x) = f(x).
the integrand (or the expression under the integral
sign)
Replacing x by x+t in (1), we have, after integration,
...
the integration by parts
It is interesting to observe that the above formula
remains true if the summation is understood according
to the method of arithmetic means.
This term appears in (or enters into) equation (9) in
parentheses.
The coefficient a*(x,s) entering into (or involved in)
the expression for I t can be assumed to be constant.
Introduce the sequence {an}n N of positive numbers.
Allow sinu within the differential sign.
Introducing 2n new variables i and i we deduced 2n
equations.
The notion of distribution was introduced to
mathematics by S. Sobolyev in 1936.
Data are entered (or fed) into the computer from the
keyboard.
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intuitiv
The model emerged from the intuition that the notions

of hierarchy, complexity, stability, and entropy were to
be very important.
inutil pentru
If the coefficients of equation (2) do not satisfy the

Lipschitz condition, then the method of successive
approximations is unsuitable for the construction of
solutions.
invers
Conversely, formula (6) defines a measurable linear

functional for any sequence of numbers (z,ek).
ipoteza despre
Observe that if the hypothesis on the existence of

values of F(x) at a and b is not fulfilled, the equality
may be wrong.
The proof might have been arranged in a different way
if we had made no hypothesis about the value of G.
n
n acest scop
n afar
n aplicaii
n aa mod nct
n concordan cu
n conformitate cu
To this end, we establish first that there exists a

constant L such that ...
For this purpose (or with this object in view / with
this in mind), an attempt will be made to generalize
the notion of entropy.

Heaviside function.
For the new distributions one can define addition,
subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a
function in such a manner that the fundamental
properties are preserved.
A variable x is said to vary continuously through an
interval [a,b] when x increases from a to b in such a
manner as to assume all the values between a and b in
the order of their magnitudes.
It follows from (1), (2) and (3) that the whole set is
decomposed into abstraction classes so that two
elements are in the same abstraction class if and only if
they are equivalent.
In accordance with the law of large numbers, a m
= x.
In accordance with (or by) the law of large numbers,
a m = x.
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n continuare
Next, define M as the limit of Mt , as t.
n fond
Basically, the difficulty with establishing inequality (6)

is that ...
The cards may be processed singly or grouped (or in
groups).
n grupe
n interior
n ntregime
n loc de aceast
n mare msur
n realitate
n sfrit
n spiritul
n totalitate
n totalitate
n vigoare
n virtutea
n caz
n caz contrar

All points of lie in the interior of y2<d.
We will not attempt here to solve the problem in its
entirety.
Though the macroscopic properties of the cell
population as a whole follow a deterministic growth
law, the descriptors of individual ceils (such as size at
division and age at division) are highly variable.
The contents of this book may not be reproduced either
in whole or in part.
Instead, we will assume that ...
The theory is based, to a large extent, on heuristic
considerations.
Actually, we shall prove somewhat more that we need
for the present.
Finally, to prove (5), suppose p is prime.
The paper is written in the spirit of the Wilkinson's
error analysis.
The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in
totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process
Z.
The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in
totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process
Z.
In view of Theorem V, the sequences from Example 2
converge.
By virtue of the basic assumptions, ...
Right-angle projection is most widely used because of
its comparative simplicity.
On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions
in the earlier sense can be identified with distributions
of finite order.
By 2.4, the limit of an(x) - gn(x) is also a polynomial of
degree less than l.
In the case discussed above the left-hand side of (1)
can also interpreted as ...
In the opposite case the point x0 is said to be singular.
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n caz general
n caz particular
n caz special
n cazul acesta
n cazul cnd
n cazul considerat
n cazul dac
n cazul limit
n cazul mai sumplu
n acest caz particular
n cel mai bun caz
n multe cazuri
n mod
n mod analogic
Page 39 of 70
Moreover Np=0, for otherwise p0 so that =,

contrary to assumption.
This derivative is, in general, not a function, but a
distribution.
In the special (or particular) case where =1 equation
(3) can be solved explicitly.
In the specific case of Fig.12 the function B(u) has two
extrema.
In the special case where the L2-martingale is
continuous, the variation <M> will also be continuous.
In this case ...
In case where (or in the case when) a = 4k+3 equation
(2) assumes a more simple form.
In the case when measure is transferred from F into
a smaller space F0, the space F0 often turns out to be a
linear space.
continuous.
In the case of a negative determinant a quadratic
equation has no roots.
In the limiting case the stochastic process (t)
becomes a constant.
In the simpler case where =1 this relation takes the
form p=he2/3.
namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing.
This problem has received at best only fragmentary
treatment.
For many purposes (or in many cases / on numerous
occasions) we shall need the following assumption.
Analogously (or similarly / likewise), it is sometimes
useful consider only positive solutions to Eqn (17).
This theorem can be proved in much the same way (or
manner) as Theorem 1.
A similar argument yields ...
The plane passing through the vertex A and the vertex
C can likewise be constructed.
n mod arbitrar
The first term can be made arbitrarily small by an
appropriate choice of .
The variable, to which the values may be assigned at
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pleasure, is called the independent variable.
The initial values of and may be chosen arbitrarily
(or at will).
n sens
n sens intuitiv
n sens larg
n sens uzual
n sensul
n sensul c
n sensul larg
n sensul nou
n sensul urmtor
n sensul vechi
ntr-un anumit sens
nainta
a fost naintat
nainta o ipotez
nc
Distributions may be, in an intuitive sense,

approximated by functions.
The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can
interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the
equality almost everywhere.
A sequence of constant functions converges in the
distributional sense if and only if it converges in the
usual sense.
More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost
everywhere, then it converges also in the distributional
sense.
This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any
process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for
every t.
This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any
process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for
every t.
First of all, probabilistic methods are preferable in
biological studies in that they allow to take into
consideration the variability of the live matter.
in a broad (or wide / loose) sense
So has n conjugate in the new sense, but m in the
old.
The converse holds in the following sense.
Sequences fundamental in the earlier sense are
equivalent in the new sense if and only if they are
equivalent in the earlier sense.
So has n conjugates in the new sense, but m in the
old.
A minimal, in some sense, current is obtained if one
observes nothing else, but the process (t) itself.
Here the solution is a non-decreasing function of the
drift coefficients and, in a sense, of the jump functions.
A new theory has been put forward this year.
We were informed that a new idea had been advanced
at the closing session.
to advance a hypothesis
Many roadblocks must still be overcome before all the
subgroups of G are described.
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nc mai mult
nc unul
ncepe
vom ncepe cu
se ncepe
nceput
de la nceput
ncheia demonstrarea
pentru a ncheia
demonstrarea
ndoial
fr ndoial
Page 41 of 70
These estimates could be further improved by
including additional data in the computation.
In order to improve the estimates still further,
additional data should be included in the computation.
Let us formulate one further assumption.
To conclude, consider one more example.
To find the sum of the series, we start from the known
formula (1).
Each command begins with a forward slash (/).
We first establish the necessity of the condition.
First let us define ...
To complete the proof, it suffices to observe that ...
Undoubtedly (or without a doubt), the introduction of

the theory ...
ndrepta atenia
vom ndrepta atenia asupra Let us take note of the fact that the portions of the
straight lines A1A2 and A3A2 are equal.
nlocui
este nlocuit
poate fi nlocuit prin
nlocuit ... prin
nlocui a prin b
se poate de nlocuit
putem nlocui prin
nsemna
nseamn
va nseamna
F is replaced by Ft if t[0,T ].
The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any
greater integer.
Replacing in (2) by and afterwards x by x we
obtain ...
to replace a with (or by) b
to substitute b for a
to change a for b
In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be
replaced by the requirement (3).
In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace
the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x).
A(C) denotes the completion of B(C) with respect to
.
The letter M, with subscripts, will denote positive
constants.
'ln' signifies the natural logarithm.
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aceast nseamn c
ntmpina dificulti
ntmpinm dificulti
ntoarce
ne ntoarcem
ntre
ntreaba
se ntreab
ntrebare considerat
ntrece
care nu ntrece
Page 42 of 70
The expression (a+b)c signifies that the sum of a and b
is to be multiplied by c.
In this equation X stands for the velocity to be found.
The subscript i identifies the number of the group.
This means that a is different from any of a1, a2, ...,
an.
If we try to apply the principle of unique factorization
to negative integers, we encounter an obvious
difficulty in the possible presence of minus signs in the
factors.
We turn to the proof of the theorem.
We can restrict the variable so that it takes on only
values lying between a and b.
Denoting by p(x) the polynomial within (or between)
the signs | | on the left-hand side of (3), we can
write ...
It is asked what properties the limit distribution
function must possess.
These ideas can bring advantages in attacking the
problem under consideration, over the usual theories.
The distribution 2(x) is the derivative of the function
E(x/2), where the symbol E(a) denotes the greatest
integer not exceeding a.
nelege
nelegem
prin ... vom nelege ...
prin ... se nelege

nelegere profund
Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the

sence of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
By the integral of the P-measurable function f we mean
the Lebesgue-Stiltjes integral.
By the product of a distribution f(x) = [fn(x)] by a
number we understand the distribution [fn(x)].
By an indefinite integral of f(x) we mean a function of
the form (2).
A current is understood to be an increasing family of
-algebras such that ...
This information is needed for a fundamental

understanding of (or a deep insight into) the
properties of ...
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J
jos
mai jos
de mai jos
juca un rol
va juca un rol decisiv
joac un rol important
The operations introduced below will be identical with

the usual operations on functions.
The definitions given below are for the processes
defined on R+.
The following fact will play a decisive role in the
proof.
The class of normal functionals plays an important
role from the viewpoint of the causal calculus.
Let us formulate the conditions under which the
statement is valid (or true).
just
L
la fel
la fel ca n cazul
la fel ca i
This is proved in the same manner as in the case of

discrete-argument submartingales.
But then we could proceed from the pair (x,y) to a
still smaller pair in the same way as from (x1, y1) to
(x2, y2).
lsa
lsm
va fi lsat cititorului
The rest we leave to the reader.

The slight change in the original proof which is
needed here will be left to the reader.
este legat de
The estimation of runs into (or entails) great

difficulties.
lega
limita
ne vom limita la
Not striving for the greatest generality, we shall
confine ourselves to he study of martingales with
continuous characteristics.
In this section, we shall restrict our attention to
integration over processes (t) with continuous
characteristics.
For the present we shall content ourselves with
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este limitat de
ne vom limita la cazul
Page 44 of 70
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning
the sets G and H.
We will first confine our attention to
discrete-parameter supermartingales.
We will restrict ourselves to the simplest case of
=0.
Accuracy is limited only by that of the original data.
We shall restrict ourselves, in this paper,
to the case ...
limit
n limit
In the limit, as n, the last term in (8) vanishes.
limit inferioar de integrare the lower limit of an integral
limit superioar de integrare the upper limit of an integral
literal
In the term 4x2y the numerical multiplier of the

literal part is the coefficient.
lua n consideraie
lum n consideraie
If we consider (or take into consideration) that the

series is a series of positive terms, we have ...
The analysis has been made without reference (or
fr a lua n consideraie ...
without regard) to heat losses.
Regardless of the last term which is sufficiently
small, equation (9) may be solved in radicals for x.
The statement becomes apparent when it is
dac se ia n consideraie c
considered (or if it is remembered) that ...
The statement becomes apparent when it is
considered (or taken into account) that ...
trebuie de luat n consideraie One should keep in mind (or it should be kept in
c
mind / it should be remembered) that the partial
sums of the series (2.2) are the Fourier transforms of
functions Bn(t).
lua n paranteze rotunde [patrate,

figurate]
to put (or to enclose) in parentheses [brackets,

braces]
M
mai
mai ales
mai mic dect
mai mult ca att
This chapter deals mainly (or chiefly /

predominantly) with semigroups.
Now p is in T and has norm less than N().
Moreover, every solution of (9) may be represented in
the form (3).
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mai mult dect ...
mai multe ... dect
margine
margine inferioar exact
margine superioar exact
matematic
matematic aplicat
matemitic finit
matematic pur
material
material bogat despre
Page 45 of 70
Over (or more than) two thousand scientists took part
in the 1st World Congress.
The set B contains much more elements than the set
A.
The set B contains twice as many elements as the set
A.
the greatest lower bound
the least upper bound
applied mathematics
Finite mathematics is considered as superior tool to
use, over differential equations.
pure mathematics
This volume presents a wealth of material on
stochastic integrals.
matrice invers
the inverse matrix
maxim
We denote by xmax the point at which the function f(x)

has a maximum (or is at its maximum).
maximum
Any polinomial of degree n 1 has at most n distinct

roots.
We shall make the most (or the best use) of the
notation proposed by Dynkin in [8].
mrgini
putem mrgini
mrginit
We can restrict the variable so that it shall take on

only values lying between a and b.
The sequence gn(x)=1/(1+e-nx ) is bounded by number
1.
mrimea erorii
The investigation of the magnitude of this error is

connected with profound properties of the geometry of
numbers.
membru al ecuaiei (parte a

ecuaiei)
Any term may be transposed from one member (or

side) of equation to the other, provided its sign is
changed.
meniona
n primul rnd trebuie de
menionat
menionm
The first thing to notice is a wide variety of concepts

of entropy in the scientific literature.
We note that any arbitrary subset of is called an
event.
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Observe that (t ,Ft) is a potential.
vom meniona c
It should be observed here that this definition of

equality is usually adopted in the theory of the
Lebesgue integral.
metoda aproximrilor succesive
the method of successive approximations
minuios
The results reported by Dr. Evans need thoroughly be

checked.
modifica
puin modificnd
modificnd puin metoda
modificare a metodei
moment
din acest moment
pn la momentul
pn la acest moment
n momentul t n punctul x
We shall modify slightly the definition of ...

By a slight change in the method of (3) the reader
can easily prove the theorem by himself.
This is a modification (or an adaption) of the
method of steepest descent.
From now on, we assume B to be a complete
separable metric space.
From this time on, the density function decreases.
Define the -field of events prior to a moment (or a
time / an instant) as
Let Ft be a -algebra of events observed up to and
including the moment t.
Up till now no assumptions have been imposed
concerning the convergence of (t).
Let a(t,x) be a velocity of the particle at time t at
point x.
multiplu
multiplu ntreg
Twelve is a multiple of three.

12.6 is a whole (or an integer) multiple of 4.2.
mulime
mulime de msur 0
mulime dintr-un singur
element
The -algebra A is generated by the P-null sets.

We will assume in the future that the -algebra, N,
contains all single-element sets.
N
neajuns
To appreciate the demerits (or disadvantages) of the

theory, to observe that ...
neaprat
nu neaprat
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In general, e and * need not be identical.
Let (t) be an increasing (but not necessarily adapted)

integrable process.
necesar
necesar
este necesar
este necesar ca
necesar pentru ca
Hence one of the factors of f(x) necessarily has the

same degree as g(x).
We are going to show that the function F(x) has the
required property.
In some problems of the filtering theory, it is necessary
to work with Wiener processes on R.
In order that two triangles be congruent, it is necessary
that two angles of the first triangle be equal,
correspondingly, to those of the second triangle.
G(x) is the time needed for a cell to grow from size a to
size x.
necesitate
By Theorem 2.1 it suffices to prove the necessity.
necunoscut
the unknown
the unknown quantity
the sought-for (or the desired) quantity
A number whose value is to be found is called an
unknown number.
Thus we obtained an equation in two unknowns.
cu dou necunoscute
nedescresctor
The comparison theorem for diffusion equations asserts

that the solution of these equations is a non-decreasing
function of the drift coefficient.
nici
nici o ... a crei
Let
be p-dimensional cycles, no linear combination
nici un
nici ...
of which is homologous to zero.

No sD is an element of .
is homologous to zero.
No linear combination of
nici ..., nici ...
The number 0 is neither positive nor negative.
vom nota
We denote by the set of all points of discontinuity of

F(x).
Let us denote by C the completion of S in this norm
and by C* the corresponding conjugate space.
Denote the points by P1, P2, ..., Pn.
nota
s notm prin
este notat prin

sunt notate prin
pentru a nota
The area of the triangle FGH is denoted by S.

This volume is designated as V.
Variables are denoted usually by the later letters of the
alphabet.
The symbol f(x) is used to denote a function of x.
2/17/05
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notaie
Page 48 of 70
Let us introduce the following notation
where
notaie standard
noiune
noiuni i definiii de baz

nu
nu ..., ci ...
'(x) = f(x).
century.
The following designations are used: =1/a, =c/a,
and =b/a.
the standard notation
experiments can be described by means of a certain set
.
basic concepts and definitions
The line L does not intersect A or B.
Last time we were not appealing to Theorem 7.
But nothing in this definition indicates from whence
the class [x] is obtained.
This shows that this method cannot give all solutions
of the equation.
It is not a mere academic exercise to pick out the cases
of equality in such an inequality as Gronwall's.
Never did mathematicians worry much about the
foundations in algebra.
If there is no such , we write max f = .
Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the
system.
numeraie roman
The Roman system uses seven capital letters to

express numbers, viz.: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100),
D(500), and M(1000).
numai

Only then we can proceed to the limit in (14).
It was not until the beginning of this century that the
Euclidean geometry became completely axiomatized.
This fact was not known until 1947.
The process X(t) depends solely on u(t) and is
independent of (t) and (t).
Algebraic means alone is not sufficient to prove the
fundamental theorem of algebra.
In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only
the numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must
be given whenever the rule is applied.
These factorizations differ not merely in the order of
the factors, but in the factors themselves.
nu numai
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numr
numr ntreg
Page 49 of 70
A unit or an aggregate of units is called a whole

number, or an integer.
numr la cub
A number a3 is read 'the cube of a', or 'the third

power of a'.
numr la ptrat
A number a2 is read 'the square of a', or 'the second

power of a'.
numi
vom numi
se numete
se va numi
Let 1 and -1 be called units.

We shall call r the radius of the set D.
Such an instant of time is called (or is termed) a
random time.
Occasionally it is referred to as a random variable
independent of the future, as a Markov moment or as a
stopping time.
Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a
random time.
The method will be termed the method of imbedding.
This portion of the curve will be called (or be named)
the stable section.
O
oare
We don't know whether the limit law exists for such a

process.
If f(x) and g(x) are locally integrable functions, then the
symbol f(x)+g(x) has the same meaning whether we
interpret them as functions or as distributions.
obinuit
In the case where the distribution is a function, this

definition coincides with the usual one.
observa
observai c
se observ c
Notice that U is not unique.

It may be noted that the problem lies actually in
finding an such that M(t) C for all t.
To prove 2o, observe that ...
Observe that s is not uniquely determined.
.
Note that for s<t
este util de observat c
de la nceput observm c
It is useful to remark that the integer k which occurs

in the definition of fundamental sequences can be, if
necessary, replaced by any greater integer.
Observe first that ...
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trebuie de observat c
obine
obinem
se obine
obine forma
obinem n rezultat
obine valori
ocupa
ocup poziie n spaiu
ocup un loc special
Page 50 of 70
It is worth noticing that, in accordance with the law of
large numbers, a m = x.
It should be noted that R(t) is almost everywhere
nonzero.
Identifying equivalent oriented segments we obtain the
notion of free vector.
Hence, by the induction hypothesis, we infer that
a1=...=an=0.
Thus we arrive at a factorization m=p1p2...pn, where
each pi is positive and prime.
This function is obtained by application to expression
(4) a nonlinear differential operator .
In this case equation (7) becomes (or takes the form /
assumes the form) ...
After k similar steps we finally obtain ...
Let f(x,t) take on (or assume) values in Rm.
Two lines may occupy the following relative positions
in space: 1) they may be parallel, 2) they may be
intersect or, 3) not intersect.
The prime numbers occupy a special position among
integers.
omite
putem omite
omitem
este omis
operaie
operaii aritmetice asupra
operaie invers
ordine
n ordine aleatoare
ordinea integrrii
Since
and n > 200, we may drop the
last term on the right of (19).
It would take us too far afield to give a proof of this
theorem, so we omit it and content ourselves with
demonstrating some applications of the theorem.
The proof is omitted here.
It follows immediately from the definition of
convergence that the arithmetic operations on limits
of sequences of distributions can be performed in the
same way as on sequences of functions.
Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a
root of a number, or as the inverse of involution.
Division is the inverse of multiplication.
Numbers may be added in any order.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in
the double integral in (6).
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oricare n-ar fi
Whatever (or no matter what) t (may be), one can

always find a sufficiently large N to satisfy the
inequality N>t.
orict ar dori
Let be an arbitrary however small value.
orice
pentru orice
For each , the function () is called the

sample path.
For every number >0 there exists an index n0 such
that | am - an |< for all m, n>n0.
P
pagin
la pagina
Powell's carrier distribution, C() on page 245, is our

distribution fm(T).
parantez
n paranteze
When numbers are collected by the sign of aggregation

( ), they are commonly said to be in parentheses.
The expression between (or in) the brackets is
precisely the Laplace transform of the function *(t).
paranteze rotunde [patrate, The signs of aggregation are the parentheses (), the
figurate]
brackets [] and the braces {}.
When an expression contains parentheses within
paranteze pot fi deschise
parentheses, the parentheses may be removed in
succession, beginning with the innermost.
parcurge
parcurge valorile
parte
parte component
parte dreapt
parte ntreag
parte stng
partea fracionar
If x goes through the values 1, 2, ..., p-1, then, by

Theorem 2, ax goes through a complete residue system
modulo p, excepting 0.
An integral part of the creative approach to the
problem under consideration is the analysis of its
similarity to and difference from the analogous
problems.
The right-hand side of equation (12).
The integer (or whole) part of a real number is the
greatest integer not exceeding the number.
The left-hand side (or member) of equation (12).
The fractional part of 5.6 is 0.6.
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n partea dreapt
n partea stng
pe de alt parte
Page 52 of 70
The term on the right-hand side (or on the right) of
(12) vanishes as k.
The term on the left-hand side (or on the left) of Eqn
(12) vanishes as k.
On the other hand, if [fn(x)] = f(x), then the first two
conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied.
partiie
Let tk, k =1, ..., m, be a partition of the interval (s,t)

into subintervals of equal length.
patrat al numrului
When a is used twice as a factor, the product is the

second power of a, or the square of a.
pstra
pstreaz
vom pstra
sunt pstrate
primi
fi primit
pentru
pentru aceasta
pentru ca
pentru care
pentru comoditate
pentru nici un
Absolute constants retain the same value in all

problems.
Since distributions are a generalization of the notion of
functions, we shall retain for them the usual notation
of functions, i.e., f(x), g(x), etc.
For the new distributions one can define addition,
subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function
in such a manner that the fundamental properties are
preserved.
It should be observed that this definition of equality is
usually adopted in the theory of the Lebesgue
integrals.
The height of the triangle is taken to be 12m.
For this purpose we select first the Gaussian integers.
To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have
the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with
probability 1.
In order that the last property be valid, it is sufficient
that ...
To formulate the corresponding result, we consider the
following conditions which are the strengthened
versions of conditions of Theorem 8.
It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of
"integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for
which it does not.
For convenience we define a continuous locally
increasing process to be an adapted process which has
properties (1) through (4).
The function cannot be constructed for any value of x.
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pentru simplitate
Page 53 of 70
For the sake of simplicity, consider the concentration
of particles at height x above a horizontal barrier.
periodic cu perioada
We say that a function f(x) is periodic with a period ,

if f(x+) = f(x).
peste
By the Eisenstein's criterion the polynomial xn-2 is

peste tot
peste tot dens
The function H(p(x)) is everywhere equal to 0.

To determine IT (Ft), it is sufficient to describe the
everywhere dense set IT2(Ft).
principial nou
probabilitate
cu probabilitatea
polinom de
poseda
posed
posed o proprietate
We will describe a radically (or fundamentally) new

approach to the problem.
With probability 1 there exists the limit
.
By a polinomial in x1, x2, ..., xn we mean a sum of the
form (6).
The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.
The stochastic integral (4) possesses finite moments up
to the (2m)th order inclusive.
The function possesses the property (1) for all and
t.
We are going to prove that the limits
exist and the function F(x) has the required property.
posibil
posibil
este posibil ca
este ntotdeauna posibil de

fcut
practic
precedent
precedent
To avoid possible confusion, we shall use this

notation ...
The error, if any, will be allowed for by visual
estimation.
It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not
exist, although the distributional derivative has a value
at this point.
This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational
integers nearest to A and B respectively.
Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the
sense of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions

in the earlier sense can be identified with distributions
of finite order.
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Page 54 of 70
This follows from the previous theorem.
Here X(t) is the number of paths, by which we go from
the preceding levels of a hierarchy to the new level t.
precum i
Using this technique we can calculate the phase as well

as the amplitude of the process at time t.
preliminar
I think that my project is only tentative and subject to

continuous revision as the work makes a progress.
presupune
se presupune c
vom presupune c
presupunem contrariul
It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed by all Pnull sets.

All stochastic processes considered in this book will be
assumed to be measurable.
{Ft} is assumed to be right-continuous.
We assume that F*G=H, the operation * being
defined by F*G=RS, where R=TV.
Suppose Xt is a continuous process.
Suppose that the theorem is true for k-1.
Suppose the conclusion of the theorem to be true for
all f(x) of degree between 0 and n-1 inclusive.
Suppose the contrary.
presupunere
presupunerea c
In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption

that b(x)=0 for x<a.
contains points not belonging to D.
presupunerea conform crei The assumption under which formula (10) is valid
can be somewhat weakened.
The following assumptions are made concerning the
presupuneri sunt fcute
random process (t): 1) the process is Ft-adapted and 2)
it satisfies condition (1).
Up till now no assumptions have been imposed
concerning the convergence of n(t).
prezenta n forma
poate fi prezentat n forma
prezenta un interes
prezint un interes
va prezenta un interes
prezint un interes aparte
care prezint un mare
Any potential t can be represented in the form ...

Of interest also are the induced statistics.
The results have encouraged (or aroused) a more
serious interest in precision methods of control.
I hope this paper will be of interest to you.
To prove the existence of <a,a>t, the following lemma,
which is of interest in its own right, will be required.
Another theoretical approach of great interest consists
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interes
Page 55 of 70
in looking at the evolution toward equal phenotypic
fitness.
prin
prin alegere
probabil
puin probabil
This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational

integers nearest to A and B respectively.
These conditions are unlikely to occur in practice.
probabilist
There is presented below a glossary translating settheoretic notions into probabilistic notions.
problem de baz
We are now in a position to state the basic problem of

algebraic number theory.
proces coordonat
A random process (t), t 0, is said to be adapted to a

current of -algebras {Ft}t 0 if for every t the random
variable (t) is Ft-measurable.

provine
provine de la
provin de la
punct
n punct
n puncte
The word 'school' has its origin in the Greek word

'schole' meaning 'leisure'.
The arithmetic symbols were derived from the Arabs
and the Hindus.
The function
has no a
derivative at the point 0.

Such an identification can be extended to a wider class
of functions which have the poles at some points and
are locally integrable elsewhere.
punct ce se mic dea-lungul In the equation of straight line
x and y are
the variable coordinates of a point moving along the

line.
punct de vedere
din punct de vedere logic
din punct de vedere practic

punct de referin
pune n coresponden
operatorul pune n
From the logical point of view, this generalization is

exactly of the same type as the generalization of
rational numbers in the Cantor theory.
Several other functions, very useful from the practical
point of view, are considered in the following section.
Here the starting point is the notion of fundamental
sequences of rational numbers.
Approximation is our starting point for the definition
of distributions.
The operator , assigns to (or associates with) any
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coresponden
function from D a function from D(,0].
este pus n coresponden
A probability is assigned to each outcome.
purta numele
poart numele
putea
nu putem
nu se poate
It is instructive to study the Ito's method of defining the

stochastic integral that now bears his name.
If n=1, we cannot impose this condition.
If n=1, this condition cannot be discarded.
As regards the solution of equation (3), it may not be
argued that it satisfies Condition 2.
puterea a n-a a numrului
If a is used n times as a factor, the product is called the

nth power of the number.
puin
This definition will be somewhat generalized below.

The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can
be somewhat weakened.
R
raionament
raiona
raionnd analogic
raionnd ca
rdcin
rdcin cubic din
rdcin de ordinul n din
rdcin din numr
rdcin patrat din
rmnea
rmne
There are doubtful points in the above reasoning.

Following the argument of N. N. Bautin, we can
now easily show that ...
Reasoning similarly we convince ourselves that the
solution to Eqn (7) is also unique.
Reasoning as in the proof of Theorem 7, we can
prove, under suitable assumptions, that relation (1)
holds for s>N.
2 is the third, or cube, root of 8.
indicates the nth root of a.
When the factors of a number are all equal, any of
the factors is called the root of the number.
5 is the square root of 25.
It therefore remains only to verify that At is
uniformly integrable.
Much remains to be done in this area.
This relation remains valid when one passes from
functions to their differentials.
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rmne de demonstrat
rmne n vigoare
rspuns
reaminti
reamintim
reamintete c
trebuie de reamintit c
reciproc
i reciproc
reduce
reduce la
Page 57 of 70
Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each
particular system considered that an equilibrium
actually exists and is stable.
Theorem 4 and Lemma 9.5 remain true.
This result holds true if we proceed from the group
G to any of its subgroups.
The answer to the question must be postponed until
later.
Because of its great importance in this book, we
recall the definition of a normal distribution.
The reader is reminded that the conjugates over F
of a number algebraic over F are the roots of the
minimal polynomial of over F.
It should also be recalled that R(t) is almost
everywhere nonzero.
Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse.
This fact reduces the construction of the solution to
(2) to that of a process
such that
is a martingale.
se reduce la
reduce ecuaia la form

reduce termenii asemenea
reducem termenii asemenea
referi
se refer la
nu se refer la
care se refer
ceea ce se refer
Under these conditions equation (3) reduces to (4).

This investigation amounts (or boils down) to
finding the operator U such that U=UU.
to reduce the equation to the form ...
To solve the equation 2x+x = 12, unite (or group /
collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain
3x and then divide both members by 3 to find the
value of x to be 4.
The Henry's Law refers only to the effect of
pressure.
Evidently the Einstein's restriction does not apply to
the case under consideration.
We now state a number of results concerning
ordinary differential equations.
As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the
solution of equation (3), it may not be argued that it
satisfies Condition 2o.
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As for property (ii), suppose first that a is a unit.
regul
The rule for differentiation of a product.

The rule for the change of variables in integral
calculus.
relativ
As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the

solution of Eqn (3), it may not be argued that it
satisfies Condition 2.
The process (t-) is a supermartingale with respect
to the family of -algebras (Ft-) t0.
Given point A, construct point B symmetrical to the
given point A in relation to plane .
For the present we content ourselves with
demonstrating the assertions just made concerning
the sets G and H.
In relation to , an experiment is completely
characterized by a certain class of events.
relativ la
remarca
este cazul de a remarca
repeta
poate fi repetat
repetat
reprezenta
reprezentat n form
It is relevant to remark that the diffusion

corresponds to the increase of entropy.
This procedure can be repeated with q2, q3, ... until
all the prime factors on one side are exhausted.
The repeated application of this procedure proves
the assertion.
Any potential t can be represented in the form (3).
poate fi reprezentat n form By the well-known Weierstrass approximation

theorem, every distribution can be represented in
the form [pn(x)], where pn(x) are polynomials.
de a reprezenta ... ca ...
To prove this statement, it suffices to present the

integral
as a limit of
.
respectiv
The largest -factors are 1 and 2 respectively.
respinge o ipotez
to reject the hypothesis
restrnge generalitate
fr a restrnge generalitate
We shall also assume, without restricting the

generality, that z0=s0=0.
We can assume, without any restriction of
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generality, that all numbers amn can be arranged in a
sequence {bk} convergent to b0.
In our discussion we may assume, without loss of
generality, that M is a subset of the set of natural
numbers.
restricie
With this additional restriction the problem just

posed received an exhaustive solution in the papers
of Bawty and Khinchin.
a rezolva ecuaia n raport cu x

explicit [implicit]
to solve the equation for x explicitly [implicitly]
rezolva n raport cu x
to solve for x
rezolvare
la rezolvare problemei
rezulta
rezult din
rezult imediat
rezult nemijlocit
aceast rezult din
din cele spuse rezult c
din ... rezult c
de aici rezult c
nemijlocit rezult din
ridica
ridica la puterea n
ridica un numr la cub
ridica un numr la patrat
It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters

for the numbers which are sought.
The result follows from the induction hypothesis.
The term R/n results from the Bohr theory.
Much of the utility of the theorem stems from the
properties of the binomial coefficients.
The proof follows immediately if we observe that ...
Since u(t) is continuous, it follows at once that x(u
(t),t) satisfies condition (ii).
This results from the following lemma.
This follows from the fact that e i/2 = i.
From what has been said it follows that ...
It follows from what has been said that T>0 almost
surely on the set B.
It follows from (1), (2), and (3) that the whole set is
decomposed into abstraction classes without
common elements so that two elements are in the
same abstraction class if and only if they are
equivalent.
From this it follows that A is consistently defined
except on a P-null set.
This implies that ...
It follows from this that ...
It follows that R(s) is a commutative ring.
It follows directly from the definition that ...
This assertion follows immediately from relation
(2).
to raise to the nth power
to cube a number
to square a number
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Page 60 of 70
The process of finding any required power of a

number is called involution.
S
satisface
se satisfac condiiile
sau ..., sau
schimb
schimb de variabil
schimb de variabil la
integrare
schimba
schimbm ordinea de
integrare
fr a schimba
este schimbat semnul
schimbare
schimbare mic
schimbarea ordinii de
integrare
fr schimbri
Condition (4) is equivalent to the following

conditions being satisfied.
Since a satisfies (1), we have that either a=1 or a=p1.
Relation (8) follows from the general rule of the
change (or the substitution) of variables in integral
calculus.
the change of a variable in integration
To prove this, interchange the order of integration

in the double integral in (6).
The introduction of locally integrable allows us to
strengthen Lemma 6.8 without changing its proof.
A slight change in the original proof will be left to the
reader.
The main point of the proof is to justify the
interchange of the order of integration in (8.4).
With this transform the first term in (4) vanishes,
whereas the last one remains unaltered (or
unchanged).
scoate n afar parantezelor

scoatem n afar parantezelor Now factor out of the expression in parentheses the
largest positive factor common to all the bi.
Now take the largest positive factor out of the
brackets.
scop (obiectiv)
The purpose (or objective) of this monograph is to

make available elementary parts of classical algebraic
number theory.
The aim of this section is to define the stochastic
integral for a wider class of predictable integrands
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scopul acestei lucrri

scopul const n ...
Page 61 of 70
and, at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M.
The purpose of this paper is to present the
elementary exposition of the theory of distributions.
The purpose of introducing real numbers is to make it
always possible to carry out certain operations, e.g.,
the evaluation of roots or logatithms.
scrie
se poate de scris n form
putem scrie
scriind
vom scrie
scriem ... n form
scriere
n scrierea
semn
cu semn opus
semnul opus
sub semnul
sub semnul integralei
The function F(x) can be written in the form ...

Then we can write for the division-size density
function (up to a normalization factor)
.
Writing down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m
and adding them we obtain the estimation ...
Write down the coordinates of the points A, B and C.
If there is no such G, we write max f = 0.
Write the equation as (or in the form) (2).
In writing numbers, the figures are separated into
groups of three figures each, called periods.
Subtracting any number is equivelent to adding it with
its sign changed (or with reversal of its sign).
The numbers +2 and -2 have unlike signs.
The number -2 is opposite in sign to +2.
The products under the sign of are the products of
continuous functions.
under the integral sign
In the last formula the symbol 0 has two different
meanings: on the left-hand side it denotes the number
zero and on the right-hand side the zero distribution.
sens
serie absolut [condiional]

convergent
the absolutely [conditionally] convergent series
sfat
I wish to express gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for her

valuable advice.
similar
Progressive measurability of an S-valued process is

defined similarly.
Reasoning similarly, we convince ourselves that the
solution to Egn (17) is also unique.
The definition is the same as the one given above, but
with R instead of [0,T ].
similar ca
simplifica
simplificm
simplific
Simplify 4a-(2a-2b).
Thus the introduction of distributions makes the
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pentru a simplifica
poate fi simplificat
simplifica fracie prin a
simplifica prin
putem simplifica prin
sistem
sistem de notaii
sistem zecimal
situa
situate aproape
Page 62 of 70
calculation easier.
To simplify the equation, make the substitution
u=2x2-1.
This equation can be simplified by the substitution
u=2x2-1.
To reduce the fraction
by the factor a.
We can divide out (p-1)! from each side to obtain the

conclusion.
the system of notation
The Arabic system, which is a decimal system,
employs ten figures to express numbers, viz.: naught,
one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine.
This quantity may take on any values, however closely
spaced.
slbi
putem slbi
pentru a slbi restriciile
referitor ...
soluie
soluie unic
spaiu
spaiu de stri
spaiu metric separabil
complet
spaiu-faz
specifica
cum a fost specificat mai sus
dac nu este specificat
contrariul
Hence, we can weaken condition in the following

way.
The aim of this section is to define the stochastic
integral for a wider class of predictable integrands
and, at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M.
Equation (7) has a unique solution.
A function :S is called an S-valued stochastic
process and S is called the state space of .
C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable
metric space under the topology of uniform
convergence.
The values of (t) are sometimes called the states of a
stochastic system and the space S, the phase space
of the system .
As has been stated (or specified) above, the
functions pm(x) defined by (1.6) are bounded.
We agree to assume, unless otherwise specified, that
all processes are adapted.
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spune
spune (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
se spune
vom spune
vom spune c ...
spunnd
spunnd mai exact
din cele spuse mai sus
stabili
stabilete
stabilim
a fost stabilit
a fost stabilit
de a stabili condiii
strict
studia
studiat
substitui
substituim
substituind ... n
The principle of mathematical induction says: "If P is

true ..."
The second law states (or reads): "If the same current
flows ..."
The theory holds (or states) that ...
Stated in a simple form, the hypothesis runs as
follows.
If conditions (i) and (ii) are also fulfilled, then the
current is said to satisfy the 'ordinary' conditions.
If the members of a pair are equal, say to a, then
a2=1 (mod p).
We shall say that two integers a and b are relatively
prime if they share no factors except 1.
The function F is, so to say, the optimal cost of the
continuation of control.
To put it more exactly, ...
From what has been outlined (or said) above the
following conclusions may be drawn.
This requirement places (or sets) the upper limit on
the admissible error.
We first establish the necessity of the condition.
This fact was ascertained (or established) from
experience.
The average value was found to be 16 3.
Theorem 1.6 allows to lay down the conditions under
which the solutions to equations (6) are continuous in
parameter z.
Approximations, strictly defined, is our starting point
for the definition of distributions.
The experiments studied in probability theory are
carried out when a certain set of conditions Y is
satisfied.
For this we make the substitution t-x=s.
Substituting these numbers into (or in) (1), we find
that ...
substitui a cu b
to make the substitution of b for a

to carry out the change of a for b
substituia b cu a
the substitution of b for a
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suficient
suficient de mare
suficient de mic
este suficient
este suficient de artat c ...
este suficient de spus c ...
este suficient pentru ca
pentru aceast este suficient

ca
suma parial
Page 64 of 70
This equation determines a sufficient condition.
Whatever t may be, one can always find a sufficiently
large N such that ...
Now ECt < /2, if n is taken large enough.
The term
can be made sufficiently small
by makingthe partition of the interval [0,T ] fine

enough.
By theorem 2.1, it suffices to prove the necessity.
It suffices to show that if is a Gaussian integer, so
is and hence +.
Suffice it to say that ...
It suffices to say that ...
It is enough to say that ...
In order that the series (1) of independent random
variables converge, it is sufficient that the series (2)
and (3) converge.
To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have
the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with
probability 1.
A series
is said to be convergent if the
sequence of its partial sums fn(x) = g1(x) + ... + gn(x)

converges.
sumar
supune
se supune legii
se supune ecuaiei
A survey of the general theory of stochastic processes

can be found in [4].
The distribution of errors adheres to the law of
probability.
The kinetics of the system obey (or follow) the ideal
gas law.
It the coefficients on the right of (2) satisfy the
Lipschitz condition, then the function w(t) obeys the
equation (3.1).
The equilibrium distribution of particles in a
gravitational field adheres to (or is governed by) the
Boltzmann equation.
sus
mai sus
It is easy to see that the relation of equivalence defined

above has the following properties.
de mai sus
The integral
is well-defined in
accordance with the above definition.

The definition is the same as the one given above, but
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Page 65 of 70
with R instead of [0,T].
T
tia
taie
trziu
mai trziu
teorem
teorema despre valoare
medie
teorema probabilitii totale
teorem preliminar
teorem reciproc
teoretic
teorie
teoria jocurilor
teoria mulimilor
teoria numerilor
teoria probabilitilor
teoria proceselor stocastice
teorie unitar
teoria ce va fi dezvoltat
termen
termen cu termen
termina
termin
am terminat
terminologie
n terminologia
Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse.

We shall show later on that this generalization contains
also class of non-continuous functions.
the theorem of the mean

the theorem of total probability
Some preliminary theorems will be established first.
The converse theorem in not true.
Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each
particular system considered that an equilibrium
actually exists and is stable.
the theory of games
the theory of numbers (or the set theory)
the theory of numbers (or the number theory)
the theory of probability
the theory of stochastic processes
the unified theory
Continuous functions on a fixed interval are the starting
point for the theory to be developed here.
Roughly speaking, each convergent series can be
differentiated term by term (or termwise).
This completes (or concludes) the proof of Lemma 4
and also that of Theorem 2.
Then r=s and we are done.
{Ut} is the 'dual predictable projection' in the
terminology of Dellacherie and Meyer [42].
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Page 66 of 70
timp
n timp ce
tinde la
cnd ... tinde la
cnd ... tinde la infinit
Thus 5 and 9 are relatively prime, whereas 6 and 9 are

not.
As the point x tends to a, the function g(x) approaches
the value g(a).
Each summand on the right of (12) becomes
vanishingty small with (or as) n.
to let smth approach (or to let smth go to) infinity
tinde la infinit
to tend to (or to approach) infinity
tinde la zero (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
The limit distribution functions are determined by the

fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing
number of independent random variables such that a
single summand becomes vanishingly small with
n.
toate
dup toate
Summing up these conditional probabilities over all the

newborn particles in the sample, we find that ...
tot (n ntregime)
Thus the integral on the right side of (5) can be

analytically continued to the whole domain.
The class of functionals of degree n covers the entire
space Hn(-n).
toi
When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the

factors is called a root of the number.
Every succeeding (or subsequent) member an must be
less than aN.
toi urmtorii
nu toi
pentru toi
However, not all distributions can be represented in the

form [f(x)], i.e., not all distributions can be identified
with continuous functions.
The function possesses the property (1) for all and
t.
transforma
a transforma ecuaia
s transformm la form
a se transforma n infinit
to rearrange the equation

Let us transform (1) to the form (2).
to become infinite
transformare invers
the inverse transform
trebui
trebuie
The problem must be solved as soon as possible.

To ensure the existence of a solution to (14), additional
assumptions need be made.
Much needs to be done to complete the theory.
It should be particularly emphasized that condition (*)
2/17/05
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care trebuie
ceea ce trebuia
ceea ce trebuia de
demonstrat
trece
trecnd la limit
de a trece la limita
poate fi trecut dintr-o parte
a
ecuaiei n alt
trecere
trecerea de la ...
trecerea la limit
la trecerea la limit
Page 67 of 70
is not essential and was introduced solely for the sake
of convenience.
To comprehend the main idea of my talk, it is essential
(or necessary) that the students be familiar with the
generalized Galois theory.
In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the
numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must
be given whenever the rule is applied.
But p is of the form 1+4n, so that a p=l+im, as
required.
It follows that the points C1 and C2 lie on the line of
intersection of the planes and , which is what had

to be proved.
However, by condition m>n/2 one has q>2, q.e.d.
Approaching the limit as k and utilizing Fatou's

lemma we obtain (8).
Proceeding (or passing) to the limit in equality (5) we
convince ourselves that this limit is a solution of
equation (2).
To obtain equation (3), it is necessary to pass to the
limit in relation (1).
The identification of equivalent elements consists in

the passage from the elements of the set in question to
the abstraction classes.
This equation is obtained from relation (3) by passing
to the limit.
Inequality (7) becomes the exact equality if one passes
to the limit.
When passing to the limit, inequality (7) becomes the
exact equality.
ine minte
innd seam
Considering (or taking into account) that the series is

a series of positive terms, we have ...
trebuie s inem minte c

It is to be remembered (or it should be borne in
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Page 68 of 70
mind) that the specific properties of the limit
distribution functions are determined by the fact that ...
U
unul i numai unul
Hence there is one and only one x which satisfies the

congruence.
unde
We assume that F*G=RS, where R=TV.
uneori
Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random

time.
Sometimes a current is understood to be an increasing
family of -algebras.
unic
The element q is unique.

If S consists of a single element x, then R(x) is
commutative.
univoc
This set of conditions uniquely determines the results

of the experiment.
Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined
provided it exists everywhere.
univoc determinat
urma
aceast urmeaz din
This follows from the Fundamental Theorem of

arithmetic.
cum urmeaz din cele spuse As appears from the above, the cycle C determines a
curve L.
urmtorul
urmtoare
Such an element is unique.

Making the change of variables x=acos and =t+
the following relation may be obtained
.
este urmtoare
The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is this.
este uor de ...
It is not difficult to establish the existence of an

infinite number of rational primes.
uor
util
utiliza
putem utiliza metoda
This property of martingales may be useful when

proving the existence theorems for stochastic
differential equations.
The following result will be very helpful in proving the
theorems of this chapter.
In order to construct such a process, we can take such
2/17/05
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va fi utilizat permanent
utilizate de obicei
Page 69 of 70
an approach.
We shall prove below a very useful result which will be
constantly used in our work.
Using condition 2) of the theorem and commonly
employed estimates we assure ourselves that ...
V
valoare
The value of a function f(x) at x=x0 will be denoted

by f(x0).
cu valori
The problem of interpolation consists in approximate

evaluation of a function f(x) at a given point x1<x*<xn
from its values on a finite set of points x1, x2, ..., xn.
cu valori n
Let (,t) be a random function with values in Rm.
valoare n punct
The Dirac function (x) has the value 0 at each point

x0 and has no value at the point x=0.
valoare absolut
dup valoarea absolut
variabile aleatoare cu acelai
repartiie
vedea
vedei
este uor de vzut c
cum este uor de vzut

verifica
se verific
sunt verificate
The absolute value of b is greater that of a.

These numbers are equal in absolute magnitude.
Let j , j=1, 2, ..., n, be mutually independent
identically distributed random variables.
See, for example, the deduction of inequality (11) in
the proof of Theorem 1.
It is easy to see that {gn} is complete in L1[0,1].
It will readily be seen that that for any >0 the

sequence Z(n,) forms a Galton-Watson process.
As is easily seen, there exists a Borel function s such
that ...
In the case of distributions the following identities are

valid.
Since inequality (4.8) holds true, the function (x) is
non-negative.
Since the conditions (1), (2) and (3) are fulfilled,the
set of all fundamental sequences gets decomposed
into disjoint abstraction classes.
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Page 70 of 70
verific cetine
pentru a verifica
The functionals L and M satisfy (or meet) the

aforementioned requirements.
To verify that h(t) is the desired solution, observe
that ...
It is easily verified that the polynomial xn-2 is

The experiments studied in probability theory are
dac o serie de condiii este
carried out when a certain set of conditions F is
verificat
satisfied.
verific condiia
Assume that the function B(,t) satisfies the local
Lipschitz condition.
We shall prove that the function F(x) satisfies (or
verific ecuaie
fulfils) equation (1).
vom verifica ipoteza despre ... We shall test the hypothesis that ...
este uor de verificat c
viitor
n viitor
In what follows the notation 'm|n' means 'm divides n'.

Here and in the sequel the ai denote positive
constants.
Henceforth we shall adhere to the following model of
the probability theory.
In the future n will always be assumed to be
bounded.
In the future, when continuous local martingales are
discussed, the n will always be assumed to take
values from T.
voluminos
This method is too cumbersome (or awkward /

unwieldy).
vorbind n general
The results of the experiments will, generally, be

different.
Generally, Eqn (10) may have no solution.

2/17/05

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