Gramatic i Vocabular (Grammar and Vocabulary) SUMAR

Gramatic (Grammar) Sunetele limbii engleze; alfabetul limbii engleze; clasificarea verbului, diateze, aspect, moduri, timpuri verbale; Prezentul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii Trecutul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii Prezentul Perfect simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii ai mult ca perfectul simplu i continuu form i utilizare; Exerciii !iitorul form i utilizare; Exerciii odul "ondiional i If clause form i utilizare; Exerciii "oncordana timpurilor form i utilizare; Exerciii odul Sub#onctiv form i utilizare; Exerciii odul $mperativ form i utilizare; Exerciii %iateza pasiv form i utilizare; Exerciii !erbe modale $ form i utilizare; Exerciii !erbe modale $$ form i utilizare; Exerciii $nfinitivul form i utilizare; Exerciii &ormele 'n $ng utilizare; Exerciii !erbe care primesc infinitive sau forma 'n $ng; Exerciii !erbe complexe form i utilizare; Exerciii !orbirea indirect form i utilizare; Exerciii Prepoziii, "on#uncii form i utilizare; Exerciii Substantivul form i utilizare; Exerciii (rticolul form i utilizare; Exerciii (d#ectivul form i utilizare; Exerciii Pronumele form i utilizare; Exerciii (dverbul form i utilizare; Exerciii Vocabular (Vocabulary) T)e car and *n t)e road Travelling +olida,s- Sta,ing in a )otel &ood- (t t)e restaurant S)opping +ealt) service Postal and telep)one service Bibliografie: oravec.*campo; (-, &arrugia, (- /imba Englez gramatica de baz, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222 Paidos, "onstantin 3ramatica limbii engleze !erbul, $nstitutul European, $ai, 1224 3leanu.&5rnoag, 3eorgiana; Sac)elarie./ecca, %oina . /imba Englez 'n conversaie, Editura tiinific i enciclopedic, 0ucureti, 1264 3leanu, 3eorgiana Exerciii de gramatic englez, Timpurile verbale, Editura (lbatros, 0ucureti, 1272 8ranu, ariana /imba englez, Exerciii pentru nivelul superior, Editura "orint, 0ucureti, 1229 inisterul Educaiei i :nvm5ntului, ;niversitatea 0ucureti /imba Englez, Exerciii pentru admiterea 'n 'nvm5ntul superior, Editura %idactic i Pedagogic, 0ucureti, 1276

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isztal, ariusz Test ,our vocabular,, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 122= isztal, ariusz Test ,our Englis) grammar, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222 T)e >e? $nternational @ebsterAs PocBet 0usiness %ictionar, of t)e Englis) /anguage Trident Press $nternational, 1227 Pa?lo?sBa, 0arbara; CempinsBi, Dbignie? Teste de limba englez, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222 Timar, Eszter /imba englez 'n teste i exerciii, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222 ")iriacescu, (driana; urean, /aura; 0arg)iel, !irginia; +ollinger, (lexander "oresponden de afaceri 'n limbile rom5n i englez, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 122E 3eog)egan, "-3-; 3eog)egan, F-G- Engleza pentru negocieri, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH Ioland, arie."laude; ast.3rand, art)a "! 'n limba englez, un pas spre anga#are, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH %a,an, (-; /indsa,, @-+-; FanaBie?icz, (-; arc)eteau, - Engleza pentru marBeting i publicitate, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 4HHH 0anta, (ndrei; Poreanu, Iodica /imba englez pentru tiin i te)nic, Editura >iculescu, 0ucureti, 122E /aun, &lavia E- 0irotics and Telecommunication Explanator, %ictionar,, Editura %acia, "lu#.>apoca, 1229 nil, %-; Popa, "-; Popa, %-; Popescu, $- -; !lad, !-$- ic dicionar poliglot de fizic, te)nic i matematic, Editura (cora Press, 0ucureti, 122E "otton, %avid Ce,s to management, /ongman, 1229 "otton, %avid; Iobbins, Sue 0usiness "lass, >elson Englis) /anguage Teac)ing, /ondon, 122< /e %ivenac), Jloi Engleza 'n pres, Editura Teora, 0ucureti, 1222 arc)eteau, ic)el 0erman, Fean.Pierre Savio, ic)el, Engleza comercial 'n =H de lecii, Editura >iculescu, 0ucureti, 4HH1

Sunetele limbii engle!e" alfabetul limbii engle!e" cla#ificarea $erbului" moduri" diate!e" a#%ect" tim%uri $erbale & Sunetele limbii engle!e Vocale Simbolul fonetic 1iK 4i <e =L EaK 9o 7oK 6u 2uK 1H 11: 14 'iftongi 1<1=1E19ei ou ai au name )ome nine no? [neim] )oum] [nain] [nau] Exemplu sea it ten man part dog s)ort booB moon sun first a Transcrierea fonetic [siK] [it] [ten] [mLn] [paKt] [dog] [oKt] [buB] [muKn] [sn] [fKst] []

1716124H41-

oi i o u

bo, )ere t)ere door poor

[boi] [)i] [M] [do] [pu]

(riftongi 444<ai au fire flo?er [fai] [flau]

Semi$ocale 4=4E# ? ,es ?ell [#es] [?el]

)on#oane Sonore 49474642<H<1<4<<<=<E<9<7<6Surde <2=H=1=4=<===E=9=7 p t f B s t N ) pen too five caBe sa, s)e c)ild t)in )orse [pen] [tuK] [faiv] [BeiB] [sei] [iK] [taild] [Nin] [)oKs] b d v g z d M r l m n big da, ver, garden zero pleasure #am t)is red lost man, not t)ing [big] [dei] [veri] [gaKdn] [zirou] [ple] [dLm] [Mis] [red] [lost] [meni] [not] [Ni]

Vocala [ i:] este o vocal lung- Este aproape identic cu i rom5nesc din cuvintele 'n care accentum aceast vocal 'n mod deosebit, ca de pild 'n exclamaiaK biine! O'n sens de concesiePVocala [ i] este o vocal scurt, un sunet intermediar 'ntre i i e din limba rom'n-

Vocala [ e] este o vocal scurt i foarte apropiat de e rom5nesc, fiind 'ns ceva mai desc)is- Ea seamn 'ndeosebi cu e din limba rom5n, c5nd acesta e urmat de r, ca de exemplu 'n cuvintele mere, pere etcVocala [ *] este o vocal scurt i ocup o poziie intermediar 'ntre a i e; [L] nu se poate compara cu nici un sunet din limba rom5n- Se obine desc)iz5nd gura pentru a i pronun5nd eVocala [ a:] e o vocal lung i se formeaz 'n partea din fund a gurii, ceea ce 'i d o rezonan de sunet profund- Pronun5nd un a rom5nesc prelungit i din fundul gurii vom obine un [aK] englezesc corectVocala [ o] este o vocal scurt- Ea nu poate fi comparat cu nici un sunet existent 'n limba rom5n- Pentru cine cunoate 'ns limba mag)iar, sunetul englez este uor de pronunat, el fiind foarte apropiat de vocala o din aceast limb- [o] este un sunet intermediar 'ntre sunetele a i o i se pronun mult mai din fundul gurii dec5t o rom5nesc i cu gura mult mai desc)isVocala [ o:] este o vocal lung- Ea se deosebete de vocala [o] care este mult mai desc)is spre a. Pronun5nd un o rom5nesc lung i din fundul gurii vom obine un sunet foarte apropiat de [oK] englezescVocala [ u] este o vocal scurt, foarte apropiat de u rom5nesc- Se pronun cu buzele mai puin rotun#ite dec5t 'n cazul lui u din limba rom5nVocala [ u:] este o vocal lung i seamn foarte mult cu un u rom5nesc prelungitVocala [] e o vocal scurt i seamn foarte mult cu un a rom5nesc scurt- Pentru pronunarea lui [] este necesar s 'ntindem puin buzele lateral i s ponunm un a retrg5nd limba puin 'napoiVocala [ :] este o vocal lung, asemntoare lui rom5nesc prelungit- Pentru a o rosti corect trebuie s inem maxilarele apropiate i buzele 'ntinse lateral- Este absolut necesar ca 'n timpul pronunrii lui [K] buzele s fie numai uor 'ntredesc)iseVocala [ ] este o vocal scurt, niciodat accentuat i corespunde vocalei din limba rom5n'iftongul [ ei] se aseamn cu diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele mei, tei, lei etc- Elementul al doilea al diftongului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc'iftongul [ ou] - Primul element al acestui diftong este o vocal 'nc ne'nt5lnit, vocala [o]- * obinem rotun#ind buzele pentru o i pronun5nd - (l doilea element al diftongului este [u], despre care reamintim c este un sunet scurt'iftongul [ ai] se apropie foarte mult de diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele mai, cai, dai etc-, cu deosebirea c elementul al doilea al difotngului este sunetul [i] scurt englezesc'iftongul [ au] se apropie de asemenea foarte mult de diftongul rom5nesc din cuvintele dau, sau etcElementul al doilea al diftongului este sunetul [u] scurt englezesc'iftongul [ oi] se apropie de diftongul rom5nesc oi din cuvintele ca noi, doi, voi etc- Totui primul element, [o], e mai desc)is dec5t 'n limba rom5n, iar cel de.al doilea element este [i] scurt englezesc'iftongii [ i] i [ u] conin sunete cunoscute- /a pronunarea lor trebuie s avem 'n vedere sunetele specific englezeti [i] i [u]'iftongul [ ] conine o vocal nou, []- (ceast vocal este mai desc)is dec5t [e] i mai 'nc)is dec5t [L]'iftongul [ o] - Primul element al acestui diftong este vocala scurt [o] urmat fr efort de [] Oamintim c avem de.a face cu un o desc)is spre aP- (cest diftong tinde s fie 'nlocuit de vocala lung [oK](riftongul [ ai] Pronunai 'ntr.o singur silab acest triftong, in5nd seama de caracterul vocalei englezeti [i]K fire [fai], tired [taid](riftongul [ au] este format din sunete cunoscute- /a pronunarea lui trebuie s inem seama de caracterul vocalei englezeti [u]>u.l pronunai pe [u] din triftongul [au] cu emitere puternic de aer, pentru a nu.l transforma 'n semivocala [?]- *binei o pronunie corect a acestui triftong dac rostii 'ntr.o singur silab grupul de sunete rom5neti aSemi$ocala [ +] se pronun ca un u foarte scurt, cu puternic emitere de aer printre buze, semn5nd cu sunetul u pe care 'l adugm 'n pronunare la 'nceputul unor cuvinte ca oal, oaie etcSemi$ocala [ ,] , cea de.a doua semivocal din limba englez, se poate compara cu un i foarte scurt, cu rezonan consonantic- Ea se 'nt5lnete i 'n limba rom5n 'n cuvinte caK este, ei, iarn, iertare etc-

)on#oana [ d] prezint o particularitate fa de limba rom5n, 'n sensul c la articularea ei v5rful limbii se spri#in pe alveole Ope rdcina dinilorP)on#oanele [ b] - [ $] - [ g] - [ !] - [ m] - [ n] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunztoare din limba rom5n)on#oana [ ] este aceeai ca i consoana rom5neasc din jar, ajun etc- Ieinei semnul [] pentru sunetul j rom5nesc; reamintii.v c semnul [#] reprezint o semivocal asemntoare sunetului i din cuvintele rom5netiK iarn, chiar, iat etc)on#oana [ d] este corespondenta sonor a consoanei surde [t]- * 'nt5lnim 'n rom5nete 'n cuvinte caK gimnastic, geam, legi etc- *bservai c 'n limba rom5n aceast consoan poate fi urmat numai de vocale e sau i- Trecerea la oricare din celelalte vocale O o, a, uP se face cu a#utorul unui i sau e de legtur- %e exempluK geam, George, giulgiu- :n limba englez, trecerea de la [d] la oricare dintre vocale se face direct%e exempluK John [don], George [doKd]- >u pronunai deci cuv5ntul John ca gion- :n limba englez, sunetul [d] termin cuv5ntul- %e exempluK Geroge [doKd], judge [dd]- >u pronunai giorgi i giagi)on#oana [ .] este o consoan sonor Oca b, g, m, z etcP pe care o putem rosti corect pronun5nd un d Osau zP rom5nesc cu v5rful limbii 'ntre dini- Exerciiul trebuie repetat de foarte multe ori 'n faa oglinzii pentru a controla poziia limbii)on#oana [ r] se deosebete fundamental de consoana rom5neasc r, fiind de fapt cu totul alt consoan, dei e reprezentat de aceeai liter a alfabetului- (stfel, 'n timp ce r rom5nesc este o consoan vibrant, [r] englezesc se rostete fr vibraie Oca i consoanele s i j, de pildP- Pentru a obine [r] englezesc, pronunai j cu gura mult desc)is- P5n c5nd v deprindei cu pronunarea fireasc a lui [r], cutai s rostii un r rom5nesc c5t mai ters i fr ca v5rful limbii s ating cerul gurii)on#oana [ l] . 'n limba englez exist dou variante ale consoanei [l]- :nainte de vocal, [l] este identic cu l rom5nesc; de exemplu 'n cuvintele live, lily- :n poziie final sau 'nainte de consoan, [l] este un sunet voalat- /a rostirea lui, partea posterioar a limbii se ridic spre cerul gurii- :ntr.un cuv5nt ca apple, [l] este precedat de un foarte scurt- Pronunai deci [Lp'l] i nu [Lpl'])on#oana [ ] este asemntoare cu consoana rom5neasc n din cuvintele 'n care n este urmat de c sau de gK nc, nghel, singular, unde n devine 'n parte gutural)on#oanele [ %] , [ t] , [ /] sunt consoane surde- Spre deosebire de consoanele corespunztoare din limba rom5n, ele sunt urmate c5nd nu sunt precedate de alt consoan i sunt 'n silab accentuat de un uor sunet h- "onsoana [t] se pronun cu v5rful limbii spri#init pe alveole Ope rdcina dinilorP)on#oanele [ f] i [ #] pot fi considerate ca fiind identice cu consoanele corespunztoare din limba rom5n)on#oana [ ] este aceeai ca i consoana rom5neasc !)on#oana [ t] este aproape identic cu consoana rom5neasc din cuvinte caK cine, ceas, cel etc-, i se pronun cu o uoar aspiraie, ca i [B], [p], [t]"onsoana englezeasc rm5ne 'ns perfect surd i poate fi urmat direct de orice vocal, fr a necesita un e sau i de legtur, ca 'n limba rom5nK child [taild]%e semenea, consoana [t] final, spre deosebire de consoana corespunztoare din limba rom5n, nu este urmat de un i asilabic Ocare nu formeaz silabP ca 'n cinci, pleci etc- %e exempluK much [mt]- Este necesar s dm o deosebit atenie pronunrii acestei consoane c5nd este urmat de alte vocale dec5t i i e, sau c5nd este 'n poziie final- %eci pronunai [taild] i nu ciaild, [mt] i nu maci)on#oana [ 0] este perec)ea surd a consoanei [M], care se deosebete prin aceea c la pronunarea ei coardele vocale nu vibreaz- Pentru a pronuna sunetul [N], vom ine v5rful limbii 'ntre dini i vom articula un t Osau sP rom5nesc, fr efort- "a i 'n cazul lui [M], exerciiile trebuie fcute 'n faa oglinzii- "onsoanele [M] i [N] sunt reperezentate 'n scriere prin grupul th)on#oana [ 1] se pronun cu aspiraie Oemitere de aerP mai puternic dec5t 'n limba rom5n-

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b [ bi:] c [ #i:] d [ di:] e [ i:] f [ ef] g [ d4i:] 1 [ eit] i [ ai] , [ d4ei] / [ /ei] l [ el] m [ em]

o [ ou] % [ %i:] 3 [ /,u:] r [ a:] # [ e#] t [ ti:] u [ ,u:] $ [ $i:] + [ d bl,u:] 5 [ e/#] y [ +ai] ! [ !ed]

6 )la#ificarea Verbelor Q "on#ugarea verbelor engleze se bazeaz pe trei forme principale- (cestea sunt formele de dic7ionar ale verbelor englezeK I form OtoP ?orB OtoP give a II8a form ?orBed gave a III8a form ?orBed given

Q !erbele engleze se clasific 'n verbe obinuite i #%eciale- "ele obinuite pot fi regulate sau neregulate, iar cele speciale sunt 'mprite 'n $erbe au5iliare i $erbe modaleVerbele obinuite au un sens propriu i pot avea funcia de predicat 'n propoziieVerbele #%eciale nu au un sens propriu i a#ut la formarea timpurilor verbale compusea Verbe regulate !erbele regulate formeaz past tense i past participle prin adugarea terminaiei "#$- ExK %or&ed; cleaned; closed b Verbe neregulate !erbele neregulate formeaz past tense i past participle neregulat i aceste forme trebuie 'nvate!erbele neregulate se 'mpart 'n < categoriiK - grupa verbelor care nu suport nici o modificare cut cut cut put put put - grupa verbelor care suport o modificare bring broug)t broug)t meet met met - grupa verbelor care suport dou modificri do did done ring rang rung c Verbe au5iliare Sunt formatori temporali, a#ut la formarea timpurilor verbale compuse- '9 se folosete la present tense simple i past tense simple . forma interogativ i negativ; Odo, does, didP - B: se folosete la formarea diatezei pasive i a timpurilor verbale continue; Oam, are, is, ?as, ?ereP - ;AV: se folosete la formarea timpurilor verbale perfecte; O)ave, )as, )adP

S;A<<- =I<< se folosesc la formarea timpurilor verbale de viitor; S;9U<'- =9U<' se folosesc la formarea lui &uture.in.t)e.Past i a modului "ondiional; <:( se folosete la formarea $mperativului pentru persoana $.a sg i pl i persoana a $$$.a sg i pl(G,

d Verbe modale Sunt o clas special de verbe care exprim permisiunea, abilitatea, probabilitatea, obligaia, necesitateaK $3+T, "(>, "*;/%, ;ST, >EE%, S+*;/%, *;3+T T*, +(!E T*, >EE% T*-

> ?ormele Verbale se 'mpart 'n %redicati$e pot forma predicatul 'n propoziie i au un subiect . i ne%redicati$e nu pot forma predicatul 'n propoziie Oinfiniti$ul, %artici%iul, gerund8ulP> Modul 'nseamn maniera sau modul 'n care aciunea este exprimat de verb- odurile limbii engleze suntK Indicati$, Im%erati$, Sub,oncti$ i )ondi7ional> 'iate!a este forma verbului care indic dac o persoan sau un lucru face aciunea sau o sufer- :n limba englez sunt 4 diatezeK - 'iate!a acti$ ne indic faptul c o persoan sau un lucru care e i subiectul propoziiei face aciunea(ceasta poate fi suferit de o alt persoan sau lucru sau de acceai persoan care o realizeaz O ac'iune refle(ivPExK +er grandparents brought )er up$ )ash myself ever, da,- 'iate!a %a#i$ ne indic faptul c persoana sau lucrul care este subiectul gramatical al propoziiei sufer aciunea fcut de altcineva Osubiectul logicPExK Englis) is spo&en all over t)e ?orld+e )as educated in "ambridge> A#%ectul indic durata, realizarea complet sau incomplet a unei aciuni- A#%ectul #im%lu . aciunea este vzut ca un fapt general, obinuit sau particular- A#%ectul continuu exprim o aciune 'n proces, 'n desfurare la un anumit moment 'n timpExK @e get up at six ever, morning$t is beginning to rain> (im%urile $erbale ((en#e#) sunt construcii verbale care exprim diverse relaii temporale- ( nu se confunda time cu tenseR >oiunea de timp OtimeP este universal i independent de orice limb- Timpurile verbale Oten#e#P difer 'n funcie de fiecare limb 'n parteTimpurile 'n limba englez indic dac o aciune este realizat 'n prezent, 'n trecut sau 'n viitorK - Timpuri verbale legate de presentK @re#ent (en#e Sim%leK T)e teac)er comes in@re#ent (en#e )ontinuou#K @)at are ?e doingS @re#ent @erfect Sim%leK $ )ave been ill for t?o ?eeBs@re#ent @erfect )ontinuou#K @e )ave been ?riting for )im for )alf an )our- Timpuri verbale legate de trecutK @a#t (en#e Sim%leK @)en did ,ou come )omeS @a#t (en#e )ontinuou#K $t ?as raining all da, ,esterda,@a#t @erfect (en#e Sim%leK +e said )e )ad spent t?o mont)s t)ere@a#t @erfect (en#e )ontinuou#K 0, t)at time $ )ad been learning Englis) for five ,ears- Timpuri verbale legate de viitorK ?uture (en#e Sim%leK @e s)all meet t)em at seven?uture (en#e )ontinuou#K T)e, ?ill be travelling all nig)t?uture @erfect (en#e Sim%leK $ s)all )ave done it b, four oAclocB?uture @erfect (en#e )ontinuou#K 0, t)e first of Fanuar, t)e, ?ill )ave been ?orBing )ere for t)en ,ears-

II

(;: @R:S:A( (:AS: SIM@<: B (;: @R:S:A( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US

(;: @R:S:A( (:AS: SIM@<:

?orm &ormai prezentul simplu folosind indicativul- (dugai # sau e# pentru persoana a $$$.a singular la afirmativ-

Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orB +e T s)e T it ?orB# Aegati$ $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, do not ?orB +e T s)e T it doe# not ?orB Interogati$ 'o 8 $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, . ?orBS 'oe# )e T s)e T it ?orBS Aegati$8Interogati$ 'o $ not ?orBS 'o ,ou not ?orBS 'oe# )e not ?orBS Etc?orma contra#: %o not U donAt %oes not U doesnAt Utili!are Prezentul simplu se foloseteK & %entru acti$it7i re%etate- obinuite- %ermanente @e go to sc)ool ever, morning- OrepetatP &at)er smo&es too muc)- OobinuitP Fane )or&s in a big factor,- OpermanentP 2 %entru ac7iuni care #unt ade$ruri general $alabile $ce melts in t)e sunT)e sun rises in t)e East and sets in t)e @est6 cCnd #e $orbete de#%re orare i %rograme fi5e- cu #en# de $iitor T)e film starts at 1H-<H- O?ill startP T)e c)ampions)ip starts next Saturda,T)e train leaves at 6-HH- O?ill leaveP D %entru a introduce un citat" En comentariile #%orti$e" En %ro$erbe- !ictori" En %ro#%ecte de medicamente- re7ete i in#truc7iuni de folo#ire a di$er#elor a%arate S)aBespeare saysK V>ot marble, nor t)e gilded monumentsT of princes s)all outlive t)is po?erful r),me-W OSonnet EEP OcitatP T)e goal.Beeper passes to aradona, but +agi intercepts; +agi to /ctu and )e shoots and itAs a goalR Ocomentarii sportiveP %espair gives courage to a co?ard- OproverbP &irst, $ ta&e t)e potatoes and slice t)em- T)en, $ slice t)e tomatoes, fry t)e onionX- OreeteP Aot (dverbele de frecven sunt deseori folosite pentru a sublinia repetarea- "ele mai comune adverbe de frecven suntK u#ually, al+ay#, ne$er, e$er, often, #eldom, rarely, #ometime#, generally, occa#ionallyPentru a sublinia repetarea unei aciuni se mai poate folosi adverbul e$ery 'n combinaie cu anumite cuvinte ce definesc momente 'n timpK e$ery dayT+ee/Tmont1Tyear etc(;: @R:S:A( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US ?orm &ormai prezentul continuu cu to be F Ging Afirmati$ $ am ?orBing Gou are ?orBing +e T s)e T it i# ?orBing

1H

@e T ,ou T t)e, are ?orBing Aegati$ $ am not ?orBing Gou are not ?orBing +e T s)e T it i# not ?orBing @e T ,ou T t)e, are not ?orBing Interogati$ Am $ ?orBingS Are ,ou ?orBingS I# )e T s)e T it ?orBingS Are ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBingS Interogati$8Aegati$ Am $ not OarenHt IP ?orBingS Are ,ou not OarenAt ,ouP ?orBingS I# )e not OisnAt )eP ?orBingS ?orma contra# este uzual 'n engleza vorbit$ am U $Am Gou are U ,ouAre $t isT )e isT s)e is U itAsT )eAsT s)eAs $t is not U it isnAt sau itAs not @e are not U ?eAre not sau ?e arenAt T)e, are not U t)e,Are not sau t)e, arenAt Utili!are Prezentul continuu se foloseteK & %entru ac7iuni care #e %etrec En momentul $orbirii Cate is at sc)ool- S)e is reading a booBPete is at )ome ?it) mum- +e is playing4- %entru ac7iuni care #e %etrec En %rea,ma momentului $orbirii- dar nu nea%rat En momentul $orbirii" cu today- these days- this term- at the moment etc 0eatrice isn*t studying Englis) t)is ,ear- S)e ?ants to concentrate on anot)er foreign language6 %entru a e5%rima un aran,ament anume Entr8un $iitor a%ro%iat @)at are ,ou doing tomorro?S =- %entru a e5%rima $iitorul- En #%ecial cu $erbe de micare: to come+ arrive+ go+ leave. *ur friends are arriving tomorro?+e is going to /ondon on &rida, E- cu al)ays (En#emnCnd I%rea multJ) %entru a e5%rima iritarea Gour c)ildren are al+ay# running on m, la?n$ canAt stand )im; )eAs al+ay# interupting meK %entru a e5%rima o ac7iune tem%orar @e usuall, go to ?orB b, bus, but toda, ?e are going b, cabL %entru ac7iuni En de#furare Entr8o %erioad limitat En %rea,ma momentului $orbirii Fo)n is loo&ing for a #obM %entru ac7iuni care indic o #c1imbare #au trecerea de la o #tare la alta ,s ,our Englis) improvingS T)e traffic is getting ?orse and ?orse in ToB,oT)e c)ildren are gro)ing up ver, fastAot "u prezentul continuu se folosesc adverbele no+ i ,u#t, dar ele nu sunt menionate c5nd sensul lor este sub'neles/ooB, t)e c)ildren are sleepingR Verbe care nu #e folo#e#c la tim%ul continuu: 1- verbe de percep'ieK to feel, 1ear, notice, #ee, #mell, ta#te-

11

"5nd verbele de percepie 'i sc)imb sensul, ele pot fi folosite la timpul continuu(o #ee ( avea o 'nt5lnire fixat, un interviu$ am seeing m, dentist on &rida,Fane is seeing t)e manager no?( face o vizitar, is seeing t)e sig)ts so s)e ?ill be a little lateTo see about Oa face aran#amenteP*ur form master is seeing about t)e trip to t)e mountainsTo see to Oa aran#a ceva, a verificaPT)e mec)anic is #ust seeing to t)e engine of our carTo see somebod, offTupTdo?nToutT Oa conduce pe cinevaPTom is seeing )is grandfat)er off at t)e rail?a, station no?( avea )alucinaii$Am seeing t)ings(o 1ear ( primi tiri despre ceva sau cineva$Am )earing interesting t)ings about our ne? neig)bour( audia O'n cadrul #udectorieiPT)e #udge is )earing t)e ?itness(o feel ( avea o anumit senzaieT)e doctor is feeling t)e patientAs arm(o #mell B to ta#te (ciune voluntar T)e girl is smelling t)e flo?ers in t)e garden no?, mot)er is tasting t)e soup as s)e ?ants to feed t)e bab,4- verbe care e(prim activit'i mentale K to agree, belie$e, di#tru#t, doubt, find, fore#ee, forget, gue##, imagine, /no+, mean, mind, remember, recogni!e, recollect, regard, #u%%o#e, t1in/ t1at, tru#t, under#tand(o forget * pierdere gradual a memoriei$Am forgetting figures(o t1in/ ( se g5ndi la ceva O nu se exprim nici o opinieP@)at are ,ou t)inBing aboutS $Am t)inBing about our ne? teac)ers(o mind ( avea gri# de cineva Oto looB afterP(t t)e moment (nn is minding )er sicB mot)erverbe care e(prim dorin'aK to de#ire, intend, +ant, +i#1 verbe care e(prim atitudini+ sentimente+ stri emo'ionale K to ab1or, adore, dete#t, di#li/e, di#%lea#e, li/e, lo$e, 1ate, %lea#e, %referverbe care e(prim posesiuneaK to belong to, 1a$e, 1old, /ee%, o+e, o+n, %o##e##verbe care e(prim o stare+ o condi'ie K to a%%ear, be, con#i#t of, contain, differ, de#er$e, e3ual, re#emble, #eem, #uit verbe diverseK to com%are, e5%ect, matter, re#ult from, #uffice-

<=E97-

:5erci7ii: @une7i $erbele din %arante! la %re!entul #im%lu #au continuu 1- $ OgoP out to get t)e evening paper- 4- X-- t)is booB ObelongP to ,ouS <- Gou Oal?a,s, beatP me at c)eesR =@)at time Ousuall,, get upP ,ouXS E- Ever,bod, OliBeP summer- 9- @e OgoP to t)e circus t)is evening- 7- $ O)aveP an appointment ?it) m, dentist at E oAclocB- 6- Fane OmaBeP all )er clot)es )erself- 2- (ll t)e students in t)is class OreadP Englis) ?ell- 1H- $ OBno?P ?)at ,ou OmeanP- 11- T)e parB OlooBP beautiful in spring- 14- +e,R Gou OdrinBP from m, glassR 1<- $ must go, mot)er O?aitP for me- 1=- T)e train OarriveP at t)e >ort) Station at 9-<H- 1E- %onAt disturb )er, s)e OfeedP t)e bab,- 19- $ canAt go a?a,; $ OseeP t)e anager at t)e beginning of

14

next ?eeB- 17- %uring t)e ?eeB ?e generall, Oget upP earl,- 16- $ O)opeP our sc)ool team ?ill ?in t)e football matc)- 12- *ur aunt OcomeP to see us t)is afternoon- 4H- $ Onot approveP of ,our be)aviour- 41- @e OgetP a lot of sno? in t)e mountains in ?inter- 44- +e Ofl,P from 0uc)arest to Sibiu tomorro?- 4<- Fo)n Oforever, boastP of ?)at )e )as done- 4=- T)e, O?antP to see ,ou for a minute- 4E- +e O?alBP to )ospital ever, da,- 49- S)e OmoveP )er booBs into )er ne? booBcase- 47- +e usuall, OspeaBP )is mot)er tongue, but toda, )e OspeaBP Englis)- 46Gou OdrinBP coffe or teaS 42- Gou OunderstandP t)e Present Tenses in Englis)S <H- +e Opla,P t)e piano liBe a professional musician- <1- Gou canAt speaB to ar, no?; s)e OsleepP- <4- $ Onot )earP ?)at ,ou Osa,P- <<- $tAs autumn- T)e leaves OturnP ,ello? and OfallP do?n- <=- $ O?earP a raincoat because it OrainP- <E- Somet)ing OburnP in t)e oven, $ OseeP t)at smoBe OcomeP out of it- <9- @e Onot drinBP tea ?it) milB in our countr,- <7- @e OspendP next ?eeB ?it) our parents; ?e OgoP on a trip ?it) t)em- <6- Gou OgoP to to?n t)is afternoonS <2- , friend OcomeP to see us next mont)- =H- +ere OcomeP our long ?aited for teac)erR )1eia e5erci7iului: 1- am going 4- does t)is booB belong <- are al?a,s beating =- do ,ou usuall, get up E- liBes 9- are going 7- am )aving 6- maBes 2- read 1H- Bno? mean 11- looBs 14- are drinBing 1<- is ?aiting 1=- arrives 1E- is feeding 19am seeing 17- get up 16- )ope 12- is coming 4H- do not approve 41- get 44- is fl,ing 4<- is forever boasting 4=?ant 4E- ?alBs 49- is moving 47- speaBs; is speaBing 46- are ,ou drinBing 42- do ,ou understand <H- pla,s <1is sleeping <4- donAt )ear; are sa,ing <<- are turning; are falling <=- am ?earing; is raining <E- is burning OcanP see; is coming <9- do not drinB <7- are spending; are going <6- are ,ou goingS <2- is coming =H- comes-

III

(;: @AS( (:AS: SIM@<: B (;: @AS( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US

(;: @AS( (:AS: SIM@<: :n funcie de modalitatea de formare a trecutului i a participiului trecut, verbele engleze se 'mpart 'n regulate i neregulate Ovezi pagina 11PReguli de ortografieK 1- c5nd infinitivul scurt se termin 'n e mut, se adaug numai d Oto dance " danced; to recite " recitedP4- c5nd verbele dintr.o silab se termin 'n con#oan Ocu excepia lui c, w sau xP %recedat de o $ocal, consoana final este dublat i se adaug ed Oto drop " dropped; to pat " pattedP<- verbele care se termin 'n c, primesc un k 'nainte de sufixul ed Oto panic " panic&ed; to picnic " picnic&edP=- c5nd un verb format din mai multe silabe se termin ntr-o singur consoan precedat de o vocal, consoana final se dubleaz dac silaba final este accentuat O to omit " omitted; to occur " occurredPExcepiiK to &idnap " &idnapped; to handicap " handicappedE- c5nd infinitivul scurt se termin 'n y precedat de o vocal, -y nu se schimb- $ac y este precedat de o consoan, se schimb n i i se adaug ed Oto play " played; to try " triedP ?orm &ormai afirmativul trecutului simplu al verbelor regulate adug5nd terminaia Bed infiniti$ului fr toInfiniti$: To ?orB (recutul #im%lu regulat: ?orBed O?orB Y edP

>egativul se formeaz cu did not F infiniti$ $nterogativul se formeaz cu did F #ubiect F infiniti$ Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, )or&ed Aegati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, did not ?orB Interogati$ !id $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orB S

1<

Se folosete aceeai form pentru toate persoanele&orma contras a lui did not este didn"tInterogati$ negati$K did t)e, not Odidn"t t)e,P ?orBS &ormarea afirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul- !erbele neregulate trebuie memorateInfiniti$ To go To speaB To bring (recutul #im%lu neregulat ?ent spoBe broug)t

Utili!are Trecutul simplu se foloseteK & %entru o ac7iune finali!at En trecut cCnd e#te men7ionat momentul ac7iunii: Tom arrived ,esterda,"olombus discovered (merica in 1=24(dverbele sau expresiile de timp pot fi o marc a trecutului simpluK ye#terday, la#t +ee/, t+o year# ago, la#t #ummer, a mont1 ago etc2 %entru o ac7iune finali!at #igur En trecut c1iar dac tim%ul nu e#te men7ionat: 0rutus assassinated Fulius "aesar$id ,ou ever see @inston ")urc)ill in personS 6 %entru o obinuin7 din trecut: S)e al?a,s )o&e up earl, on sc)ool da,sSara) never ate liver as a c)ildD %entru o nara7iune En trecut: $ stopped to bu, a ne?spaper and t)en sat do?n on a benc) to read it- T)e ne?s )as Zuite depressing- So $ got up and too& a ?alB and tried to t)inB )app, t)oug)ts Aot Trecutul simplu folosit pentru aciuni obinuite din trecut este adesea 'nsoit de adverbe de frecvenK #ometime#, al+ay#, often, u#ually, rarely, #eldom etc-

Aot Traducerea lui Past Tense Simple 'n limba rom5nK #$ perfectul simplu% perfectul compus& @)en )e opened t)e door, )e sa? t)e dog"5nd a desc)is ua, vzu c5inele'$ imperfect& T)e little bo, ?as ver, tired0ieelul era foarte obosit($ con)unctiv pre*ent& +elen said s)e felt lonel, before s)e met )imElena a spus c se simea singur 'nainte s.l fi 'nt5lnit+$ condiional pre*ent& $ ?ould read t)at booB if )e gave it to me( citi cartea aceea dac el mi.ar da.o,$ pre*ent& $ didnAt Bno? s)e loved music-

1=

>u tiam c.i place muzica-$ viitor& T)e girl said t)at s)e ?ould come )ere ?)en s)e ?as free&ata a spus c va veni aici c5nd va fi liber(;: @AS( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US ?orm &ormai trecutul continuu cu forma de trecut a lui to be F 8ing Afirmati$ $ T )e T s)e T it was ?orBing Gou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, were ?orBing Aegati$ $ T )e T s)e T it was not ?orBing Gou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, were not ?orBing Interogati$ .as $ T )e T s)e T it ?orBingS .ere Gou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBingS Interogati$8negati$: .as )e not Owasn"t )eP ?orBingS .ere t)e, not Oweren"t t)e,P ?orBingS 'e re7inut N ;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpurile continue- Ovezi pagina 16.12P Utili!are Trecutul continuu se foloseteK & %entru ac7iuni trecute cu o anumit durat- dar ale cror limite %reci#e En tim% nu #unt cuno#cute: $t )as raining and getting colder2 %entru ac7iuni trecute care au Ence%ut i au continuat %robabil du% un anumit moment dat: (t noon t)e sun )as shining(t ten oAclocB at nig)t Ferr, )as studyingMomentul dat %oate fi e5%rimat i de o e5%re#ie de tim% la trecutul #im%lu: @)en Tom arrived, t)e sun )as shining6 %entru de#crieri En trecut: T)e flo?ers )ere blooming, t)e birds )ere singing and t)e breeze )as blo)ing softl,D %entru a indica o ac7iune care #e de#foar ca fundal (bac/gorund) En momentul En care o alt ac7iune- #curt- mai im%ortant (foreground)- are loc: @)ile ar, )as crossing ObacBgorundP t)e road ,esterda,, s)e sa) OforegroundP a fl,ing saucer in t)e sB,O %entru a indica dou #au mai multe ac7iuni care #e de#foar #imultan- En trecut: @)ile mot)er )as coo&ing, fat)er )as reading a ne?spaper and t)e c)ildren )ere playing in t)e garden9- %entru a indica o ac7iune re%etat- care El irit %e $orbitor- #e folo#ete Em%reun cu ad$erbul al)ays: T)e t?o pupils )ere al)ays laughing during m, classes Aot: *bservai diferenaK Q @)en t)e bell rang, Sam was having breaBfast- OSam ?as in t)e middle of breaBfast ?)en t)e bell started to ringPQ @)en t)e door bell rang, Sam ran to open t)e door- OSam ran to t)e door as soon as t)e door bell rangP:5erci7ii: @une7i $erbele din %arante! la trecutul #im%lu #au continuu:

1E

1- +e OgoP to sc)ool b, bic,cle last ,ear- 4- , friends O?atc)P television ?)en $ p)oned t)em- <- T)e, OinviteP me to see t)e film ?)en $ p)oned t)em- =- 0ob O?riteP t)e letter in ten minutes- E- &at)er OreadP t)e ne?spaper ?)en $ came )ome- 9- @)ile )e O?riteP t)e letter, )is sister laid t)e table- 7- S)e OasBP me about m, )olida,s ?)en ?e met- 6- $ OreadP a travel broc)ure ?)en ?e met- 2- @e OseeP a ver, good film ,esterda,- 1H- T)e sun Os)ineP ?)en ?e arrived- 11- +e OdriveP all t)e ?a, to /ondon- 14- $ sa? ar, #ust as s)e OgetP into t)e classroom- 1<- T)e, OspendP a beautiful )olida, at t)e seaside last ,ear- 1=- S)e OrunP to t)e door t)e moment s)e )eard t)e bell- 1E- @)en s)e reac)ed t)e door, t)e bell OringP still- 19- T)e, Ofl,P to "onstantza last nig)t17- ic)ael missed t)e flig)t- T)e plane OtaBe offP ?)en )e arrived at t)e airport- 16- T)e )ouse OburnP ?)en ?e came out- 12- ar, OtalBP al?a,s about fas)ion and t)is anno,ed )er friends- 4H- T)e 3rants OliveP in 0raov ?)en $ met t)em41- &ire at 3rand +otel last nig)t- @illiam 0arnes OseeP it as )e O?alBP past- 44- +e O?aBeP t)e porter and t)en Op)oneP t)e fire brigade- 4<- (fter t)at t)e, O?aBeP t)e )otel guests ?)o OsleepP in t)eir rooms- 4=- argaret %avidson ?)o Osta,P in a room on t)e first floor, OgetP frig)tened and O#umpP out of a ?indo?- 4E- ar, Stevens, from t)e same room, OgetP badl, burnt ?)ile s)e OrunP do?n t)e stairs and ObeP taBen to )ospital- 49Soon t)e fire brigade OarriveP- 47- *ne fireman ObreaBP )is leg ?)en )e Otr,P to get into t)e building- >obod, else ?as )urt- 46- &inall, t)e, OputP out t)e fire- 42- 3eorge and +arr, Opla,P tennis ,esterda, ?)en it started to rain- <H- 3eorge ?ent )ome, but +arr, OdecideP to go out in t)e car- <1- +e ?as driving along t)e street ?)en )e OseeP argaret, a friend from ?orB- <4- @)ile argaret OlooBP at a s)op ?indo?, +arr, called )er name- <<argaret OgetP into t)e car and t)e, talBed for a long time- <=- T)e, Ostill, talBP ?)en a policeman arrived and s)o?ed +arr, t)e V>o ParBingW sign- <E- Fust as t)e policeman O?riteP do?n t)e number of +arr,As car )e O)earP a scream- <9- +e looBed up and OseeP an old lad, ?)o OcrossP t)e road- <7- ( big dog ObarBP at )er fiercel,- <6- (s t)e policeman OcrossP t)e road to c)ase t)e dog a?a,, +arr, and argaret OdriveP a?a, in t)e carR <2- @)at X ,ou OdoP ,esterda, afternoon ?)en $ Op)oneP ,ouS =H- @)at time X ,ou Op)oneP meS

)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- ?ent 4- ?ere ?atc)ing <- invited =- ?rote E- ?as reading 9- ?as ?riting 7- asBed 6- ?as reading 2- sa? 1H?as s)ining 11- drove 14- ?as getting 1<- spent 1=- ran 1E- ?as still ringing 19- fle? 17- @as taBing off 16?as burning 12- ?as al?a,s talBing 4H- ?ere living 41- sa?, ?as ?alBing 44- ?oBe, p)oned 4<- ?oBe, ?ere sleeping 4=- ?as sta,ing, got, #umped 4E- got, ?as running, ?as 49- arrived 47- broBe, ?as tr,ing 46- put 42?ere pla,ing <H- decided <1- sa? <4- ?as looBing <<- got <=- ?ere still talBing <E- ?as ?riting, )eard <9- sa?, ?as crossing <7- ?as barBing <6- ?as crossing, drove <2- ?ere ,ou doing, p)oned =H- did ,ou p)one

IV

(;: @R:S:A( @:R?:)( (:AS: SIM@<: B (;: @R:S:A( @:R?:)( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US

(;: @R:S:A( @:R?:)( (:AS: SIM@<: ?orm &ormai perfectul prezent cu prezentul lui 1a$e F %artici%iu trecut Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate are aceeai form ca trecutul simpluK infiniti$ F 8edParticipiul trecut al verbelor neregulate variaz i trebuie memoratAfirmati$ $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, have ?orBed +e T s)e T it has ?orBed Aegati$ $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, have not ?orBed +e T s)e T it has not ?orBed Interogati$ /ave $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBedS /as )e T s)e T it ?orBedS

19

Interogati$ negati$: /ave t)e, not Ohaven"t t)e,P ?orBedS /as s)e not Ohasn"t t)e,P ?orBedS ?orme contra#e $ )ave $Ave; ,ou )ave ,ouAve; )e )as )eAs; s)e )as s)eAs; )ave not. )avenAt; )as not )asnAt Utili!are

* aciune anterioar momentului prezent poate fi exprimat at5t prin Past Tense c5t i prin Present Perfect Tense- %ar, 'n timp ce Past Tense prezint o aciune fr nici o referin la momentul prezent, Present Perfect leag aciunea din trectut cu prezentul- Prezentul perfect simplu se foloseteK & %entru o ac7iune En trecut- nu ne intere#ea! momentul En care a a$ut loc ci re!ultatele ei En %re!ent: $ have visited an interesting museum- O$ still remember t)e t)ings seen t)ereP 2 %entru o ac7iune care continu En %re!ent i- %oate- $a continua i En $iitor: an, pupils have learnt in t)is sc)ool- Oin t)e past, some c)ildren learnt )ere, in t)e present ot)ers are learning and, of course, in t)e future, ot)er pupils ?ill learn )ere, tooP <- %entru a e5%rima o ac7iune com%let Entr8un trecut foarte a%ro%iat de %re!ent Se folo#ete cu: just, lately, recently+ of late, latterly, till no), up to no), so far, up to the present, during the last )ee&, the last fe) days, these t)enty minutes+ etcT)e train has just left@e have not seen FacB lately=- %entru a de#emna o ac7iune care #e de#foar Entr8o %erioad de tim% incom%let Se folo#ete cu: today, this )ee&, this month, this year, all day, all night, this night, etc/ast ?eeB ?e ?rote t)ree letters, but t)is ?eeB ?e have )ritten onl, one%ac this morning, all night, all evening exprim o perioad de timp complet, atunci folosim Past TenseK $ have seen a good film t)is morning- O?e are before 14 oAclocB at noonP $ sa) a good film t)is morning- O?e are in t)e afternoon or in t)e eveningP E- cu ho) long %entru a e5%rima o ac7iune care #e e5tinde %Cn En %re!ent: -o) long have ,ou been illS O,ou are still illP %ar c5nd este vorba doar de o aciune 'n trecut, avemK -o) long did ,ou sta, in /ondon last ,earS -o) long )ad ,ou Bno?n )im ?)en )e diedS 9- cu ade$erbe de frec$en7: ever, never, often, seldom, al)ays, several times: @e have never visited >e? GprB-ave ,ou ever been to t)e >ort) PoleS 7- cu ad$erbele already i yet <a interogati$ %ot a%rea amCndou- lready e5%rim #ur%ri!a c ac7iunea #8a de#furat de,a: -ave ,ou got up alreadyS )u yet $rem # aflm dac ac7iunea #8a terminat #au nu: -ave ,ou got up yetS lready %oate # a%ar En %ro%o!i7ii afirmati$e: T)e student has already translated t)e lessonPn %ro%o!i7ii negati$e- yet are sensul de nu nc: (lbert has not learnt t)e poem yet6- cu since i for Since arat momentul- %unctul- cCnd Ence%e ac7iunea care #e e5tinde %Cn En %re!ent Se traduce En limba romCn %rin din+ de la+ de cnd: T)e, have not seen (lice since 1262 T ")ristmas T s)e ?ent to /ondon.or e5%rim %erioada de tim% care continu %Cn En %re!ent Pn limba romCn #e traduce %rin de atta/timp: T)ese bo,s have been )ere for )alf an )ourQ %entru ac7iuni trecute- fr men7ionarea tim%ului: -as Peter had lunc)S &R En !iare- tiri de tele$i!iune- %entru a introduce o ac7iune care $a fi de#cri# %rin @a#t (en#e: ( terrible accident has happened; a car ran into a group of c)ildren and &illed t)ree of t)em Aot

17

Go i be sunt diferite ca sensK Ton, 1a# gone to GorB- Oa plecat i e 'nc plecatP Ton, 1a# been to GorB- Oa fost 'n vizit 'n GorB i acum s.a 'ntorsP (;: @R:S:A( @:R?:)( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US ?orm &ormai timpul perfect prezent continuu cu %erfectul %re!ent al lui to be F 8ing Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, have been ?orBing +e T s)e T it has been ?orBing Aegati$ $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, have not been ?orBing +e T s)e T it has not been ?orBing Interogati$ /ave $ T ,ou T ?e T ,ou T t)e, been ?orBing /as +e T s)e T it been ?orBing Interogati$ negati$: /ave $ not Ohaven"t $P been ?orBingS /as s)e not Ohasn"t s)eP been ?orBingS ?orme contra#e: $ )ave $Ave; )e )as )eAs; $ )ave not )avenAt; )e )as not )asnAt 'e re7inutN ;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpurile continue$ have &no)n Fim for five ,earsS)e has loved ,ou since t)at da,-

Utili!are Prezentul perfect continuu se foloseteK & %entru ac7iuni care au Ence%ut En trecut i continu %Cn En momentul %re!ent: $ have been )aiting for an )our and t)e museum )as still not openedR 2 %une accentul %e durat- %e continuitatea ac7iunii En %re!ent: ar, has been )atering t)e flo?ers for )alf an )our- Os)e is still doing t)e #obP ;rmtoarele verbe se folosesc frecvent la perfectul prezent continuuK e5%ect, learn, 1o%e, li$e, #lee%, loo/, #it, rain, #tand, #tay, teac1, #tudy, +or/, +aitK $ have been learning Englis) since $ ?as a c)ild)om%ara7i urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii: $ )ave been drinBing tea since E oAclocB- Oaciune ne'ntreruptP $ )ave drunB t)ree cups of tea since E oAclocB- Oc5te ceti de ceai numrulP

:5erci7ii: @une7i $erbele din %arante! la trecutul #im%lu #au %re!entul %erfect: 1- $ OliveP in t)is cit, all m, life- , parents come O)ere ?)en t)e, ?ere ver, ,oung- 4- $t OrainP ver, muc) in t)is region in t)e spring, but it Onot rainP muc) ever since- <- @e OseeP t)e famous +eroesA onument several times so far- T)e last time ?e OseeP it ?as t?o ?eeBs ago- =- r- artin Oteac)P Englis) from t)ree oAclocB to six oAclocB- +eAs no longer in t)e sc)ool- +e OleaveP )alf an )our ago- E- @e O)aveP a test almost ever, da, t)is ?eeB- @e O)aveP t)e first test on onda, morning- 9- T)e ?eat)er ObeP terrible ever since last Sunda,- $t OrainP ever, da, t)is ?eeBR 7- T)e plumber ObeP )ere for t)e past t?o ?eeBs- +e OrepairP t)e radiators in all t)e rooms6- @e OlearnP a great deal of Englis) since ?e OcomeP to t)is sc)ool- 2- *ur grandmot)er ObeP ?it) us for t)e last t)ree mont)s- S)e OgoP a?a, t)is morning- ot)er O)elpP )er ?it) )er pacBing before s)e left- 1H- $ OreadP man, booBs on cooBing and no? $ can cooB a lot of dis)es- 11- r- 3rant O)aveP a car for ,ears but )e Onever driveP at nig)t- 14- ar, OmaBeP a lot of friends recentl,- 1<- Tom al?a,s Opla,P in t)e parB in front of )is

16

)ouse ?)en )e ?as ,oung- 1=- r- Plumb O)aveP a lot of trouble ?it) )is car latel,- +e OrepairP it t?ice so far1E- VGou OmeetP (nnSW VGes, ?e OmeetP at t)e sc)ool festival t?o ?eeBs ago-W 19- r- 0arton is not )ere- +e OgoP out of to?n for t)e ?eeBend- 17- T)is famous ?riter O?riteP several novels and last ,ear )e O?riteP a successful pla,- 16- T)e guests O)aveP a good time ever since t)eir arrival- T)e, OarriveP b, plane t)ree da,s ago- 12- T)e students OstartP t)e exercise at 6 oAclocB- T)e, Onot finis)P it ,et- 4H- $ OtaBeP a lot of p)otograp)s t)is )olida, but t)e, are not as good as t)ose $ OtaBeP last )olida,- 41- argaret Obu,P a prett, dress for )er birt)da, part,- S)e Obu,P it at t)e ;nirea department store- 44- , friend ic)ael is in )ospital because )e ObreaBP )is legK )e ObreaBP it t?o ?eeBs ago in a car accident- 4<- $Am sorr,, $ OforgetP )is telep)one number- 4=$ OreadP nearl, all $vasiucAs novels- /ast ?eeB $ OstartP to read [T)e @aterA and $ nearl, Ofinis)P it no?- %uring t)e ?inter )olida, $ OreadP [T)e 0irdsA- 4E- ;p to no? $ OunderstandP ever, lesson in t)e booB- 49- >o one OfindP 0arbaraAs glasses ,et- S)e OloseP t)em during t)e P),sical Education lesson- 47- @e OreceiveP )is telegram at six oAclocB ,esterda,- @e Oalread,, sendP )im a special deliver, repl,- 46- $ Opa,P t)e telep)one bill at t)e beginning of t)e mont)- 42- 3randfat)er Onever, fl,P in a plane before- T)is mont) )e Ofl,P t?ice- <H- rartin is m, Englis) teac)er- +e Oteac)P in our sc)ool for five ,ears- +e OgraduateP from t)e ;niversit, in 127H@une7i $erbele din %arante! la trecutul #im%lu- %re!entul %erfect #im%lu #au continuu: 1- Since ic)ael last OvisitP me, )e ObeP to man, places- 4- %an O?aitP for +enr, since eig)t oAclocB- $tAs no? )alf past eig)t, but +enr, Onot arriveP ,et- <- @)ere O,ou, beP all t)is morningS $tAs nearl, noon no?- =- @)ere ObeP Paul t)is morningS $ rang )im up several times before noon- E- $ Onever, readP suc) a good booB as t)is- 9r- 0ro?n OtellP @illiam to go to t)e grocerAs since breaBfast, but )e Onot goP ,et- 7- O,ou, ever, seeP an, bearsS 6- (s soon as $ OdoP m, )ome?orB $All ?atc) television and t)en $[ll go to bed- 2- $ OBno?P Peter for ,ears; as a matter of fact $ OBno?P )im since $ ObeP a little c)ild- 1H- Please excuse t)e disorder in t)e )ouse- $ OmoveP furniture- 11- +o? long O,ou ?atc)P televisionS @e O?atc)P television since eig)t oAclocB, but ?e OtalBP most of t)e time- 14- $ still Onot mendP t)e dress $ OtearP last ?eeB- 1<- $ Op)oneP ,ou for at least t?o )ours- @)ere O,ou, bePS 1=- @e O?atc)P t)e T! programme several times t)is ?eeB- 1E- O,ou, meetP %oris at five oAclocB on onda,S Ges, $ OdoP, but $ Onot meetP )er since- 19- T)e bab, Ocr,P for at least t?ent, minutes- +e Ocr,P a lot recentl,- 17- @e Onot receiveP an, letter from )im ,et but ?e Oalread,, getP a p)one call- 16- @)at O,ou, doP ?it) m, )andbagS $t ObeP )ere a moment ago- 12- Fim Ooften, tr,P to #ump over t)e ?all- 4H- r- 0ro?n O?orBP on )is report since )e OcomeP in)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- )ave lived, came 4- rained, )asnAt rained <- )ave seen, sa? =- taug)t, left E- )ave )ad, )ad 9- +as been, )as rained 7- )as been, )as repaired 6- )ave learnt, came 2- )as been, ?ent, )elped 1H- )ave read 11- )as )ad, )as never driven 14- )as made 1<- pla,ed 1=- )as )ad, )as repaired 1E- )ave ,ou met, met 19- )as gone 17- )as ?ritten, ?rote 16- )ave )ad, arrived 12- started, )avenAt finis)ed it ,et 4H- )ave taBen, tooB 41- )as boug)t, boug)t 44- )as broBen, broBe 4<- )ave forgotten 4=- )ave read, started, )ave finis)ed, read 4E- )ave understood 49- )as found, lost 47- received, )ave alread, sent 46- paid 42- )as never flo?n, )as flo?n <H- )as taug)t, graduated 1- visited, )as been 4- )as been ?aiting, )as not arrived <- )ave ,ou been =- ?as E- )ave never read 9- )as been telling, )asnAt gone 7- )ave ,ou ever seen 6- )ave done 2- )ave Bno?n, )ave Bno?n, ?as 1H- )ave been moving 11- )ave ,ou been ?atc)ing, )ave been ?atc)ing, )ave been talBing 14- )avenAt mended, tore 1<- )ave been p)oning, )ave ,ou been 1=- )ave ?atc)ed 1E- did ,ou meet, did, )avenAt met 19- )as been cr,ing, )as cried 17)avenAt received, )ave alread, got 16- )ave ,ou done, ?as 12- )as often tried 4H- )as been ?orBing, came

(;: @AS( @:R?:)( (:AS: SIM@<: B (;: @AS( @:R?:)( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US

(;: @AS( @:R?:)( (:AS: SIM@<: &ormai mai mult ca perfectul cu 1ad F %artici%iul trecut ?orm

Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, had ?orBedAegati$

12

$ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, had not ?orBedInterogati$ /ad $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBedS Interogati$ negati$: /ad $ not Ohadn"t $P ?orBedS ?orme contra#e: $ )ad, ,ou )ad $Ad, ,ouAd; )adn not )adnAt

Utili!are ai mult ca perfectul simplu se foloseteK & ca ec1i$alentul trecut al @re!entului %erfect B e5%rim o ac7iune care are loc Enaintea unei alte ac7iuni din trecut: T)e bo, explained t)at )e had seen somebod, in t)e garden@)en fat)er came )ome, %icB had done )is )ome?orB*bservai folosirea adverbelor +1en, before, no+ t1at, a# #oon a# i after 'n unele propoziii care conin mai mult ca perfectul%icB had done )is )ome?orB before fat)er came )ome2 %entru a e5%rima durata %Cn la un anumit moment En trecut: 0y the time t)e rain started, ?e had dug t)e ?)ole garden<- cu just- already- hardly- barely- scarcely i no sooner %entru a arta c o ac7iune #8a terminat c1iar Enaintea unei alte ac7iuni din trecut: ar, told us t)at )er brot)er had just left$ had hardly1scarcely entered t)e room ?)en somebod, BnocBed at t)e door=- cu since i for cCnd %unctul de referin7 e#te En trecut: $n 126H $ had been a teacher for ten years$ Bne? s)e had not seen )im since 2hristmasO %entru a e5%rima o ac7iune $iitoare care are loc Enaintea unei alte ac7iuni e5%rimate de ?uture8in8t1e %a#t: $ told m, friend t)at $ ?ould lend )im t)e booB after $ had read it9- cu $erbe ca to e(pect- to hope- to intend- to mean- to thin& %entru a e5%rima o #%eran7- inten7ie- din trecut care nu #8a Ende%linit: $ had hoped1 intended1 meant to find ticBets for t)at performance but $ ?asnAt able to(;: @AS( @:R?:)( (:AS: )9A(IAU9US &ormai mai mult ca perfectul continuu cu 1ad been F 8ing ?orm

Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, had been ?orBingAegati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, had not been ?orBingInterogati$ /ad $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, been ?orBingS Interogati$ negati$: /ad $ not Ohadn"t $P been ?orBingS

4H

?orme contra#e $ )ad, ,ou )ad $Ad )ad, ,ouAd )ad; )ad not )adnAt 'e re7inutN ;nele verbe nu pot fi folosite la timpul continuu- Ovezi pagina 16.12P Utili!are ai mult ca perfectul continuu se foloseteK 1- %entru a #ublinia continuitatea unei ac7iuni din trecut %Cn la un alt moment din trecut #au doar %Cn foarte a%roa%e de el: T)e pupils had been reading t)e lesson for five minutes ?)en t)e sc)ool master entered t)e classroom-

:5%rimarea unor ac7iuni obinuite #au re%etate En trecut

(ciunile obinuite sau repetate legate de o perioad de timp din trecut se pot exprima folosindK & trecutul #im%lu: , fat)er al?a,s got up at da,breaB2 u#ed to F infiniti$: , fat)er used to get up at da,breaB6 +ould F infiniti$: , fat)er )ould get up at da,breaBD mai mult ca %erfectul %oate e5%rima o ac7iune din trecut re%etat- care a durat %Cn la un moment dat: , fat)er had been getting up at da,breaB until )is accidentAten7ieN B Au confunda7i used to 0 infinitiv cu to be used to 0 -ingN %r- >elson used to )or& late- Oobicei 'n trecutP %r- >elson is used to )or&ing late- Oobicei 'n prezentP

:5erci7ii: @une7i $erbele din %arante! la trecutul #im%lu- mai mult ca %erfectul #im%lu #au continuu: 1- 0, t)e time +elen Oreac)P t)e store, s)e OforgetP ?)at s)e ?anted to bu,- 4- T)e ground ObeP ?et because it OrainP for five da,s- <- &irst t)e ?eat)er ObeP fine- /ater it OstartP to rain- T)en ?e OdecideP to go bacB )ome- =ic)ael OfeelP rat)er un?ell for a fe? da,s so )e OgoP to see )is doctor- E- 0, t)e end of last ,ear t)e, Ostud,P Englis) for six ,ears- 9- Gesterda, ar, OtellP )er mot)er about a beautiful dress s)e OseeP a fe? )ours earlier7- @)en Step)en t)e 3reat OdieP in 1EH=, )e OreignP for =7 ,ears- 6- T)e part, ?as a great success- Tom OfeelP )appier t)an )e Oever, feelP before- 2- 0ill OgoP to t)e police station ?it) a purse )e OfindP on t)e pavement- 1H@e O?aitP for more t)an )alf an )our but t)ere ?as still no sign of ar,- 11- @)en $ Op)oneP 3erald, )e Onot finis)P )is )ome?orB ,et- 14- +e O?riteP to sa, t)at )e O#ust, bu,P a car- 1<- (fter t)e, Opla,P records for an )our t)e, Ogo outP for a ?alB- 1=- Sall, ?as still singing at noon ,esterda,- S)e OsingP all morning- 1E- Patricia OdesignP )erself a summer dress ,esterda,- S)e Onever, designP clot)es for )erself before- 19- $ OseeP (lice ,esterda, afternoon- S)e OtellP me s)e O#ust, comeP bacB from )er )olida,- 17- T)e telep)one OringP again a fe? minutes ago- $t OringP several times during t)e da,- 16- T)e brass bands Opla,P ever since t)e first people OgetP into t)e parB- 12- 0, t)e time ?e OgetP to t)e cinema, t)e film Oalread,, beginP- 4H- r- @ood OdriveP a fe? Bilometers before )e OrealizeP t)at one of )is t,res ?as flat- 41- (lice ?as reading ?)en )er parents OcomeP )ome from ?orB- S)e OreadP for t?o )ours- S)e OreadP fift, pages)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- reac)ed, )ad forgotten 4- ?as, )ad been raining <- ?as, started, decided =- +ad been feeling, ?ent E- )ad been stud,ing 9- told, )ad seen 7- died, )ad reigned 6- felt, )ad ever felt 2- ?ent, )ad found 1H- )ad been ?aiting 11- p)oned, )adnAt finis)ed 14- ?rote, )ad #ust boug)t 1<- pla,ed, ?ent out 1=- )ad been singing 1E-

41

designed, )ad never designed 19- sa?, told, )ad #ust come 17- rang, )ad rung 16- )ad been pla,ing, got 12- got, )ad alread, begun 4H- )ad driven, realized 41- came, )ad been reading, )ad read

VI

(;: ?U(URI(S

Exist mai multe modaliti de exprimare a aciunilor viitoare- (legerea unei anumite modaliti depinde de felul aciunii viitoareK planificat, intenionat, ateptat, iminent sau dac face parte dintr.un program& (;: SIM@<: ?U(UR:

?orm &ormai viitorul cu #1all T+ill F infiniti$ fr to Afirmati$ $ T ?e shall ?orB ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will ?orB Aegati$ $ T ?e shall not ?orB ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not ?orB Interogati$ 1hall $ T ?e ?orBS .ill ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, ?orBS Interogati$ negati$: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P ?orBS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP ?orBS .ill )e not Owon"t )eP ?orBS ?orme contra#e $ s)all $All; ,ou ?ill ,ouAll; )e ?ill )eAll; ?e s)all ?eAll Aot %eoarece 'n limba vorbit will 'l 'nlocuiete pe shall, tendina actual este de 'nlocuire a lui shall cu will c)iar i 'n scris Utili!are !iitorul simplu se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima o reac7ie #au deci!ie #%ontan #au ne%lanificat- fcut la momentul $orbirii: ar,, t)e p)one is ringing- *)- $s itS ,*ll ans)er it$Am too tired to go out tonig)t- $ t)inB ,*ll stay )ome Aot Pentru deciziile neplanificate, fcute 'n momentul vorbirii, se folosete viitorul simplu- Pentru referirile ulterioare la aceste decizii se folosete prezentul continuu cu sens de viitor sau forma cu going to 'n locul viitorului cu will2 %entru e$enimente %robabile En $iitor: %entru a tran#mite ceea ce $orbitorul tie- crede- sperpresupune- se teme- se ndoie te- se a teapt s- se ntreab dac tie c #e $a EntCm%la: (fter t)is rain, summer, $ e(pect t)e )arvest )ill be good$ )ope /ucB, Fim )ill )in, $Ave bet 1HH \ on )im%entru a %re!ice e$enimente $iitoare: 0, t)e ,ear 4HEH ?e )ill all be driving electric cars%entru a te oferi # faci ce$a: $ canAt do m, )ome?orB- %onAt ?orr,- ,*ll help you-

6 D

44

%entru a acce%ta #au refu!a # faci ce$a: "an ,ou give me a lift to t)e station tomorro? morningS *f course, ,*ll pic& you up at 6-<H%entru a %romite c faciT nu faci ce$a: ,*ll say hello to Cat), for ,ou, )on*t tell an,bod, about ?)at )appened last nig)t%entru a cera cui$a # fac ce$a: $Am tr,ing to do some ?orB- %ill ,ou be 3uiet, pleaseS Aot .ill not Osau won"tP se folosete adesea pentru a exprima o intenie negativ foarte clarK +e )on*t move )is car U +e refuses to move )is carAot .ill se folosete cu adverbe de probabilitate, cum suntK probably, perhaps, certainlyK T)e factor, ?orBers )ill probably get a pa, increase t)is ,earAot 1hall se poate folosi pentru sugestii sau oferte la persoana $ singular i plural shall I 23 1hall we 23 @)ere shall , put t)ese boxesS OU ?)ere do ,ou suggest $ put t)emSP Shall )e go no?S R#%un#uri #curte i interoga7ii di#,uncti$e Pentru a forma rspunsuri scurte, lui yes sau no li se poate aduga structura subiect 0 will @ill it breaB if $ sit on itS Ges, it will-

2 (;: ?U(UR: )9A(IAU9US ;neori se mai numete i viitorul progresiv ?orm &ormai viitorul continuu cu #1all T+ill be F Ging Afirmati$ $ T ?e shall be ?orBing GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will be ?orBing Aegati$ $ T ?e shall not be ?orBing GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not be ?orBing Interogati$ 1hall $ T ?e be ?orBingS .ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, be ?orBingS Interogati$ negati$: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P be ?orBingS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP be ?orBingS .ill )e not Owon"t )eP be ?orBingS

Utili!are !iitorul continuu se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima ac7iuni En de#furare En $iitor- cCnd tim%ul e#te men7ionat #au dedu#: argaret )ill be )earing )er usual red dress at t)e part, on Saturda, nig)tT)is time next ?eeB ,*ll be lying on a )ot sunn, beac)- @)at )ill you be doingS 2 %entru a e5%rima ce$a care a fo#t de,a %lnuit #au deci#- fr inten7ia $orbitorului i fr a #e men7iona un tim% anume: ,*ll be going to t)e ne?sagentAs soon- "an $ get ,ou a ne?spaperS

4<

%entru a Entreba %olitico# de#%re %lanurile altora Acea#t form #ugerea! c dorim # ne %otri$im cu %lanurile celeilalte %er#oane- nu # le #c1imbm: %ill you be using ,our car t)is eveningS >o, ?),S "ould $ borro? itS

6 (;: ?U(UR: @:R?:)( SIM@<: ?orm &ormai viitorul perfect cu #1all T +ill F 1a$e F %artici%iul trecut Afirmati$ $ T ?e shall have ?orBed GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will have ?orBed Aegati$ $ T ?e shall not have ?orBed GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not have ?orBed Interogati$ 1hall $ T ?e have ?orBedS .ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, have ?orBedS Interogati$ negati$: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P have ?orBedS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP have ?orBedS .ill )e not Owon"t )eP have ?orBedS Utili!are !iitorul perfect se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima o ac7iune care #e $a fi %etrecut de,a %Cn la un anumit moment din $iitor :#te im%ortant men7ionarea momentului: $ )ill have retired from ?orB by the time $Am 9EFacB is running for t)e 6-1H train- +e looBs at )is ?atc); itAs no? 6-14- +e t)inBs to )imself, itAs useless running, t)e train )ill have left by nowD (;: ?U(UR: @:R?:)( )9A(IAU9US ?orm &ormai viitorul perfect continuu cu #1all T +ill F 1a$e been F Ging Afirmati$ $ T ?e shall have been ?orBing GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will have been ?orBing Aegati$ $ T ?e shall not have been ?orBing GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, will not have been ?orBing Interogati$ 1hall $ T ?e have been ?orBingS .ill ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, have ?orBedS Interogati$ negati$: 1hall $ not Oshan"t $P have been ?orBingS .ill ,ou not Owon"t ,ouP have been ?orBingS .ill )e not Owon"t )eP have been ?orBingS Utili!are !iitorul perfect continuu se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima fa%tul c o ac7iune #e $a afla Enc En de#furare la un anumit moment En $iitor: T)e, )ill have been building t)at )ouse for 4 ,ears next ")ristmas-

4=

 Aot %iferena dintre timpurile perfect prezent i timpurile viitoare perfecteK 4erfect pre*ent simplu& r- Y rs- &ox have &no)n eac) ot)er for 7 ,ears5iitorul perfect simplu& r- Y rs- &ox )ill have &no)n eac) ot)er for 6 ,ears next (pril GGGGGGGGGGG %a#t no+ GGGGGGGGGGG %a#t no+ L year#

L year# GG

M year# ne5t A%ril

4re*ent perfect continuu& r- Y rs- &ox have been living toget)er for 7 ,ears5iitorul perfect continuu& r- Y rs- &ox )ill have been living toget)er for 6 ,ears next (prilO (;: ?U(UR:8IA8(;:8@AS( SIM@<: ?orm &ormai viitorul 'n trecut simplu cu #1ould T +ould F infiniti$ul #curt Afirmati$ $ T ?e should ?orB GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would ?orB Aegati$ $ T ?e should not ?orB GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would not ?orB Interogati$ 1hould $ T ?e ?orBS .ould ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, ?orBS Interogati$ negati$: 1hould $ not Oshouldn"t $P ?orBS .ould ,ou not Owouldn"t ,ouP ?orBS Utili!are !iitorul 'n trecut se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima o ac7iune $iitoare $!ut dintr8un %unct de $edere trecut Se folo#ete En %ro%o!i7ii #ubordonate com%leti$e directe: S)e told me t)at s)e )ould go t)ere soonK (;: ?U(UR:8IA8(;:8@AS( )9A(IAU9US ?orm &ormai viitorul 'n trecut continuu cu #1ould T +ould F be F %artici%iul %re!ent Afirmati$ $ T ?e should be ?orBing GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would be ?orBing Aegati$ $ T ?e should not be ?orBing GouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, would not be ?orBing

4E

Interogati$ 1hould $ T ?e be ?orBingS .ould ,ouT )e T s)e T it T ,ou T t)e, be ?orBingS Interogati$ negati$: 1hould $ not Oshouldn"t $P be ?orBingS .ould ,ou not Owouldn"t ,ouP be ?orBingS Utili!are !iitorul 'n trecut continuu se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima un $iitor continuu dintr8un %unct de $edere trecut: T)e ?oman assured us t)at, in less t)an )alf an )our, )er bab, )ould be sleeping-

L (9 B: (9 ?U(UR: Utili!are !iitorul cu to be to se foloseteK & %entru ce$a care e#te de#tinat # #e EntCm%le: T)e famous tennis pla,er began t)e matc) in ?)ic) he )as to brea& )is arm2 %entru un %lan #au un aran,ament oficial: T)e President )as to arrive at 1H oAclocB6 %entru $oin7a unei %er#oane- alta decCt $orbitorul: T)is bad ne?s is to be given to )im after )is examD %entru o datorie: @)at exercises are )e to doS O %entru o %o#ibilitate- %robabilitate: Prices are to be muc) )ig)er soonM (9 B: AB9U( (9 ?U(UR: Utili!are !iitorul cu to be about to se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima ce$a care e pe punctul de a #e EntCm%la: *ur guests are about to leave$ am about to go to t)e seaside Q (9 B: G9IAG (9 ?U(UR: ((1e Aear ?uture) ?orm Se formeaz cu to be F going to F infiniti$ Afirmati$ $ am T ,ou areT )e, s)e, it isT ?e, ,ou, t)e, are going to ?orB Aegati$ $ am T ,ou areT )e, s)e, it isT ?e, ,ou, t)e, are not going to ?orB Interogati$ 6m $ T are ,ou T is )e, s)e, it T are ?e, ,ou, t)e, going to ?orBS Interogati$ negati$: 6m $ not Oaren"t $P going to ?orBS 6re ,ou not Oaren"t ,ouP going to ?orBS Is )e not Oisn"t )eP going to ?orBS Utili!are &orma cu going to se foloseteK & %entru a e5%rima inten7ia de a face En $iitor ce$a ce nu a fo#t aran,at dar %robabil #e $a EntCm%la: Fim and Sue are going to move to /iverpool ?)en t)e, finis) t)eir training-

49

Sara) and Fo)n are going to get married next ,ear%entru a %re!ice o EntCm%lare En $iitor: (cest timp se folosete pentru a exprima ceea ce credem c se va 'nt5mpla, 'n special atunci c5nd ceva din situaia prezent indic un rezultat 'n viitorul imediat- Timpul nu este de obicei menionat/ooB )o? fast t)ose cars are moving- T)ere is going to be an accidentT)at little girl isnAt looBing ?)ere s)eAs going- S)e is going to )al& into t)at tree<- forma cu ?asT?ere going to e folo#it %entru a e5%rima o inten7ie din trecut care nu #8a reali!at: $ )as going to phone ,ou last nig)t but $ fell asleep in front of t)e T! , parents )ere going to go to Scotland for t)eir )olida,s but t)e, c)anged t)eir minds and ?ent to $reland instead2 :5erci7ii: @une7i $erbele din %arante! la forma corect folo#ind will #au going to: 1- T)e fire )as gone out- *), ,esR $ OgoP and get some ?ood- 4- @)at are ,ou doing ?it) t)at panS $ OgetP lunc) read,- <- r- %o,le )as #ust arrived- *), good, $ OmeetP )im at t)e lift- =- $ )avenAt boug)t an, cigarettes because $ Otr,P to give up smoBing- E- $Ave got a )ole in m, trousers- 3ive t)em to me- $ OmendP t)em for ,ou- 9/ooB ?)at $ boug)t at t)e auction t)is morningR +o? nice, ?)ere O,ouT putP itS 7- %id ,ou post t)at letter for meS $ completel, forgot- $ OdoP it no?- 6- @)at ?ould ,ou liBe to drinBK red or ?)ite ?ineS $ O)aveP red, please2- $ see ,ou are ?earing ,our overalls- XO,ouTfixP ,our carS 1H- +ave ,ou booBed t)e flig)tS >ot ,et, $ OdoP it tomorro?- 11- $ OgoP s)opping later- Ieall,, $ OcomeP ?it) ,ou- 14- @)at O,ouTdoP ?)en ,ou leave universit,S $ donAt Bno? ,et; per)aps $ OtravelP around Europe for a ,ear- 1<- Gou looB ex)austed- Sit do?n and $ OmaBeP ,ou a cup of tea- 1=- @)en O,ouTbu,P a ne? carS T)is one is falling to pieces- $ canAt afford it no?, $ Oc)angeP it next ,ear ?)en $ get a pa, rise- 1E- O,ouTpassP me t)e salt, pleaseS 19- O,ouTparBP m, car for meS 17- $ OmaBeP a cup of coffee, if ,ou ?is)- 16- O,ouTdecorateP t)e ?)ole )ouse ,ourselfS 12- %o ,ou ?ant me to )elp ,ou ?it) t)at mat)s exercisesS >o, t)anBs $ OsolveP it m,self- 4H- $ Onot bu,P an, more ne? clot)es until $Ave lost five Bilos@une7i $erbele din %arante! la $iitorul #im%lu #au continuu: 1- T)e ?eat)er Oprobabl,, beP fine tomorro? so ?e OgoP on a trip to t)e seaside- 4- @e OlieP on t)e beac) and Os?imP in t)e ?ater bet?een 1H and 14 in t)e morning- <- (t noon ?e O)aveP lunc) in a restaurant on t)e pier=- T)en ?e O?alBP along t)e s)ore and OlooBP at t)e s)ips for a ?)ile- E- @e OeatP ice.creams and OlistenP to t)e brass band bet?een = and E in t)e afternoon- 9- (bout E oAclocB in t)e afternoon ?e OgoP to our car and OdriveP bacB )ome- 7- $n t)e evening ?e OsitP round t)e table in t)e living.room and OtellP #ocBes- 6- @e OgoP to bed about 1H oAclocB- $Am sure ?e O)aveP a good time tomorro?@une7i $erbele din %arante! la forma corect: %re!ent- $iitor #au $iitor %erfect: 1- 0, t)e time t)e ?riter OmeetP )is readers, )e O?riteP 4HH pages of )is novel- 4- $ OgiveP "at), ,our message before ,ou OseeP )er- <- r- 0ro?n Oteac)P our class until 1H oAclocB- 0, 1H-HE )e OleaveP t)e classroom- =@)en fat)er OreturnP from )is trip, ?e Oalread,, leaveP on )olida,- E- T)e cooB OprepareP t)e dinner before t)e guests OarriveP- 9- T)e next time ,ou OmeetP 3eorge, )e ObeP an engineer for t?o mont)s- 7- @)en ,ou OgoP into t)e office, t)e post Oalread,, arriveP- 6- T)e, OcloseP t)e s)op b, t)e time ,ou OgetP t)ere- 2- T)e compan, OdeliverP t)e materials until t)e beginning of t)e a,- T)e, OdeliverP ever,t)ing b, t)e first of a,- 1H- @)en ,ou OseeP FacB next mont), )e Oalmost, finis)P )is militar, service@une7i $erbele din %arante! la %re!ent- %re!entul %erfect- $iitor #au $iitorul %erfect (#im%lu #au continuu): 1- @)at O,ou, doP ?)en ,ou OgraduatePS 4- 0, next %ecember, +enr, O?orBP in t)is factor, for t?o ,ears and )e OlearnP a lot of useful t)ings- <- r- 0ro?n Ofl,P to (merica tomorro?- +e OeatP )is lunc) ?)ile )e Ofl,P over t)e ocean- =- rs- 0arton O?aitP in t)e car ?)ile )er )usband OgetP t)e petrol- E- >ext ?eeB m, friends OlieP on t)e beac) ?)ile $ O?riteP examination papers- $ O?orBP )ard for a ?eeB; ?)en $ Ofinis)P, $ ObeP ex)austed- 9- $ Oalread,, )aveP lunc) b, t)e time ,ou OarriveP- 7- $ OgoP to bed as soon as $ Ofinis)P m, ?orB- 6- $ O#ust, comeP bacB from sc)ool b, seven oAclocB tomorro?- 2- @)en $ OliveP in t)is district for a fe? mont)s, $ OBno?P t)e names of all t)e streets- 1H- T)e doctor OoperateP from eig)t to ten in t)e morning; donAt let an,one get into t)e operating t)eatre-

47

)1eia e5erci7iilor: Q1- $All go 4- $Am going to get <- $All meet =- $Am going to tr, E- $All mend 9- are ,ou going to put 7- $All do 6- $All )ave 2- are ,ou going to fix 1H- $All do 11- $ am going to go, $All come 14- are ,ou going to do, $All travel 1<- $All maBe 1=- are ,ou going to bu, 1E- ?ill ,ou pass 19- ?ill ,ou parB 17- $All maBe 16- are ,ou going to decorate 12- $All solve 4H- $Am not going to bu, Q 1- ?ill probabl, be fine, ?eAll go 4- ?ill be l,ing, ?ill be s?imming <- ?ill be )aving =- ?ill be ?alBing, ?eAll looB E- @eAll be eating, ?eAll be listening to 9- @eAll go, ?eAll drive 7- @eAll be sitting, ?eAll be telling 6@eAll go, ?eAll )ave Q 1- meets, ?ill )ave ?ritten 4- $All give, see <- ?ill teac), ?ill )as left =- returns, ?ill alread, )ave left E- ?ill prepare, arrive 9- meet, ?ill )ave been 7- go, ?ill alread, )ave arrived 6- ?ill )ave closed, get 2- ?ill deliver, ?ill )ave delivered 1H- See, ?ill almost )as finis)ed Q 1- are ,ou going to do, graduate 4- ?ill )ave been ?orBing, ?ill )ave learnt <- $s fl,ing, ?eAll be eating, ?ill be fl,ing =- ?ill be ?aiting, gets E- ?ill be l,ing, $ am ?riting, $All ?orB, $All finis), $All be ex)austed 9- $All alread, )ave )ad lunc), arrive 7- $All go, finis) 6- $All #ust )ave come bacB 2- $Ave lived, $All Bno? 1H- ?ill be operating

VII

(;: )9A'I(I9AA< M99' AA' (;: I7 896:1;

(;: @R:S:A( )9A'I(I9AA< ?orm &ormai condiionalul prezent cu verbul +ould T #1ould F infiniti$

Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, +ould . ?orB Aegati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, +ould not . ?orB Interogati$ =ould $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, ?orBS Aegati$8Interogati$ =ould $ not T +ouldnHt $ T ?orBS =ould ,ou not T +ouldnHt ,ou T ?orBS ?orma contra# $ ?ould U $Ad T ,ou ?ould U ,ouAd +e ?ould not U )e ?ouldnAt T t)e, ?ould not U t)e, ?ouldnAt S1ould poate fi folosit pentru toate persoanele pentru a exprima 'ndatorirea sau sugestiaK $ s)ould ?orB toda, but $Am too tired- OdatorieP (lan s)ould ?orB )arder to earn more mone,- OsugestieP

(;: @:R?:)( )9A'I(I9AA< ?orm &ormai condiionalul perfect cu +ould T #1ould F 1a$e F %artici%iu trecut

Afirmati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, +ould 1a$e . ?orBed

46

Aegati$ $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, +ould not 1a$e . ?orBed Interogati$ =ould $ T ,ou T )e T s)e T it T ?e T ,ou T t)e, 1a$e . ?orBed Aegati$8Interogati$ =ould $ not 1a$e O?ouldnAt $ )aveP ?orBedS Utili!are Timpurile condiionale se folosescK & la fel ca $iitorul #im%lu (future8in8t1e8%a#t) cCnd $erbul %rinci%al e#te la trecut: $ thin& )e )ill come- $ thought )e )ould come2 %entru a face referiri la ac7iuni obinuite din trecut: @)en ?e lived in (frica ?e )ould often spend our ?eeBends in t)e bus)@)en Elena ?as a bab, s)e )ould cry all nig)t long6 En %ro%o!i7ii #ubordonate du%: advise, agree, arrange, ask, beg, command, decide, demand, determine, insist, order, propose, recommend, re<uest, suggest, be anxious, be determined T)e doctor decided Ot)atP t)e patient should )ave )is appendix outr- @alBer is an(ious Ot)atP )er son should get t)e #obD cu it is = was 0 ad)ectiv 0 that2 should ,t*s essential t)at t)e students should get to t)eir lesson on time,t )as strange t)at )e should sa, t)atO du% can"t think, don"t know why #au see no reason why $ see no reason )hy ?e should ?orr,$ don*t &no) )hy m, neig)bour should do t)at$ can*t thin& )hy &ranB should apologiseK cu oferte i cereri: %ould ,ou prefer tea or coffeeS %ould ,ou li&e to see m, stamp collectionS Aot =ould rat1erG 'nseamn a prefera sa $ )ould rather )ave coffee t)an tea@e )ould rather taBe t)e bus t)an ?alBL En %ro%o!i7ii condi7ionale Exist trei tipuri de propoziii condiionale O$& "luaseP

I? )lau#e B (i%ul I: %entru a indica %robabilitatea ?orm &ormai primul tip de propoziie condiional cu If 0 pre*ent simplu i will = pre*ent simplu = imperativ 0 infinitiv scurt (En %ro%o!i7ia %rinci%al) ,f $ run, $ )ill catc) t)e trainS)e smiles if ,ou greets )er4ead t)at booB, if ,ou find it Aot &orma contras este cea uzual 'n engleza vorbit-

42

,f &ranB doesn*t come, )e*ll start ?it)out )im Aot Este posibil inversarea subordonatei cu propoziia principalK ,f $ get )ome earl,, ,*ll phone ,ou,*ll phone ,ou, if $ get home earl, Utili!are "ondiionalul de tip $ se folosete astfelK 1- cCnd #itua7ia din %ro%o!i7ia condi7ional e#te %robabil #au #e %re#u%une c #e $a EntCm%la %ei sensul poate fi de prezent sau viitor, verbul din propoziia condiional este 'ntotdeauna la timpul prezentT)e vase )ill brea&, if ,ou drop it%ill ,ou get me some milB, if ,ou go to t)e supermarBetS 2 $erbele modale %recum can- may- mu#t- #1ould El Enlocuie#c %e +ill En %ro%o!i7ia %rinci%al: Gou can enter t)e stadium, if ,ou )ave a ticBet$f )e isnAt in, ,ou may leave a messageFo)n must ?orB ver, )ard, if )e ?ants to get elected$f ,ou ?ant to ?ear t)at dress t)is summer, ,ou should lose some ?eig)t6 cu dou tim%uri %re!ente (unul En fiecare %ro%o!i7ie) %entru a indica re!ultate automate #au obinuin7e: $f ,ou push t)at button, it comes on$f ,ou mi( red and blue, ,ou get purple Aot 1hould poate fi plasat du% sau En loc de if c5nd vorbim despre o posibilitate mai puin probabil- >otai c subiectul este aezat dup #1ould$f $ should visit $ndia, $All go and see t)e Ta# a)alShould $ visit $ndia, $All go and see t)e Ta# a)al Aot Pentru a indica sfatul, comanda sau cererea, 'n propoziia principal se pot folosiK could, +ould, 1ad better, oug1t toK 0ill had better get )is )air cut, if )e ?ants to get t)at #ob$ )ould pa, t)e fine, if ,ou donAt ?ant to get into trouble ?it) t)e policeD cu tim%uri %re!ente alternati$e (continue #au %erfecte) En %ro%o!i7ia condi7ional: $f ,ou are ma&ing a cup of coffee, $All have one too$f t)e c)ildren have finished dinner, $All )ash up-

Aot Unle## U If G not 5nless itAs a sunn, da, tomorro?, ?e ?onAt go on t)at picnic U ,f it is not a sunn, da, tomorro?, ?e ?onAt go on t)at picnic9t1er+i#e U or el#e $f ,ou donAt stud,, ,ouAll fail t)e exam U ,ou must stud,, other)ise ,ouAll fail t)e exam U ,ou must stud,, or else ,ouAll fail t)e examI? )lau#e B (i%ul II : %entru a indica im%robabilitatea #au i%ote!a ?orm &ormai al doilea tip de propoziie condiional cu If 0 past simple i would 0 infinitivul scurt (En %ro%o!i7ia %rinci%al) $f ,ou invited )er s)e )ould come$f ,ou did not invite )er s)e )ould not come-

Aot

<H

Tipul $$ de condiional se refer la prezent sau la viitor- Trecutul din subordonata condiional nu are sens de trecut- Este un con#unctiv care indic improbabilitatea sau ipoteza Utili!are "ondiionalul de tipul $$ se foloseteK & cCnd #itua7ia din #ubordonata condi7ional e#te %u7in %robabil # #e %etreac #au re%re!int e5%rimarea unei %o#ibilit7i i%otetice: $f $ )on t)e lotter,, $ )ould stop ?orBing- Obut $ donAt belive $ ?inP 2 cu referire la o #itua7ie %re!ent #au $iitoare- foarte im%robabil #au ireal: $f $ )ere you, $Ad buy a bigger car- Obut $Am not ,ouP $f t)e distance to t)e train station )ere shorter, $Ad )al& t)ere- Ot)e distance is unliBel, to c)angeP Aot "on#unctivul verbului to be este were pentru toate persoanele- Totui, 'n engleza vorbit auzim uneori was la persoana $ i a $$$.a,f , )as to visitX ,f it )as a nice da,X 6 %entru a face o #uge#tie %oliticoa# #au %entru a e5%rima o i%ote! %erfect reali!abil: $f ?e go in t?o cars, ?eAll be more comfortable$f ?e )ent in t?o cars, ?eAd be more comfortable-

Aot "ondiionalul de tipul $$ este considerat mai politicos pentru a face o sugestie sau a da un sfatK @ill $ catc) t)e s)ops open, if $ runS Gou )ill catch t)em open, if ,ou )al&- Sau mai politicosK Gou )ould catch t)em open, if ,ou )al&edD $erbele modale la un tim% trecut El %ot Enlocui %e +ould Sen#urile #e modific En mod core#%un!tor: $f r- /,nc) applied for t)e #ob, )e )ould get it- Osigur 'n mod virtualP $f r- /,nc) applied for t)e #ob, )e might get it- OposibilP $f r- /,nc) got t)e #ob, )e could start next onda,- OabilitateP cu forme continue fie En #ubordonata condi7ional- fie En %ro%o!i7ia %rinci%al: $f $ )eren*t at ?orB toda,, $ )ould be at )ome mo)ing t)e la?n$f $ )ere giving a presentation, $Ad use slides-

I? )lau#e B (i%ul III : %entru a indica im%o#ibilitatea ?orm &ormai al treilea tip de propoziie condiional cu If 0 mai mult ca perfect i would have 0 participiu trecut (En %ro%o!i7ia %rinci%al) $f t)e, )ave invited %avid )e ?ould )ave gone&orma contrasK at5t I had c5t i I would U I"d $f t)e,Ad invited %avid, )eAd have gone Aot Tipul $$$ de condiional se refer la trecut i indic im%o#ibilitatea Este imposibil 'ndeplinirea aciunii din %rinci%al pentru c aciunea din #ubordonata condi7ional nu s.a petrecut Utili!are "ondiionalul de tipul $$$ se foloseteK & cCnd #itua7ia din #ubordonata condi7ional e#te En trecut- deci im%o#ibil:

<1

$f ?e had ta&en an umbrella ?it) us last nig)t, ?e )ould not have got ?et- O@e didnAt taBe an umbrella last nig)t so ?e got ?et-P cu could (cu referire la abilitate #au %ermi#iune) i might (cu referire la %o#ibilitate) En locul lui would En %ro%o!i7ia %rinci%al: $ could have made a caBe, if ,ou had told me it ?as ,our )usbandAs birt)da,- OabilitateP $ might have )on t)e sZuas) game last nig)t, if $ hadn*t eaten suc) a big meal before pla,ingcu forme continue fie En #ubordonata condi7ional fie En %rinci%al: $f t)e driver hadn*t been going slo?l,, )e )ould have crashed into t)e car in front+e )ould have been driving faster, if )e hadn*t realised t)e danger-

Aot :n engleza vorbit tipurile $$ i $$$ de condiional apar amestecateK /ucBil, it didnAt rain- $f it had rained, $ )ould be )et no?$ didnAt pass m, driving test- $f $ had passed it, $ could be driving m, car no? I? 9A<S If only se poate folosi la toate cele trei tipuri de condiional pentru a sublinia sperana sau regretul ,f only t)e ?ind blo)s in t)e rig)t direction, ?eAll get bac& to t)e s)ore safe ans sound- Opre*ent > speranP ,f only ?e had an engine on t)is boat, ?e could get bac& in no time- Otrecut simplu > dorinP ,f only ?e had ta&en a siren ?it) us, ?e could have sent an S-*-S- Omai mult ca perfectul > regretP Aot =ill T +ould T could T #1ould i alte verbe modale nu se folosesc de obicei 'n %ro%o!i7ia condi7ional- Exist i excepiiK $f ,ou would ask )im for me, $ would be grateful- Osolicitare politicoasP $f m, brot)er would tell me ?), )eAs so upset, per)aps $ could help- Opentru a indica voinaP $f ,ou will eat so muc) all t)e time, ,ou are bound to get fat- Opentru a indica voina, 'ncp5nareaP Aot $nversiuneK If he had t)e time, )eX /ad he had t)e time, )eX :5erci7ii Alege7i should #au would %entru a com%leta #%a7iile En acea#t %o$e#tire: $t is onl, fair t)at ,ou X-O1P Bno? about +arr,As past before ,ou marr, )im- @)en )e ?as a c)ild )e X-O4P al?a,s get )imself into trouble and )is fat)er al?a,s insisted t)at )e X- O<P tell us ?)ere )e ?as going- *nce )e ?ent do?n to t)e river to fis), )e said- 0ut $ could see no reason ?), )e X-O=P taBe )is air.rifle ?it) )im- $ ?as so ?orried t)at $ begged t)at )is fat)er X-OEP follo? )im; )e did #ust t)at and to )is surprise )e sa? t)at +arr, ?as s)ooting at t)e fis) instead of catc)ing t)em ?it) a rod- +is fat)er ?as so furious t)at )e ordered t)at +arr, X-O9P )and )is rifle over to t)e police- +e said )e X--O7P but ?e suspect )e Bept it )idden a?a, some?)ere because ?e X--O6P )ear s)ooting in t)e fields ever, no? and t)en- @ell m, dear, it is better t)at ,ou X--O2P )ear t)ese t)ings before maBing an important decision- X--O1HP ,ou per)aps prefer to meet +arr,Ad older brot)erS >o? )e is a completel, different personR @une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect: condi7ionalul I- II #au III: 1- @e OdriveP out of to?n after dinner unless ,ou are too tired- 4- $f $ ObeP able to spell correctl,, $Ad be so )app,R <- $f ,ou )ad arrived in t)e da,time $ OmeetP ,ou at t)e station- =- $f ,ou Beep calm, ,ou OrememberP ?)at to do- E- $f r- 0ro?n OdriveP more carefull, )e ?ouldnAt )ave )ad t)e accident- 9- S)e ?ould get too )ot if ,ou OcoverP )er up- 7- +e ?ould )ave Bno?n ?)at ?as ?rong if )e OlooBP at t)e engine- 6- $f t)e engine )ad been repaired )e Obe ableP to use t)e car- 2- T)e, ?ill send ,ou t)e spare parts ,ou need on condition t)e, OgetP ,our order- 1H- (n interpreter O)elpP ,ou if ,ou cannot understand t)e "ustoms officer@une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect: %re!ent- $iitor- im%erati$ 1- ;nless 0ett, O)aveP enoug) mone,, s)e Onot be ableP to bu, t)e s?eater- 4- T)e bo,s Onot goP up t)e mountain tomorro? if it ObeP fogg,- <- $f t)e television programme ObeP good on Sunda,s, m, parents al?a,s

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Osta,P at )ome and O?atc)P T!- =- S)e Obu,P a large car provided s)e O?inP t)e lotter,- E- $f ,ou OputP sugar in ?arm ?ater, it OdissolveP@une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect: 1- $f ,ou ?ould come ?it) me, $ Os)o?P ,ou t)e to?n- 4- $f $ ?ere ,ou $ ObeP more careful- <- S)e OgetP a #ob as an interpreter on condition s)e Bne? t?o languages ?ell- =- +e ?ouldnAt start ?orB on t)e pro#ect unless )is manager OagreeP to t)e plan- E- $f $ OBno?P t)is language ?ell, $ could translate t)e booB into Iomanian@une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect: 1- !eraK T)anB goodnessR $ t)oug)t ,ouAd missed it- /auraK $ ver, nearl, did- @)at O,ou, doP if $ OmissP itS 4!eraK $ t)inB $ OgetP out of t)e train- T)en $ O?aitP for ,ou on t)e platform- <- /auraK $f $ Onot, findP a taxi $ Onot, getP )ere in time- =- !eraK $ t)oug)t ,ou ?ere coming b, bus- /auraK $ ?as, but it broBe do?n ?)en ?e ?ere )alf?a, )ere- $f $ O?aitP for anot)er one, $ Ocertainl,, missP t)is train- E- !eraK +o? lucB, t)at ,ou found a taxi/auraK *), ,es- $t ObeP a nuisance if ?e OmissP t)e train)1eia e5erci7iilor: Q 1- S)ould 4- @ould <- S)ould =- S)ould E- S)ould 9- S)ould 7- @ould 6- @ould 2- S)ould 1H- @ould Q 1- @eAll drive 4- @ere <- @ould )ave met =- GouAll remember E- +ad driven 9- "overed 7- +ad looBed 6@ould )ave been able 2- 3et 1H- @ill )elp Q 1- +as, ?ill not be able 4- @ill not go, is <- $s, sta,, ?atc) =- @ill bu,, ?ins E- Put, dissolves Q 1- @ould s)o? 4- @ould be <- @ould get =- (greed E- Bne? Q 1- ?ould ,ou )ave done, )ad missed 4- @ould )ave got, ?ould )ave ?aited <- +adnAt found, ?ouldnAt )ave got =- +ad ?aited, ?ould certainl, )ave missed E- @ould )ave been, )ad missed

VIII

(;: S:UU:A): 9? (:AS:S

Aot "oncordana timpurilor 'n limba englez se aplic la trei tipuri de propoziii subordonateK subordonata completiv direct, subordonata condiional i subordonata temporal:n continuare ne vom referi doar la dou din cele trei tipuri de subordonate, cea condiional fiind tratat 'n capitolul ]$$'IR:)( 9BV:)( )<AUS: OPropoziia Subordonat "ompletiv %irectP MainTRegent )lau#e OPropoziia principalP & @re!ent @re!entul @erfect Viitor Subordinate )lau#e OPropoziia subordonatP 9rice tim% $erbal cerut de #en#ul #ubordonatei

ar, e(plainsThas e(plainedT)ill e(plain t)at s)e goesT)ill goThas goneT)entThad gone to /ondon(im%ul trecut (recutul %erfect pentru o aciune anterioar +e said t)at )e had seen t)e movie(im%ul trecut pentru o aciune simultan $ thought t)at t)e, )ere at )ome?uture8in8t1e8%a#t pentru o aciune posterioar

<<

T)e, promised t)e, )ould )rite t)at exercise again Aot Exist i c5teva excepiiK 1- !erbele to ask, demand, insist, order, recommend, re<uire, urge, 'n propoziia principal, sunt urmate de Sub#onctivul (nalitic O0ritis) Englis)P i de Sub#onctivul Sintetic O(merican Englis)P S)e demands t)at ,ou should arrive in timeS)e demands t)at ,ou arrive in time4- Pentru adevruri general valabile i ireversibile $t )as proved t)at ?ater boils at 1HH "elsius degrees$ &ne) t)at s)e is a )ido)-

(IM: )<AUS: OPropoziia Subordonat TemporalP Regul de ba!K 'n propoziia temporal nu se poate folosi viitorulMainTRegent )lau#e OPropoziia principalP & Viitor Subordinate )lau#e OPropoziia subordonatP

(im%ul @re!ent pentru aciuni simultane ar, )ill tell us t)e trut) ?)en s)e &no)s it@re!entul @erfect pentru aciuni anterioare T)e bo, )ill translate t)e lesson after )e has learnt t)e ne? ?ords2 (im%ul (recut (im%ul (recut ?uture8in8t1e8@a#t pentru aciuni simultane ar, visited us ?)enever s)e )as free$ promised mot)er $ )ould buy t)at booB ?)en $ sa) it(recutul @erfect pentru aciuni anterioare T)e c)ildren )ent to bed after t)e, had done t)eir lessons@e understood t)at t)e, )ould come )ome after t)e, had finished t)eir ?orB Aot :n alte tipuri de subordonate se folosesc acele timpuri verbale care sunt cerute de sensul subordonatei respective, fr nici o constr5ngereK Gesterda, $ bought a booB ?)ic) is very interestingT, )ill read this )ee&T, have been loo&ing for since prilOpropo*iie atributivP FacB played tennis t)at da, as he )ill never be able to play again- Opropo*iie completiv de modP /ast ,ear ar, spo&e Englis) better than her sister does no)- Opropo*iie completiv de comparaieP

, brot)er finished )is ?orB in t)e morning because he )ill go to a party this evening- Opropo*iie completiv cau*alP :5erci7ii @une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect (@re!ent- tim%ul trecut- %re!entul %erfect- trecutul %erfect$iitor):

<=

(- 1- (rnold Oto beP born in a village and )e Oto spendP )is c)ild)ood t)ere- +e Oto moveP to /eeds ?)en )e Oto beP fifteen ,ears old and )e Oto liveP t)ere since )is sister Oto getP married- 4- (t present, )e Oto ?orBP in an office but )e Oto useP to ?orB at a banB before- < -next ,ear )e Oto goP to /ondon to stud, at t)e ;niversit,, but onl, after )e Oto finis)P ?riting t)e novel )e Oto ?orBP at no?- =- $ Oto ?riteP to )im a long letter several da,s ago and Oto asBP )im )o? man, c)apters )e alread, Oto ?riteP- E- (rnoldAs daug)ter )opes t)at )er fat)er Oto finis)P )is booB b, t)e end of (ugust- 9- $ Oto seeP )er ,esterda, ?)ile s)e Oto crossP t)e street- 7- @)en $ Oto talBP to )er, s)e Oto tellP me t)at s)e Oto beP ver, tired because s)e Oto t,peP all t)e morning0- 1- (s soon as s)e Oto seeP us, s)e Oto stopP singing- 4- T)e tailor Oto promiseP me t)en t)at m, suit Oto beP read, in a ?eeBAs time- <- @), didnAt ,ou explain to t)em ?)en ,ou Oto beP able to give t)em t)e mone, bacBS =- $ ?ondered ?)ere )e Oto stud,P and )o? man, ,ears before )e Oto taBeP )is degree- E- 0efore paper Oto beP invented, people Oto ?riteP t)eir t)oug)ts upon various ot)er materials- 9- +istor, Oto beP engraved on stone monuments and our Bno?ledge of ?)at ancient people Oto doP, Oto beP c)iefl, taBen from t)e stone tables and buildings ?)ic) t)e, Oto erectP)1eia e5erci7iilor: (- 1- @as, spent, moved, ?as, )as been living, got 4- $s ?orBing, used to ?orB <- @ill go, )as finis)ed, is ?orBing =- @rote, asBed, )ad alread, ?ritten E- @ill finis) 9- Sa?, ?as crossing 7- TalBed, told, ?as )ad t,ped 0- 1- See, stops 4- Promised, ?ould be read, <- @ere able =- +ad studied, tooB E- @as, )ad ?ritten 9- $s, )ave done, is, erected

IW

(;: SUBVUA)(IV: M99'

"on#unctivul a disprut aproape complet 'n englez- Se mai pstreaz anumite forme mai ales la trecut pentru a exprima 'ndoiala, regretul sau situaiile ireale ?orm

A Sub,oncti$ul #intetic %re!ent Sub#onctivul prezent are aceeai form ca Infinitivul fr ?@- (re aceeai form pentru toate persoanele3od save t)e BingR T)e, be damnedR 1e folose teK #$ pentru a exprima dorine, urri sau exclamaii devenite expresii +eaven help us allR 0e t)at as it ma,R 3od forgiveTbless ,ouR $amn ,ouR 3od bless ,ouR '$ n propo*iiile condiionale $f t)is be true, ?e must inform t)e aut)orities($ n propo*iiile subordonate introduse de ?/6? cAnd n propo*iia principal se exprim o dorin, o cerere, o obligaie, o necesitate - 'n propoziii completive directe dup urmtoarele verbeK to suggest, order, demand, urge, recommend, insist, command, propose, arrange, decide, agree, arrange, determine $ insist t)at )e go- O,nsist s se ducP S)e urged t)at )e sit do?n and listen crefull,- 'n propoziiile subiective dup urmtoarele construcii impersonaleK it is natural, important, advisable, necessary, possible, impossible $t is important t)at )e go-

<E

$t is necessar, t)at ,our friend arrive t)ere firstB Sub,oncti$ul #intetic trecut Sub#onctivul trecut are aceeai form ca i trecutul simplu- !erbul be are forma ?ere pentru toate persoanele$tAs time ?e )ent )ome$ ?is) )e )ere nicer) Sub,oncti$ul #intetic mai mult ca %erfect Sub#onctivul mai mult ca perfect are aceeai form ca mai mult ca perfectul@e ?is)ed ?e had had better ?eat)er-

1e folose te& #$ n propo*iiile condiionale pentru a exprima un 8ondiional pre*ent sau un 8ondiional trecut $f $ )ere ,ou, $ ?ould tr, to talB to )erT)e c)ildren ?ill liBe t)is film if t)e, sa) it$ ?ould )ave boug)t t)at booB if $ had found it'$ pentru a exprima irealitatea dup wish, as if=though, even if=though, would rather=sooner, it"s high time, suppose BthatC =IS; .ish 0 .ould 0Infinitiv Bnu este un sub)onctivDC exprim o dorin n viitor $ ?is) )e ?ould ?rite to me .ish 0 4ast ?ense 1imple - pentru a indica o situaie nereal n pre*ent Bregret pentru o aciune sau situaie care se produce sau nuC $ )ish t)e, agreed to m, proposal- wish 0 could @)at a pit,R $ )ish ,ou could sing- cu referire la obiceiuri, stri pre*ente i aciuni regulate $ )ish $ got up earl, in t)e morning- wish 0 past tense continuous cu referire la aciuni care se desf oar la momentul pre*ent sau aciuni care continu pe o perioad care include i momentul pre*ent $ )ish )e )ere playing in t)e parB- wish 0 was going to pentru referine n viitor $ )ish $ )as going to do t)e )ouse?orB tomorro? wish 0 4ast 4erfect cu referire la situaii dorite dar care nu se pot reali*a sau pentru aciuni n trecut +e )ishes )e had bought )is ne?spaper wished 0 4ast ?ense - cele dou aciuni sunt simultane S)e )ished s)e )eren*t ill wished 0 4ast 4erfect cAnd aciunea dorit se produce sau nu nainte de momentul trecut exprimat de wished ar, )ished s)e hadn*t been ill during )er )olida,Main )lau#e Sub,uncti$e ?orm I +i#1 U a vrea 1- Gou came U s vii I +i#1ed U a fi vrut would come no? U ce n.a da s vii had come ,esterda, U s fi venit AS I?T(;9UG; 6s if=thorugh 0 4ast ?ense 1imple - pentru a indica nesigurana sau dubiul n pre*ent Baciuni contrare faptului pre*entC +e be)aves as if )e )ere a teac)er-

<9

6s if 0 4ast ?ense of Eoing to pentru situaii ipotetice n viitor +e talBs as if it )ere going to rain6s if 0 4ast 4erfect pentru a indica ndoiala, incertitudinea n legtur cu o aciune trecut Baciune contrar faptului trecutC S)e talBsT talBed as if1 as though s)e had bought itSub,uncti$e ?orm )e did not Bno? . simultan )e )ad alread, Bno?n .anterior

Main )lau#e +e isT?as ?alBing a# if a# t1oug1

=9U<' RA(;:R T S99A:R .ould rather 0 Infinitiv Bpersoana care exprim preferina este aceea i cu subiectul aciunii care urmea*C 0ill )ould rather play tennis t)an football.ould rather 0 Infinitiv perfect Bacela i subiectC S)e )ould rather have travelled b, plane.ould rather 0 4ast ?ense 1imple Bsubiectul lui would rather este diferit de subiectul aciunii care urmea*C $ )ould rather ,ou got up earl,.ould rather 0 4ast 4erfect Bsubiecte diferiteC $ )ould rather t)e, had left on time.ould rather 0 would 0 infinitiv Bcu referire la un eveniment dorit n viitorC $ )ould rather ,ou )ould come tomorro?I? 9A<S If only 0 4ast ?ense pentru dorine care se refer fie la pre*ent fie la viitor, n special cu verbe care exprim aciuni obi nuite, obiceiuri sau stri ,f only s)e didn*t eat so muc)R If only 0 4ast ?ense 8ontinuous pentru a indica o dorin care se refer la viitor sau pre*ent $f onl, $ ?ere leaving, tooIf only 0 4ast 4erfect pentru a exprima un regret pentru o aciune care nu s-a produs ,f only t)e, had come, t)is ?ouldnAt )ave )appenedIf only 0 .ould 0 Infinitiv pentru a exprima o dorin n legtur cu viitorul dar fr speran ,f only )e )ould buy me a ?atc)R If only 0 4resent = 7uture ?ense ca unechivalent pentrupropo*iiile care ncep cu /@4; $ hope s)e )ill come in time,f only s)e comes in timeR I(HS (IM: It"s ?ime 0 4ast ?ense 1imple ,t*s time ,ou finished reading t)e ne?spaper It"s time 0 4ast ?ense 8ontinuous pentru a accentua natura progresiv a aciunii ,t*s time ,ou )ere decorating ,our )ouse It"s time 0 7or 0 Infinitiv a sosit timpul s faci ceva ,t*s time for ,ou to have lunc) It"s time 0 4ast ?ense este de)a cam tAr*iu s mai faci ceva ,t*s time ,ou had ,our lunc)Main )lau#e Sub,uncti$e ?orm I +ould rat1erT#ooner U a prefera )e left no? U s plece If only U mcar dac Su%%o#e U dac cumvaR +e )ad arrived U s fi sosit

<7

It i# 1ig1 time U e vremea s ' Sub,oncti$ul analitic Sub#onctivul analitic este mai des folosit dec5t cel sintetic i poate aprea at5t 'n subordonat c5t i 'n propoziia principalEste format dintr.un verb modal shall, should, will, would, may, might, can, could i Infinitivul 4re*ent sau 4erfect1e folose te& 1hall 0 Infinitiv Shall $ help ,ou ?it) ,our )ome?orBS T)e, )ave decided t)at ,ou shall go t)ere- O,ou must goP 1hould 0 Infinitiv in main clauses @), s)ould t)e, come so earl,S 1hould 0 Infinitiv dup urmtoarele construc'ii6 it is=was important, necessary, natural, surprising, advisable ,t*s necessary t)at ,ou should be present 1hould 0 Infinitiv " dup urmtoarele verbe6 to demand, insist, command, propose, re<uest, suggest T)e, suggested t)at ,ou should tell t)em t)e trut) 1hould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop introduse de lest, for fear BthatC, in case @e left in a )urr, lest s)e should see us t)ere- OU ca s nu ne vadP @)ere ?ould ,ou sleep in case ,ou should miss t)e trainS 1hould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate atributive +is desire t)at no one should enter t)at room surprised us 1hould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii concesive introduse de though, although, whatever @)atever s)e should say, donAt contradict )er Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " in main clauses 7ay all ,our dreams come trueR Fust imagine, next ,ear ?e might have a carR Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate dup urmtoarele construc'ii it is=was possible, probable, likely ,t is probable t)at our friend might have &no)n ,ou,t is possible t)at s)e may come toda, Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop introduse de that, in order that, so that +e tooB a seat in t)e first ro? so that )e might hear t)e actors ?ell Fay= Fight 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate concesive introduse de though, although, however, whatever, no matter -o)ever painful it may be to ,ou, ,ou must Bno? t)e trut)8o matter )o? expensive t)at car might be s)e still ?ants to bu, it .ould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii completive directe dup wish T)e, )ish ?e )ould pay t)em a visit .ould 0 Infinitiv " n propozi'ii subordonate de scop S)e learnt all t)e ne? ?ords so that s)e )ould be able to translate t)e text 8ould 0 Infinitiv " pentru a e(prima scopul+ ca o alternativ la may1might+ avnd un grad mai mare de certitudine S)e studied a lot so that s)e could pass t)e difficult exam:5erci7ii @une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect: %a#t ten#e #im%le- %a#t %erfect #au +ould F infiniti$: 1- @e )ad lots of fun at t)e part,- $ ?is) ,ou ObeP t)ere, too- 4- T)e plants need a lot of ?ater at t)is time of t)e ,ear and it )asnAt rained for a long time- $ ?is) it OrainP no?- <- $ ?is) m, mot)er ObeP )ere no? to )elp me- =Tom forgot to bu, t)e sports ne?spaper t)is morning- +e ?is)es )e Obu,P it, as )e doesnAt Bno? t)e football results- E- @e ?is) t)e teac)er OexplainP t)e grammar rules again next ?eeB- 9- $Ad liBe to go to t)e concert, but $ )avenAt got a ticBet- $ ?is) $ Obu,P one t)is morning- 7- T)e lecturer is alread, )alf an )our late- @e ?is) )e

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OcomeP- 6- $ didnAt liBe t)e film ,esterda,- $ ?is) $ Onot sta,P up to t)e end- 2- $ ?is) ,ou Opa,P more attention to ,our spelling in t)e future- 1H- $ ?is) $ Ofollo?P t)e doctorAs advice- $ ?ouldnAt be so ill no?- 11- T)e teac)er ?is)es someone OofferP to bring some coloured c)alB to sc)ool tomorro?- 14- $ ?is) ,ou OinformP me about t)is matter several mont)s ago(raduce7i urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii En limba romCn: 1- $ ?is) ,ou ?ould listen more carefull, to ,our teac)er- 4- %o ,ou ?is) t)e, )ad sent ,ou a cardS <- $ ?is)ed s)e )ad posted t)is letter for me- =- %onAt ,our friends ?is) ,ou ?ould go on t)e trip ?it) t)emS E- ot)er ?is)es $ got better marBs at sc)ool- 9- T)e little bo,s ?is)ed t)e, ?ere allo?ed to s?im in t)e laBe- 7- %onAt ,ou ?is) it ?ere summer no?S 6- %oesnAt ,our teac)er ?is) ,ou ?ould improve ,our pronunciationS @une7i $erbele din %arante!e la forma corect: 1- +e is speaBing as if )e Oans?erP an examination- 4- $ al?a,s get seasicB ?)en $ travel b, sea- $f onl, $ Onot taBeP t)e boat and OcomeP b, planeR <- $f onl, ,ou OgiveP me a c)ance to tr, again, "ecil, begged- =- $ ?is) ,ou Osta,P ?it) me for a ?)ile- $ feel ver, lonel,- E- S)e ?ent on talBing as if s)e Onot )earP ?)at $ )ad said- 9- $tAs time ,ou OstopP maBing a nuisance of ,ourself- 7- $tAs a pit, ,ou left so earl,- $Ad rat)er ,ou Osta,P a little longer6- &or t)e first time in )is life )e felt as if )e ObeP in a )urr, to get ?)ere )e ?as going- 2- S)e acted as t)oug) s)e ObeP born an actress(raduce7i urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii En limba engle!: 1- (na ar dori s nu fie at5t de ocupat sptm5na asta- 4- !a trebui s ateptm 4H de minute p5n la sosirea trenului- "e pcat c am plecat de acas at5t de devremeR <- 0ieelul ar dori ca prinii s.l trimit 'n tabra de var de la Sinaia, dar sunt sigur c ei 'l vor duce la ar la bunici- =- >umai de.a putea gsi cuvintele cele mai potriviteR E- Se luda c a rezolvat singur toate problemele de matematic- >umai de l.ai fi auzitR 9- ( dori ca ea s treac acest examen dificil- 7- ai degrab m.a duce s vd un film dec5t s.mi pierd timpul atept5ndu. te- 6- /una viitoare e primul examen; e timpul s te apuci serios de 'nvat- 2- ( trecut o sptm5n de c5nd ai primit scrisoarea de la (ngela- E timpul s.i rspunzi la scrisoare- 1H- >umai de nu s.ar opri motorul c)iar la mi#locul panteiR 11- %iana vorbete de parc n.ar ti nimic despre conferin- 14- ( fi preferat ca el s spun adevrul- 1<- Se comport de parc el ar fi fcut toate pregtirile pentru serbare- 1=- Toi prietenii mei #oac )andbal pe terenul de sport- "e pcat c nu tiu s #oc )andbalR (raduce7i urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii En limba romCn: 1- E ciudat c c)eltuiete aa de puini bani c5nd tie c scumpul mai mult pgubete- 4- E de necrezut c citea c5nd trebuia s lucreze la teza de doctorat- <- E remarcabil c ei lucrau de dou ore i terminaser treaba c5nd ai sosit- =- >u i se pare de necrezut s se strice untul aa de repedeS E- $nsist s treci deoparte, fiindc stai 'n drum- 9- "opilul acesta e bun la toate #ocurile, aa c va #uca orice 'i ceri- 7- Dise c e competent 'n meseria lui, ca s avem 'ncredere 'n el- 6- E 'nc5ntat de ideea de a merge la mare de parc n.ar ti c.i prea frig acum acolo2- S trieti mult i s fii fericitR 1H- *rice ar fi gtit c5nd ai sosit tu, trebuia s.i dea o porie)1eia e5erci7iilor: Q 1- )ad been 4- ?ere raining <- ?ere =- )ad boug)t E- ?ould explain 9- )ad boug)t 7- ?ere coming 6- )adnAt sta,ed 2- ?ould pa, 12- )ad follo?ed 11- ?ould offer 14- )ad informed Q 1- ce n.a da s o asculi mai atent pe profesoar- 4- (i dori s.i fi trimis o ilustratS <- ( fi dorit s 'mi fi pus scrisoarea la pot pentru mine- =- >u 'i doresc prietenii ti s mergi cu ei 'n excursieS E- "e n.ar da mama s iau note mai bune la coal- 9- 0ieeii i.ar fi dorit s aib voie s 'noate 'n lac- 7- >u i.ai dori s fie var acumS 6- >u 'i dorete profesoara ta s 'i 'mbunteti pronuniaS Q1- ?ere ans?ering 4- )adnAt taBen, )ad come <- ?ould give =- ?ould sta, E- )adnAt )eard 9- stopped 7- )ad sta,ed 6- ?as 2- )ad been

<2

Q 1- (nn ?is)es s)e ?erenAt T?asnAt so bus, t)is ?eeB- 4- @eAll )ave to ?ait for te?nt, minutes until t)e train comes in- $ ?is) $ )adnAt left )ome so earl,R <- T)e little bo, ?is)es )is parents ?ould send )im to t)e Sinaia summer camp, but $Am sure t)e,All taBe )im to )is grandparents in t)e countr,- =- $f onl, $ could find t)e most suitable ?ordsR E- +e boasted )e )ad solved all t)e mat)s problems b, )imself- $f onl, ,ou )ad )eard )imR 9- $ ?is) s)e ?ill pass T passes t)is difficult examinationR 7- $Ad rat)er go and see a film t)an ?aste m, time ?aiting for ,ou- 6- Gour first exam is next onda,, itAs time ,ou got do?n to ?orB- 2- $tAs a ?eeB since ,ou received (nglaAs letter- $tAs time ,ou ans?ered )er letter- 1H- $f onl, t)e engine ?ouldnAt stop rig)t in t)e middle of t)e bendR 11- %iana is talBing as ifT as t)oug) s)e didnAt Bno? an,t)ing about t)e conference- 14- $Ad rat)er )e )ad told t)e trut)- 1<- +e be)aved as if T t)oug) )e )imself )ad made all t)e preparations for t)e festival- 1=- (ll m, friends are pla,ing )andball in t)e sportsground- $ ?is) T if onl, $ could pla, )andballQ 1- $t is strange t)at )e s)ould spend so little ?)en )e Bno?s t)at c)eapest is t)e dearest- 4- $t is unbelivable t)at )e s)ould )ave been reading ?)en )e s)ould )ave been ?orBing on )is dissertation- <- $t is remarBable t)at t)e, s)ould )ave been ?orBing for t?o )ours and )ad finis)ed t)e #ob ?)en ,ou arrived- =- %onAt ,ou t)inB it unbelivable t)at t)e butter s)ould go bad so soonS E- $ insist t)at ,ou s)ould go aside because ,ou are in t)e ?a,- 9- T)e bo, is clever at all games, so )e ?ill pla, an,t)ing ,ou asB )im to- 7- +e said )e ?as competent at )is #ob so t)at ?e mig)t trust )im- 6- +e is delig)ted ?it) t)e idea of going to t)e seaside as t)oug) )e did not Bno? it ?as too cold t)ere no?- 2- a, ,ou live long and be )app,R 1H- @)atever )e ma, be cooBing ?)en ,ou arrived, )e oug)t to )ave given ,ou a )elping-

M9'U< IM@:RA(IV

?orm

Im%erati$ul %er#oanei a II8a se formeaz cu Infinitivul fr ?@, fr subiect, pentru a face invitaii, cereri sau pentru a da sfaturi, instruciuni i atenionri- >egativul se formeaz cu !@ G@? 0 Infinitiv fr ?@"omeR %o not goR Im%erati$ul %er#oanei I se formeaz cu 9;? 0 F;=:1 0 Infinitiv fr ?@ pentru a da sugestii i a face oferte- >egativul se formeaz cu !@ G@? 0 Infinitiv fr ?@/et me )elpR /et us danceR /etAs goR Utili!are

Imperativul persoanei a II-a se folose te& #$ pentru a cere ceva Give Fo)n t)is letter ?)en ,ou see )im$on*t tell ar, ?)at $ said last nig)t'$ pentru a face invitaii 2ome to m, part, on Saturda, nig)t$on*t as& )im to sta, over t)e nig)t($ pentru a da sfaturi sau a ateniona 9a&e an umbrella ?it) ,ou, itAs raining#at ,our vegetables- T)e,Are good for ,ou+$ pentru a da indicaii 9urn t)e engine off, open t)e bonnet and unscre) t)e cap slo?l,:. cu interogaii dis)unctive& )ill1)on*t1)ould you; !i can1can*t1could you; -ave somet)ing to drinB, )ill youS Aot

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Se poate folosi !@ pentru a sublinia sensul imperativ $o help ,ourself to an,t)ing ,ou ?ant Aot $mperativele nu au subiect, dei uneori se adaug un substantiv sau pronume pentru a identifica persoana creia i se vorbete-ave anot)er drinB, Bill)1ildren, be 3uiet, pleaseR Imperativul cu 9et se folose te& #$ cu Fe, pentru a face oferte <et me explain in more detail<et me get ,ou a drinB, +arr,'$ cu :s, pentru a oferi sugestii $ t)inB ?e are lost- <et*s as& a policeman<et*s not )atch T! tonig)t- <et*s go out for a stroll=. cu interogaii dis)unctive& )ill you; dup let me= let him etc$ !i shall )e; dup let us <et meTlet himTlet them etc- go first for once, )ill youS <et*s not argue about it, shall )eS +$ cu rspunsuri scurte la sugestii $Am too tired to ?alB- S)all ?e taBe a taxiS >es+ let*s. Aot Exist i o form de %er#oana a III8a im%erati$K 9;? 0 1ubstantiv sau complement pronominal 0 Infinitiv fr ?@ Ocu sensul de a permiteP <et ever,one come in no? in single file<et )im continue$on*t let t)em stop ,ou, itAs ,our decision-

WI

'IA(:XA @ASIVY

>umai verbele tranzitive au diatez pasivJohn cried2ry este un verb intranzitiv- >u are pasivJohn sold the houseSell este un verb tranzitiv- (re pasivRegul general Pentru a transforma o propoziie la diateza activ 'ntr.una la diateza pasivK 1- complementul direct devine subiect 4- be are acelai timp ca verbul principal <- verbul principal devine participiu trecut =- subiectul devine agentul, precedat de by Aot (gentul se exprim de obicei cu by- %ar c5nd agentul este o substan sau materie prim folosii withT)e novel ?as ?ritten by $efoeT)e floor ?as covered )ith mud(desea nu este necesar specificarea agentuluiT)e burglar ?as sentenced one ,ear in prison :c1i$alen7ele acti$ B %a#i$:

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+e /ee%# t)e door openT)e door i# /e%t open+e i# #elling t)e carT)e car i# being #old+e clo#ed t)e ?indo?T)e ?indo? +a# clo#ed+e +a# o%ening t)e gateT)e gate +a# being o%ened+a 1a# #1ut t)e booBT)e booB 1a# been #1ut+e 1ad +ritten t)e letterT)e letter 1ad been +ritten+e +ill carry t)e bagT)e bag +ill be carried+e +ould buy t)e penT)e pen +ould be boug1t+e +ould 1a$e re%aired t)e boxT)e box +ould 1a$e been re%aired+e is t)oug)t to 1a$e arre#ted )er- S)e is t)oug)t to 1a$e been arre#ted<oc/ing t)e safeX T)e safe being loc/edX ;a$ing re#cued t)e bo,X T)e bo, 1a$ing been re#cuedG Aot :n engleza vorbit, get O'n locul lui beP se folosete adesea pentru diateza pasivT)e )ouse got sold- U t)e )ouse )as soldGouAll get hurt- U ,ouAll be hurtReguli #%eciale Pentru a transforma o propoziie la diateza activ 'ntr.una la diateza pasiv 1- Infiniti$ul acti$ devine Infiniti$ %a#i$ a du% verbele modale Acti$ @a#i$ Tom may )rite t)e booBT)e booB may be )rittenGou must tell )im+e must be toldb du% like=love=wish=want 0 complement direct Acti$ @a#i$ S)e li&ed us to )ater t)e S)e li&ed the flo)ers to be flo?ers at da?n)atered at da?n Aot (lte combinaii verb 0 complement 0 infinitiv formeaz 'n mod normal pasivulK Acti$ @a#i$ T)e, told us to go@e ?ere told to go+e is as&ing Sue to danceSue is being as&ed to dance$nfinitivele pasive sunt de obieci infinitive cu toR T)e, sa) Emm, jumpEmm, )as seen to jump+e ma&es Ed restEd is made to rest2 folo#i7i t1atG #1ould F infiniti$ %a#i$

a du% agree, decide, arrange, demand 0 infinitiv 0 complement Acti$ @a#i$ @e agreed to ta&e 9im@e agreed that 9im should be ta&enT)e, decided to reduce the price- T)e, decided that the price should be reducedb du% advise, insist, propose, recommedn, suggest 0 forma n ing 0 complement Acti$ @a#i$ S)e adivised finishing the jobS)e advised that the job should be finished-

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 Aot %up need folosii un gerunziu sau infinitiv pasiv- Sensul este identic- (mbele propoziii sunt pasiveT)e p)one needs repairingT)e p)one needs to be repaired6 dou forme alternati$e de %a#i$ #e %ot folo#i En mod im%er#onal cu: assume, belive, claim, estimate, find, know, presume, report, say, suppose, understand Acti$ @a#i$ 9hey say that he is a geniusIt is said that he is a genius/e is said to be a geniusD %re%o!i7iile #unt %la#ate du% $erbul %a#i$:

a $erbe com%le5e (verb 0 prepo*iie) Acti$ @a#i$ T)e, loo&ed for "- ever,?)ere"- )as loo&ed for ever,?)ereb $erb F %re%o!i7ie F com%lement Acti$ +e )ad to )rite to )is parents dail,@a#i$ +is parents )ad to be )ritten to dail,-

O %ro%o!i7iile cu dou com%lemente (com%lement direct i indirect) au dou forme %o#ibile de %a#i$: Acti$ @a#i$ +e told her a lieShe ?as told a lielie ?as told to )erT)e, sent him a letter-e ?as sent a letterletter ?as sent to )im Utili!are Pasivul se foloseteK #$ pentru a sublinia aciunea i nu agentul T)e criminal )as arrested'$ cAnd agentul este necunoscut, neimportant sau evident "linton )as elected president+e is said to be a bad.tempered man-

:5erci7ii: (raduce7i En limba engle! urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii 1- :n astfel de cazuri se trimite dup doctor- 4- 8i se ofer o 'ng)eat, de ce n.o ieiS <- ( fost ateptat dou ore asear- =- i se arta casa, c5nd s.a stins lumina- E- >u 'mi pot 'nc)ipui de c5nd 'i cunoti pe aceti scriitori- 9>u.mi puteam aduce aminte 'n ce a fost presc)imbat veveria- 7- !a fi consultat doctorul 'n aceast c)estiune i sper c va ti ce este- 6- !a fi fost aprat de toi dumanii 'nainte s cear a#utor- 2- !5ntorul prezise c se va trage 'n vulpe i nu va fi nimerit- 1H- %ac ai fi 'mpiedicat s.i faci temele, copiii care o fac ar fi pedepsii11- (r fi fost el operat dac nu.l cunotea c)irurgulS )1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- $n suc) cases a doctor is sent for- 4- Gou are offered an ice.cream, ?), donAt ,ou taBe itS <- +e ?as ?aited for for t?o )ours last nig)t- =- $ ?as being s)o?n around t)e )ouse ?)en t)e lig)t ?ent out- E- $ canAt imagine )o? long ,ou )ave been acZuainted ?it) t)ese ?riters- 9- $ could not remember ?)at t)e sZuirrel )ad been c)anged into- 7- T)e doctor ?ill be consulted on t)is matter and $ )ope )e ?ill Bno? ?)at it is- 6- +e ?ill )ave been defended from all )is enemies before )e asBs for )elp- 2- T)e )unter predicted t)e fox ?ould be fired at and missed- 1H- $f ,ou ?ere )indered from doing ,our )ome?orB, t)e c)ildren ?)o did t)at ?ould be punis)ed11- @ould )e )ave been operated on if t)e surgeon )ad not Bno?n )imS

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WII

V:RB: M9'A<: I

MAS i )AA (@ermi#iune- %robabilitate- abilitate) a, i can sunt verbe modale sau a#uttoareK ele sunt verbe defective, deoareceK au numai < timpuriK indicativ prezent, indicativ trecut i condiional prezent nu primesc # la persoana a $$$.a singular nu primesc do, doe#, did la interogativ sau negativ sunt urmate de infiniti$ul fr (9

Timpurile care lipsesc sunt 'nlocuite cuK - to be able to OabilitateaP - to be allo)ed to - to be permitted to OpermisiuneaP - to be li&ely to OprobabilitateaP May T Mig1t 7ay se foloseste la prezent- 7ight la condiional prezent- (mbele sunt invariabile i sunt urmate de un infinitiv fr To?orme contra#e: ma,nAt T mig)tnAt Utili!are: & Fay #e folo#ete cu referire la e$enimente #au ac7iuni %o#ibile #au %robabile En %re!ent- ade#ea cu #en# de $iitor Fight %oate fi folo#it %entru a #ublinia o foarte redu# %o#ibilitate T)ereAs a blacB cloud above us- $t may rain(lice may get angr, if ,ou tell )er$f ,ou tr, )ard enoug), ,ou might convince )im to come-

Aot &ormele alternative suntK Maybe it ?ill rain$t i# li/ely to rain2 %entru a cere- a oferi #au a refu!a %ermi#iunea %olitico# 7ay $ open t)e ?indo?S $tAs ver, )ot in t)is officeGou may not smoBe in m, car7ight indic adesea teama vorbitorului de a nu primi un rspuns negativ, sau faptul c el cere prea multK 7ight $ borro? ,our Iolls Io,ce for t)e ?eeBendS Aot &orme alternativeK Am I allo+ed to open t)e ?indo?S Sou are not %ermitted to smoBe in m, car6 cu well %entru a indica o foarte mare %robabilitate $ t)inB it may )ell rain toda,, looB at t)ose blacB clouds-

==

Put some mone, in t)e box, it might )ell be for a good cause Aot &orme alternativeK $ t)inB it i# $ery li/ely to rain toda, Aot Fay = might as well are alt sensK T)ere is not)ing interesting on T! t)is evening, $ may 1 might as )ell )ave an earl, nig)tD cu o con#truc7ie %erfect %entru a face referire la o %re#u%unere En trecut 0ill isnAt in )is office, )e may have gone )ome earl,- O$tAs possible t)at )e ?ent )ome-P O cu o con#truc7ie %erfect %entru a face referire la ce$a care #8ar fi %utut %etrece En trecut dar nu #8a %etrecut- #e %oate folo#i numai might Gou might have burnt ,our )and ?)ile taBing t)at )ot tra, out of t)e oven Obut ,ou didnAtP)an T )ould 2an se folosete la prezent, adesea cu sens de viitor- 2ould se folosete la trecut i condiional prezent- (mbele sunt invariabile i sunt urmate de infinitiv fr To?orme contra#e: canAt T couldnAt Utili!are: & 8an #e folo#ete %entru a cere- a acorda #au a refu!a %ermi#iunea- #imilar cu may- dar mai %u7in formal Gou can drive at seventeen in t)e ;C2an $ borro? ,our pen, pleaseS $Ave left mine at )omeGou cannot go )unting out of season Aot &orme alternativeK Gou are %ermitted to drive at seventeen in ;CGou are allo+ed to drive at seventeen in ;CGou may drive at seventeen in ;C Aot /a negativ, could i mig1t au sensuri diferiteCen could not be building t)e )ouse b, )imself- O$tAs impossible- $t is too muc) ?orB-P Cen might not be building t)e )ouse b, )imself- O+e isnAt building t)e )ouse )imself- +e probabl, )as )elp-P 2 %entru a face referire la %robabilitate- %o#ibilitate #au im%o#ibilitate En %re!ent- En trecut #au la condi7ional /ooB, t)ereAs plent, of sno?, ?e can go sBiing toda,/etAs tr, )is office; )e could be t)ere6 %entru a face referire la abilitate #au EndemCnare En %re!ent- En trecut #au la condi7ional 2an ,ou la, bricBsS , old car cannot go over 6H Bm an )ourT)e girl can sing but s)e can*t dance for t)e life of )er-

=E

2ould ,ou drinB as muc)S Aot Pentru alte timpuri se folosete to be able to S)e )ill be able to t,pe 1HH ?ords a minute soonD folo#i7i could 0 infinitiv perfect %entru a $ referi la o ac7iune care nu a a$ut loc $ could have driven ,ou to t)e airport, but $ didnAt )ave m, carSau cCnd nu tim dac ac7iunea #8a %etrecut #au nu +ave ,ou seen m, umbrellaS %an could have ta&en it; it ?as raining ?)en )e left Aot &orme alternativeK Gou mig1t )ave )urt ,our bacB lifting t)at )eav, tableGou +ould probabl, )ave )urt ,our bacB lifting t)at )eav, table Aot May T mig1t i can T could se repet 'n 'ntrebri dis#unctive i rspunsuri scurte+e can*t go, can )eS 7ay Sall, come inS Ges, s)e may Aot (o be able to exprim abilitatea- Este o alternativ formal pentru can T could 'n prezent, 'n trecut sau la condiional- Pentru toate celelalte timpuri putem folosi numai to be able to:5erci7ii: (raduce7i En limba engle! urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii 1- (ceasta este o mas vec)e, pe care n.o poate ridica nimeni- 4- >u tia s 'noate, aa c atunci c5nd s.a scufundat vasul, s.a inecat- <- >u ai dreptul s 'naintezi, acest teren e proprietate privat- =- >u ai dreptul s vinzi ce nu.ti aparine- E- >u se poate s te fi )otr5t s.i refuzi orice a#utor tocmai c5nd are mai mare nevoie de el- 9- $dila lui cu ea nu poate s fi durat mai mult de o lun- 7- E cu putin s se #oace c5nd i.am spus s.i fac mai 'nt5i temeleS 6- (i s.i poi face pe plac, tiind c e aa de sensibilS 2- >iciodat n.am fost 'n stare s in minte propoziii 'ntregi- 1H- Savantul a spus c tie de mult s numere- 11- Dise c.mi poate da sifon dac mi.e sete- 14- Speram s pot merge pe #os p5n la gar, dar m.am oprit la o staie de autobuz- 1<- /.ai putea atepta 'n birou dac ai vrea- 1=- (r fi putut s se aeze pe un scaun gol, dar a preferat s stea 'n picioare- 1E- Puteai s te uii pe gaura c)eii, dac erai aa de curios1- Pot s te a#ut cu cevaS 4- :mi permii s te a#utS <- Poate c se plimb prin grdin, )abar n.am unde e- =Poate c spune adevrul, mai bine ai asculta ce are de spus- E- Poate c.mi voi fi terminat lucrarea p5n vii tu s m a#ui- 9- Poate c btr5na sufla greu dup ce a urcat scrile acelea, fiindc liftul era defect- 7- Poate c voi fi a#uns la gar p5n va pleca trenul- 6- .am g5ndit c s.ar putea s plou, aa c mi.am luat umbrela- 2- $.am spus c n.are nimeni voie s intre.n camera mea c5nd dorm- 1H- S.ar putea s tueasc dac a rcit- 11- /a.i putea a#uta s.i duc geanta, dac.l vezi g5f5ind- 14- Puteai s.i 'mprumui nite bani, dac tiai c are greuti)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- T)is is an old table ?)ic) no one can lift- 4- +e could not s?im, so ?)en t)e s)ip sanB )e dro?ned- <- Gou canAt proceed, t)is land is private propert,- =- Gou canAt sell ?)at does not belong to ,ou- E- Gou canAt )ave resolved to den, )im all )elp ?)en )e most needs it- 9- +is romance ?it) )er canAt )ave lasted more t)an a mont)- 7- "an )e be pla,ing ?)en $ told )im to do )is )ome?orB firstS 6- @ill ,ou be able to please )im, Bno?ing )e is so sensitiveS 2- $ )ave never been able to remember long sentences- 1H- T)e sc)olar said )e )ad been able to count for a ver, long time- 11- +e said )e could give me soda if $ ?as t)irst,- 14- $ )oped $ could

=9

?alB to t)e station but $ stopped at a bus stop- 1<- Gou could ?ait for )im in t)e stud, if ,ou ?ould- 1=- +e could )ave taBen a vacant seat, but )e preferred standing- 1E- Gou could )ave peeped t)roug) t)e Be,)ole if ,ou ?ere so curious1-"an $ )elp ,ouS 4- a, $ )elp ,ouS <- S)e ma, be ?alBing in t)e garden, $ )ave no idea ?)ere s)e is- =- S)e ma, be telling t)e trut), ,ou )ad better listen to ?)at s)e )as to sa,- E- $ ma, )ave finis)ed m, paper b, t)e time ,ou come to )elp me- 9- T)e old lad, ma, )ave been breat)ing )ard after s)e )ad climed all t)ose stairs, because t)e elevator ?as out of order- 7- $ ma, reac)ed t)e station before t)e train leaves- 6- $ t)oug)t it mig)t rain, so $ )ave taBen m, umbrella- 2- $ told )im no one mig)t enter m, room ?)en $ ?as asleep- 1H- +e mig)t coug) if )e )as caug)t cold- 11- Gou mig)t )elp )im carr, )is bag if ,ou see )im gasping for breat)- 14- Gou mig)t )ave lent )im some mone, if ,ou Bne? )e ?as in need-

WIII

V:RB:<: M9'A<: II

MUS(- A::'- ;AV: (9- S;9U<'- 9UG;( (9 (9bliga7ie i nece#itate) Mu#t, need, #1ould i oug1t to sunt verbe modale; ele sunt defective, av5ndK - timpuri lips - persoana a $$$.a singular fr # - interogativul i negativul prezentului fr do sau doe# - sunt urmate de infinitiv fr To Aot Toate timpurile care lipsesc sunt 'nlocuite cu verbe normaleK (o 1a$e to sau to need to Aot (o 1a$e to exprim at5t obligaia c5t i necesitatea la timpurile la care el reprezint #ingura posibilitate Oinfinitiv, trecut simplu, perfect prezent, viitor, forma 'n ing etc-P%ar la prezent, formele alternative nu sunt 'ntotdeauna 'nlocuibile reciproc- * form poate exprima obligaia, iar cealalt necesitateaFo)n mu#t not s)out- OU Fo)n are obligaia de a nu striga-P Fo)n doe#nHt 1a$e to s)out- OU >u e necesar ca Fo)n s strige-P (o need to exprim 'ntotdeauna necesitatea+arr, didnHt need to go on a diet- OU >u era necesar ca +arr, s in regim-P Mu#t T ;a$e to T Aeed to Mu#t este invariabil pentru toate persoanele, 'n timp ce 1a$e to i need to urmeaz regulile verbelor normale?orme contra#e: mustnAt Utili!are: & /ave to #e folo#ete Entotdeauna %entru a face referire la obligaie #au necesitate la %re!ent afirmati$ i interogati$- ade#ea cu #en# de $iitor Fust #e refer la obligaie $ must p)one m, )usband before )e leaves t)e officeT)e builders have to finis) t)e ?orB before ?inter sets in-

=7

 Aot Mu#t se folosete de obicei c5nd obligaia vine din partea vorbitorului care.i exprim propriile sentimente;a$e to se folosete c5nd obligaia vine din partea unei a treia persoaneGou must tid, up ,our room before ,ou go out- OU :i ordonP Gou have to drive on t)e left in 3reat 0ritain- OU (a spune legeaP 2 <a forma negati$ must i have to au #en#uri com%let diferite: Fust not 'nseamn c eti obligat s nu faci ceva!on"t have to sau haven"t got to 'nseamn c nu este necesarK Gou mustn*t exceed t)e speed limit on t)e motor?a,- OU Eti obligat de lege-P Gou haven*t got to go to t)at meeting if ,ou are too bus,- OU >u e necesar s te duci-P Aot :n general 1a$e to i 1a$e got to se folosesc la fel numai la prezent;a$e got to este considerat mai formal;a$e to se folosete pentru aciuni repetate, de obicei 'ntrit cu un adverb de frecven")ris has to visit )er ill mot)er ever, da,")irs has got to do some s)opping for )er ill mot)er toda,6 /ave to %oate fi folo#it la toate celelalte tim%uri $ have never had to ?orB so muc) beforeT)e police )ould have had to open fire if t)e criminals )adnAt surrendered-

Aot %educia negativ se poate exprima cu canHt sau canHt 1a$eK $tAs onl, eleven oAclocB, Tim can*t be )ungr,R T)e Smit)s are in ")ina- T)e, can*t have sent t)at post.card from PeruD Fust #e folo#ete %entru deduc7ii %o!iti$e En %re!ent Fust 0 construcie perfect #e refer la deduc7ii %o!iti$e En trecut T)e bab, is cr,ing- S)e must be )ungr,T)ere ?as no repl,; )e must have been ?orBing in t)e garden-

Utili!are: Aeed este considerat at5t verb propriu.zis c5t i auxiliar& Geed to- ca $erb %ro%riu8!i#- urmea! formele $erbelor regulate normale i e#te folo#it %entru a #e face referire la nece#itate Gou )ill need flour and ?ater to maBe bread$ don*t need to see t)e doctor- $ feel fine-

Aot ;a$e to exprim necesitatea, poate fi folosit i la negativ i interogativ@e didn*t have to booB t)e restaurant- T)ere ?as plent, of room$o ?e have to rus)S 2 Geed ca au5iliar e#te un $erb modal i are aceeai form %entru toate %er#oanele @oate fi folo#it numai la pre*ent (ade#ea cu #en# de $iitor) mai ale# En con#truc7ii negati$e #au interogati$e "onstrucie negativK Aeed not este similar cu donHt 1a$e to- (mbele exprim absena unei obligaii sau necesiti@e need not rus)- T)ereAs plent, of time"onstrucie interogativK 8eed ?e rus)S T)ereAs plent, of time-

=6

Geed not 0 infinitiv perfect #e refer la o ac7iune trecut care #8a %etrecut fr a fi fo#t nece#ar Gou needn*t have told )er about t)e accident- S)e ?ill onl, ?orr,-

Aot Aeed not F infiniti$ %erfect difer de did not need toFacB need not have gone to t)e dentist- OU FacB s.a dus, dar nu era necesar-P FacB did not need to go to t)e dentist- OU >u era necesar ca FacB s se duc, dar nu tim dac s.a dus sau nu-P 9ug1t to T S1ould 9ug1t to i S1ould au sens identic i pot fi folosite la fel- Ele sunt invariabile pentu toate persoanele i pot fi urmate de infinitiv fr 9o?orme contra#e: oug)tnAt T s)ouldnAt Utili!are: & )u referire la o obliga7ie #au Endatorire $ ought to mo? t)e la?n t)is ?eeBend; itAs overgro?n/ittle girls shouldn*t tell liesPoate urma i forma 'n "ingTim oughtn*t to be )atching T!- +e ought to be doing )is )ome?orB@e should be standing in t)at Zueue, not t)is one2 @entru a cere i a da #faturi %o ,ou t)inB $ should )ave m, )air cut s)ortS iBe ought to see a doctor if it )urts so muc))u referire la ceea ce con#ider c e#te corect #au incorect din %unct de $edere moral @e should all )elp t)e poorPeople oughtn*t to treat animals badl,- T)e, belong )ere, too)u referire la o EntCm%lare %robabil $All prepare dinner tonig)t- $ should be )ome Zuite earl,$ told )im several times, so )e ought to remember)u o con#truc7ie %erfect %entru a face referire la ce$a ce urma # #e %etreac En trecut- dar nu #8a %etrecut Sau cu referire la ce$a ce a con#tituit o greeal T)e plane should have arrived at seven oAclocB, but it ?as dela,ed because of fogic)ael FacBson ought to have started )is tour last nig)t, but )e ?as taBen ill-

:5erci7ii: 1- ( replicat c trebuie s aib gri# de silueta ei- 4- >u tiam c trebuie s pltesc amend dac.mi parc)ez maina aici- <- >u se poate s nu stai la masR =- >eaprat s.mi ari roc)ia ta cea nouR E- E precis la birou, complet5nd formulare, cum face zilnic- 9- >u.l vd pe aici, trebuie c #oac basc)et pe undeva- 7- >u e acas, precis colind strzile i t5rguiete cu )rnicie- 6- Se vede c cicatricea a fost o ran grav mai de mult- 2- Se vede c studia la bibliotec atunci c5nd 'l cutai- 1H- "opiii nu trebuie s vorbeasc cu primarul c5nd e ocupat11- ( trebuit s ascult de dou ore vorbele lui suprtoare, dar n.am de g5nd s mai tolerez acest lucru- 14&uncionarul declar c a trebuit s vorbeasc cu nevasta lui despre sc)imbarea slu#bei, fiindc 'nt5rziase de prea multe ori- 1<- E nevoie s vin azi la bibliotec, ori poate atepta p5n m5ineS 1=- >u era nevoie s vin aa de cur5nd, puteam atepta- 1E- >u era nevoie s cumpere ea plria, avea el de g5nd s i.o cumpere1- /ectorul medit unde s.i in urmtoarea prelegere- 4- Pianistului i.ar fi plcut s i se spun ce s c5nte- <"5ntreaa de oper nu tia a cui ofert s.o accepte- =- &otograful vru s tie dac s fac una sau dou fotografii- E- %e ce l.ai a#uta, dac nu te roagS 9- %ac s.ar 'nt5mpla s se 'nt5lneasc 'ntr.o cafenea, i.ar vedea

=2

toi 'mpreun i oamenii ar 'ncepe s b5rfeasc- 7- (r trebui s 'i spun c era exact ce merita- 6- (r fi trebuit s se logodeasc de mult, dar prinii ei s.au opus cstoriei- 2- (r fi trebuit s.i mrturiseti 'n cele din urm c i. ai furat ceasul, fiindc nu vroiai s plece at5t de iute- 1H- Studenii ar fi trebuit s asculte expunerea asear)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- S)e retorted s)e must taBe care of )er figure- 4- $ did not Bno? $ must pa, a fine if $ parBed m, car )er- <0ut ,ou must sta, for dinnerR =- Gou must s)o? me ,our ne? dressR E- +e must be at )is office, fiiling in forms, as )e does dail,- 9- $ do not see )im around, )e must be pla,ing basBetball some?)ere- 7- +e is not at )ome, )e must be roaming t)e streets and s)opping ?it) industr,- 6- T)at scar must )ave been a bad in#ur, a ?)ile ago- 2- +e must )ave been stud,ing at t)e librar, ?)en ,ou ?ere looBing for )im- 1H- ")ildren must not talB to t)e ma,or ?)en )e is bus,- 11- $ )ave )ad to listen to )is offensive ?ords for t?o )ours, but $ am not going to put up ?it) it an, longer- 14- T)e officer stated t)at )e )ad )ad to talB to )is ?ife about c)anging )is #ob because )e )ad been late too man, times- 1<- >eed )e come to t)e librar, toda, or can )e ?ait untill tomorro?S 1=- T)e, neednAt )ave come so soon, $ could )ave ?ited- 1E- S)e neednAt )ave boug)t t)at )at, )e ?as going to bu, it for )er1- T)e lecturer meditated ?)ere )e s)ould deliver )is next lecture- 4- T)e pianist ?ould )ave liBed to be told ?)at )e s)ould pla,- <- T)e opera singer did not Bno? ?)ose offer s)e s)ould accept- =- T)e cameraman ?anted to Bno? if )e s)ould taBe one or t?o p)otograp)s- E- @), s)ould ,ou assist )im if )e does not asB ,ouS 9- $f t)e, s)ould meet in a caf^, ever,one ?ould see t)em toget)er and people ?ould start gossiping- 7- $ oug)t to tell )im it ?as exactl, ?)at )e deserved- 6- T)e, oug)t to )ave been engaged long ago, but )er parents ob#ected to t)eir marriage- 2- Gou oug)t to )ave confessed to )im eventuall, t)at ,ou )ad stollen )is ?atc) because ,ou did not ?ant )im to leave so soon- 1H- T)e students oug)t to )ave been listening to t)e exposition last nig)tWIV IA?IAI(IVU< ?orm &ormele principale de infinitiv suntK Infiniti$ %re!ent to ?orB Infiniti$ %re!ent continuu to be ?orBing Infiniti$ %erfect to )ave ?orBed Infiniti$ %erfect continuu to )ave been ?orBing Infiniti$ %a#i$ to be ?orBed Utili!are: Infiniti$ul cu (9

Infiniti$ul cu to se poate folosi caK 1- Subiect 9o leave t)e front door unlocBed is risB,%ar este mai folosit propoziia care 'ncepe cu itK It is risB, to leave t)e front door unlocBed4- com%lement principalele verbe urmate de infiniti$ cu toK agree+ appear+ arrange+ as&+ attempt+ be about+ care choose+ consent+ decide+ do one*s best+ decline+ demand+ e(pect+ fail+ forget+ happen+ hate+ hope+ hurry+ learn+ li&e+ love+ manage+ mean1intend+ neglect+ offer+ plan+ prefer+ prepare+ pretend+ promise+ prove+ refuse+ remember+ seem+ tend+ try+ turn out+ volunteer+ )ant+ be able to afford+ ma&e up one*s mind T)e couple appears to be )app,$ can*t afford to study abroadS)e refused to go ?it) )im Aot

EH

;nele verbe li/e, lo$e, 1ate, %refer, care, mean, intend pot fi urmate de infiniti$ul cu to i de forma 'n B ingS)e liBes to s&ateS)e liBes s&ating*ri condiionalul ,*d love to see Eve%ould you prefer to do it no?S (1atG #1ould (be) este o construcie care poate urma i dup agree, arrange, a#/, decide, demandT)e girls agreed to organize a part,T)e girls agreed that they should organize a part,T)e girls agreed that a part, should be organized Infiniti$ul continuu urmeaz adesea dup a%%ear, 1a%%en, %retend, #eem$t seems to be rainingT)e c)ildren pretended to be hiding<- %entru a e5%rima #co%ul: T)e dog buried t)e bone to )ide itIn order i so as %ot fi folo#ite %entru a #ublinia #co%ul: att is memorizing t)e rules in order to pass t)e test@e cut t)e )edge so as to improve t)e vie?@entru a e5%rima #co%ul #au func7ia unui obiect- folo#i7i infinitivul cu ?@ #au for 0 -ing +e used t)e scissors to cut t)e rope+e used t)e scissors for cutting t)e rope Aot "5nd dou subiecte diferite fac necesar folosirea unei subordonate, folosii #o t1at pentru a introduce subordonata i a exprima scopul$ deposited t)e mone, in t)e banB so that m, son can use it in later ,ears Aot Pentru a exprima nega7ia punei not 'naintea infiniti$ului cu (9+e ran in order not to be late Aot &olosii and O'n loc de (9P pentru a exprima scopul dup go sau come@e s)ould go and bu, some milB"ome and visit usR =- du% un $erb urmat de how- what- when- where- why Principalele verbe suntK as&+ decide+ discover+ find out+ forget+ &no)+ see+ learn+ remember+ understand+ thin&+ )onder @e ?ondered ho) to do it$ couldnAt decide )hat to )ear Aot =1et1er F infiniti$ cu to poate fi folositK %up )onder i &no)(lex ?ondered )hether to &noc& or ?ait outside%up formele interogative i negative ale verbelor decide, &no), remember%id ,ou finall, decide )hether to go camping or notS E- du% un $erb urmat de com%lement verbele principale suntK advise+ allo)+ command+ enable+ encourage+ forbid+ e(pect+ force+ invite+ oblige+ order+ permit+ persuade+ remind+ re3uest+ teach+ tell+ li&e+ help+ )ant Ton, advised me to finish t)e #ob ZuicBl,@e invited our friends to s&i ?it) us-

E1

 Aot Infiniti$ul cu to poate 'nlocui o propoziie relativK %up the only, the last, the first, the second etcFoe ?as the first to board t)e submarine- OU Foe a fost primul care s.a 'mbarcat pe submarin-P %up substantive T pronume, pentru a arta care le este utilizarea$ need a pot to ma&e a tea- OU (m nevoie de un ibric 'n care s pot face ceai-P Aot 4emind, teach i tell pot fi i ele urmate de t1atK +e reminded Sue to come on time+e reminded Sue that s)e )ad to Ts)ould come on time%ar tell 'i sc)imb sensul 'n funcie de construcieK Tod told her to stop- U Tod ordered )er to stopTod told her that t)e ?ater ?as boiling- U Tod informed )er t)at t)e ?ater ?as boiling9- du% %a#i$ul $erbelor assume- believe- consider- feel- know- understand- suppose T)e, are assumed to be fair pla,ers(ceste verbe pot fi urmate de com%lement F infiniti$ cu (9 i de t1atK +e assumes them to be fair pla,ers+e assumes that they are fair pla,ers Aot Su%%o#e ii poate sc)imba sensul la pasivK Gou are supposed to2 'nseamn #ste datoria ta s/ 7- du% anumite #ub#tanti$e principalele verbe suntK ability1inability+ ambition+ decision+ demand+ desire+ determination+ effort+ failure+ offer+ plan+ promise+ refusal+ )ish @e made our )ish to help t)em Zuite obvious+illar,As failure to pass t)e exam disappointed t)em6- du% anumite ad,ecti$e principalele ad#ective suntK cruel+ good+ rude+ an(ious+ glad+ &ind+ nice+ pleased+ surprised+ easy+ difficult+ li&ely+ prepared+ ready+ late+ early S)e ?as pleased to hear from usGou are li&ely to meet t)em Aot :n construciile cu it, of F %ronumeT#ub#tanti$, urmeaz adesea dup ad#ectiv$t ?as nice of you to come$t ?as rude of the man to slam t)e door2- du% too 0 ad)ectiv=adverb i du% ad)ectiv=adverb 0 enough i du% have 0 enough 0 substantiv T)e soup ?as too hot to eatT)e ?ater ?asnAt )arm enough to s)im in@e didnAt )ave enough time to finish t)e test Aot ?or F #ub#tanti$T%ronume pot fi introduse 'n faa infinitivuluiK +e ran too fast for us to follo?Infiniti$ul fr (9 Infiniti$ul fr (9 poate fi folosit dupK

E4

& 2

$erbe modale may+ can+ must+ shall+ should+ )ill+ )ould @e may come tomorro?feel- see- hear- watch- let la forma acti$ "laire heard )im cough-

Aot &orma 'n " ing se folosete adesea dup feel, see, hear, )atch Oat5t forme active c5t i pasiveP "laire heard )im coughing- T +e ?as heard coughing6 had better i would rather %an had better study )arder-

+$ make T)e teac)er made Ellen correct )er errors Aot /a forma pasiv ma&e este urmat de infinitiv cu T*K Ellen )as made to correct )er errors Ob, t)e teac)erP-

but #au except FacB and Caren do not)ing but argue$Ave done it all e(cept do t)e calculationswhy #au why not %hy )aste ,our energ, on suc) a )opeless causeS %hy not go and asB )im no?S folo#i7i infiniti$ul %erfect fr to: "u mu#t pentru a exprima deducii pozitive 'n trecutK T)ereAs (lAs cap- +e must have come )ome"u canHtTcouldnHt pentru a exprima deducii negative 'n trecutK $ can )ear noise- T)e, can*t have gone to bed ,et-

:5erci7ii: 1- ( fost vzut cum fur batista unei btr5ne- 4- Se tie c a 'mbl5nzit o cprioar- <- Se pare c i s.a terminat za)rul- =- S.a dovedit c )oul a spus adevrul- E- >.a vrea s fi plecat singur de acas- 9- :i ordon s pleci c)iar acum- 7- "red c s.a mritat de mult- 6- (tept s pleci- 2- Se zice c s.a 'ntors din strintate- 1H- $ s.a ordonat s uite tot ce a vzut- 11- %in 'nt5mplare 'nc n.a sosit- 14- "u cine se zice c seamnS 1<- %e ce se zice c e )oS )1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- +e ?as seen to steal an old lad,As )andBerc)ief- 4- S)e is Bno?n to )ave tamed a deer- <- +e seems to )ave run out of sugar- =- T)e t)ief turned out to )ave told t)e trut)- E- $ s)ould not liBe )im to )ave left alone- 9- $ order ,ou to leave rig)t no?- 7- $ t)inB )er to )ave got married long ago- 6- $ am ?aiting for ,ou to leave- 2- +e is said to )ave returned from abroad- 1H- +e ?as ordered to forget ever,t)ing )e )ad seen- 11- +e )appens not to )ave arrived ,et- 14- @)om is s)e said to looB liBeS 1<- @), is )e said to be a t)iefS

WV

?9RM:<: PA B IAG (@artici%iul i Gerund8ul)

E<

%in punct de vedere gramatical, forma En Bing poate fi sau un gerund sau un participiu- :n ambele cazuri, forma este aceeai?orm: forma En Bing regulat se obine adug5nd Bing infiniti$ului fr (9- Ogo goingP G:RUA' 3erund.ul poate fi folosit caK & #ubiect Smo&ing is dangerous for ,our )ealt)2 com%lement Emil, loves teaching6 interdic7ii #curte >o fishingD du% %re%o!i7ii Verbele care urmea! du% %re%o!i7ii trebuie # fie la forma n ing &rancis is interested in learning Polis)$ am sorr, for hurting ,our feelingsVerbele care urmea! du% $erbele com%le5e cu %re%o!i7ie #unt de obicei la forma n -ing , fat)er )as #ust given up smoBing$ am loo&ing for)ard to seeing ,ou soon'ar unele $erbe com%le5e cu %re%o!i7ie %ot fi urmate de infiniti$ T)e researc)er set out to prove )is t)eor, Aot "uv5ntul (9 este o surs de confuzii- ;neori to este o prepoziie urmat de ing- (lteori to intoduce un infinitiv completCevin looBed for?ard to seeing )erCevin ?anted to see )er$ am used to stud,ing until late- U $ am accustomed to stud,ing late$ used to stud, until late- U $ al?a,s studied until lateO du% anumite $erbe i e5%re#ii Principalele verbe i expresii suntK admit+ avoid+ delay+ detest+ enjoy+ finish+ imagine+ mind+ miss+ postpone+ practise+ remember+ resist+ stop+ can*t stand+ can*t help+ be )orth+ be busy+ be no good+ be no use+ deny+ &eep+ ris& %id ,ou mind selling ,our )ouseS $ missed listening to )er pla, t)e piano@e stopped studying in t)e summer Aot >otai diferena dintreK +e remembered writing to us- U :i amintea c ne.a scrisT)e, remembered to write to us- U >u au uitat s ne scrie+e stopped eating- U El a terminat de m5ncat+e stopped to eat- U S.a oprit din alte treburi ca s mn5nce Aot 6dmit, deny, remember primesc i pe t1atK T)e, remembered that t)e, )ad sent us t)e bill Aot /ate, like, love, prefer pot primi infiniti$ F to$ love dancing- U $ love to dance%ar la condiional ele primesc de obicei infiniti$ cu toK $Ad love to danceK du% anumite $erbe F ad,ecti$ %o#e#i$T com%lement %ronominal

E=

Principalele verbe suntK disli&e+ dread+ mind+ remember+ resent+ stop+ understand+ object to+ appreciate+ e(cuse+ forgive+ prevent+ ?dis@approve of $ donAt mind his1him staying ?it) us$ trul, appreciate their1them being so )ospitable;tilizarea ad#ectivului posesiv este mai formalK T)e committee resented his being so franB;tilizarea complementului pronominal este mai rsp5ndit 'n engleza vorbitK $ certainl, understand him getting upset Aot $at c5teva modificri ortograficeK & 'i#%are Be final /ive living 3ive giving 'ar nu %entru: 0e being (ge ageing %,e d,eing 3lue glueing 2 ?inala En Bie #e #c1imb En By %ie d,ing /ie l,ing 6 Se dublea! con#oana final Stop stopping Travel travelling 0egin beginning 'ar nu i %entru: Iead reading Peel peeling Suffer suffering @AR(I)I@IU< Participiul poate fi folositK & la tim%urile continue +e is )or&ingGou )ere singing2 ca ad,ecti$e annoying+ frightening+ depressing+ embarrassing+ rela(ing+ e(citing+ shoc&ing+ charming+ interesting+ boring 6 D O K En #ub#tanti$e com%u#e a )ashing machine+ a diving board+ a se)ing &it+ a )al&ing stic&+ a fishing rod+ a gardening tool du% spend i waste (tim%- bani- effort- energie) T)e, spent a fortune building t)at )ouse+e )asted all )is energ, getting t)at contractdu% go i come (acti$itate fi!ic) $Am coming shopping ?it) ,ouEileen and Paul are going s)immingdu% see- hear- feel- listen to - notice- watch F com%lement T)e entire famil, )atched 9im s&ating-

Aot (celeai verbe pot fi urmate i de complement 0 infinitiv fr ?@+e heard the baby cryL du% catch- find- leave F com%lement

EE

T)e baBer caught the boy stealing rollsM En locul #ubordonatelor: A En locul unei #ubordonate relati$e @e ?atc)ed t)e bo, )or&ing- OU @e ?atc)ed t)e bo, )ho )as )or&ing-P B En locul #ubordonatelor cCnd dou ac7iuni #e %etrec la acelai moment En tim% Smiling ?arml,, s)e s)ooB +ectorAs )and- OU S)e smiled ?arml, as s)e s)ooB +ectorAs )and-P <earning to sBi, Sam broBe )is leg- OU @)ile Sam ?as learning to sBi, )e broBe )is leg-P %entru a Enlocui o %ro%o!i7ie care Ence%e cu since #au because 9hin&ing Foan ?as )onest, )e lent )er t)e mone,- OU 0ecause )e t)oug)t Foan ?as )onest, )e lent )er t)e mone,-P 0eing curious, )e looBed t)roug) t)e Be,)ole- OU Since )e ?as curious, )e looBed t)roug) t)e Be,)ole-P cCnd ac7iunea unei #ubordonate #e %etrece En mod clar Enainte de ac7iunea celeilalte #ubordonate #e folo#ete %artici%iul %erfect -aving got divorced once, (l decided not to marr, again- OU (fter )e )ad got divorced once, (l decided not to marr, again-P

WVI

V:RB: )AR: @RIM:S) IA?IAI(IV: SAU ?9RMA PA BIAG

?orm: !erbele care urmeaz altor verbe au una din formeleK infiniti$ F to sau forma En Bing!erbele se 'mpart 'n patru categorii principaleK & Verbe care %ot fi urmate numai de infiniti$ F (9 @e agreed to meet at noon2 Verbe care %ot fi urmate numai de forma En Bing Gou ris& being late6 Verbe care %ot fi urmate fie de un infinitiv 0 ?@ fie de forma n ing fr a Enregi#tra o modificare de #en# $ see +arr, )as started to play golf again- OU 'n generalP $ see +arr, )as started playing golf again- OU 'n general sau numai 'n momentul de faP D $erbe care %ot fi urmate de infinitiv 0 to fie de forma n ing dar cu o #c1imbare ma,or de #en# $ forgot to go to t)e banB ,esterda,- OU >u m.am dusP $ )ave forgotten going to t)e banB ,esterda,- OU >u.mi amintesc s fi fostP Utili!are: & Infiniti$ul F to se folosete de obicei dupK afford+ agree+ appear+ arrange+ as&+ attempt+ decide+ e(pect+ fail+ help+ hope+ learn+ manage+ mean+ offer+ plan+ prepare+ pretend+ promise+ refuse+ seem+ tend+ threaten+ )ant+ )ish $ canAt afford to buy a ne? car no?$ fail to see t)e point ,ou are maBing Aot &orma negativ este not to F infiniti$"live @aston decided not to accept t)e ne? #ob offer Aot %up 1el%, (9 este opionalEmmaAs mot)er al?a,s )elps )er OtoP do )er )ome?orB-

E9

%ar canHt 1el% 'nseamn Va nu putea evitaW i aici se folosete forma En Bing$ can*t help thin&ing about ?)at s)e said last nig)tSeem, a%%ear i %retend pot primi i un infinitiv continuu Oto be doingP sau un infinitiv perfect Oto )ave doneP0ill seems to be sleeping a lot latel,T)e criminal pretended to have lost )is memor,%up as&+ decide+ e(plain+ &no)+ remember+ forget+ understand urmate de cuvinte interogativeK 1o+, +1at, +1en, +1ic1, +1ere, +1et1er etc$ donAt Bno? ho) to get to t)e cat)edral from )ereT)e teac)er ?ill explain )hat to do tomorro?%up as&+ enable+ force+ get+ invite+ order+ persuade+ remind+ teach+ tell+ )arn F com%lement"an ,ou as& them to leave, pleaseS $ persuaded Jane to come )iBing ?it) me tomorro?%up make 'n propoziii pasive@)en $ ?as at sc)ool, $ ?as made to ?ear a uniform2 ?orma En Bing este de obicei folosit dupK admit+ avoid+ consider+ delay+ deny+ disli&e+ enjoy+ fancy+ feel li&e+ finish+ give up+ imagine+ involve+ &eep on+ mind+ miss+ postpone+ practise+ ris&+ stand ?Abear@+ suggest+ mention+ recall+ regret +e admitted stealing t)e #e?els+ave ,ou considered moving abroadS Aot &orma negativ esteK not F 8ing $ en#o, not having to ?orB Aot &orma pasiv este posibil i cu being F %artici%iu trecut+elen en#o,s being involved in t)e local comunit,!erbe caK admit+ deny+ mention+ recall+ regret pot primiK 1a$ing F %artici%iu trecut cu referire la aciuni finalizate 'n trecutTom no? regrets having moved to Paris Aot %upK admit+ deny+ regret+ suggest se poate folosi i t1atSam denied that he had shot )is ?ifeSau Sam denied shooting )is ?ife%up verbe complexeK carry on+ end up+ give up+ go round+ &eep on+ put off+ set about Gou carry on thin&ing ?)ile $ eat m, lunc)&ranB is al?a,s tr,ing )ard to give up smo&ing6 Se pot folosi at5t infiniti$ul F (9 c5t i forma En Bing fr diferene de sens dup verbeleK begin+ continue+ hate+ li&e+ love+ prefer+ start $ began to play sZuas) t)ree ,ears ago$ began playing sZuas) t)ree ,ears agoorris loves to drive fast carsorris loves driving fast carsD Infiniti$ul F to sau forma En Bing au sensuri foarte diferite dupK remember+ forget+ try+ stop+ go on+ regret +ave ,ou forgotten posting t)at letterS OU (i trimis.o dar nu.i amintetiP +ave ,ou forgotten to post t)at letterS OU >u ai trimis.oSP $ stopped smo&ing cigarettes because t)e, ?ere bad for me- OU >u mai fumezP

E7

$ stopped to smo&e a cigarette- OU :5erci7ii:

.am oprit i am fumat o igarP

@une7i $erbele din %arante! fie la infiniti$ fie la gerund: 1- +e used OdanceP a lot but )e )asnAt )ad an, opportunit, of OdoP is since )e began OprepareP for t)e entrance examination- 4- T)e, ?ere used to OliveP alone, so t)e, didnAt reall, mind t)e lonel, life t)e, led on t)e moon<- $ liBe OsBateP and OsBiP, but it is ver, difficult for me Osa,P ?)ic) $ liBe better- =- @e got tired of O?aitP for )im OcomeP and eventuall, decided OgoP out ?it)out OleaveP an, notice to )im- E- $ remember O)earP )er Osa,P t)e flo?ers needed O?aterP- 9- @e )ig)l, appreciate O,ou, ?antP O)elpP our son, but itAs time )e began OdoP )is )om?orB b, )imself- 7- @e donAt remember O,ou, sa,P before t)at Fo)n ?anted Obu,P our car- 6- $ ?onder ?), )e )ated O$, smoBeP at t)e office since )e often en#o,s OsmoBeP a cigarette )imself- 2- $t is no use O,ou, asBP me OinsistP on O iBe, comeP in time as )e canAt get rid of )is bad )abit; )e often tried ObeP punctual but )e al?a,s failed- 1H- @)erever $ set to ?orB, $ recollect Om, fat)er, sa,P t)at if a #ob is ?ort) OdoP at all it is ?ort) OdoP ?ell(raduce7i En limba engle! urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii folo#ind Gerund8ul: 1- !ara florile au nevoie de ap Ode a fi udateP 'n fiecare zi- 4- :mi face mult plcere s.i accept invitaia deoarece ea 'ntotdeauna reuete s gteasc m5ncruri foarte gustoase- <- $ertai.m c v deran#ez, avei cumva un c)ibritS =- :mi place s mn5nc 'ng)eat c)iar c5nd e frig- E- ! deran#eaz dac desc)id fereastra pentru c5teva minuteS E un aer foarte inc)is aici- 9- >.are nici un rost s pleci miercuri, se ateapt ca tu s fii acolo s5mbt- 7- (u insistat s le scriu 'n fiecare zi, dar asta m exaspereaz deoarece mie nu.mi place s scriu scrisori- 6- Ei au refuzat s ne permit s intrm fr a cumpra bilete, dei fusesem invitai la premier- 2- ( trebuit s ne am5nm plecarea pentru c Fane era bolnav- 1H- >u.mi place ca cineva s se uite la mine c5nd 'ncerc s 'nv a merge pe biciclet)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- To dance, doing, to prepare 4- /iving <- SBating, sBiing, to sa, =- @aiting, to come, to go, leaving E+earing, sa, Osa,ingP, ?atering 9- Gour T ,ou ?anting, to )elp, doing 7- Gour T ,ou )aving said, to bu, 6- , T me smoBing, smoBing 2- Gour T ,ou asBing, to insist, iBeAs T iBe coming, to be 1H- , fat)er sa,ing, doing, doing 1- $n summer flo?ers need ?atering ever, da,- 4- $ am ver, pleased to accept )er invitation as )e al?a,s succeeds in cooBing ver, tast, dis)es- <- &orgive m, bot)ering ,ou, do ,ou )appen to )ave a matc)S =- $ en#o, eating ice.cream even ?)en it is cold- E- %o ,ou mind m, opening t)e ?indo? for a fe? minutesS $tAs ver, stuff, in )ere- 9- T)ere is no need for ,our leaving on @ednesda,, ,ou are expected t)ere OonP Saturda,- 7T)e, insisted on m, ?riting to t)em ever, da,, but it puts me beside m,self because $ )ate ?riting letters- 6T)e, refused to let us in ?it)out bu,ing ticBets alt)oug) ?e )ad been invited to t)e first nig)t- 2- @e )ad to dela, our departure because of FaneAs being ill- 1H- $ disliBe being looBed at ?)ile attempting to learn )o? to ride a bic,cle-

WVII

V:RB: )9M@<:W:

;n verb complex este o combinaie 'ntre un verb Y prepoziie T particul adverbialSensul unui verb complex fie nu are legtur cu elementele componente luate separat, fie este rezultatul elementelor componente Overb Y prepoziieTadverbP luate ca 'ntreg!erbele complexe pot fi 'mpite 'nK & Verb F %re%o!i7ie Verb F %re%o!i7ie F com%lement %re%o!i7ional @e apologise for an, inconvenience caused b, t)e dela,-

E6

Verb F %re%o!i7ie F V G ing T)e, succeeded in boosting pre.tax profits Aot "5nd verbele complexe sunt urmate de un verb, acest verb este de obicei la forma n "ing Aot >u folosim prepoziii dup urmtoarele verbeK ans)er+ as&+ call+ phone+ ring+ discuss+ enter+ meet+ reach+ suit+ tell Aot :5em%le de $erbe F %re%o!i7ie: agree to somethingB agree with somebody1somethingB allow for somethingB amount for somethingB apologise for somethingB apply for somethingB approve of somebody1somethingB attend to somebody1somethingB complain ?to somebody@ about somebody1something% conform to somethingB consent to somethingB consist of somethingB depend on somethingB hear about somethingB hear from somebodyB hope for something% insist on somethingB look at somebody1somethingB look for somebody1somethingB look forward to somethingB pay ?somebody@ for somethingB refer to somethingB rely on somebody1somethingB succeed in somethingB think about something ?A concentrate on@B think of something ?A consider@B wait for somebody1something 2 Verb F com%lement F %re%o!i7ie 5erb 0 complement 0 prepo*iie 0 complement prepo*iional Protect us from unfair competition 5erb 0 complement 0 prepo*iie 0 52 ing Prevent us from entering t)e Fapanese marBet Aot Prepoziia from se folosete dup verbe care exprim refuzulK prohibit+ restrain+ forbid+ prevent+ ban+ veto+ stop T)e, prevented us from exporting t)e goods Aot %up verbe care exprim acceptul se folosete com%lement F infiniti$K allo)+ authorise+ help+ permit+ enable+ encourage T)e, helped us to e(port t)e goods Aot :5em%le de $erbe F com%lement F %re%o!i7ie: accuse somebody of somethingB advise somebody of=about something% compare somebody=something with somebody1somethingB congratulate somebody on somethingB convince somebody of somethingB describe something to somebodyB divide=cut=split something into somethingB do something about somebody1somethingB explain something to somebodyB interest somebody in somethingB prefer somebody=something to somebody1somethingB prevent somebody=something from somebody1somethingB protect somebody=something from somebody1somethingB provide somebody with somethingB remind somebody of somethingB spend money on somethingB tell somebody about something 6 Verb F ad$erb (%1ra#al $erb) 5erb 0 adverb 0 complement 0 restul propo*iiei &ill in t)is form in duplicate Turn up earl, at t)e stand Aot "ele mai frecvente adverbe folosite suntK about+ along+ a)ay+ bac&+ do)n+ for)ard+ in+ off+ on+ out+ over+ round+ through+ up Aot ;nele dintre phrasal verbs 'i pstreaz sensul individual al verbului Y cel al adverbuluiK

E2

$Ave brought bac& t)e plans- @ould ,ou liBe to see t)emS (lte phrasal verbs au un sens diferit de cel al elementelor componenteK +e made up a ?onderful stor, about )is adventures in Iotaronga- OmaBe up U inventP Aot :5em%le de @1ra#al $erb#: Hreak down ?stop )or&ing@B bring about ?cause@B call off ?cancel@B call round ?visit@B close down ?stop the operations of@B come along ?come@B fill in ?complete by )riting in relevant information@B find out ?discover@B look over ?e(amine 3uic&ly@B make up ?invent@B move in ?ta&e possesssion of ne) premises@B put on ?turn on@B send back ?return@B speak up ?spea& louder@B speed up ?ma&e faster@B throw awayB turn down ?reject@B turn up ?arrive@B walk throughB write down

:5erci7ii: (raduce7i En limba engle! folo#ind get ca %1ra#al $erb: 1- Tom promise c se va apuca serios de treab dar numai 'ncep5nd de lunea viitoare- 4- _terge.o- %egeaba 'ncerci s m cucere!ti- <- %e c5nd i s.a publicat lucrarea nu 'i mai 'ncape 'n piele de m5ndrie- =- _i.a dat seama c nu po'i rmne nedescoperit c5nd faci o crim- E- i scpat ieftinR 9- _tie cum sCo ia pe mtua ei i s.o fac s.i cumpere tot ce.i dorete(raduce7i En limba engle! folo#ind give i carry ca %1ra#al $erb: 1- Talentatul scriitor a luat premiul pentru literatur- 4- _tie s vorbeasc fr s se trdeze cu nimic- <- fost scos din fire de obrznicia cu care 'i replica putiul- =- &usese prea sigur c norocul nuCl va prsi- E- (ceast fereastr d spre malul mrii(raduce7i En limba engle! folo#ind look ca %1ra#al $erb: 1- !a trebui s te descurci fr s te ngrijeasc 7ary- 4- !tept cu nerbdare s.mi spui c ai e(aminat c)estiunea cu gri#- <- (cum treburile lui promit s mearg mai bine- =- 9reci s m vezi m5ine dup ora cinci(raduce7i En limba engle! folo#ind make i be ca %1ra#al $erb: 1- "ei doi veri nu se mpac deloc bine- 4- _tiu c nu e perfect, dar calitile lui 'i compenseaz lipsurile- <- >u 'i pot descrifa scrisul, e prea necite- =- <ucrm numai cu materialul clientului- E- &ilmul acesta ruleaz de o lun, trebuie s fie bun- 9- -ai s ne mpcamR )1eia e5erci7iilor: Q 1- Tom promised to get do?n to ?orB but onl, beginning ?it) next onda,- 4- 3et along ?it) ,ouR Gou are tr,ing in vain to get round me- <- Since )e )ad )is ?orB publis)ed )e )as simpl, got above )imself- =- +e realized one canAt get a?a, ?it) crime- E- Gou got off c)eapl,R 9- S)e Bno?s )o? to get round )er aunt and maBe )er bu, )er ?)atever s)e ?is)esQ 1- T)e gifted ?riter carried off t)e Prize for /iterature- 4- +e Bno?s )o? to talB ?it)out giving )imself a?a, at all- <- +e ?as carried a?a, b, t)e impudence of t)e urc)inAs retorts- =- +e )ad been too sure )is lucB ?ould not give out- E- T)is ?indo? gives on OtoP t)e seas)oreQ 1- GouAll )ave to manage ?it)out ar, looBing after ,ou- 4- $Am looBing for?ard to ,our telling me ,ouAve looBed into t)e matter carefull,- <- +is affairs seem to be looBing up- =- /ooB me up tomorro? after five oAclocBQ 1- T)e t?o cousins donAt get on ?ell at all- 4- $ Bno? )e is not perfect but )is Zualities maBe up for )is defects- <- $ cannot maBe out ,our )and ?riting, it is reall, illegible- =- *nl, customersA materials made up )ere- E- T)is film )as been on for a mont); it must be a good one- 9- /etAs maBe it upR

WVIII

V9RBIR:A IA'IR:)(Y

9H

!orbirea indirect se folosete pentru a relata cuvintele unei alte persoane- Principalele categorii ale vorbirii indirecte suntK afirmaii, interogaii, comenzi-

!orbirea indirect poate avea dou formeK & 9 %ro%o!i7ie %rinci%al cu un $erb al relatrii F o %ro%o!i7ie #ubordonat T)e, say that )e )ill receive the confirmation ne(t )ee&. 2 o %ro%o!i7ie %rinci%al cu un $erb al relatrii F un infiniti$ cu (o T)e, as&ed us to send confirmation as soon as possibleIegula de baz pentru a determina timpul verbal din subordonat este dup cum urmeazK 'ac verbul relatrii e#te la: Prezent !iitor Prezent perfect 'ac verbul relatrii e#te la: Trecut Trecut perfect Pn $orbirea indirect: nici o sc)imbare Pn Vorbirea indirect: present XX- past past XX--- past T past perfect present perfectX-past perfect ?ill XXX-- ?ould

Aot "ondiionalele de tipul $$ i $$$ nu se modific 'n vorbirea indirect- "ondiionala de tipul $ se modific 'ntr.una de tipul $$Fo saidK V$f $ listen, $ )ill learn-W Fo said t)at if )e listened, )e )ould learnVerbele modale se modific astfelK "an could; ma, mig)t; ?ill ?ould; s)all s)ould; must mustT)ad to; could could; mig)t mig)t; s)ould s)ould; oug)t to oug)t to; ?ould ?ould; used to used to @ronumele i ad,ecti$ele se modific astfelK Vorbirea direct $ T ,ou @e T ,ou e T ,ou ;s T ,ou , T mine Gour Gours *ur T ours T)is T t)ese Vorbirea indirect )e T s)e t)e, )im T )er t)em )is )er T )is )ers m, )is )er our t)eir mine )is )ers ours t)eirs t)eir T t)eirs t)at T t)ose

Aot "5nd vorbitorul 'i relateaz propriul discurs, pronumele i ad#ectivele rm5n nesc)imbate$ saidK VI am angr,-W $ said t)at I ?as angr,Ad$erbele i expresiile adverbiale se modific astfelK Vorbirea direct +ere Vorbirea indirect t)ere, in t)at place

91

>o? Toda, Gesterda, T)e da, before ,esterda, Tomorro? T)e da, after tomorro? (n )ourT?eeBTmont) ago >ext ?eeBT,ear /ast ?eeBTmont)

t)en, at t)at time t)at da, t)e da, before t?o da,s before t)e da, after in t?o da,s an )ourT?eeBTmont) before t)e follo?ing ?eeBT,ear a ?eeBTmont) before

Aot Principalele verbe ale vorbirii indirecte sunt #ay i tell9ell cere persoana cu care se vorbete Say poate funciona singur sau poate primi to Y persoana cu care se vorbeteK Tom told us t)at )e ?as leavingTom said t)at )e ?as leavingTom said to us t)at )e ?as leaving(lte verbe ale vorbirii indirecte pot fiK accept+ add+ admit+ affirm+ agree+ allege+ announce+ ans)er+ apologieze+ argue+ assert+ claim+ comment+ communicate+ convey+ declare+ demonstrate+ disclose+ divulge+ emphasise+ e(plain+ highlight+ imply+ indicate+ inform+ maintain+ notify+ object+ offer+ promise+ protest+ prove+ recount+ refuse+ remar&+ reply+ report+ restate+ reveal+ sho)+ state+ stress+ suggest+ transmit Interoga7ii Topica verbelor interogative 'n interogaia direct se modific 'n interogaia indirect devenind topica verbelor afirmative $ asBedK W@)o did she go ?it)SW $ asBed ?)o she had gone ?it)Exist dou tipuri de 'ntrebri directeK .h-<uestions i yes=no <uestions:n vorbirea indirect se menin cuvintele interogative cu %hC %hen exactl, ?ill ,ou be in PolandS +e asBed )hen exactl, $ ?ould be in PolandPentru ntrebrile cu yes1no, folosim if i +1et1erK %oes ,our compan, provide investment adviceS S)e asBed if1)hether our compan, provided investment advice Aot !erbe ale relatrii utilizate pentru 'ntrebriK as&+ demand+ e(amine+ in3uire+ investigate+ 3uery+ 3uestion )omen!i- cerin7e- #faturi :n vorbirea indirect verbul de la imperativ se tranform 'n verb urmat de complement 0 infinitivul cu ?@ +e saidK V"laire, stand upRW +e told 2laire to stand upPentru o comand negativ, forma indirect primete pe >*T 'naintea infinitivului 0arbara saidK V%onAt touc)RW 0arbara asBed meTus not to touc)")iar dac 'n comanda direct nu este menionat complementul, la forma indirect este necesar un complement pronominalR +e saidK VStand upRW +e told her1him1us to stand up Aot !erbele relatrii folosite pentru comenzi, cerine, sfaturi suntK as&+ beg+ brief+ call for+ command+ direct+ implore+ instruct+ invite+ press+ re3uest+ re3uire+ tell+ urge

94

 Aot (lte verbe folosite 'n vorbirea indirect- ;nele dintre aceste verbe cer o propoziie subordonat O1P, altele un infinitiv cu To O4P, iar altele cer ambele varianteO1,4PK convince ?D+E@+ encourage ?D+E@+ entreat ?E@+ indoctrinate ?E@+ invite ?E@+ motivate ?E@+ persuade ?D+E@+ threaten ?E@+ urge ?D+E@+ )arn ?D+E@ :5erci7ii: Urmtoarele %ro%o!i7ii #unt En $orbirea direct: %onAt ?ait for me if $Am late@ill ,ou marr, meS +urr, upR "an ,ou open ,our bag, pleaseS Please slo? do?nR %onAt ?orr,, Sueind ,our o?n business"ould ,ou repeat ?)at ,ou said, pleaseS %o ,ou t)inB ,ou could give me a )and, TomS Alege7i una dintre ace#te %ro%o!i7ii %entu a com%leta %ro%o!i7iile de mai ,o# ?olo#i7i $orbirea indirect: 1- 0ill ?as talBing a long time to get read,, so X4- Sara) ?as driving too fast, so $ asBed X<- Sue ?as ver, pessimistic about t)e situation- $ told X =- $ couldnAt move t)e piano alone, so $ X E- T)e customs officer looBed at me suspiciousl, and X 9- $ )ad difficult, understanding )im, so $ X 7- $ didnAt ?ant to dela, (nn, so $ X 6- Fo)n ?as ver, muc) in love ?it) ar,, so )e X 2- +e started asBing me personal Zuestions, so X )1eia e5erci7iilor: So $ told )im to )urr, upSo $ asBed )er to slo? do?n$ told )er not to ?orr,So $ asBed Tom to give me a )and(nd asBed me to open m, bagSo $ asBed )im to repeat ?)at )e )ad saidSo $ told )er not to ?ait for me if $ ?as lateSo )e asBed )er to marr, )imSo $ told )im to mind )is o?n business-

WIW

@R:@9XIZII [I )9AVUA)ZII

@re%o!i7iile sunt 'n mod normal aezate 'n faa substantivelor sau pronumelor i dup verbe- Ele pot de asemenea preceda verbele 'n ingExist puine reguli referitoare la prepoziiile limbii engleze- &oarte adesea utilizarea lor trebuie 'nvat pe dinafar- Prepoziiile creeaz probleme considerabile celor care 'nva engleza deoarece o anume propoziie care 'n propria sa limb va cere o anumit prepoziie va avea 'n englez o alt prepoziie@re%o!i7ii de micare #$ Fi care n sus=n )os 'o+n (to) u% (to) on (to) off 'o+n: o micare 'n #os sau scdere a respectului statutuluiSam broBe )is arm ?)en )e fell do)n t)e slopeT)e "onservative 3overnment ?ent do)n at t)e last elections

9<

'o+n to: o micare ctre sud$ ?as sta,ing in Paris but $ ?ent do)n to >ice to visit an old friend of mineU%: o micare 'n sus sau a dob5ndi respect social>ext doorAs cat al?a,s climbs up a tree to )ide ?)enever it )ears our dog barB%r- 0arnard ?ent up in peopleAs estimation ?)en )e performed t)e first )eart operationU% to: o micare ctre nord sau o micare 'n sus a statutului socialFo)n ?orBs in Iome no? but )e is being moved up to ilan next ?eeBFoe )as done ?ell in )is career; )eAs been promoted up to managing director in #ust four ,ears9n(to): o micare spre o suprafa mai 'nalt$ )ad to move t)e booBs on?to@ t)e top s)elf so m, c)ild couldnAt reac) t)em9ff: o micare spre o suprafa mai #oas@)en t)e cat sa? a mouse running across t)e floor it #umped off t)e sofa to c)ase it Aot ;tilizare special- Este destul de comun folosirea structurilor.tip, precumK U%Tdo+n t)e street U% toTdo+n to t)e supermarBet 9nToff a bus, bic,cle, plane, s)ip, sau orice alt mi#loc de transport- OdarK intoTout of a carP '$ !eplasare printr-un spaiu Acro## along by %a#t t1roug1 o$er Acro##: o micare dintr.o parte spre cealalt, pe sau aproape de suprafa$t taBes a long time to sail across t)e (tlanticAlong: a parcurge lungimea a ceva $f ,ou ?alB along t)e ")amps El,sees ,ou ?ill eventuall, reac) t)e Eiffel To?erBy: a se mica de.a lungul sau 'n apropierea a ceva$f ,ou pass by t)e s)ops toda,, ?ill ,ou get me a litre of milBS @a#t: a se mica de pe o parte a ceva pe cealalt$ am sure $ sa? a t)ief move past t)e ?indo?(1roug1: a se mica printre lucruriT)e gate?a, ?as so narro? t)at t)e trucB driver )ad problems getting through it9$er: a se mica pe deasupra unei suprafee dintr.o parte 'n alta a ceva$tAs ZuicBer to fl, over t)e (tlantic t)an to sail across it($ !irecii Around at a+ay from for into onto out of to to+ard# Around: micri pe o traiectorie circular$ ?ent all around t)e )ouse to find an open ?indo?, but $ couldnAtAt: ctre ceva sau cineva+e looBed at me as if $ ?ere a criminalA+ay from: a prsi, a pleca de la cineva sau ceva@)en $ ?as a bo, $ ran a)ay from sc)ool because $ didnAt liBe itA+ay from poate fi folosit i 'n sens abstractK U free from ever,t)ing$ canAt ?ait to get a)ay from it all-

9=

?or: a se mica cu o destinaie precisS)erlocB +olmes left for 3lasgo? as soon as )e received t)e ne?s of t)e murderInto: a se deplasa ctre interiorul a cevaT)e last t)e, sa? of t)e explorer ?as ?)en )e ?ent into t)e #ungle to )unt for tigers9nto: a aeza ceva peste altcevaT)e professor put )is papers onto t)e lectern and began )is lesson9ut of: a iei din cevaT)e prisoner ?as let out of prison after a ten ,ear sentence(o: a se delpasa 'n direcia unei anumite persoane sau a unui lucru"an ,ou give me a lift to ?orB tomorro? morning, pleaseS (o+ard#: a se delpasa ctre ceva sau cineva $ t)inB ?e s)ould )ead to)ards t)e mountain; itAs muc) coller t)ere at t)is time of t)e ,ear Aot Gou s)out at somebod, Oc5nd eti nervosP 0ut ,ou s)out to somebod, Oc5nd vrei s atragi ateniaP Gou t)ro? somet)ing to somebod, Oc5nd vrei s prind ce arunciP 0ut ,ou t)ro? somet)ing at somebod, or somet)ing Oc5nd vrei s loveti pe cineva sau cevaP +$ Fi cri comparative After a1ead of T in front of

be1ind

After: a urma sau urmri T)e s)op.Beeper ran after t)e bo, ?)o smas)ed )is ?indo?A1ead of T in front of: a preceda pe cineva sau ceva $All go on ahead of 1 in front of ,ou and find a place to camp for t)e nig)tBe1ind: a urmri pe cineva sau ceva, a urma cuivaX T)e old lad, drove so close behind me t)at, ?)en $ braBed, s)e cras)ed into me@re%o!i7ii de %o!i7ie #$ 4o*iii pe vertical Abo$e after belo+ do+n in on o$er to under(neat1) u% Abo$e: mult mai sus dec5t altceva, c)iar i figurativ $ am above )is insultsAfter: ceva puin inferior unui alt lucru "arl /e?is came in second in t)e 1HH meters after /inford ")ristieBelo+: ceva imediat inferior unui alt lucru, sau mai puin important $n a compan, structure a sales representative comes belo) a sales manager'o+n: a fi partea inferioar a ceva, i a avea mai puin respect pentru cineva S)e ?ent do)n in m, estimation ?)en s)e said t)ose t)ings9n: similar cu abo$e, dar 'n contact cu ceva T)ereAs a telep)one on t)e ?all over t)ere9$er: similar cu abo$e, dar obiectul este mai aproape de ceva

9E

T)e )orse #umped over t)e obstacles beautifull,(o: estimri relative T)e arBeting anager of $-0-;- reports to t)e 3eneral anager-

Under: similar cu belo+, dar obiectul este mai aproape de ceva T)at bridge is too lo? for t)at trucB to go under-

Underneat1: la fel ca under dar mai formal T)e tunnel underneath t)e Englis) ")annel ?as opened in t)e summer of 122=U%: contrarul lui do+n V$s t)is t)e s)opSW V>o, itAs furt)er up t)e street-W In: un spaiu 'nc)is , little bo, closed )imself in t)e bat)room and couldnAt get out'$ 4o*iii relative Again#t along along#ide to+ard#

around

at

be#ide

by

on t1e rig1t T on t1e left of

near

ne5t to

Again#t: 'n contact cu altceva sau altcineva %onAt lean against t)at post- $tAs #ust been paintedAlong: de.a lungul a ceva (n (venue usuall, )as trees along itAlong#ide: aezat alturi de ceva sau cineva T)e ne?l, ?eds ?alBed alongside eac) ot)er do?n t)e aisleAround: vecintate +e must be around )ere some?)ere; $ can see )is footprintsAt: o poziie precis $f ,ou donAt ?ait at t)e bus stop, t)e bus ?onAt stopBe#ide: similar cu along#ide T)e anxious mot)er sat beside )er ill bab, all nig)tBy: 'n vecintatea 0illAs ver, lucB,; )e )as a summer )ouse by t)e sea9n t1e rig1t of T on t1e left of: aezat la dreapta T st5nga a ceva sau a cuiva T)ereAs a suspicious looBing man standing on the left of t)e presidentAear: aproape de ceva sau cineva $ live near m, office, so $ can ?alB to ?orBAe5t to: 'n direcia a ceva sau a cuiva >ig)ts get darBer as ?e get to)ards ")ristmas($ 4o*iii opuse Acro## after before be1ind facing in front of o%%o#ite o$er Acro##: trecut de o anumit limit $f ,ou looB across t)e field ,ouAll see t)e c)urc)-

99

After: o poziie consecutiv , best friend )ad five c)ildren, one after t)e ot)erBefore: a se desfura 'nainte de altceva Gou must learn to ?alB before ,ou run( se desfura 'n prezena cuiva Stand before t)e Fudge and s?ear to tell t)e trut)Be1ind: aezat 'n spatele a ceva sau al cuiva %onAt turn round, FacB- T)ereAs a snaBe behind ,ou?acing: privind 'n direcia a ceva sau a cuiva Turn ,our seat facing me so $ can see ,ou properl,In front of: aezat 'naintea a ceva sau cuiva T)ereAs a long Zueue in front of me- $ canAt possibl, ?ait9%%o#ite: similar cu facing T)e, built a ?are)ouse opposite m, )ouse and blocBed out m, vie? of 9$er: ceva aflat de cealalt parte a altceva %over is over t)e ")annel from "alais@re%o!i7ii de tim% #$ ?impul pe ceas About around at in on About: un timp aproximativ , appointment at t)e dentistAs is at 1H-HH oAclocB, but )eAs al?a,s about )alf an )our lateAround: la fel ca about , dentis is never punctual; )eAs al?a,s around )alf an )our lateAt: timpul exact T)e film starts at 6 oAclocB Aot At se folosete i pentru a face referiri la perioada din prea#ma srbtorilorK $ al?a,s go sBiing for a ?eeB at ")ristmasIn: o parte a zilei, luni, anotimpuri i ani $ liBe to )ave a big breaBfast in t)e morning$t doesnAt rain muc) in 3reece in summer9n: cu zile ale sptm5nii T date T zile anumte T)e road ?orBs ?ill start on onda, and finis) on @ednesda,$ last sa? )im on Ful, =t) Aot Se spuneK In t)e morningT afternoon T evening %ar At nig)t '$ timpul de dinainte i de dup2 after before by %a#t to onte !ecc)ia-

97

After: mai t5rziu dec5t un timp sau eveniment dat (s m, first appointment is after nine, $ can catc) a later trainBefore: 'naintea unui timp sau eveniment dat 0efore ?e start, $Ad #ust liBe to introduce m,selfBy: ceva care se petrece 'nainte sau nu mai t5rziu de un moment dat (pplications must be sumitted by Fune Et)@a#t: similar cu after dar mai colocvial, folosit i pentru a exprima ora $Am tired- $tAs past m, bed time(o: folosit de asemenea pentru a exprima ora $tAs a Zuarter to midnig)tK onl, 1E minutes to go before t)e >e? Gear($ !urata n timp About bet+een during for in #ince until About: durata estimat T)e pla, ?ill probabl, last about t?o and a )alf )oursBet+een: de la un punct dat 'n timp la un altul T)e period bet)een leaving sc)ool and going to universit, ?as a stressful one'uring: o perioad stabilit 'n timp $ managed not to do an, ?orB during m, )olida,, t)oug) $ s)ould )ave?or: durata unei perioada date de timp @orld @ar $$ ?ent on for six ,earsIn: o anumit durat $Am going to t)e s)ops- $All be bacB in an )ourSince: de la punctul de 'nceput din trecut p5n 'n prezent $tal, )as been a republic since 12=EUntil: durata p5n la un punct dat 'n timp +ong Cong ?ill belong to England until 1227, ?)en it goes bacB to ")ina'i$er#e Becau#e of: cauza T)e ;C is suffering because of t)e economic crisis?or: similar cu becau#e of dar legat 'n general de credine >adir T,lon lived and died for )is countr,Scop ( Bnife is used for cutting t)ingsIn: parte a unui proces >o?ada,s a lot of aluminium is used in t)e car industr,9f: cauza unei aciuni /ots of people in $ndia are d,ing of )unger=it1: un sentiment care determin o aciune

96

Susana cried )ith #o, ?)en s)e read )er exam resultsfolosirea unui instrument %onAt put t)at scre? in )ith a )ammer- %o it )ith a scre?driverBy: prin aciunea sau creaia cuiva T a ceva Fo)n /ennon ?as Billed by an assassinAs bullet<i/e: un anumit comportament , )usband acts li&e a c)ild ?)en )e canAt get )is o?n ?a,pentru a compara fiineTlucruri similare Even t)oug) t)e, are t?ins t)e, donAt looB li&e eac) ot)erA#: profesia cuiva S)e ?orBs as a nurse in 3u,s +ospital /ondonBut: cu excepia a ceva sau cineva +e tooB ever,t)ing but t)e Bitc)en sinB- OExpresieP At: abiliti 'ntr.o anume activitate , daug)ter, Emma, )as al?a,s been good at dra?ingIn: similar cu at, dar nu se poate folosi cu good sau bad , daug)ter, Emma, )as al?a,s been interested in dra?ing?rom: originea , famil, come from @arrington in ")es)ire=it1: legtur, ataament T)e little girl al?a,s goes to sleep )ith )er cuddl, tedd,=it1out: opusul lui +it1 $ al?a,s drinB coffee )ithout sugar?or: ceva sau cineva potrivit sau destinat T)is grammar booB is for foreign students of Englis))on,unc7iile sau cuvintele de legtur se folosesc pentru a lega propoziii(cest capitol se ocup cu perec)i de cuvinte de legtur care ar putea provoca anumite confuzii pentru cei ce studiaz englezaUtili!are: )on,unc7ii de tim% & a#- +1en- +1ile se folosesc cu referire la o aciune care se petrece 'n acelai timp cu alta%hen m, alarm clocB rings at 7 oAclocB $ get ups $ ?as looBing out of t)e ?indo?, $ sa? )im arriving%hile ,ou ?ere out s)opping, Fo)n rangafter- a# #oon a#- before- +1en se folosesc cu referire la o aciune care se petrece imediat dup o altafter $ left universit,, $ ?ent to ?orB abroads soon as $ )eard )im speaB on T!, $ c)anged t)e c)annel%hen $ finis)ed t,ping t)ose letters, $ posted t)emT)e client put t)e p)one do?n before $ could give an explanationuntil T till se refer la durata 'n timp a unei situaii$ canAt go out until m, mot)er comes bacB$ canAt c)ange m, car till $ )ave finis)ed pa,ing for it-

92

 Aot Vu#t poate fi folosit 'n faa acestor con#uncii pentru a sublinia apropierea 'n timp a acelor dou aciuni Just as )e noticed )e ?as being ?atc)ed, )e ran off)on,unc7ii contra#ti$e & alt1oug1- e$en t1oug1- t1oug1 se folosesc cu referire la afirmaii opuse sau contraste, 'naintea subiectului sau verbuluilthough )e is a good ?riter, )e )as never publis)ed a booB#ven though t)ereAs a speed limit )e al?a,s exceds it-

Aot (1oug1 este o alternativ mai puin formal pentru although i even though- :n engleza vorbit apare de obicei la sf5ritul propoziiei3eorge studied )ard- +e didnAt manage to pass )is exam though2 in #%ite of sau de#%ite se folosesc cu referire la afirmaii opuse sau contrastante, 'n faa unui substantiv, pronume sau gerunziu,n spite of the traffic, )e still managed to get )ere in time$espite the )eather, ?e decided to go an,?a,-

Aot In #%ite of i de#%ite pot fi folosite i cu t1e fact t1at,n spite of the fact that )e ?as ver, bus,, )e tooB time off ?orB6 D +1ile- +1erea# se folosesc cu referire la contrastul dintre dou afirmaii0rian eats a lot, )hile +enr, )ardl, eats at all, old car ?as ver, slo?, )hereas m, ne? one is muc) faster1o+e$er se folosete cu referire la contradicia dintre dou propoziiiT)e secret agent ?as told to be at t)e meeting point at 9 oAclocB s)arp- -o)ever, ?)en )e arrived, )is contact ?asnAt t)ere-

)on,unc7ii de cau! i efect & becau#e- becau#e of- a#- #ince se folosesc cu referire la motivele de a face o aciuneT)e bab, cried because it ?as )ungr,%ad is not going to ?orB toda, because of t)e striBes itAs raining, ,ou )ad better taBe an umbrellaSince t)e president is abroad, t)e vice.president ?ill taBe )is place toda, at t)e presentation-

Aot Becau#e, becau#e of, a# i #ince au acelai sens dar folosesc construcii diferiteBecau#e se folosete 'nainte de subiect i verbBecau#e of se folosete 'nainte de substantivA# i #ince se folosesc am5ndou la 'nceputul propoziiei2 #o, t1erefore se refer la rezultatul unei aciuniFoe )as exams all next ?eeB, so )e canAt go out in t)e eveningsT)e a,or )as attend an urgent meeting- 9herefore )eAll )ave to cancel t)e lunc) engagement-

Aot So i t1erefore au acelai sens- So este mai frecvent 'n engleza vorbit-

7H

WW

SUBS(AA(IVU<

Substantivele au diferite funcii 'ntr.o propoziieEle pot fiK Subiectul sau com%lementul direct #au indirect al unui verb Aumele %redicati$ al verbelor be, become i seem )om%lement %re%o!i7ional :n ca!ul geniti$ O3enitivul saxon sau sinteticP :n englez substantivele au 'n toate aceste cazuri aceeai form cu excepia genitivului sintetic Aot :n englez toate propoziiile trebuie s aib subiect- Subiectul poate fi un substantiv sau un pronumeSubstantivele 'n limba englez se pot 'mpri 'n patru tipuriK Sub#tanti$e %ro%rii: (nn, ")ina, Paris, %r ood, Sub#tanti$e comune: doll, apple, plate, tree Sub#tanti$e ab#tracte: )appiness, love, )onest,, fear Sub#tanti$e colecti$e: famil,, group, )erd, staff Aot Substantivele proprii se scriu 'ntotdeauna cu iniial ma#usculSubstantivele limbii engleze pot varia dup gen i numr-

G:AU< 1- "ele mai multe substantive au aceeai form pentru toate genurilefriend child doctor cousin baby teenager artist coo& dancer driver teacher genul poate fi indicat de un pronume 'nsoitor, friend sent 1er son a presentT)e doctor opened 1i# bag2hild i baby pot fi considerate neutreT)e bab, closed it# e,es and fell asleep>umele de ri sunt i ele considerate neutre/atel,, Cen,a )as greatl, improved it# econom,4ulte substantive care denumesc oameni i animale au o form feminin i una masculin Son+ daughter nephe)+ niece uncle+ aunt ctor+ actress )aiter+ )aitress gentleman+ lady .ather+ mother husband+ )ife man+ )oman 0achelor+ spinster heir+ heir)ss hero+ heroine 7ale+ female bull+ co) rooster+ hen 3enul poate fi indicat combin5nd substantive fr gen cuK boy+ girl+ male+ female+ man+ )oman 0oyfriend+ girlfriend male pilot+ female pilot 7an dentist+ )oman dentist policeman+ police)oman

71

 Aot Iecent, 'n 'ncercarea de a elimina Vdiscriminarea de genW, exist o tendin de a 'nlocui VterminaiileW man i )oman cu person sau de a le elimina complet- :n alte cazuri au fost create alte expresii sau alte cuvinte lipsite de gen-

Vec1ea folo#ire Salesman, sales?oman ")airman, c)air?oman Ste?ard, ste?ardess

Aoua folo#ire salesperson c)airperson, c)air flig)t attendant

AUMYRU< :n enlgez substantivele se 'mpart 'n dou categoriiK numrabile i nenumrabileSub#tanti$ele numrabile se pot numra, adic au numr- Pot avea at5t forme de singular c5t i de plural- /a singular pot fi precedate de a(n) sau one@lural ?orme regulate: 1- /a ma#oritatea substantivelor se adaug B# formei de singular0ooB, booBs da,, da,s )ouse, )ouses %onBe,, donBe,s safe, safes girl, girls 4- Substantivele terminate 'n o, c1, #1, # sau 5 primesc Be#Potato, potatoes c)urc), c)urc)es brus), brus)es 0us, buses box, boxes Biss, Bisses <- Substantivele terminate 'n con#oan F y pierd pe y i primesc Bie#0ab,, babies factor,, factories fl,, flies Aot Exist excepiiK &ilo+ &ilos photo+ photos

piano+ pianos radio+ radios soprano+ sopranos

?orme neregulate 1- ;nele substantive elimin Bf T fe de la final i primesc B$e#2alf+ calves )ife+ )ives )olf+ )olves <oaf+ loaves leaf+ leaves life+ lives Shelf+ shelves thief+ thieves &nife+ &nives self+ selves 4- ;nele substantive 'i modific vocalele.oot+ feet tooth+ teeth goose+ geese man+ men %oman+ )omen mouse+ mice louse+ lice Aot (tenieR 2hild+ children person+ people

<- ;nele substantive au aceeai form la singular i la pluralK Sheep+deer+ aircraft+ trout+ series+ species+ salmon+ means+ fish+ head3uarters

74

=- ;nele substantive exist numai la forma de plural2lothes+ pants+ pyjamas+ scissors+ glasses+ scales+ stairs+ savings+ outs&irts+ grounds+ goods+ earnings+ valuables+ surroundings+ arms ?)eapons@+ archives+ belongings+ proceeds+ )ages+ premises+ the 7iddle ges+ braces+ customs+ trousers Aot Folice este considerat a fi la pluralT)e police are inspecting t)eir )ouse Aot (ceste substantive nu sunt Aiciodat precedate de numere Oone, t?o, t)ree etc-P- pentru a indica numrul, folosii #ome, a little, etc- sau %airT#et, grou% etc- F of9en pairs of pants+ three sets of archives+ a roomful of belongings etc. E- ;nele substantive 'mprumutate pstreaz pluralul greces, italian sau latin2risis+ crises cactus+ cacti phenomenon+ phenomena $atum+ data libretto+ libretti fungus+ fungi 8ucleus+ nuclei stimulus+ stimuli criterion+ criteria 0asis+ bases thesis+ theses oasis+ oases (is+ a(es medium+ media bacterium+ bacteria Aot Engleza modern folosete adesea data, media i bacteria cu sens plural dar cu un verb la singular T)e latest data i# )ig)l, encouraging9- >umele de familie se pot folosi la plural pentru a indica 'ntreaga familie- >umelui i se adaug un B#- >u au loc sc)imbri de ortografie9he Gennedys are ?orld.famous7- Substantivele colective se refer la un grup de oameni sau lucruri- Sunt 'n mod normal folosite la singular:n engleza britanic se pot folosi at5t verbe la singular c5t i la plural- :n engleza american au 'ntotdeauna un verb la singular.amily aristocracy enemy company council 8obility gouvernment group proletariat press Hpposition gang jury community army public udience cre) navy staff team committee T)e jury are about to give t)eir verdict- Oengleza britanicP T)e public is opposed to t)e ne? tax Aot Spre deosebire de substantivele numrabile normale, substantivele colective nu pot fi direct precedate de numere sau VsomeW&ive *& T+E group sta,ed past midnig)tSome *& T+E opposition s?itc)ed sides Aot *cazional substantivele colective sunt folosite la plural i sunt numrabileIomeo and Fuliet came from t?o feuding families*nl, t?o teams can get to t)e finalsSub#tanti$ele nenumrabile nu pot fi numrate, adic nu au numr- %e obicei au numai form de singularAu pot fi precedate de a(n) sau de numereSubstantivele nenumrabile se 'mpart 'n urmtoarele grupuriK 1- #ub#tanti$e concrete

7<

)ater silver coffee

)ood metal gold sand butter )ine

paper grass sno) rain fire food

glass oil bread mil& salt

4- #ub#tanti$e ab#tracte love beauty hope relief e(perience advice purity joy freedom information courage design duty capacity education evil time patience reality intelligence Aot =or/ este nenumrabil dar ,ob este numrabilK +arriet is looBing for )or&- Fo)n )as found t?o jobs=or/# 'nseamnK fabric, parte mecanic, producie literar, fapte sau acteot)er T)eresa of "alcutta is Bno?n for )er good )or&s Aot $at c5teva substantive nenumrabile care 'n alte limbi se pot deseori numraK dvice baggage luggage furniture $amage hair shopping home)or& information Gno)ledge money )eather research progress 0usiness spaghetti ne)s e3uipment <- Substantive verbale Ogerunzii sau verbe 'n ingP2amping dancing shopping jogging Smo&ing is bad for ,our )ealt)=- >ume de limbi German #nglish 2hinese singing

,talian Spanish

E- ;nele nume de boli, tiine i #ocuri au form de plural dar 'n mod normal primesc un verb la singular- Sunt considerate nenumrabile7easles mumps billiards dominoes Fhysics politics ethics acoustics Statistics mathematics ne)s electronics 7athematics is an important subiect Aot ;nele substantive sunt at5t numrabile c5t i nenumrabile- %ar sensul lor e diferit 'n fiecare caznumrabile nenumrabile a paper paper a light light a )ood )ood a glass glass an iron iron a hair hair +e bu,s a paper ever,da,- T)e student )ad ?ritten an interesting paper on Ceats- Faper is made of ?ood pulp Aot Substantivele nenumrabile nu sunt niciodat precedate de numere Oa, an, one, t?o, t)ree etcP- $at c5teva expresii folosite pentru a indica numrulTcantitateaK A %iece of informationTfurnitureTadviceTeZuipmentTglassTpaperTne?s A ty%e of atmosp)ereTbe)aviourTviolence An item of luggageTne?sTbaggage A ca#e of mumpsTmeaslesTflu

7=

A ray of )opeTsuns)ine A lot of streng)tTsecurit, Ad,ecti$e folo#ite ca #ub#tanti$e &olosii t1e F ad,ecti$ pentruK 1- grupuri de persoane cu aceleai caracteristici- ;rmeaz un verb la plural9he rich are not al?a,s as )app, as ?e imagine4- calitate impersonal- ;rmeaz un verb la singular9he impossible has strong attraction for some people<- naionalitate Odac exist un cuv5nt separatP9he .rench the 2hinese the #nglish the Japanese $ar 9he Foles the Germans the Scots the .inns Sub#tanti$e com%u#e Substantivele compuse sunt formate din dou sau mai multe cuvinte care, 'mpreun, creeaz un nou substantiv cu un nou sens 0abysitter checC&up s)imming pool motherCinCla) Substantivele compuse pot fiK 1- scrise ca un singur cuv5nt, cuvinte separate sau cu cratim- %ac avei 'ndoieli cel mai bine e s consultai 'ntotdeauna dicionarulrmchair can opener coverCup oneC)ay street 4- numrabile sau nenumrabile alarm cloc& fast food compact disc human race toothbrush drin&ing )ater )aiting room )elfare state yello) pages poc&et money <- compuse din dou substantive- @rimul #ub#tanti$ este folosit ca ad#ectiv i este la #ingular2hain factory Oa factor, for c)ainsP 2otton s&irt Oa sBirt made of cotonP tenCyearCold girl Oa girl ?)o is ten ,ears oldP 2ar accident Oaccident involving carsP t)oC)ee& cruise Oa cruise lasting t?o ?eeBsP =- substantivele compuse numrabile formeaz pluralul aplic5nd regulile normale de plural ultimului substantivail boxes dis) ?as)ers sleeping bags T.s)irts Aot ;neori Odar rarP substantivele la plural pot fi folosite ca ad#ectiveK Sports car customs department clothes store Sales divison savings ban& ne)s item E- substantivele compuse formate din verbe complexe sau substantive legate cu of i in au plurale neregulatePassers.b, runners.up sisters.in.la? /ilies of t)e valle, @o#e#ia: of i geniti$ul #intetic Posesia se poate exprima folosindK

7E

1- 9? :n multe cazuri folosim of pentru a exprima posesia- Substantivele, folosite ca ad#ective, pot i ele uneori indica posesia$oor of the car car door .rame of the picture picture frame -ead3uarters of the company company head3uarters 9he color of the )all the )all color 8eedles of the pine tree pine tree needles #ngine of the car car engine Aot (d#ectivele nu au numr- Substantivele care devin ad#ective sunt la singularT)e tops of t)e boxesT)e bo( tops 4- Geniti$ul #intetic :n cazul persoanelor i animalelor folosim genitivul sintetic pentru a exprima posesia?orm: formai genitivul saxon adug5nd \# sau \ substantivelor \# toate substantivele singulare substantivele plurale care >; se termin 'n s 8ancy*s James*s -is mother*s 7y children*s Utili!are: folosii genitivul sinteticK 1- pentru a exprima posesia cu referire la %er#oane i animale -elen*s mot)er is illT)e old horse*s mane is still ver, beautiful4- 'n expresii temporale one )ee&*s pay today*s ne)s a year*s leave t)o hour*s )ait a month*s holiday yesterday*s partyt)e T)e plane )ad an hour*s dela,$n t?o )ee&s* time $All be l,ing on t)e beac) in 0ali<- cu pronume ne)otr5te caK everybody+ someone+ anybody+ anyone+ nobody+ no one mai ales dac sunt 'nsoite de el#e$tAs nobody*s faultT)at must be somebody else*s bag=- cu anumite instituii, grupuri, expresii geografice T)e government*s decision ?ill be made public tomorro?T)e )orld*s laBes and rivers are in a disastruous conditionE- singur, c5nd al doilea substantiv 'nseamnK store+ shop+ studio+ office+ restaurant+ church sau cathedral 3o and bu, a loaf of bread at t)e ba&er*s Os)opPT)eir ?eeding ?as at St.Fatric&*s Ocat)edralP9- cu *& Oposesiv dubluPand, is a friend of nn*s- U and, is one of (nnAs friends\ substantivele plurale terminate 'n s the teachers* the Gallaghers* the %aleses* his sistersI

Aot *biectul posedat pierde articolele i pronumele care 'l preced c5nd este folosit cu un genitiv sintetic+is c)ild o?ns T+(T bic,cle- $t is broBen- +is c)ildAs bic,cle is broBen-

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 Aot >; folosim genitivul sinteticK "u ad#ective folosite ca substantiveK -e intends to improve the condition of the poor. "5nd posesorul este determinat de propoziii subordonate sau expresii lungi,*d li&e you to meet the mother of the boy )ho )on first prize. :5erci7ii: Alege7i forma %otri$it a $erbelor 9b#er$a7i diferen7a de #en# a #ub#tanti$elor care %rime#c atCt $erbe la #ingular cCt i la %lural1- +is p)onetics isTare muc) better t)an )ers- 4- , trousers isTare flared- <- T)e scissors isTare lost for ever, $ guess- =- Statistics isTare )is favourite stud,- E- "od eatsTeat a variet, of food- 9- (coustics isTare a branc) of p),sics- 7- T)e ne? statistics s)o?sTs)o? a great increase in manufactured goods- 6- Gout) toda, isTare turning a?a, from t)e c)urc)- 2- @)at isTare t)e most efficient means of dealing ?it) t)is problemS 1H- T)e pliers isTare on t)e table- 11- T)e acoustics of t)e >ational T)eatre +all isTare excellent- 14- Politics isTare t)e art of t)e possible- 1<- Poultr, ?asT?ere expensive t)at ?inter- 1=- @)at isTare ,our politicsS 1E- T)e people of t)e countr, livesTlive be,ond t)eir means- 19- +e )ad no time for visitors ?)ile t)e poultr, ?asT?ere being fed- 17Ever,bod,As means isTare being tested- 16- at)ematics isTare given top priorit, no?ada,s- 12- @)at isTare cattle good forS 4H- T)e police )asT)ave made no arrest ,et- 41- &res).?ater fis) includesTinclude salmon, trout, carp and eels- 44- 3,mnastics isTare not given enoug) attention in our sc)ool- 4<- T)e $talian clerg, ?asT?ere opposed to divorce- 4=- (dvice isTare readil, given on all t)e tec)nical aspects)ombina7i e5%re#iile %artiti$e din coloana A cu #ub#tanti$ele nenumrabile din coloana B (raduce7i8le En limba romCn A (n article of ( bar of ( caBe of ( grain of ( )eap of (n item of ( loaf of ( lump of ( pice of ( pile of ( s)eet of ( slice of ( strip of ( ?ord of B sugar meat bread paper soap c)ocolate land rice rubbis) evidence information advice luggage furniture >e?s

)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- (re 4- (re <- (re =- $s E- Eat 9- $s 7- S)o? 6- (re 2- $s 1H- (re 11- (re 14- $s 1<- @as 1=- (re 1E- /ive 19- @ere 17- (re 16- $s 12- (re 4H- +ave 41- $nclude 44- (re 4<- @ere 4=- $s a lump T a piece of sugar Oo bucat de za)rP a piece of meat Oo bucat de carneP a slice T loaf of bread Oo felie de p5ine T o franzel, o p5ineP a s)eet T piece of paper Oo foaie T bucat de )5rtieP a caBe T bar of soap Oun spunP

77

a bar T piece of c)ocolate Oun baton de ciocolatP a piece T strip of land Oo bucat, o f'ie de pm5ntP a grain of rice Oun bob de orezP a pile T )eap of rubbis) Oo grmad de gunoiP a piece of evidence Oo probP a piece T an item of information Oo informaieP a piece T ?ord of advice Oun sfatP a piece of luggage Oun baga#P a piece T an article of furniture Oo pies de mobilierP a piece T an item of ne?s Oo tireP

WWI

AR(I)9<U<

?orm: :n englez articolele au dou formeK ne)otr5t A sau AA i )otr5t (;:- (rticolele sunt invariabile i nu au gen1- A se folosete 'n faa cuvintelor care 'ncep cu un sunet consonantic c)iar dac prima liter e o vocal- An se folosete 'n faa cuvintelor care 'ncep cu vocal sau 1 mut- (mbele se pot folosi numai cu #ub#tanti$e numrabile la #ingular ( dog ( desB ( man (n orange (n umbrella (n idea ( building a computer a universit, Osunet consonanticP a )ouse a son an )our O) mutP an )onour O) mutP an example

Aot ?he se pronun OM`P c5nd st 'n faa unui substantiv care 'ncepe cu un sunet consonantic i OMiKP 'naintea unui substantiv care 'ncepe cu un sunet vocalic4- (1e se folosete 'n faa oricrui substantiv numrabil sau nenumrabil, at5t la singular c5t i la pluralT)e dog T)e atmosp)ere T)e )ouse T)e eggs T)e rice t)e dogs t)e ?ine t)e time t)e information t)e apple

Aot "5nd ne referim la acelai lucru sau aceeai persoan pentru a doua oar, folosim de obicei pe t1eT)ere is an apple and an orange for t)e dessert- $All eat the appleUtili!are: A sau AA se folosescK 1- 'naintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima dat$Ave received a postcard from a friend of mine in t)e ;S4- pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slu#be sau profesii, next.door neig)bour is a dentist and )is ?ife an architectFenn, doesnAt eat meat; s)eAs a vegetarianT)at ?as a &ind thing to sa,<- dup verbul be sau verbe copulative urmate de un ad#ectiv sau substantiv sau c5nd este urmat de locuiuni prepoziionale sau propoziii relative care ofer mai mult informaie despre cineva sau cevaK

76

FacBAs son is a talented artist$ boug)t a painting that reminded me of my childhood home=- cu unele expresii numerice 'nsemn5nd unu sau cu expresii ale preului, vitezei, raportului i cantitii)undred guests ?ere invitedPetrol costs a 1-EH a litre in England+eAs craz, driving at 12H Bilometres an )our Aot A T An i one sunt uneori intersc)imbabile dar nu 'n toate cazurileSpunemK )undred pounds sau one )undred pounds %ar a lot of T a great deal of E- cu substantive numrabile la singular pentru a da definiii, a face afirmaii generale, exclamaii sau c5nd exprimm dorinedog is more compan, t)an a cat$Ad liBe a nice cool glass of beern apple a da, Beeps t)e doctor a?a,Utili!are: (;: se foloseteK 1- 'naintea unui substantiv singular numrabil sau nenumrabil sau a unui substantiv plural numrabil pentru a face o nou referire la ceva ce a fost de#a menionat sau la care s.a fcut de#a aluzie+e ?anted to go to a ban& to c)ange some mone,, but all the ban&s ?ere on striBe%o ,ou remember the fun ?e )ad ?)en ?e ?ere at sc)ool toget)erS 4- pentru a face referire la cineva sau ceva anume$ liBe the painting above the fire place9he merican economy is suffering at t)e moment<- 'n faa unui substantiv reprezent5nd o anume persoan sau un lucru sau un grup de persoane sau lucruriS)all $ drive the carS Oaceast mainP @ill ,ou maBe the tea, pleaseS Oceaiul pe care ne pregtim s.l bemP =- cu referire la ceva unic 'n mod absolut9he sun rises in t)e east and sets in the )est9he Fresident of the 5nited States visited the Fope last

a,-

E- 'n faa ad,ecti$elor pentru a face referire la un anumit grup sau clas de oameni- :n acest caz nu este nevoie de substantiv*nl, the strong surviveIobin +ood stole from the rich to give to the poor9- 'n faa unui #ub#tanti$ la #ingular pentru a se referi la un anume grup de oameni, animale sau obiecte9he ,ndian elephant is smaller t)an the frican elephant9he customer is al?a,s rig)t Aot Exist excepii*ma)a is in 8orth mericaT)e branc) manager ?as sent to SouthC#ast sia on a reconnaissance trip7- 'naintea unor substantive proprii pentru a denumi zone geografice, nume de mri i r5uri, lanuri muntoase, grupuri de insule, nume la plural de ri i deerturi 9he (tlantic, the 0a, of 0isca,, the iddle East, the nort) of England, the @est of $reland, the $vor, "oast, the 0lacB "ountr,

72

9he editerranean Sea, the Englis) ")annel, the Iiver t)ames, the I)ein, the Straits of 3ibraltar 9he +imala,as, the Pennines 9he ")annel $slands, the +a?aiian $slands, the &alBlands 9he ;nited States of (merica, the >et)erlands 9he (rizona %esert, the 3ibbon %esert

Aot (1e nu se folosete cu nume de muni izolaiK 0en 8evis is t)e )ig)est mountain in Scotland Aot Au se folosete t1e cu nume de lacuri<a&e %indermere+ <a&e Superior+ <a&e Jictoria 6- 'n faa numelor de instrumente muzicale9he guitar )as al?a,s been m, favourite instrument%o ,ou t)inB ,our fat)er ?ill let us pla, the drums in )is garageS 2- 'n faa unor ad#ective naionaliti cu referire la oameni dintr.o anumit ar. aici se folosete un verb la plural9he &renc) and the 0ritis) )ave ?orBed toget)er to build t)e V")annelW9he %utc) are said to be )ard ?orBers Aot :n anumite cazuri se pot folosi numai substantive la plural9he 3ermans ?ere upset about losing t)e semi.finals9he (mericans )osted t)e 122= @orld &ootball ")ampions)ip1H- 'naintea ad#ectivelor superlative i a numeralelor ordinale>eil (rmstrong ?as the first man to ?alB on t)e moonT)at is the silliest t)ing $ )ave ever )eard Aot ;neori numeralele ordinale pot fi folosite fr t1e atunci c5nd se face referire la ordinea 'n care se petrec evenimentele0rendan came first and "ollin second in t)e 1HH meters@e ?ent to an)attan first, t)en on to 0rooBl,nUtili!are: Au se folosete articolulK 1- 'n faa substantivelor nenumrabile sau numrabile la plural c5nd se face o afirmaie generalFollution in big cities is ver, ?orr,ing$ogs maBe good companions(ceste cuvinte sunt adesea precedate de determinani caK some+ any+ a piece of+ a lot of $s t)ere any bread in t)e Bitc)enS (re t)ere any apples in t)e bo?lS Aot $at o list de substantive care sunt de obicei la singular i nenumrabile 'n englez, dar uneori nu i 'n alte limbiK <uggage+ baggage+ furniture+ ne)s+ information+ advice+ behaviour+ damage+ permission+ traffic+ )eather+ )or&+ accommodation+ bread+ luc&+ progresss+ hair 4- 'n faa substantivelor abstracte c5nd sunt folosite 'n mod genericK beauty+ happiness+ fear+ hope+ &no)ledge+ intelligence; cu excepia cazurilor c5nd sunt folosite cu sens mai bine specificatGno)ledge comes to us t)roug) our senses-

6H

S)e got t)e #ob because s)e )as a &no)ledge of Englis)0eauty is in t)e e,e of t)e be)older@)at a beautyR <- 'n faa substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane i numele unei companii, cu excepia situaiilor c5nd se vorbete de familie ca de un tot+e ?orBs for 5nimotor <td-elene and Geoff Far&er are coming to dinner tonig)t%ar 9he Far&ers are coming to dinner tonig)t=- pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, 'n faa numelor de ec)ipe +e loves football but s)e isnAt Been of golfS)e supports 7anchester 5nitedE- 'naintea numelor meselor zileiK brea&fast+ lunch+ dinner+ supper. @)ere did ,ou )ave brea&fastS 9- 'naintea cuvintelor home+ church+ university+ prison+ hospital+ mar&et , atunci c5nd ele reprezint o instituie sau o idee general- 9he se folosete totui atunci c5nd se face o referire special la locul respectivFo)n 0ragg ?as arrested and put into prison for corruption+is ?ife can go to the prison once a ?eeB to visit )imEmma and Sam are at schoolT)eir mot)er often goes to the school to talB to t)eir teac)er-

:5erci7ii: Alege7i articolele: a- an- t1e- ] 1- >earl, all X furniture )ad been taBen out of X dining.room- 4- X big piano ?as put in X corner and t)en t)ere came X ro? of flo?er pots and t)en t)ere came X gold, c)airs- <- T)at ?as for X concert- =- @)en Sun looBed in X ?)ite.faced man sat at X piano not pla,ing, but banging at it- E- +e )ad X bag of X tools on X piano and )e )ad stucB )is )at on X statue against X ?all- 9- So t)e, ?ent into t)e dining.room; X red ribbons and X bunc)es of X roses tied up X table at X corners- 7- $n X middle ?as X laBe ?it) X rose. petals floating on it- 6- [T)atAs ?)ere X ice.pudding is to beA said X "ooB- 2- T?o silver lions ?it) X ?ings )ad X fruit on t)eir bacBs- 1H- (nd all X ?inBing glasses and s)ining plates, and all X foodR 11- [(re X people going to eat X foodSA asBed Sun- 14- @)ile t)e, ?ere being unbuttoned X ot)er looBed in ?it) X ?)ite t)ing over )er s)oulders; s)e ?as rubbing X stuff on )er face- 1<- [$All ring for t)em ?)en $ ?ant t)em, X >urse-A Alege7i articolele: a- an- t1e- ] 1- *ut of X ignorance )e made X mistaBe after X mistaBe- 4- T)e, sailed t)roug) X Straits of agellan- <X sc)ool and X )ome ?ere far a?a,- =- $All start as X decB bo, at X pound X mont)- E- X c)ildren of X lane used to pla, toget)er in X fieldK X 0ro?ns, X Pages, little Tom X cripple- 9- T)e, ?alBed along X >ort) Strand Ioad till t)e, came to X &inlandia +ouse and t)en turned to X rig)t along X @)arf Ioad- 7- $ ?ent from X room to X room singing- 6- (t X !ictoria Station X cro?d of X people pressed to X carriage doors- 2- T)atAs an order, said X a#or %unn- 1H- X police officer %an Ta,lor stood guard over )er outside X St- &rancis +otel- 11- X #udge Fames Ta,lor ?as not lenient- 14- X ")inese language is totall, unliBe X Fapanese- 1<- X Fapanese )ave transcribed t)eir language into X Ioman alp)abet as ?ell- 1=- $ t)oug)t about it X da, and X nig)t- 1E- T)e, transmitted television pictures bacB to X eart)- 19- X eart) s)one X brilliant blue green, curved at X )orizon, against X blacBness of X space, belo? t)e t?o s)ips as X So,uz trailed X (pollo- 17- S)e settled do?n to sip X tea from X paper cup- 16- X crocodiles can be bred commerciall, #ust liBe X co?s or X pigs- 12- X lava and X as) from X erapi !olcano, X "entral Fa?a )ave forced 17H families to flee t)eir )omes- 4H- X female crocodile la,s about =H eggs X ,ear- 41- X farm life doesnAt agree ?it) t)em- 44- S)e ?as training for X S?an /aBe- 4<- X lacB of X parBing space forces X motorists to

61

double.parB reducing X ?ide streets to X narro? lanes- 4=- T)e, discovered X fossils of X bon, fis)es on X field trip to X Ellesmore $sland in X (rtic- 4E- T)e fire broBe out near X /aBe +emet, sout) of X mountain resort of X $d,ll?ild, and burned to X sout)east)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- T)e, t)e 4- T)e, a, a, t)e <- T)e =- a, t)e E- (, b, t)e, a, t)e 9- b, b, b, t)e, t)e 7- T)e, a, b 6- T)e, b 2- b, b 1H- T)e, t)e 11- b, t)e 14- b, a, b 1<- b 1- b, b, b 4- T)e <- b, b =-a, a, a E- T)e, t)e, t)e, t)e, t)e, t)e 9- T)e, b, t)e, t)e 7- b, b 6- b, a, b, t)e 2- b 1H- T)e, b 11- b 14- T)e, b 1<- T)e, t)e 1=- b, b 1E- b 19- T)e, a, t)e, t)e, b, t)e, t)e 17- b, a 16- b, b, b 12b, b, b, b 4H- (, a 41- b 44- b 4<- T)e, b, b, b, b 4=- b, b, a, b, t)e 4E- b, t)e, b, t)e

WWII

A'V:)(IVU<

?orm: ad#ectivele limbii engleze sunt in$ariabile- Ele nu au gen sau numr Aot (d#ectivele demonstrative sunt S$>3;I( excepie- (ceste ad#ective sunt $ariabile- 9his+ that se folosesc su substantive la singular- 9hese+ those se folosesc cu substantive la plural9his s)irt )as been ironed- 9hat blouse looBs dirt,9hese flo?ers are beautiful- 9hose bus)es need cutting@o!i7ie: ad#ectivele sunt aezateK 1- 'n faa substantivelor$Am reading an interesting booB4- dup verbeleK be+ become+ seem+ appear+ feel+ sound+ taste+ ma&e+ &eep+ loo& ?A appear@+ get1turn1gro) ?A become@ $ feel sadT)e ?eat)er gre? cool+e maBes Fanice happy<- dup un complement direct Fane found t)e programme boringS)e painted )er nails bright red Aot ;nele dintre aceste verbe pot avea alte sensuri atunci c5nd sunt determinate de adverbeK 3lad,s loo&ed OU appearedP attractive3lad,s loo&ed OU examinedP carefull, t)e price tag(i%uri: ad#ectivele se 'mpart 'n ase tipuriK calificati$e- %o#e#i$e- interogati$e- cantitati$e- demon#trati$e i di#tributi$e& Ad,ecti$ele calificati$e ?orm: exemple de astfel de ad#ective suntK young+ empty+ small+ spacious+ blac&+ elegant+ ugly+ strong+ lonely+ intelligent+ round+ happy T)e old man ?as sitting in t)e sun Aot (d#ectivele pot fi folosite ca substantive- Ele cer un verb la plural9he young are often impacient.

64

 Aot &acei diferena 'ntre little OU micP, little OU nu multP i a little OU o cantitate micPS)e bab,sits for a little girl&is) eat little food+e lent me a little mone,Participiile prezente Oformele 'n ingP i participiile trecute Oformele de tipul edP sunt folosite ca ad#ective calificative- Participiile prezente au sens activ, iar participiile trecute au sens pasiv@artici%iu %re!ent 0oring (musing $nteresting Tiring &rig)tening @artici%iu trecut bored amused interested tired frig)tened

T)e student gre? bored during t)e lectureSpielbergAs ne? film is frightening Aot Fretty este at5t ade#ectiv c5t i adverbEllie is a pretty girl- OU attractiveP (rnold is pretty ric)- OU rat)erP Aot (d#ectivele sunt determinate de adverbeT)ose boots are very tight$ feel totally e(haustedUtili!are: ad,ecti$ele i %re%o!i7iile (d#ectivele sunt adesea urmate de prepoziiiAt 0ad Expert 3ood Slo? cuicB Excited S)ocBed Surprised (mused =it1 %elig)ted %isgusted Pleased Satisfied 3enerous to married cruel Bind lo,al polite fait)ful sensitive rude anxious about sad sincere sorr, sure t)rilled ?orried curious ent)usiastic of rude stupid Bind nice polite sure generous

on dependent

in interested expert successful

Aot ;nele ad#ective 'i sc)imb sensul c5nd primesc o alt prepoziieTodd is good at algebra- TTodd is good to )is sisterT)e, are al?a,s &ind to us- T $tAs &ind of +elen to )elp-

6<

(o%ica "5nd dou sau mai multe ad#ective sunt folosite 'mpreunK 1- ad#ectivele subiective sau de opinie O boring+ lovely+ lazyP sunt aezate 'n faa ad#ectivelor obiective sau concrete Oold+ red+ s3uareP(nn is an active young lad,4- ad#ectivele obiective sau concrete stau 'n umrtoarea ordineK dimen#iune B $Cr#t B form B culoare B origine B material B #co% a small oval plate T an anti3ue .rench table T a blac& metal )al&ing sticB T an enormous blac& steel lifting device <- dup un $erb ultimele dou ad#ective sunt legate cu (>%Sam gre? bitter and aggressiveT)e bread smelled fresh+ fragrant+ and appetizing)om%ara7ia ad,ecti$elor A "omparativul i superlativul ad#ectivelor se formeazK 1- adug5nd Ber i Be#t la sf5ritulK ad#ectivelor monosilabice ad#ectivelor terminate 'n By- 8er- 8ly Aot (d#ectivele de o silab terminate 'ntr.o consoan, dubleaz consoanaK fat+ fatter+ fattest (d#ectivele terminate 'n con#oan F yK transfomr pe y 'n iK pretty+ prettier+ prettiest 4- adug5nd more i mo#t 'naintea ad#ectivelor de dou sau mai multe silabe )om%ara7ia regulat Ad,ecti$ %arm -appy 2lever 0oring #(cited com%arati$ )armer happier cleverer more boring more e(cited #u%erlati$ the )armest the happiest the cleverest the most boring the most e(cited #u%erlati$ the best the )orst the least the most the farthest the furthest the oldest the eldest the latest the last the nearest the ne(t

)om%ara7ia neregulat Ad,ecti$ com%arati$ Good+ )ell better 0ad )orse <ittle less 7uch+ many more .ar farther further old older elder late later near nearer

Aot Good i +ell au sensuri diferiteK 0et) is good- OU be)aves ?ellP 0et) is )ell- OU s)e is in good )ealt)P ?art1er i furt1er se refer ambele la distan, dar furt1er mai poate 'nsemna i n plus 1 e(tra 0oston is farther 1 further t)an Pl,mout)-

6=

.urther testing ?ill be necessar,9lder i elder se refer ambele la v5rst, dar elder se folosete pentru relaii de familie T)e cat)edral is the oldest building in to?nFason is the eldest brot)er(1e late#t 'nseamn cel mai recent, t1e la#t 'nseamn cel final, ultimul 9he latest ne?s ?as broadcast five minutes ago9he last ne?s report is at midnig)t(1e neare#t se refer la distan, t1e ne5t la timp T cronologie 9he nearest )otel is ten miles a?a,9he ne(t train is leaving in )alf an )ourB pentru a face comparaii, folosiiK 1- a# F ad,ecti$ F a# 'n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima egalitatea a#T#o F ad,ecti$ F a# 'n propoziii negative Gour e,esig)t is as good as minePeter isnAt as1so short as )is brot)er4- ad,ecti$ul la com%arati$ F t1an pentru a exprima diferena T)at ?atc) is more e(pensive than t)is Timex Aot Pentru a forma comparaii cu substantive, pronume i verbe 'n ing, folosii prepoziia li/e +e ?orBs li&e a dogTr, to be)ave li&e him$tAs li&e tal&ing to a bricB ?all)om%ara7i "omparaiile pot fi fcute cu more c5t i cu le## Paris is more interesting t)an +ouston+ouston is less interesting t)an Paris Aot Exist o diferen 'ntre engleza formal i cea familiar&ormalK t1anTa# F iT1eT#1eT+eTt1ey F $erb &amiliarK t1anTa# F meT1imT1erTu#Tt1em ?ormal Gou are as tall as , am0ill is older t)an she is?amiliar Gou are as tall as me0ill is older t)an her-

Aot "5nd acelai verb se repet 'n aceeai propoziie, folosii un auxiliar pentru al doilea verbT)is "% sounds better t)an t)at "% sounds- U T)is "% sounds better t)an t)at "% does. 6 com%arati$ F and F com%arati$ pentru a exprima creterea sau descreterea gradat a calitii T)e bab, is gro?ing bigger and bigger$Am feeling more and more irritated ?it) Erict1e F ad,ecti$ la #u%erlati$G F ofTin pentru a exprima superioritatea sau inferioritatea 9? se folosete pentru a indica un grup de oameni sau obiecteIA se folosete pentru a indica un locT)is is the oldest booB in t)e librar,T)is booB is the best of1in t)e seriesAd,ecti$ele %o#e#i$e

6E

?orm: ad#ectivele posesive suntK 7y your his1her1its our Aot It# este ad#ectiv posesivItH# este forma contras a lui it Y isUtili!are: ad#ectivele se folosescK 1- pentru a face referire la posesor$ tooB off my coat@e drove our car-

your

their

4- cu pri ale corpului i )aineT)e c)ildren ?as)ed their )ands before dinnerFim puts on his ne? )iBing boots<- cu o)n, pentru a 'ntri ideea de posesieS)e cleaned her o)n room Aot (d#ectivele posesive sunt invariabile- Ele au aceeai form pentru substantive la singular i la plural7y boo&+ my boo&s his pen+ his pens 6 Ad,ecti$ele interogati$e ?orm: Exist trei ad#ective interogativeK )hat+ )hich i )hose Utili!are: (d#ectivele interogative se folosesc astfelK 1- +1at se folosete pentru lucuriK %hat booB are ,ou readingS +1ic1 se folosete pentru persoane sau lucuri 'n cazul unei alegeri limitateK %hich booB do ,ou preferS +1o#e se folosete pentru persoane i exprim posesiaK %hose car )ave t)e, borro?edS Aot (d#ectivele interogative sunt invariabile- Ele au aceeali form pentru substantive la singular i la plural%hat photo+)hat photos 1 )hich pen+)hich pens 1 )hose coat+)hose coats 4- +1o#e preced substantivul pe care 'l determin%hose cat is t)isS %hose bags are over t)ereS <- c5nd +1atT+1ic1T+1o#e F #ub#tanti$ #oac rolul de #ubiect al unei propoziii, verbul este la forma afirmativc5nd +1atT+1ic1T+1o#e F #ub#tanti$ #oac rolul de com%lement al unei propoziii, verbul este la forma interogativSubiect %hat team ?onS %hich trainarrived lateS %hose coat lost a buttonS D Ad,ecti$e cantitati$e )om%lement %hat team did you applaud; %hich train did ar, taBeS %hose coat did 0en borro?S

69

?orm: ad#ectivele cantitative suntK much+ many+ little+ fe)+ some+ any+ no i toate numereleUtili!are: A muc1- many- little- fe+ 1- many i fe+ se folosesc cu substantive numrabilemuc1 i little se folosec cu substantive nenumrabile7any magazines, fe) in)abitants 7uch mone,, little )appines 4- muc1 i many se folosesc de obicei 'n propoziii negative i interogative- :n propoziii afirmative folosii a lot of, %lenty of- a great deal of, a large number ofAeagati$ i interogati$ T)ere isnAt much ice in t)e freezer%o ,ou )ave many friendsS Afirmati$ T)e plum tree )as pleanty of plums t)is ,ear<- muc1 i many se pot combina cu 1o+-o) much mone, do ,ou needS -o) many birds live in t)at nestS Aot Muc1 i many se folosesc uneori 'n propoziii afirmative7any guests complained7uch time )as been ?asted Aot ;o+ muc1 T many F #ub#tanti$ poate fi subiect sau complement- !erbul din propoziie se modific 'n mod corespunztor-o) much mone, did )e taBeS -o) much is missingS B #ome- any- no sunt adesea denumite %artiti$e1- #ome i any indic o anumit cantitate no 'nseamn nici unele+ nici unii+ deloc Se folosesc cuK substantive la pluralsubstantive nenumrabile la singularT)ere is some bread but no milB in t)e Bitc)en+ave ,ou boug)t any biscuitsS 4- #ome se folosete 'nK propoziii afirmative @e earned some mone, picBing stra?berries:ntrebri, c5nd se ateapt un rspuns afirmativ +avenAt ,ou lost some buttons on t)at #acBetS *ferte i cereri @ould ,ou liBe some coffeeS <- any se folosete 'nK propoziii negative $ canAt lend ,ou any flourPropoziii interogative %oes Sara) )ave any talentS Propoziii subordonate cu ifT+1et1er @e donAt Bno? if t)ere are any survivors%up ?it)out

67

+e left for /ondon ?it)out any baggagePropoziii afirmative cu un substantiv la singular, cu sensul de tot+ oricare+ indiferent care ny advice is ?elcome0u, any brand of toot)paste=- no se folosete 'nK propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia , )usband speaBs no Spanis)8o drinBs ?ere offered during t)e flig)t%up )ith +e left for /ondon ?it) no baggage Aot Some- any- no se combin cu Bone- 8body- 8 t1ing form5nd cuvintele compuseK someone+ somebody+ something+ anyone+ anybody+ anything+ no one+ nobody+ nothing (ceste pronume urmeaz aceleai reguli%oes anyone ?ant to accompan, meS T)e, sa? something strange t)at nig)t8o one ans?ered t)e p)oneT)e test flig)t tooB place ?it)out anybody on boardO Ad,ecti$ele demon#trati$e: this, that, these, those

1- %emonstrativele sunt #ingurele ad#ective variabile din limba englez- Se acord 'n numr cu substantivul determinatSingular %lural 9his rug these rugs 9hat tree those trees 4- (1i#- t1e#e se refer la persoane i lucruri din apropierea vorbitorului(1at- t1o#e se refer la persoane i lucruri aflate mai departe de vorbitor9hese pastries are delicious9his c)air is rat)er uncomfortable9hat airplane is fl,ing too lo?9hose clouds looB fluff,K Ad,ecti$e di#tributi$e: each, every, all, both, either, neither

Utili!are: A: eac1- all- e$ery 1- eac1 'nseamn Vconsiderat separat sau individualW- E urmat de substantiv la singular#ach c)ild received a prize4- all 'nseamn Vconsiderai 'mpreunW, ca grup- Substantivele numrabile care urmeaz sunt la pluralll men are created eZual<- e$ery poate 'nsemna Vconsiderai 'mpreunW sau Vconsiderai separatW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular#very girl )ad a red )air ribbon) bot1 bot1 'nseamn Vam5ndoi, am5ndouW $Ave read both booBs' eit1er- neit1er eit1er 'nseamn Voricare din ceiTcele doiTdouW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular#ither dress is suitable for t)e part,-

66

neit1er 'nseamn Vnici unulTuna din ceiTcele doiTdouW- ;rmeaz un substantiv la singular- !erbul trebuie s fie afirmativ8either dress is suitable for t)e part, Aot :it1er G or implic o alegereK Gou can )ave either eggs or bacon for breaBfastAeit1er G nor subliniaz cele dou negaiiK 8either ?omen nor c)ildren ?ere admitted:n acest timp de expresie substantivele numrabile sunt la plural Aot (d#ectivele sunt adesea urmate de construcii infinitivaleT)atAs nice to &no)R $t ?as foolis) to do t)atR @e found it eas, to memorize$t is dangerous to s&i t)ere:5erci7ii: Alege7i forma corect a ad,ecti$ului din %arante!: 1- T)is is t)e X booB $ )ave read for a long time OgoodP- 4- +e )as one of t)e X cars on t)e road OfastP- <- T)e ?orB ,ou are doing toda, is X t)an t)e ?orB ,ou did ,esterda, Oeas,P- =- (nn often ?ears X dresses t)en )er mot)er OexpensiveP- E- @)ic) is t)e X pla, ,ou )ave latel, readS OinterestingP- 9- T)e actress on t)e stage ?as t)e X girl $ )ave ever seen OstriBingP- 7- Tom is X t)an )is friend OtallP- 6- T)e, )ave a X garden t)an ours Olovel,P- 2- +e said t)is ?as t)e X da, in )is life OimportantP- 1H- +e ?as X t)an )is ?ife ?)en t)e c)ild broBe t)e ?indo? Oangr,P- 11- +e ?as t)e X man in t)e ?orld to do t)at OlateP- 14- (K [@)ic) ?as ,our X sub#ect at sc)ool and ?)ic) ?as ,our X Ogood, badPSA 0K [P),sics ?as m, X and )istor, m, X Ogood, badP-A 1<- $s 0uc)arest or Prague t)e X from /ondon OfarPS 1=- Tom is 17 ,ears old, )is brot)er FacB is 12 and )is sister Fane is 1E- T)erefore Fane is t)e X and FacB is t)e X O,oung, oldPAlege7i forma corect a ad,ecti$elor din %arante!: 1- @)at is t)e OlateP information ,ouAve gotS 4- +er OoldP brot)er is called Fim- <- @e ?ere in a )urr, to catc) t)e OlateP bus- =- @)ic) is OoldP of t)e t?oS E- @)o is t)e OoldP member of t)e studentsA clubS 9- T)e, got do?n to business ?it)out OfarP dela,- 7- $Ave got a still OoldP edition of t)e dictionar,- 6- T)e OoldP sister ?as t?ent, ,ears OoldP t)en t)e ,oungest- 2- T)e OlateP )alf of a, ?as Zuite rain,- 1H- $ ?as told to ?ait until OfarP notice11- $ ?is) $ )ad boug)t it at t)e OnearP s)op- 14- +e provided t)em ?it) OfarP information as agreed- 1<- T)e OnearP station is "alea !ictoriei- 1=- Fo)nAs OlateP novel ?as a OgoodP seller and for sure it ?onAt be )is OlateP one- 1E- +e is t)e OlittleP ?riter of t)e t?o- 19- $ sa? )im meet )er at t)e OfarP end of t)e street- 17- $ s)all need OfarP )elp ?it) t)is)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- 0est 4- &astest <- Easier =- ore expensive E- ost interesting 9- ost striBing 7- Taller 6- ore lovel, 2ost important 1H- (ngrier 11- /ast 14- 0est, ?orst, best, ?orst 1<- &art)er 1=- Goungest, oldest 1- /atest 4- Elder <- /ast =- *lder E- *ldest 9- &urt)er 7- *lder 6- Eldest, older 2- /atter 1H- &urt)er 11- >earest 14- &urt)er 1<- >ext 1=- /atest, best, last 1E- /esser 19- &art)est 17- &urt)er

WWIII

@R9AUM:<:

Pronumele 'nlocuiesc substantive- "ele ase tipuri de ad#ective Ocalitativ, posesiv, interogativ, cantitativ, demonstrativ, distributivP au forme pronominale- Ele urmeaz 'n general reguli identice- Exist de asemenea i pronume personale i refle(ive-

62

& & 2 2

Ad,ecti$e )alificati$e F oneTone# ^ @ronume ad,ecti$ calificati$ F oneTone# 'nlocuiete un substantiv care a fost menionat mai devreme$ ?onAt lend ,ou m, ne? pen- Gou can borro? m, old onesuperlativele i culorile pot fi folosite singureSandra is the best OdancerP%onAt ?ear ,our blue s)oes- 9he blac& OonesP looB better@ronume @o#e#i$e

?orm: pronumele posesive suntK 7ine ours >ours yours -is1hers theirs Utili!are: pronumele posesive 'nlocuiesc ad#ectivele posesive- Substantivul care lipsete a fost menionat 'nainteT)is is m, booB- T)is booB is mine"ome to m, )ouse, not his Aot 9f your# 'nseamn one of your F #ub#tanti$ 9f mine 'nseamn one of my F #ub#tanti$ Fo)n is a friend of ours- U Fo)n is one of our friends6 @ronume Interogati$e

Pronumele interogative suntK +1o- +1om- +1o#e- +1at- +1ic1 Utili!are: pronumele interogative se folosesc astfelK @er#oane <ucruri Subiect ?)o ?)at @)ic) ?)ic) )om%lement ?)om, ?)o ?)at @)ic) ?)ic) @o#e#i$ ?)ose Aot Pronumele interogative sunt invariabile- Ele au o singur form%ho is t)at girlS %ho are t)ose menS Aot =1ic1 se folosete 'ntr.un context cu alegere limitat- :n rest se folosete +1at%hat do ,ou seeS Opoi vedea oriceP %hich OoneP is singingS Ocare persoan, din grupul respectiv, este cea care c5ntSP & %ronumele interogati$e ca SUBI:)( c5nd )ho+ )hat+ )hose i )hich sunt #ubiectul unei propoziii, verbul este afirmati$%ho is calling meS %hat )appenedS %ronumele interogati$e ca i )9M@<:M:A( c5nd )ho+ )hom+ )hat+ )hose+ )hich sunt com%lementul unei propoziii, verbul este la interogati$%hom did ,ou callS %hat )as )e doneS

2H

 Aot :n engleza formal +1om este folosit ca i complement obiect direct- Engleza vorbit 'l folosete pe +1o&ormalK %hom did ,ou seeS !orbitK %ho did ,ou seeS 6 %ronume interogati$e ca i )9M@<:M:A( @R:@9XIZI9AA< %hom+ )hat+ )hich ca i com%lemente %re%o!i7ionale%ith )hom did eg speaBS ,n )hat are ,ou interestedS 9o )hich of t)e t?o addresses did t)e, send itS Aot Engleza modern prefer s transfere prepoziiile la S&dI_$T;/ propoziiei- :n acest caz +1om devine +1o%ho did eg speaB )ith; %hat are ,ou interested in; %hich of t)e t?o addresses did t)e, send it to; Aot =1at F be_ i +1at F be G li/e_ Sunt 'ntrebri diferite%hat is r- ParBerS +e is a la?,er%hat is r- ParBer li&eS +e is s)ort and arrogantD @ronume )antitati$e Pronumele cantitative suntK muc1- many- little- fe+- #ome- any- none Utili!are: muc1- many- little- fe+ & many i fe+ 'nlocuiesc substantive numrabile muc1 i little 'nlocuiesc substantive nenumrabile 7any are called but fe) are c)osen+e didnAt spend much mone,- :n fact )e spent ver, littlemuc1 i many se folosesc 'n mod normal 'n propoziii negative i interogative- :n propoziii afirmative folosii a lotTlot# sau a great deal T)e bab, isnAt eating much- $t usuall, eats a great deal%id ,ou bu, many booBsS Ges, $ boug)t lots-

Aot Muc1 i many se pot combina cu 1o+-o) much did it costS -o) many cameS Some- any- none 1- #ome- any i none 'nlocuiesc substantive la plural sau nenumrabile la singular4- #ome se folosete 'nK a- propoziii afirmative b- 'ntrebri c5nd se ateapt ca rspunsul s fie afirmativ c- oferte i cereri T)ere are deer in t)e parB- @e sa? some toda,Gou need some medicine- %id t)e doctor prescribe ,ou someS $Ave #ust lost all m, mone,- "ould ,ou lend me someS <- any se folosete 'nK a- propoziii negative b- propoziii interogative c- subordonate cu if1)hether d- dup )ithout

21

$ meant to bu, a dozen eggs but t)e, )adnAt got any(renAt t)ere any in t)e fridgeS $f ,ou see any, let me Bno?@)at about mone,S +e left ?it)out any=- none se folosete 'nK a- propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima negaia b- dup )ith $f all friends ?ere liBe +arr,, $Ad rat)er )ave noneSam )ates car,ing suitcases- +e travels ?it) none Aot Pronumele somebody+ someone+ something+ anybody+ anyone+ anything+ no one+ nobody+ nothing urmeaz aceleai reguliO @ronumele 'emon#trati$e Pronumele demonstrative suntK t1i#- t1at- t1e#e i t1o#e Utili!are: 1- Pronumele demonstrative se acord 'n numr cu substantivul pe care 'l 'nlocuiesc9his OumbrellaP is mine- 9hat is )is4- t1i#- t1e#e se refer la obiecte din prea#ma vorbitoruluit1at- t1o#e se refer la obiecte aflate mai departe de vorbitor9his OoneP is )ere, that OoneP is t)ere<- t1i# se folosete pentru a face prezentrile sau la telefonrs Fones, this is m, friend, (lison +ug)es-

@ronumele 'i#tributi$e:

:ac1- all- e$eryoneTe$erybody- e$eryt1ing- bot1- eit1er- neit1er Utili!are: eac1- all 1- eac1 'nseamn Vconsiderai individualW- ;rmeaz un verb la singular#ach c)ose t)e colour )e preferred4- all 'nseamn Vconsiderai 'mpreunW- ;rmeaz un verb la pluralll are ?elcome<- eac1 i all pot fi urmate de *& Y substantiv T pronume#ach of the boys felt as)amedll of the trees are d,ing:$eryone- e$erybody- e$eryt1ing 1- e$eryone i e$erybody 'nseamn Vtoat lumeaW #verybody in t)e room applauded4- e$eryt1ing 'nseamn Vtoate lucrurileW #verything ended ?ellBot1

24

1- bot1 'nseamn Vcei doiTcele douW 0oth refused t)e invitation4- bot1 poate fi urmat de *& Y substantiv T pronume 0oth of )is grandparents are still living Aot ll i both se pot folosi pentru a 'ntri subiectul pronominal- :n acest caz ele sunt plasate 'n faa verbului principalGou )ave all been ver, Bind to me@e both came:it1er- neit1er 1- eit1er 'nseamn Vunul dintre cei doiWneit1er 'nseamn Vnici unul dintre cei doiW4- eit1er, neit1er pot fi urmate de *& Y substantiv T pronume #ither of ,ou can go8either of t)e men ?anted to do itL @ronume @er#onale #ubiect , >ou -e She ,t %e 9hey com%lement me you him her it us them

?orm:

Utili!are: 1- toate verbele limbii engleze Ocu excepia imperativelorP trebuie s aib un subiect pronominal9hey disliBe inefficienc,dar "ome )ereR 4- complementele pronominale Odirecte sau indirecteP urmeaz o prepoziie sau verbul Ocu funcie de complemente directe sau indirecte-P $ spoBe to her ,esterda,@e sa) them on t)e beac) Aot %e obicei complementul indirect preced complementul directS)e sent me a long letter'ar %up verbe caK e(plain+ introduce+ translate+ describe+ say+ suggest+ recommend 'ar %ac ambele complemente sunt pronumeK "omplementul direct este primul iar complementul indirect e introdus printr.o prepoziieS)e sent it to me$ explained it to them<- you i one sunt folosite impersonal cu sensul de everyone, no one sau anyone- Hne are aspect formal- >ou este frecvent folosit 'n engleza vorbit>ou1one s)ould al?a,s tell t)e trut)-

2<

=- t1ey este folosit impersonal cu sensul de Vlumea spuneW, Vse ziceW 9hey sa, )eAs dis)onest- OU People sa, )eAs dis)onest-P E- it F be se foloseteK pentru lucruri sau fiine cu genul necunoscut@)ereAs m, booBS ,t is on t)e s)elf"u un substantiv T complement pronominal pentru a se referi la persoane@)oAs at t)e doorS ,t*s *livia:n expresii despre vreme, temperatur, timp, date, distane ,t*s cold outside@)at time is itS ,t*s nine oAclocB,t*s t)e fourt) of Ful,+o? far is it to ")icagoS ,t*s ten miles. "u un ad#ectiv pentru a introduce o subordonat infinitival ,t is difficult to understand )er-

@ronume Refle5i$e #ingular 7yself >ourself -imself -erself ,tself %lural ourselves yourselves themselves

?orm:

Aot Exist o diferen 'ntre your#elf i your#el$e#%id ,ou en#o, yourself at t)e part,S %id Fo)n and ,ou en#o, yourselves at t)e part,S Utili!are: Pronumele reflexive se folosescK 1- cu verbe reflexive"ele mai frecvente verbe reflexive suntK 9o enjoy oneself+ to amuse oneself+ to help oneself+ to hurt oneself+ to trouble oneself+ to cut oneself+ to )ash oneself T)e little bo, hurt himself during t)e gameulte verbe care sunt 'n mod normal reflexive 'n alte limbi >; sunt reflexive 'n englez- (stfel de verbe suntK to )ash+ dress+ comb+ shave+ meet, etcSue and 0rian met last ,ear4- cu funcie de complemente prepoziionale S)e looBed at herself in t)e mirror@), are ,ou so angr, )ith yourselfS <- pentru 'ntrire T)e president himself attended t)e meeting-

2=

 Aot By F %ronume refle5i$ 'nseamn #ingur ;n pronume reflexiv folosit cu un verb nereflexiv 'nseamn Vfr a#utorul nimnuiW$ live by myself- U $ live alone$ fixed it myself- U $ fixed it ?it)out an, )elp Aot :ac1 ot1er 'nseamn reciprocitate 'ntre dou persoane-

:5erci7ii: ?olo#i7i it #au there- acolo unde e nece#ar: 1- X is time to go to bed- 4- X is t)ree miles to t)e Doo- <- X is a long time since $ gave up smoBing- =- X is so muc) ?orB to do t)at $ )avenAt time to t)inB about m, o?n problems- E- X is time to finis) t)e cleaning before ?e go- 9- X is ver, strange t)at t)e, s)ould )ave arrived at t)e same time- 7- X is no place liBe )ome6- X is t?o ,ears since t)e, married- 2- X is onl, a s)ort ?a, no?- 1H- %onAt eat t)at X is a poisonous mus)room- X are man, of t)em in t)ese parts- 11- X is a s)ame t)at even toda, X are so man, unBempt gardens around- 14- X is no time to stop and talB- X is a bus to catc), X is a fair distance to t)e stop)om%leta7i #%a7iile cu much, many, BaC little, BaC few: 1- T)e people involved are onl, as X as )alf a dozen- 4- (sB X to )ave X - <- X )ave no record at all- =- T)e ?orBers ?ere Zuite upset; X t)reatened to do?n tools; X c)ose to go on ?orBing- E- T)e, donAt give ,ou X for t)is Bind of ?orB, do t)e,S 9- X is being done to la, t)eir suspicions- 7- @)at about busesS X are broBen do?n, X are in good repair- 6- Some go for crisps but Zuite X go for popcorn in a big ?a,- 2- (K [(n,t)ing to drinBS T)e pineapple sZuas) is ver, nice indeed-A 0K [Ges, please, $All )ave XA- 1H- $t ?as Zuite a s)ocB for all of t)em, but X ?ere seriousl, in#ured?olo#i7i either, neither #au none: 1- a- $ liBe X of t)e t?o- b- $ donAt liBe X of t)e t?o, t)e, are bot) too fanciful for m, taste- 4- X ?as ?ort) mentioning- <- (K [@)ic) of t)e t?o paintings did ,ou bu,SA 0KAXA- =- $t doesnAt matter ?)ic) ,ou c)oose- a- $ donAt liBe X b- $ liBe X E- (K [@)ic) of )er friends do ,ou liBe bestSA 0K [$ liBe X of t)em-A 9- (K [+ave ,ou seen m, )usband or m, sonSA 0K [$Ave seen X of t)em-A 6- (K [+ave ,ou read t)e Englis) of t)e Iomanian versionSA 0K [$ )avenAt read X of t)em-A )om%leta7i #%a7iile goale cu who, whose, whom, which, that: 1- T)e girl X umbrella ,ou tooB is raging against ,ou- 4- T)e apples X )e sa? on t)e table ?ere not big at all<- T)e pla, X ?e sa? last ?eeB ?as rat)er dull- =- T)e girl ?it) X ,ou sa? me ,esterda, studies Spanis)- ET)e student to X ,ou ?ere talBing looBed ver, clever- 9- T)e bo,s X are pla,ing football under ,our ?indo?s are brot)ers- 7- T)e raft on X )e ?as standing ?as caug)t in a ?)irl- 6- T)e, )ave cut do?n t)e tree X used to stand )ere- 2- T)e onl, opponenet X can defeat )im is Foe 0ugner- 1H- T)e onl, opponent X )e is afraid of is Foe 0ugner- 11- T)e most unusual booB X )as appeared t)is ?inter is a booB on caterpillars- 14- &ranB is no t)e man X )e ?as- 1<- +ereAs t)e man X car ?as stolen- 1=- $s t)is t)e box X ,ou tooB it out ofS 1E- $tAs librar, X ob#ect is to serve t)e neig)bouring villages- 19- Ever,bod, X one asBs sa,s )e is innocent- 17- T)is is t)e funniest stor, X )e )as ?ritten- 16- S)e is t)e sort of girl X ?ill do )er best to persuade )im- 12- (ll X t)e, can do is pacif, )im- 4H- GouAre t)e onl, man X $Ave ever met X can reall, pla, bridge)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- $t 4- $t <- $t =- T)ere E- T)ere 9- $t 7- T)ere 6- $t 2- $t 1H- $t, t)ere 11- $t, t)ere 14- T)ere, t)ere, it 1- &e? 4uc), a little <an, =an,, fe? Euc) 9- /ittle 7- &e?, man, 6- &e? 2- ( little 1H- &e?

1- >eit)er, eit)er 4- >one <- >eit)er =- Eit)er, neit)er E- >one 9- >eit)er 7- >one 6- Eit)er 1- @)ose 4- T)atT?)ic) <- @)ic)Tt)at =- @)om E- @)om 9- @)o 7- @)ic) 6- T)at 2- @)o 1H- @)omTt)at 11T)at 14- T)at 1<- @)ose 1=- @)ic)Tt)at 1E- @)ose 19- OT)atP 17- OT)atP 16- T)at 12- OT)atP 4H- OT)atP, ?)o

2E

WWIV

A'V:RBU<

?orm: (dverbele se formeaz 'n diferite feluriK 1- unele adverbe sunt cuvinte independenteK often+ )hen;+ no)+ very+ soon+ al)ays 4- unele adverbe au aceeai form ca ad#ectiveleK daily+ early+ fast+ lo)+ straight+ )ell+ bac&+ enough+ far+ ill+ little+ long+ pretty+ near+ )rong+ still+ short+ late+ high+ left+ right+ hard Aot %intre aceste adverbe, unele au i o form 'n /G dar sensul este altulK +ard/G U ver, little T)e, ?ere )ig)l, impacient/ate/G U recentl, $t )asnAt rained latel,>ear/G U almost %inner is nearl, read,S)ort/G U soon, briefl, r- Smit) ?ill be )ere s)ortl,Pretti/G U attractivel, T)e bab, ?as prettil, dressed >ot %up be- become- feel- get- loo/- #eem- folosii un ad#ectiv Onu un adverbPS)e felt )app,rs- Poole looBs tired<- unel adverbe O'n special cele de mod i gradP se formeaz adug5nd ad#ectivelor terminaia B<SK Bind, Bindly automatic, automatically slo?, slo?ly simple, simply )app,, )appily careful, carefully Aot (dverbul corespunztor lui Good este =ell Aot ;nel cuvinte terminate 'n /G sunt ad#ective Onu adverbePR <onely+ lovely+ li&ely+ friendly+ ugly+ silly 9rtografie: y final se sc)imb 'n BiK 8e final se pstreazK dac se termin 'n consoan K Cle, "e dispare i se adaug CyK cuvintelor terminate 'n ic li se adaug all,K (o%ica: Topica adverbelor variaz- Ea depinde 'n primul r5nd de tipul de adverbe folosit- :ntrirea poate i ea afecta topicaExist trei poziii de baz pentru adverbeK 1- la Ence%ut: (dverbul e plasat 'nainte de subiect5nfortunately, $ couldnAt identif, t)e t)iefmerry+ merrily Odar shy+ shylyP )ise+ )isely Odar true+ trulyP gentle+ gently scientific+ scientifically Odar public+ publiclyP

29

4- la #fCrit: (dverbul este plasat dup complement sau, dac nu exist complement, imediat dup verbT)at ,oung man liBes elanie very much Aot >u plasai niciodat un adverb 'ntre verb i complementR $ drinB coffee slo?l,- OAu $ drinB slo?l, coffee-P <- la mi,loc: (dverbul este plasatK 'nainte de verbul principal+e usually comes for teadup verbul be S)e is al)ays smilingdup primul verb auxiliar sau modalT)e, )ave rarely come to visit'nainte de u#ed to, 1a$e to, oug1t to@e certainly oug)t to be more careful(i%uri de ad$erbe (dverbele se 'mpart 'n apte tipuri diferiteK de mod- loc- tim%- frec$en7- o%inie- grad i interogati$e& Ad$erbe de mod `indly- ea#ily- +ell- 1a%%ily- fa#t- carefully- #ecretly- beautifully- reluctanty- fooli#1ly- badly etc (dverbele de mod arat "; se petrece o aciunePoziia lor esteK de obicei la #fCrit, adic dup verb i complementPavarotti sang beautifully Aot :n propoziii cu pasivul, @E// i 0(%/G sunt plasate 'nainte de participiul trecutK T)e booB ?as )ell ?ritten-

'nainte de verb, %("e exist un complement lungT)e teac)er carefully picBed up all the e(am papers scattered over the floor(dverbele referitoare la caracter sau inteligen O foolish+ generously+ s)eetly+ &indly+ stupidly etc. P 'i sc)imb sensul 'n funcie de poziie$ stupidly replied- OU $t ?as stupid of me to repl,-P $ replied stupidl,- OU $ gave a stupid repl,-P 2 Ad$erbe de loc ;ere- u%- abroad- out- out#ide- in- a+ay- e$ery+1ere- #ome+1ere- no+1ere- t1ere etc (dverbele de loc arat ;>%E se petrece aciunea-

27

Poziia lor esteK de obicei la sf5rit, adic dup verb i complementT)e, ?ent every)here Aot (dverbele de loc funcioneaz adesea i ca prepoziiiFoe ran do)n t)e stairs Aot +EIE T T+EIE Y be T come T go Y #ubiect #ub#tanti$K T)ereAs ;enryR +ere comes t1e trainR %ar +EIE T T+EIE Y #ubiect %ronume Y be T come T goK T)ere 1e isR +ere it comesR 6 Ad$erbe de tim% Se#terday- no+- after+ard#- #till- #oon- e$entually- t1en- today- at once- till- tomorro+- #ince t1en etc (dverbele de timp arat "d>% se petrece aciuneaPoziia lor esteK de obicei la Ence%ut O'naintea subiectuluiP sau la #fCrit Odup verb i complementP9omorro) ?ill begin t)e next lessoncu imperativeK la #fCrit %o it no)R "u GETK la #fCrit GET se folosete mai ales la negativ i interogativ- :nseamn Vp5n acumWr Fones )asnAt finis)ed yet+ave ,ou asBed )im yetS "u ST$//K dup 0E i 'naintea tuturor celorlalte verbeST$// se folosete la afirmativ, negativ, i interogativ- El subliniaz continuarea unei situaii T stri de faptStep)anie is still un?ell"u (/IE(%GK dup 0E sau primul auxiliar i 'nainte de verbul principal(/IE(%G se folosete mai ales la afirmativ- :nseamn Vde#aW+e is already fifteen ,ears old Aot Since t1en se folosete cu timpurile perfecte@e )avenAt seen t)e >elsons since then Aot %e obicei adverbele au urmtoarea ordineK M9' B <9) B (IM@ T)e bab, slept )ell yesterdayarB ?orBed hard at school last yearD Ad$erbe de frec$en7 Al+ay#- u#ually- ne$er- e$er- 1ardly e$er- often- t+ice- once- continually- #eldom- rarely- %eriodically etc

26

(dverbele de frecven arat "dT %E %ES se petrece o aciunePoziia lor esteK de obicei la mi,loc, adicK Enainte de verbul principal i have to+ used to+ ought to du% verbul 0E i primul auxiliarGou can sometimes parB over t)ereT)e little girls are al)ays pla,ing dolls2ontinually+ fre3uently+ occasionally+ once+ t)ice+ often+ sometimes+ normally i repeatedly pot fi plasate i la #fCrit Odup verb i complementP sau la Ence%ut O'nainte de subiectPK +e comes to see us often4epeatedly, t)e pupils made t)e same mistaBeExpresiile adverbiale de frecven Oevery day+ once a monthP sunt plasate la sf5rit sau 'nceputK *ur c)ildren ?alB to sc)ool every morning Aot >E!EI se folosete cu verbe afirmative- :nseamn VniciodatW$ )ave never been to FapanE!EI se folosete 'n special 'n propoziii interogative sau superlative- :nseamn Voric5nd T vreodatW+as Ted ever studied statisticsS FacB 3allag)er is t)e best pla,er ?e )ave ever )ad>*T Y E!EI U >E!EI $ )aven*t ever read Pinter- U $ )ave never read Pinter-

Ad$erbele de o%inie @er#onally- ob$iou#ly- fran/ly- certainly- luc/ily- actually- %robably- definitely- #urely etc (dverbele de opinie exprim opinia vorbitorului(ceste adverbe se pot 'mpri 'n dou grupuriK a- actually+ certainly+ apparently+ clearly+ obviously+ probably+ definitely+ undoubtedly Poziia adverbelor din grupul ( este la mi,loc: T)e c)ild is actually ver, brig)tb- perhaps+ maybe+ possibly+ fran&ly+ naturally+ luc&ily+ unluc&ily+ honestly+ fortunately+ unfortunately Poziia adverbelor din grupul 0 este de obicei la Ence%utK Ferhaps ?e can go out tonig)t-

Ad$erbe de grad ?airly- 3uite- 1ardly- too- almo#t- %retty- rat1er- barely- com%letely- enoug1- nearly- really- ,u#t- #o e$en- $ery etc (dverbele de grad determin 'n general ad#ective sau adverbe care indic extinderea sau intensitatea OgradulPPoziia lor esteK 'n mod normal c)iar 'naintea ad#ectivului sau adverbului+e is entirely rig)tT)e s)oes are too ?ide-

22

E>*;3+ urmeaz dup ad#ectiv sau adverb, steaB isnAt big enough Aot E>*;3+ st 'naintea unui substantivK @e donAt )ave enough mone,(dverbele de grad determin uneori verbe- * list parial includeK almost+ barely+ enough+ hardly+ just+ only+ much+ a lot+ nearly+ 3uite+ rather+ really+ scarcely Poziia lor este 'nainte de verbul principal;"+ i E>*;3+ sunt excepii i urmeaz dup verbF;ST i *>/G se afl exact 'naintea verbului determinatT)e, could barel, )ear t)e speaBer%ar T)e pianist )asnAt practiced enough$ liBed )im a lot$ )ave just deposited t)e mone,- OU $ deposited it a little ?)ile ago-P $ deposited just t)e mone,- OU $ deposited t)e mone, and not)ing else-P Aot !EIG se folosete cu ad#ective i adverbe!EIG ;"+ se folosete cu verbe@e are very )app, to be )ere%ar T)anB ,ou very much Aot c;$TE poate 'nsemna i VcompletWGouAre 3uite rig)tR OU GouAre completel, rig)t-P )om%ara7i #en#urile a cinci ad$erbe de grad folo#ite cu ad,ecti$e i ad$erbe Slab fairly rat1erT%retty 3uite Puternic $ery

T)e boxer is fairly strong- OU )e is moderatel, strong-P Gour caBe is pretty good- OU it is certainl, not bad-P T)at music is 3uite loud- OU it is considerabl, loud-P Gour result is very good- OU it is close to excellent-P Ad$erbe interogati$e =1en_- +1ere_- +1y_- 1o+_ (dverbele interogative se folosesc 'n 'ntrebriPoziia lor este la Ence%ut, 'naintea auxiliarului, subiectului i verbului principal%hy is "ind, cr,ingS %here does s)e teac)S %hen did t)e, send t)e letterS -o) do ,ou spell ,our nameS Aot +*@ poate fi folosit cuK 6d)ectiveK -o) tall is )eS Fuch = many&

1HH

-o) much milB does s)e drinBS 6dverbeK -o) often does ")ris go dancingS )om%ara7ia ad$erbelor ?orm: com%arati$ul i #u%erlati$ul adverbelor se formeazK 1- adug5nd Ber i Be#t adverbelor de o silab 4- pun5nd, more i mo#t 'n faa adverbelor de dou sau mai multe silabe %o!iti$ com%arati$ #u%erlati$ fast faster t)e fastest slo?l, more slo?l, t)e most slo?l, Aot Earl, earlier t)e earliest )om%arati$e neregulate @ell better 0adl, ?orse /ittle less uc) more &ar fart)erTfurt)er

t)e best t)e ?orst t)e least t)e most t)e fart)estTfurt)est

Aot ?art1er T fart1e#t se refer numai la distan +e ran farther t)an planned?urt1er T furt1e#t se folosete mai mult 'n general+e inZuired further into t)e matterUtili!are: pentru a construi comparaii adverbiale, folosiiK 1- (S Y adverb Y (S 'n propoziii afirmative pentru a exprima egalitatea, (STS* Y adverb Y (S 'n propoziii negativePam +ard, ran as fast as s)e couldT)e pupp, doesnAt eat as1so )ell as $ )opped4- adverbul "* P(I(T$! Y T+(> pentru a exprima diferenaEric ?rites better than 0rian<- T+E Y adverb S;PEI/(T$! pentru a exprima superioritatea Osau inferioritateaP- T+E este adesea omis- Superlativul poate fi urmat de *& Y substantiv T pronume+e pla,s tennis Ot)eP best of all%an sBied Ot)eP fastest Oof all t)e racersP Aot "5nd acelai verb apare 'n ambele pri ale propoziiei, folosii un auxiliar pentru cel de.al doilea verb- (stfel evitai repetiia$ donAt t)inB as muc) as ,ou do-

In$er#iunea (numite adverbe sau expresii adverbiale pot fi plasate la 'nceput pentru 'ntrire- Subiectul i verbul care umeaz se inverseaz-

1H1

$at o list parial a adverbelor i expresiilor adverbiale care se pot folosi astfelK in1under no circumstances+ neither1nor+ never+ no sooner / then+ not only+ only by+ only in this )ay+ only lately+ only then+ little+ so+ seldom+ on no account*nl, in t)is ?a, can you master t)e language*n no account is Jody to turn on t)e gasSeldom )ave , met suc) a fascinating ?oman:5erci7ii: Alege7i cu$Cntul %otri$it: 1- Gou are an excellent cooB- T)e food tastes Ogood, ?ellP- 4- $t ?as a lovel, da, ?it) birds singing and t)e sun s)ining Obrig)t, brig)tl,P and girls ?earing Obrig)t, brig)tl,P. coloured dresses- <- $ )ate taBing medicine- $t tastes Obitter, bitterl,P- =- $ donAt t)inB )e is ill- +is voice sounds Omerr,, merril,P- E- $t rains O)eav,, )eavil,P- 9$t is Onear, nearl,P five oAclocB- 7- Gou must ?orB O)ard, )ardl,P for ,our exams- 6- +e spoBe so OZuicB, ZuicBl,P t)at ?e could O)ard, )ardl,P follo? )im- 2- @)en did ,ou Olast, lastl,P see )imS 1H- $ am Odirect, directl,P interested in ?)at ,ou t)inB- 11- +e couldnAt move as )e ?as Odead, deadl,P tired- 14- +is e,es )urt )im Obad, badl,P- 1<- r Fones )eld it Otig)t, tig)tl,P- 1=- $t ?as six oAclocB as Onear, nearl,P as )e could guess1E- Olast, lastl,P $ must account for m, sisterAs be)aviour@une7i ad$erbele En ordinea corect: 1- Tim and 0ecB, )ad been ?andering Ofor man, )ours, about t)e caveP- 4- Fim ?as to recite )is poem Ot)at ver, morning, in t)e centre of t)e examination )allP- <- T)oug) $ ?as ver, bus, $ snatc)ed a minute to ans?er )is letter O,esterda,, at t)e officeP- =- Tom, +ucB and Foe decided to run a?a, Oat da,breaB, from )omeP- E- $ ?is) $ ?ere Ono?, over t)ereP- 9- T)e, returned Oin t)e evening, to t)e camp, lateP- 7- $ )ad t)e pleasure of meeting a fine ?oman of about fift, Ot)e ot)er da,, in >e? GorB, )ereP- 6- , brot)ers and m, )usband ?ill be Osoon, )omeP from t)e s)ooting- 2- 0at)ing is ver, good, ?)en t)e sea is mostl, calm O)ere, in summerP- 1HT)e great fire broBe out, and aided b, t)e east ?ind, burnt do?n t)e ?ooden )ouses of ?)ic) a large proportion of t)e to?n ?as built Oin 1999, in /ondon, in a baBerAs s)op, in SeptemberP)1eia e5erci7iilor: 1- 3ood- 4- 0rig)t, brig)tl,.coloured <- 0itter =- err, E- +eavil, 9- >earl, 7- +ard 6- cuicBl,, )ardl, 2- /ast 1H- %irectl, 11- %ead 14- 0adl, 1<- Tig)t T tig)tl, 1=- >ear 1E- /astl, 1- Tim and 0ecB, )ad been ?andering about t)e cave for man, )ours 4- Fim ?as to recite a poem in t)e centre of t)e examination )all t)at ver, morning <- T)oug) $ ?as ver, bus, at t)e office ,esterda,, $ snatc)ed a minute to ans?er )is letter =- Tom, +ucB and Foe decided to run a?a, from )ome at da,breaB E- $ ?is) $ ?ere over t)ere no? 9- T)e, returned to t)e camp late in t)e evening 7- T)e ot)er da,, )ere in >e? GorB, $ )ad t)e pleasure of meeting a fine ?oman of about fift,- 6- , brot)ers and m, )usband ?ill be )ome soon from t)e s)ooting- 2- 0at)ing is ver, good )ere, in summer, ?)en t)e sea is mostl, calm- 1H- T)e great fire broBe out in a baBerAs s)op in /ondon in September 1999 and aided b, t)e east ?ind, burnt do?n t)e ?ooden )ouses of ?)ic) a large proportion of t)e to?n ?as built-

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WWV

(;: )AR B 9A (;: R9A' B 'RIVIAG A )AR

Ba#ic Vocabulary (raffic circulaie, trafic (raffic lig1t# semafor, stop (raffic ,am blocare a circulaiei Odin pricina traficului intensP (raffic %oliceman agent de circulaie (raffic accident accident de circulaie (raffic %olice+oman agent de circulaie (raffic8+arden O'n (ngliaP persoan care controleaz parcarea mainilor i traficul rutier @ede#trian pieton Xebra T cro##ing trecere de pietoni @a$ement trotuar I#land refugiu pentru pietoni Road mar/ing indicator rutier Ope oseaP `erb bordur, margine a trotuarului <am%8%o#t st5lp de felinar Road #ign semn de circulaie Road condition# condiii de drum, starea drumului Built8u% area zon locuit Mile#tone piatr indicatoare de mile Ode.a lungul drumuluiP 'ri$ing licence permis de conducere `ilometer8#tone piatr de Bilometra#, born de Bilometra# Ru#181our or de v5rf 'ri$ing te#t examen pentru obinerea permisului de conducere Road . drum, cale, osea Motor+ay autostrad Main #treet strad principal ;ig1+ay osea Side #treet T by8#treet strad lateral Band band de circulaie Boule$ard bulevard A#%1alt asfalt (1oroug1fare fNrfg arter important )obble8#tone piatr de pava# A$enue drum, cale, alee Oplantat cu pomiP <ane 1- drum 'ngust, crare- 4- band de circulaie )ul8de8#ac T blind alley fundtur, strad 'nfundat (foot) %at1 potec, crare )arriage +ay band de circulaie; parte carosabil, osea )ar main, autoturism (a5i T cab taxi )ar8%ar/ parcare (ram tramvai @etrol #tation staie de benzin (ube T underground metrou Bu# autobuz Sto% staie )oac1 autocar <orry camion Re3ue#t #to% staie facultativ ?are bilet, costul unei cltorii Van furgonet )onductor conductor, taxator, vatman Mobile #1o% auto magazin

1H<

(o% dec/ O'n (ngliaP partea de sus a unui autobuz cu eta# Odouble dec/er) Rail+ay Station gar ?ire Station post de pompieri Bu# Station autogar General @o#t89ffice pota central Mar/et ;all )al, piaa central (o+n ;all primrie (ele%1one :5c1ange central telefonic Oa unei localitiP =1eel roat S%are +1eel roat de rezerv :51au#t %i%e eav de eapament Bonnet capot Mudguard aprtoare Ode noroiP Bum%er bar de protecie Aumber %late plac cu numrul mainii =ind#creen parbriz =ind#creen +i%er# tergtoare ;eadlig1t far, faza mare (raffic indicator lig1t T trafficator semnalizator de direcie @ar/ing lig1t lumin de poziie 'i%%ed lig1t faza scurt <uggage boot portbaga# (yre anvelop, cauciuc :ngine motor Radiator radiator Radiator grill masca radiatorului Battery baterie, acumulator ;orn claxon )lutc1 ambreia# Steering +1eel volan ;andbra/e fr5n de m5n ?ootbra/e fr5n de picior Accelerator accelerator Gear le$er sc)imbtor de vitez S%eedometer vitezometru 'a#18board tablou de bord @etrol tan/ rezervor de benzin @etrol gauge indicator de combustibil Ignition /ey c)eie de contact @lug bu#ie ;eater sistem de 'nclzire )arburettor carburator Ventilation ventilaie Su#%en#ion suspensie (ran#mi##ion transmisie ?lat tyre cauciuc dezumflat )onge#ted %ar/ing parca# aglomerat @uncture pan de cauciuc Brea/do+n pan de motor ?aulty traffic lig1t# semafoare defecte Broad T +ide lat, larg Odespre drumP =et ud Aarro+ 'ngust Icy 'ng)eat Straig1t drept )ro+ded aglomerat =inding erpuit Amber lumina galben a semaforului @a$ed pavat

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Red rou Ola semaforP Un%a$ed nepavat Green verde Ola semaforP (o dri$e . a conduce Oun autove)iculP (o cro## a traversa (o +atc1 out (for) T to loo/ out a fi atent OlaP (o #lo+ do+n a 'ncetini (o gi$e +ay a ceda trecerea (o o$erta/e a depi (o +arn a avertiza (o bra/e a fr5na, a pune fr5n (o o$erturn a se rsturna (o run into a intra 'n (o 1a$e a cra#1 a avea T a suferi un accident (o come into a colli#ion +it1 a se ciocni de (o %ar/ a parca (o in,ure a rni (o endanger a pune 'n pericol (o catc1 (a bu#) a prinde autobuzul (o get on (a bu#) a se urca 'n autobuz (o get off (a bu#) a se cobor' din autobuz (o turn t1e ignition /ey a porni maina, a face contact (o %um% u% t1e tyre# a umfla cauciucurile (o ea#e out t1e c1o/e a trage ocul (o relea#e t1e 1andbra/e a da drumul la fr5na de m5n (o de%re## t1e clutc1 a apsa pe ambreia# (o %re## t1e accelerator a apsa pe accelerator (o #elect fir#t gear a bga 'n viteza 'nt5i (o #ound t1e 1orn a claxona (o re$ t1e engine a ambala motorul (o run out of %etrol a i se termina benzina (o fill u% t1e car a umple, a alimenta maina (o c1ec/ t1e tyre %re##ure a verifica presiunea cauciucurilor (o dri$e under t1e influence of alco1ol a conduce sub influena alcoolului (o e5ceed t1e #%eed limit a depi viteza legal (o %ay a fine a plti amend (o be c1arged +it1 motoring offence a fi acuzat de o contravenie de la legea circulaiei (o 1a$e oneH# dri$ing licence endor#ed a i se 'nregistra 'n permis contravenia comis ;ig1+ay )ode Iegulamentul de circulaie Bend to rig1t curb la dreapta Sli%%ery road drum alunecos Side road intersecie cu un drum fr prioritate )ro##road# intersecie, 'ncruciare de drumuri Road +or/# a1ead lucrri ( ,unction interesecie 'n form de T Roundabout sens giratoriu (+o8+ay traffic zon de circulaie 'n ambele sensuri 9ne8+ay traffic sens unic @ede#trian cro##ing a1ead atenie, trecere pentru pietoni Une$en road drum cu denivelri <e$el cro##ing +it1 gate or barrier trecere la nivel cu bariere <e$el cro##ing +it1out gate or barrier trecere la nivel fr bariere `ee% #traig1t on mergei drept 'nainte ItH# ne5t door toG . e alturi deX (urn rig1t T left facei la dreapta T la st5nga ItH# o%%o#iteG . e vizavi deX 9n t1e corner . pe T la col Aot far from nu departe deX

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At t1e end of tocmai la captulX ;o+ can I get toG_ cum pot s a#ung laXS )ould you tell me t1e +ay toG_ putei s.mi spunei care e drumul spreXT cum s a#ung laXS :5cu#e me- doe# t1i# bu# go toG_ scuzai.m, autobuzul acesta merge laXS :5cu#e me- can you tell me +1ere to get off_ scuzai.m, putei s.mi spunei unde s coborS

)AR (A<` Gou donAt need to c1ange gear# Os schimbi vitezeleP- T)is is an automaticR $tAs reall, )ot- *pen t)e #unroof, please$f ,ou donAt mind, $All turn on t)e air conditioning Oaer condi'ionatPT)is car is ver, manoevrable and reall, ea#y to %ar/- $tAs got %o+er #teering OservoCdirec'ieP$Am afraid ,ouAll )ave to climb in t)e bacB- T)is is a t1ree8doorT)is is an (merican car- $tAs got crui#e control Odispozitiv de control automat al vitezei P- T)atAs ?), $ )avenAt got m, foot on t)e acceleratorTga# %edal'i% ,our 1eadlig1t# Oa mic!ora lumina farurilorP- GouAre blinding t)e cars on t)e ot)er side of t)e roadR T)e ?indo?s are all fro#ted o$er Onghe'ate@- $All turn on t)e 1eated rear +ind#creen%onAt bot)er locBing your #ide- $tAs got central loc/ing Osistem central de nchidere al u!ilorP%onAt ?orr,, itAll fit in t)e boot- T)ereAs loads of luggage #%ace@e can parB )ere and )ave a game of cards- T)e front #eat# #+i$el round Oscaunele frontale sunt rotativeP, ,ou Bno?- T)e, do on %eo%le carrier#T)ereAs so muc) 1eadroom and legroom- $tAs reall, comfortable@o?R $ #ust love t)e leat1er u%1ol#tery Otapi'erie din pieleP and t)e +alnut da#1 Obord din lemn de nucP T)e interior trim Ocptu!eala interioar a ma!iniiP is so st,lis)R $t 1andle# Oa se manevraP liBe a dreamR @)at a #moot1 ride and reall, lo+ road noi#e Ozgomot de drum sczutPR Ges, itAs got fully inde%endent #u#%en#ion$ ?anted a reall, smart car, so $ opted for alloy +1eel# Oro'i legate ntre eleP as an o%tional@)at size engine )as t)is car gotS $tAs a 1,= Oone %oint fourP$tAs got great acceleration- $t does H Onoug)tP to 9H in 7 seconds from a #tanding #tart Ode la punctul de pornirePT)is is a reall, po?erful engine- @)at in#urance grou% is it inS >obod, can steal m, car- $tAs got t)e most sop)isticated car alarm on t)e marBet- (nd if an,one tries to drive it a?a, ?it)out putting t)e Be, in t)e ignition, itAs got an immobili#er OimobilizatorP t)at cut# t)e engine off Oa se opri motorulPEven if m, car gets stolen $All al?a,s be able to find it- $Ave )ad a #atellite8trac/ing de$ice Oun sistem de urmrire prin satelitP installed$ didnAt ?ant to bu, a foreign car because #%are#T#%are %art# Oelemente de rezervP are al?a,s more expensiveT)is car s)ould /ee% it# $alue- $t doesnAt de%reciate ZuicBl, so $ s)ould be able to trade it in Oa comercializaP for a good price in a couple of ,ears if $ /ee% it in good conditionT)e on8t1e8road %rice Opre'ul de cumprare+ finalP including deli$ery and !(T ?as about fifteen t)ousand dollarsT)is cost a bit more t)an t)e standard version because itAs got metallic %aint$tAs reall, fuel8efficient Ocompetitiv din punct de vedere al combustibiluluiP- $t does about =H mile# %er gallon OmpgPT)is must be t)e most en$ironment8friendly Ocare protejeaz mediulP car on t)e marBet- $t uses unleaded fuel Obenzin fr plumbP and )as got a catalytic con$erter Oconvertor cataliticP0ut are all t)e bod, parts recyclableS

1H9

>o, but itAs got a com%uteri#ed engine management #y#tem and $ can #+itc1 Oa schimba+ a trece peP from petrol to natural gas even ?)ile $Am on t)e road$n 1792 >ic)olas "ugnot built t)e first self.propelled ve)icle, a steam.po?ered tractor, but in 166= 3ottlieb %aimler built t)e ?orldAs first real passenger car- T)is ne? ve)icle ?as at first Bno?n b, a number of names, suc) as locomotive, road locomotive, )orse.less carriage or motorised bugg,; t)e t?o names ?)ic) ?on out are t)ose ?e use toda, automobile and car-

?9UR8=::<:' =9A':RS ;ntil 12H=, ?)en t)e ;S( tooB t)e lead in car %roduction, &rance )ad been t)e largest automobile manufacturer OproductorP, giving us ?ords suc) as c1a##i# O!asiuP, garage and cou%e- T)e first cars ?ere built b, craft#men Ome!te!ugariP, using t)e same met1od# and material# as )ad been used to build 1or#e8 dra+n carriage# Otrsuri trase de caiP- T)is )as given us ?ords suc) as coac1+or/ Ostructura e(terioar a ma!iniiP, still sometimes used to describe t)e body+or/ Ocorpul ma!iniiP of a car, and da#1board Otablou de bordP Ot)e %anel in front of t)e driver ?it) t)e gauge# Oelementele de msur) and indicator#P OindicatoareleP, ?)ic) ?as originall, t)e board placed at t)e front of a carriage to prevent dirt and mud fl,ing up onto t)e driver and %a##enger# of t)e coac1- Earl, cars ?ere #teered OconduseP liBe a boat, ?it) a tiller OcrmP rat)er t)an a #teering +1eelRoad# and ?uel 3raduall, t)e ?orld began to c)ange to accommodate t)e car; alt)oug) road building ?as at first ver, slo? in t)e ;S, in 0ritain t)e (ar8Macadam "ompan, ?as establis)ed in 12H1, producing t)e smoot) road #urface ?e no? Bno? as (armac or a#%1alt O;SP- T)e first road#ide fuel %um%# Opompe de benzin pe marginea drumuluiP ?ere introduced in t)e ;S in 12H9 and so t)e filling #tation or ga# #tation ObenzinrieP ?as bornMotor fuel ?as Bno?n as ga#oline or ga# in t)e ;S, but in 0ritain t)e ne? ?ord %etrol )ad been coined Oa inventaP in 162<- T)is difference in terms still survives, as do man, ot)ers(erm# of :ndurance an, terms ?e still use toda, ?ere coined surprisingl, earl, on- ( blo+out Oe(plozieP, for example, ?as first used in 121E to describe a bur#t tyre and a ,ear later drivers ?ere alread, being told to #te% on t1e ga# Oa acceleraP Odrive fasterP b, speed.t)irst, passengers- $n 12HE, 0ritis) motorists formed t)e Automobile A##ociation O((P expressl, to ?arn eac) ot)er about %olice8o%erated #%eed tra%# Ocapcane ale poli'iei pentru vitezP- T)e Road ?und <icence Oroad ta5P ?as first le$ied Oa fi perceputP in 0ritain in 121H- an, famous names also appeared earl, on in t)e )istor, of t)e carK for example, )1e$rolet ?as named after a S?iss engineer, ?)o ?as t)en sacBed, and Ro$er cars ?ere given t)eir name because t)e, ?ould allo? t)e driver to ro$e t1e country Oa cutreiera prin 'arP; in 1217 t)is name ?as also given to a ve)icle designed to explore t)e moon t)e <unar Ro$erUS 'omination $n 12H< t)e ?ord motor com%any ?as founded, and t)e ;S soon became t)e ?orldAs biggest car manufacturer- T)e famous model ( appeared in 12H6 famousl, available in V any colour #o long a# itH# blac/W- &ordAs ma## %roduction tec1ni3ue# Otehnici de producere n masP led to t)e democrati#ation of car o+ner#1i% and car engineering under?ent rapid development; t)e feature# Oelementele, trsturileP ?e taBe for granted toda, began to appear electric +ind#creen +i%er# ?ere introduced in 124<, and electric di%%ing 1eadlig1t# in 124=- )ar radio# ?ere ?idel, available as earl, as 1247- T)e )uge gro?t) in t)e number of cars during t)e inter.?ar ,ears led to developments in t)e road #afety Osiguran'a drumuluiP and traffic control Ocontrolul traficuluiP- $n 0ritain, for example, Beli#1a Beacon# t)e orange flas)ing lig)ts at %ede#trian cro##ing Otrecere pentru pietoniP ?ere introduced in 12<E, and t)e same ,ear sa? t)e founding of t)e compan, ?)ic) produced t)e reflective studs called cat#8eye# Oochi de pisicP Odesigned for nig1t dri$ingP ,ou can see do?n t)e middle of 0ritis) roads- *n t)e do?nside, #%eeding tic/et# Oamend pentru dep!irea vitezeiP also appeared around t)is time in t)e ;S, as did %ar/ing meter#, first used in *Bla)oma "it, in 12<E-

1H7

(merica, )o?ever, ?as eagerl, adapting to t)e car- T)e first dri$e8in cinema Ocinema cu vizionare din ma!inP appeared in 12<<; <u5uriou# Grand (ourer# drove t)e ric) to t)eir countr, estates, and t)e +oll,?ood stars ?ere c1auffeured around in fabulous @ac/ard# or )adillac#- 0ut during t)e Second @orld @ar production s)ifted to military $e1icle#; one ve)icle ?it) lasting popularit, appeared in 12=H, t)e ;S arm,As General8 @ur%o#e $e1icle or G@ pronounced Vee%R (fter t)e ?ar, t)e post.?ar boom in t)e ;S meant t)at car production tooB off again- ")eap petrol, a national mood of confidence and a fascination ?it) t)e po?er of modern science led to t)e arc)et,pal fifties cars designed b, +arle, Earl- T)e most t,pical of t)ese designs ?as t)e AE2 "adillac after t)is beaut,, de#ign became less exaggerated and t)e sixties sa? t)e mu#cle car, ?it) t)e emp)asis no? on t)e brute %o+er and %erformance'o+n#i!ing European design, )o?ever, )ad never copied t)e big (merican cars; in 12E2 t)e Au#tin Mini revolutionised #mall car de#ign, and in 127< t)e big ga#8gu!!ler# Omari consumatori de benzinP ran into trouble as t)e *PE" countries rai#ed oil %rice# and precipitated t)e oil cri#i#- ?uel economy became a #elling %oint Oelement al vnzriiP, and ne? con#umer a+arene## Ovigilen'a consumatorilorP meant t)at com%act car#, economical on fuel, ?ere no? in demand- $n t)e ;S, a OR mile# %er 1our #%eed limit ?as imposed to cut fuel con#um%tion- Fapanese cars made )uge inroad# Oatac, nvalP into t)e auto mar/et, offering economy and reliabilityGreen and Safe Toda,As customers ?ant t)eir cars to be #afe, en$ironment8friendly and efficient- %esigners reflect t)e desire to Beep fuel consumption lo? b, minimi#ing aerodynamic re#i#tance Oreducere a rezisten'ei aerodinamiceP(s for t)e future, car design is becoming ever more sop)isticated, but t)e internal combu#tion engine Omotor cu combustie internP looBs safe for t)e time being alt)oug) cars must become greener OecologicePT)e common or garden #aloon ?ill lose ground to SUV# OS%ort8Utility Ve1icle#P, M@V# OMulti8@ur%o#e Ve1icleP %eo%le carrier# and tin, Micro car#, ?)ic) can co%e +it1 Oa face fa'P cit, traffic and parBing- 0ut amid all t)is fren!ied OfreneticP development, old and re$ered Ovenerat, adoratP maBes survive and flouris) t)e t)rill and fascination of t)e car ?ill never disappear-

G:((IAG (;:R: A#/ing for direction#: Excuse me, could ,ou tell me t)e ?a, to t)e to?n )all, pleaseS "ould ,ou tell me )o? to get to t)e ulberr, ParB?a,, pleaseS @)ic) ?a, to t)e universit, campus, pleaseS Excuse me, ?)ereAs t)e nearest garageS Gi$ing direction#: 3o straig)t onX 3o do?n t)is streetX TaBe t)e first rig)tTt)e first turning on t)e rig)tX &ollo? t)e main road, t)en bear rig)t at t)e forB Turn left at t)e lig)ts 3o straig)t acrossTover t)e lig)tsX 3o bacB t)e ?a, ,ouAve #ust come @)en ,ou get to t)e T.#unction, turn left Ceep in t)e rig)t.)and lane and ,ou canAt go ?rongR 3o straig)t acrossTover t)e roundabout TaBe t)e t)ird exit off t)e roundaboutIn t1e US- many to+n# are laid out on a grid %attern: 3o nort) t?o blocBs, t)en )ang a left 3o east along +uron St- t)en turn sout) on %earborn St-

1H6

At a ga# #tation (US) or %etrol #tation (U`): 1H gallons, please &ill )er upR ;nleaded, please &ive gallons of four star, please +ig) octane, please $Ad liBe a full tanB of diesel, pleaseIn t1e US- you may need a /ey if you +ant to u#e t1e toilet: "an $ )ave t)e Be,s to t)e bat)room, pleaseS If you need #omet1ing from t1e %um% attendant in t1e US: $ need an oil c)ange "ould ,ou c)ecB t)e t,res please, $ t)inB t)e,Are a bit lo? @ould ,ou c)ecB t)e s)ocBsS "ould ,ou c)ecB t)e batter,, pleaseS "an ,ou give it a ZuicB rec)argeS @ould ,ou clean t)e ?indscreen, pleaseS If t1e %olice #to% you for #%eeding- 1ere are a fe+ t1ing# you mig1t 1ear: %o ,ou Bno? )o? fast ,ou ?ere travellingS %o ,ou Bno? t)e speed limit )ereS %o ,ou Bno? t)at ,ou ?ere going EH miles an )our in a <H mile an )our zoneS @)ereAs t)e fireS "ould $ see ,our licence, pleaseS If youHre luc/y- t1e officer +ill #ay: $All let ,ou off ?it) a ?arning t)is time but donAt let it )appen againR9A' SSS(:M US Road Sy#tem# $f ,ouAre planning a serious coa#t8to8coa#t road tour, ,ouAll probabl, spend a fair amount of time on t)e Inter#tate ;ig1+ay #y#tem- Some of t)ese roads are t1ou#and# of mile# long $nterstate 1H, for example, goe# from FacBsonville, &lorida, to Santa onica, "alifornia, t)e entire +idt1 of t)e continentR *n t)e road #ign# and ma%#, t)e $nterstate +ig)?a,s are indicated ?it) a ca%ital \IH Ofor $nterstateP %lu# a numberK for example I8&R- (s t)ese numbers are extensivel, used, itAs muc) easier to %lan your route b, ?riting do?n t)e numbers t)an t)e %lace name#K t)e name of ,our destination ma, not even appear on t)e $nterstate road signR ;nliBe 0ritainAs motor?a,s, t1e e5it# from t)e $nterstates are often ver, far apart, so taBe great care not to mi## ,ours- Exits often lead off t)e fa#t lane Obanda de lng a(ul drumuluiP, so get into t1e rig1t lane long before ,ou need to turn off- $f ,ou do o$er#1oot t1e e5it Oa rata ie!ireaP, on no account t)inB of bac/ing u% Oa da napoiP- *n turn%i/e# Obarier a ora!uluiP ,ou are given a di#tance card before entering and ,ou pa, ?)en ,ou reac) ,our exit- Some e5%re##+ay#, bridge# and tunnel# also le$y Oa percepeP a small toll Ota(P, so ithA a good idea to Beep some loo#e c1ange OmonedeP )and,- $n to?ns and cities, ,ou ?ill find t)at streets are laid out according to t)e four com%a## bearing# Opunctele cardinalePK :a#t8=e#t and Aort18Sout1@)en asBing for directions, ,ou are liBel, to be told to [ go Aort1 on /a 0rea until ,ou get to Sunset 0oulevard, t)en go =e#tA, for example- T)ese instructions are ea#y to follo+ as ever, #treet corner )as a sign indicating t)e bloc/ number Onumrul cvartaluluiP Ot)e )ouse numbers at t)at cornerP and t1e direction it run# in(1e Briti#1 Road Sy#tem @)en deciding )o? to get from cit, to cit, in 0ritain, c)oose t)e motor+ay OautostradP, if one exists- T)ese are all numbered and preceded ?it) a ca%ital \MH Ofor motor?a,K for example, t)e MOP and marBed in blue on road ma%# and road #ign#- :5it#, ?)ic) are al?a,s from t)e #lo+ lane, include t)e de#tination, and are fairly fre3uent- $f t)ere is no motor?a,, taBe an A road, or main road- (gain, t)ese are numbered Ofor example, t)e A6KP and are marBed in red on t)e map Obut not on road signsP- A road# often )ave dual carriage8+ay# Odou pr'i carosabileP at various points, to allo? ,ou to o$erta/e #lo+er $e1icle# Oa dep!i

1H2

vehiculele cu vitez redusP- &ailing t)at, ,ou ?ill )ave to taBe a minor road, or B road, again numbered Ot)e B6&M, for exampleP and marBed in bro+n or yello+ on t)e map- &inding ,our ?a, about in to?ns and cities is not al?a,s Zuite as simple- $n /ondon, for example, not onl, is t)ere a 0elsize S3uare Opia'P, 0elsize Road O!oseaP, 0elsize A$enue ObulevardP, 0elsize Me+# OgarajeP, 0elsize @ar/ OparcP, 0elsize Gro$e OpduriceP, 0elsize Street and 0elsize (errace OterasP; t)ere are also four 0elsize Ioads and t)ree 0elsize (venues in different areas- 3et a cop, of (1e A to X of <ondon, taBe a deep breat) and give ,ourself an )our more t)an ,ou normall, ?ouldR $f ,ou get lost, asB a cab dri$er; t)e,Are usuall, Zuite )elpfulRoad Mar/ing# $n t)e States, lines marBing t)e #e%aration of t+o8+ay traffic are yello+, ?)ereas lines separating traffic travelling in t1e #ame direction are +1ite- /ines along t1e edge of t1e road OdeCa lungul marginii drumuluiP to guide traffic in %oor $i#ibility are +1ite or, in certain cases, yello+- $n 0ritain, lines marBing t)e separation of traffic are al?a,s ?)iteK if t)e line is continuou#, ,ou must not o$erta/e under an, circumstances; if t)e line closest to ,ou is bro/en, ,ou ma, overtaBe if it i# #afe to do #o- $n some parts of t)e countr, ,ou ?ill find ?)ite road #tud# O'inte pentru drumP in t)e middle of t)e road t)at reflect t)e lig)t from ,our 1eadlam%# at nig)t- T)ese are commonl, called cat#H eye#- %o not parB on t)e side of t)e road if ,ou see double yello+# line#- Gou ?ill almost certainl, get a fine or find ,our car clam%ed OblocatP ?)en ,ou return- ( #ingle yello+ line means re#tricted %ar/ingK looB for t)e yello+ #ign t)at tells ,ou ?)en ,ou cannot %ar/, for example 6 am 9 pm(;: <A= B S%eeding- %ar/ing and cra#1ing @uni#1ment $f ,ouAre given a #%ot fine Oamend pentru e(cesul de vitezP in t)e ;S ,ou ma, find ,ourself pa,ing about \EH plus anot)er \E for e$ery mile an 1our ,ou ?ere travelling o$er t1e limit- $f ,ou get a %ar/ing tic/et Oamend pentru parcare nepermisP in t)e ;C, pa, it ZuicBl, leave it for too long and ,ouAll )ave to pa, a lot more- $f ,ouAve parBed ,our car in a no8%ar/ing !one, ,ou ma, onl, find a parBing ticBet, or ,ou ma, return to find ,our carAs been to+ed a+ay OremorcatP- $f t)is )appens, ,ou go to t)e car %ound OdepozitP and pa, often after a long ?ait to be able to drive ,our car a?a,- (lternativel,, ,our car ma, )ave been clam%ed- $n t)e ;S t)is clam% is called t)e 'en$er Boot as it ?as first tried out in %enver- GouAll find a note on t)e +ind#creen- ?)ic) tells ,ou ?)ere to go and pa, t)e fine- *nce again, ,ouAA probabl, )ave to ?ait for some time before t)e police arrive to unloc/ t)e clamp- $n 0ritain and t)e ;S t)e police often sub.contract clamping and to?ing to private companies ?)o get paid on a %er car basis so t)e,Are ver,, ver, BeenR (1e @olice $f ,ou get stopped b, t)e police, do be %olite and if ?)en, travelling in t)e ;S ,ou see fla#1ing lig1t# be)ind ,ou, %ull o$er and ?ait for t)e police officer to come to ,ou- Sta, cool, /ee% your 1and# on t1e +1eel and donAt maBe an, movements t)at mig)t maBe t)e officer nervous- %onAt, for example, open t)e glo$e com%artment OtorpedouP to get ,our licence and car document#K t)e officer mig)t t)inB ,ouAre reac)ing for a gunR Brea/do+n $f ,ou )ave engine %roblem# on t)e road in t)e ;S, contact t)e ;ig1+ay @atrol or call t)e Police ?)o ?ill )elp ,ou contact t)e +ig)?a, Patrol- $n 0ritain, contact t)e Police; if ,ou are on t)e motor+ay, ?ait on t)e 1ard #1oulder Obanda de avarie+ refugiuP until a %atrol $e1icle Oma!in de patrulareP sees ,ou or use one of t)e emergency %1one# along t)e motor?a,Accident# $f ,ou )ave an accidentK $nform t)e police Exc)ange name, address and telep)one number ?it) t)e ot)er driver Exc)ange in#urance detail# aBe a note of t)e ma/e and regi#tration number of t)e ot)er car

11H

aBe a note of t)e +eat1er condition# and road condition# %ra? a ma% of t)e situation before and after t)e accident, s)o?ing di#tance# bet+een $e1icle# and t)e distances from ,unction# >ote street names >ote t)e direction and speed of t)e cars involved >ote an, #/id8mar/# Osemne de derapajP 3et t)e name and address of an, +itne##e#-

R9A' SA?:(S B A$oiding accident# (1e 'oH# and 'onHt# 0e a?are of ?)atAs going on around ,ou #can t1e road a1ead constantl,Ceep an adeZuate #e%aration di#tance from t)e ve)icle in front follo?ing too close is called tailgating;se ,our mirror# constantl,, especiall, ?)en ,ouAre %ulling out, o$erta/ing or c1anging lane#Iemember t)at t)e door %illar# and +indo+ frame# Otocurile geamurilorP of t)e car ?ill bloc/ your $i#ion of some areas, creating blind #%ot# Olocuri fr vizibilitateP- %onAt get in ot)er driversA blind spots%onAt tr, to beat t1e traffic lig1t# Oa ajunge la semafor+ dac e!ti departeP b, accelerating across t)em ?)en ,ou t)inB t)e, are about to c)ange%onAt start ,our manoeu$re immediatel, after #ignallingGi$e +ay to buses pulling outCeep an e,e out for %ede#trian# appearing from be)ind a #tationary Ocare sta'ioneazP bus&ollo? t)e mirrorT#ignalTmanoeu$re routine if ,ou need to turn or pull outK c1ec/ for traffic be)ind ,ou in t)e rear$ie+ mirror Ooglinda retrovizoareP, #ignal and t)en +1en itH# #afe, carr, out ,our manoeuvreTaBe care ?)en approac)ing a ,unction or a bend remember t)at anot)er ve)icle ma, emerge suddenl,S)o? %atience and con#ideration to?ards ot)er drivers%onAt #ust looB at ?)atAs )appening act on +1at you #ee=atc1 your #%eed al?a,s maBe sure ,ouAre able to stop ?it)in t)e distance t)at ,ou can see to be clear a)eadAntici%ate ot1er dri$er#H action#%onAt use ,our 1orn aggressivel,3ive ,ourself enoug) time to react to an, %otential dangerTravel at a #%eed- ?)ic) is suitable for t)e road and traffic condition#-

Safety c1ec/ Road8craft Omiestria de a conduceP isnAt #ust about being able to 1andle a car +ell it also involves t)e abilit, to t)inB about ?)atAs going to )appen, to drive according to circum#tance# and to drive #afely and con#iderately- T)e first step is to c1ec/ your $e1icle before driving off- ;se t)e acron,m @898=8:8R to )elp ,ou rememberK @etrol maBe sure ,our tan/ is full enoug) to get ,ou ?)ere ,ouAre going; running out can leave ,ou #tranded On pan+ aflat n nevoieP in a dangerous situation 9il allo?ing ,our oil le$el to drop too lo? can lead to brea/do+n and can ruin ,our engine- ;se ,our di%#tic/ and c)ecB t)e oil level =ater )ave ,ou ever been standing at t)e roadside ?it) t)e bonnet (;CP or 1ood O;SP up, ?it) #team billo?ing ever,?)ereS ")ecB t)e ?ater before ,ou #et offR :lectric# c)ecB t)e lig1t#, +i%er# and +a#1er# and donAt forget t)e 1ornR Rubber all t)ose rubber parts ?)ic) ma, +ear out Oa se uza+ a se roadeP more ZuicBl, t)an ,ou expect +i%er blade# and tyre#; c)ecB t)ese for adeZuate tread de%t1 Oadncimea !an'urilorP and %re##ure)ra#1N $t )appens to t)e best of us someone %ulled out too ZuicBl, in front of ,ou, ,ouAve cras)ed into t)em and )ad a colli#ion Oaccident n care dou sau mai multe ma!ini sCau lovit P, a fender8bender O;SP Oaccident de ma!in

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cu avarii minoreP or a #ma#1 Oaccident grav de circula'ieP- $f itAs a little one itAs onl, a bum% Oun accident n care ma!ina este lovit+ dar !oferul nu a p'it nimicP, and all t)at itAs done is leave a dent Ogaur prin lovireP or a #cratc1 OzgrieturP- $t ma, be ?orse t)an ,ou t)inB t)oug), as t)e +1eel ma, be buc/led Ovolanul curbat+ ndoitP or t)e a5le bent Oosia ndoitP and ?)o Bno?s ?)atAs come loo#eR Oce se mai poate ntmplaP $f itAs so bad t)at t)e car cannot be repaired, t)en ,our carAs a +rite8off Orabl, hrbPBe @re%aredN (part from selling fuel Ounleaded, four #tar or die#elP, man, garage# O;CP or ga# #tation# O;SP )ave a s)op ?)ic) ma, sell an,t)ing from food to fan belt# Ocurea pentru ventilatorP- +ere are a fe? items t)e +ell8 e3ui%%ed dri$er ma, needK a +arning triangle Otriunghi de avertismentP to place be)ind ,our car if ,ou brea/ do+n on t)e road; #%are bulb# Obecuri de rezervP in case somet)ing goes ?rong ?it) ,our lig1t#- $f t)ereAs an electrical fault, a ne? fu#e Osiguran'P ma, do t)e tricB- $f ,ou find ,ourself ?it) a flat battery Opan de baterieP and passing motori#t )as stopped to )elp, ,ouAll need some ,um% lead# Ocabluri groase folosite pe)ntru a lua curent de la alt baterie P- $f ,ou still canAt start t)e car, a to+ ro%e Ocablu de tractareP ?ill be necessar,- $f ,ou donAt ?ear tig)ts, itAs ?ise to carr, a #%are fan belt Ocurea de rezerv pentru ventilatorP, too- $f ,ouAre travelling in ?inter and t)e +ind#creen is iced u%, ,ouAll need a de8icer #%ray'am% OumiditateP in t)e engine or tig1t nut# and #cre+# O!uruburi !i piuli'e blocateP can often be sorted out ?it) one of t)ose magic anti8dam% #%ray#; asB for @%.=H in 0ritain- ( can or ,errycan OcanistrP is useful for carr,ing petrol and donAt forget t)e bra/e fluid Olichid de frnP- $f ,ouAve got an, mone, left, ?), not bu, one of t)ose gadget# OdispozitiveP for ,our das)board t)at )olds ,our coffee cu% stead,S (nd ,ou t)oug)t ,ou ?ere #ust going to get some gasR

WWVI

(RAV:<<IAG

Ba#ic Vocabulary (ra$el cltorie Vourney cltorie, voia# Omai ales pe uscatP Voyage cltorie, voia# Ope apP Motoring automobilism )ycling mers cu bicicleta, ciclism ;itc181i/ing f)it)aiBig autostop (ri% cltorie, excursie, voia# de agrement 9ne8+ay tri% cltorie 'ntr.un singur sens Round tri% cltorie dus i 'ntors )ircle tri% cltorie 'n circuit 9fficial- bu#ine##T %lea#ure tri% cltorie 'n interes de serviciu, de afaceriT de plcere 'e%arture T t1e e$e of t1e de%arture plecare T a#unul plecrii Arri$al sosire Sto%o$er escal 'elay 'nt5rziere )onnection legtur 'e#tination destinaie (ran!it transit Mean# of tran#%ort mi#loace de transport (a5i ran/ staie de taxi.uri <uggage T baggage baga# <uggage8rac/ plas pentru baga#e O'n trenP ;and baggage baga# de m5n (rolley crucior de baga#e BagT #ac/T net8#1o%%ing bag geant, poet, valiz, sacT saco Suitca#e geamantan (run/ cufr de voia# Ruc/#ac/ rucsac Briefca#e serviet String bag plas, saco

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(ic/et bilet (ra$el tic/et bilet de cltorie Single tic/et bilet pentru o singur cltorie Return tic/et bilet dus.'ntors ?ull tic/etT 1alf fare bilet 'ntreg, i bilet =ee/endT #u%%lementary tic/et bilet pentru ?eeBend, supliment ?ir#t8cla## bilet clasa $ Second8cla## bilet clasa a $$.a Sea#on tic/et abonament Seat re#er$ation rezervare de locuri Reduced fare bilet cu pre redus (imetable mersul trenurilor, avioanelor, etcRoute rut (rain tren :5%re## trainT non8#to% train expres ?a#t train rapid, accelerat Slo+ train personal, curs @a##enger train tren de pasageri Good# train marfar ;o$ercraft ve)icol pe pern de aer <ocal train tren local, curs <ong8di#tance train tren de curs lung (1roug1 train tren direct 'o+n train tren care circul din capital sau oraele principale spre localiti de provincie U% train tren care circul din localitile de provincie spre capital sau oraele principale Rail+ay #tationT main #tation gar, staieT staie principal (ra$el agency agenie de voia# Boo/ing8office cas de bilete Ola garP Information de#/ T in3uiry office birou de informaii <eft8luggage office depozit de baga#e <eft8luggage tic/et recipis pentru baga#ele lsate la depozit @arcel# office coletrie Refre#1ment office T buffet bufet Omai ales la garP Station re#taurant restaurantul grii @latformT %latform tic/et peronT bilet de peron Boo/8#tall stand de cri, c)ioc de ziare Slot8mac1ine . automat =aiting8room sal de ateptare :ngine T locomoti$eT engine dri$er locomotivT mecanic )arriage T car vagon de pasageri 'ining8car T re#taurant car vagon restaurant Slee%ing8car T #lee%er vagon de dormit Buffet car vagon cu bufet Smo/er vagon pentru fumtori Aon8#mo/er vagon pentru nefumtori <uggage $an vagon de baga#e Mail $an vagon potal Bert1 cuet )om%artment compartiment )orridor coridor <abel etic)et (ag etic)et, carte de vizit at5rnat de baga#e Rail# ine Vunction pod feroviar )ommunication cord semnal de alarm Starting #ignal semnal de plecare ?erry8boatT larboardT cargo #1i%- freig1ter bacT babordT cargobot

11<

Sailing8boardT life aT ro+ing aT motor aT fi#1ing a barc cu p5nzeT j de salvareT j cu v5sleT j cu motorT j de pescuit (rain ferry feribot Sac1t ia)t 9cean liner transatlantic (an/er petrolier Submarine submarin Raft plut Barge lep Man8of8+ar vas de rzboi (ug remorc)er Sea route rut maritim Ma#t catarg Rudder c5rm @ort1ole . )ublou 'ec/T main a T belo+ a punteT j principalT j secundar Bell clopot <ife8belt colac de salvare ?unnel co de vapor )1art )art maritim )raneT derric/ crane macaraT macara turl )olour# pavilion, steag Sail p5nz <og8boo/ #urnal de bord )a%tainH# bridge punte de comand (an/ rezervor :ngine room sala motoarelor Starboard tribord ?leetT na$y flotT flot de rzboi Merc1ant marine marina comercial Aa$alT na$al officer navalT ofier naval MateT fir#t mate ofierT ofier secund Brea/+ater. dig <anding #tageT +1arf debarcader 'oc/T doc/erT floating a . docT doc)erT doc plutitor @ort aut1oritie# autoriti portuare S1i%+rec/T +rec/T #1i%+rec/ed naufragiuT epavT naufragiat S 9 S (#a$e our #oul#) S-*-S- Osalvai sufletele noastreP Beacon#T flag #ignal# semnaleT semnale cu drapele AntennaT antenna of radio beacon# antenT j pentru semnale radio @ilot pilot Ve##el vas, vapor Steamer vapor S1i% nav 'e%t1 of t1e #ea ad5ncimea mrii )oa#t coast Gulf- bay golf I#landT %enin#ula insulT peninsul Sea#ca%e peisa# marin <and pm5nt Strait# str5mtoare )1annelT canal canalT canal artificial @ierT 3uay c)ei Buoy# geamanduri <ig1t1ou#e far SeaT oceanT la/eT ri$erT broo/- ri$ulet- #treamT #%ring mareT oceanT lacT r5uT p5r5uT izvor ;arbourT #ea%ort portT port maritim ;ydro8electric %o+er #tation . )idrocentral

11=

S1i%yard antier naval (o #teer a c5rmi (o go on a crui#e a pleca 'ntr.o croazier (o land a debarca (o +eat1er a #torm a 'nfrunta o furtun (o loadT to unload a 'ncrcaT a descrca (o #ail forT to+ard# a naviga spre, 'nspre (o rai#e t1e gang+ay a ridica pasarelaT scara (o #in/ a se scufunda Air%ortT a$iationT air force aeroportT aviaieT aviaie militar Airfield teren de aterizare, aerodrom Ground pm5nt, teren, sol, pm5nt solid Osub picioareP (erminal terminus, cap de linie @laneT #couting a T ambulance a avionT j de recunoatereT j sanitar AircraftT air liner aparat de zbor, nav OaerianP, avionT avion mare VetT #u%er#onic %a##enger %lane avion cu reacieT avion supersonic Balloon balon Air#1ed- 1angar )angar ;elico%terT 1eli%ort elicopterT aeroport pentru elicoptere Sea%lane )idroavion A$iation engineer inginer de aviaie Aircraft mec1anic mecanic de bord S%ace boatT #%ace #1i% nav spaial @arac1ute paraut Ground #taff personal terestru 'i$e- no#e8di$e pica# Automatic %ilot pilot automat GliderT gliding planorT planorism Roc/etT #%ace roc/et rac)etT rac)et cosmic Radar e3ui%ment ec)ipament radar =irele## o%erator radio.telegrafist Ad,u#tableT recicling c1air scaun rabatabilT 'nclinat Undercarriage tren de aterizare GoodT %oor $i#ibility vizibilitate bunT redus ?ig1ter %laneT bomber avion de v5ntoareTavion de bombardament Seat8belt curea de siguran )oc/%it carling ?u#elage fusela# @ro%eller- air#cre+ elice =ing arip Aerial anten )ontrol to+er turnul de control )abinT com%artment cabinT compartiment pentru pasageri Sound%roof cabin cabin izolat fonic <aggageT baggage 1old cabinT cal pentru baga#e Blind landing aterizare fr vizibilitate (o ma/e a forced landing a face o aterizare forat (o 1i,ac/ a deturna, a rpi un avion (o fly o$er a zbura peste, deasupra (o refuel a se alimenta )ommander comandant de aeronav )re+ ec)ipa# Intercom sistem de comunicare intern a avionului ?lig1tT motorle## aT blind a zborT j fr motorT j fr vizibilitate ?lig1t numberT j cou%on numrul zboruluiT talon de zbor Return re#er$ation rezervare dus 'ntors ?ree baggage allo+ance cantitatea de baga#e permis Opentru care nu se plteteP :5ce## baggage c1arge# tax pentru greutate suplimentar

11E

)1ec/8in time timpul de sosire Ola aeroportP Sc1edule orar )afeteria bufet cu autoservire )urrency e5c1ange sc)imb valutar )ar81ire 'nc)iriere de maini @ublic addre## #y#tem sistem de anunareTinformare a pasagerilor O'n aeroportP Baggage reclaim unit locul de colectare a baga#elor care vin de la avion )u#tom# formalitie# formaliti vamale )u#tom# clearence area zona de control vamal Random c1ec/# verificri prin sonda# )iti!en cetean @er#onal belonging# lucruri personale Uue#tionnaire c)estionar (o fill in a 3ue#tionnaire a completa un c)estionar Read t1i# li#t t1roug1 It mention# t1e article# liable of duty- duty8free and %ro1ibited citii lista aceasta(ici sunt trecute articolele impozabile, scutite de vam i cele interzise (1e e5ten#ion of your #tay %ermit +a# granted on condition t1at G . v.a fost aprobat prelungirea permisului de edere cu condiia ca-@articular# detalii 'ocument#- %a%er# documente, )5rtii ?ragile fragil :5%ortT im%ort licence permis, licen de exportT import )u#tom# regulation# regulament vamal StrangerT foreigner strin de locT de ar )u#tom# dutie# taxe vamale (o be t1roug1 +it1 t1e cu#tom# a termina cu formalitile vamale Re#triction# restricii (ouri#t $i#a viz turistic (o %roduce t1e %a##%ort a prezenta paaportul @a##enger pasager )ommuter navetist Station8ma#ter ef de gar Guard ef de tren (ic/et8collector controlor de bilete (ic/et8in#%ector inspector de tren @orter )amal Ae+#%a%er boy v5nztor de ziare )ler/ funcionar @ilot pilot Air 1o#te##T #te+arde## stevardes )ram%ed T cro+ded aglomerat )omfortable confortabil, comod )1ea% ieftin :5%en#i$e scump 'angerou# periculos ?a#t iute, rapid, repede (o tra$el by land pe uscat by car cu maina by train T by rail a cltori cu trenul by air T by %lane cu avionul by #ea cu vaporul T pe mare (o go on a tri%- ,ourney a pleca 'ntr.o excursie, cltorie (o ta/eT ma/e a tri% a face o excursie (o #et out on foot a pleca pe #os (o go abroad a pleca 'n strintate (o boo/ (tic/et#) T to re#er$e a rezerva bilete (o 3ueue u% a sta la coad

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(o arri$e a sosi (o de%art a pleca (o #ee (#omebody) off a conduce pe cineva la gar, aeroport, etc(o brea/ oneH# ,ourney a.i 'ntrerupe cltoria (o de%o#it luggage a depune Obaga#eleP (o in#ure t1e luggageT baggage a asigura baga#ele (o get onT off t1e train a se urca 'n trenT a cobor' din tren (o get into t1e com%artment a intra 'n compartiment (o #1o+ oneH# tic/et a prezenta biletul la control (o #end #omeone to fetc1 t1e baggage a trimite pe cineva s ridice baga#ele (o c1ec/ a controla, a verifica (o +eig1 a c5ntri (o declare a declara (o in#%ect a controla, a inspecta (o confirm a confirma (o reconfirm a reconfirma (o cancel a anula (o %o#t%oneT %ut off a am5na (o announce a anuna (o get information a se informa, a obine informaii (o ta/e off a decola (o land a ateriza (o fa#ten a fixa, a lega (o o%erate on #c1edule a merge conform orarului (o +ander around a )oinri, a merge fr un scop precis (o come into o%eration a intra 'n vigoare (o +al/ about to+n a merge, a se plimba prin ora (o %ac/ a 'mpac)eta (o tra$el lig1t a cltori cu baga# puin (o be air8#ic/ a avea ru de avion (o be car8#ic/ a avea ru de main (o be #ea8#ic/ a avea ru de mare (1e train i# in trenul a sosit (1e train i# off trenul a plecat SouHll 1a$e to 1urry u% va trebui s v grbii (1e train i# due out in ten minute# trenul trebuie s plece peste zece minute=ill you c1ange #eat# +it1 me_ vrei s sc)imbai locul cu mineS I am #orry- did I tread on your foot_ scuzai.m, v.am clcat pe piciorS (1e train %ull# out #lo+ly trenul se pune 'n micare 'ncet 'onHt lean out of t1e +indo+- itH# dangerou# nu te apleca peste fereastr, este periculos 'o you mind if I o%en t1e +indo+_ v supr dac desc)id fereastraS ItH# rat1er #tuffy 1otT cold 1ere aerul este cam 'mb5csit Oeste caldT frig aiciP ItH# a bit draug1ty trage puin- Este curentS1all I %ull u%T do+n t1e +indo+_ s ridicT cobor fereastraS S1all I turn onT off t1e 1eating_ s desc)idT s 'nc)id 'nclzireaS =1at time do +e arri$e inT at _ la ce or sosim 'nT laS ;urry u% and get 1old of t+o #eat# one facing t1e engineT one bac/ to t1e engine grbete.te i ocup dou locuri, unul cu faa spre locomotiv, unul cu spatele la locomotiv 9ur com%any run# 1ome and international route# societatea noastr deservete linii interne i internaionale =ould you li/e to 1a$e any of your luggage regi#tered_ dorii s predai vreunul din baga#ele %vs- la vagonul de baga#e_ =ill you lend me a 1and to %ut t1i# bo5 on t1e rac/_ m a#utai s pun cutia aceasta 'n plasS =ill you /ee% an eye on my luggag +1ile I try toG_ vrei s supraveg)eai baga#ele mele 'n timp ce X-S 'id you 1it any air8%oc/et#_ ai 'nt5lnit vreun gol de aerS (1e %a##enger# begin to alig1t pasagerii 'ncep s coboare (1e %lane +a# delayed on account of a 1ea$y #torm avionul a fost 'nt5rziat din cauza unei furtuni puternice

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(1e +1ole $ie+ i# blotted out 'ntreaga privelite este estompat =ill you #1o+ me to t1e #eat_ vrei s.mi artai care este locul meuS (1e %ilot #teer# ea#t+ard to+ard#G . pilotul vireaz spre est ctreX (1e %lane begin# to ta5i along t1e run +ayT to %ic/ u% #%eedT to climb 3uic/lyT to gain 1eig1t avionul 'ncepe s ruleze pe pista de decolareT s prind vitezT s urce repedeT s ia 'nlime =ill you tell me- %lea#e- t1e name of G_ vrei s.mi spunei numeleX, v rogS )an I boo/ t+o tic/et# on t1e %lane bound for Berlin $ia @rague_ pot reine dou bilete la avionul pentru 0erlin via PragaS I# t1e #1i% bound to Mar#eille#_ vaporul are ca destinaie arsiliaS I# t1e #1i% #ure to call at Aa%le# on 1erT t1e +ay to <ondon_ vaporul face sigur escal la >eapole 'n drum spre /ondraS =1en doe# t1e Man1attan +eig1 anc1or_ c5nd ridic ancora vaporul an)attanS ;o+ long doe# t1e %a##age ta/e_ c5t dureaz cltoriaS =1en can I embar/ forG_ c5nd pot s m 'mbarc pentruXS Are +e allo+ed to go a#1ore_ putem s cobor5m pe uscatS =1at 3uay doe# t1e boat lie_ la ce c)ei este acostat vasulS I 1a$e #ecured a fir#t8cla## cabin on board t1e IStarJ am reinut o cabin de clasa $ la bordul vasului VStarW =1ere 1a# t1e #1i% been doc/ed_ unde se afl vaporulS 'onHt lean again#t t1e railing nu te rezema de balustrad (1e #1i% i# %itc1ing 1ea$ily vaporul tang)eaz puternic Ao+ t1e #tern di%#- no+ t1e bo+ di%# ba se afund pupa, ba se afund prora (1i# #1i% #ail# into t1e 1rabourT dro%# anc1orT %ic/# u% and dro%# %a##enger#- cargoe# and mail vaporul intr 'n portT arunc ancoraT ia i las pasageri, 'ncrcturiT mrfuri i pota :5cu#e me- i# t1i# t1e +ay toG_ scuzai.m, acesta este drumul spreXS =ill you /indly #1o+ me t1e +ay to Victoria Station_ suntei amabil s.mi artai drumul spre gara !ictoriaS )an you tell meG_ putei s.mi spuneiXS ?ollo+ t1i# #treet to t1e end mergei pe strada asta p5n la capt Go #traig1t on mergei drept 'nainte Sou are going on t1e rig1tT +rong +ay mergei 'n direcia bunT greit ;o+ long +ill it ta/e me to get toG_ c5t timp 'mi ia s a#ung laXS I# it a long +ay toT far_ este departe p5nXS 'oe# t1i# bu# go toG_ autobuzul merge spreXS In#ert a %enny into t1e %ay8bo5 introducei un penn, 'n caseta de autotaxare (ear off a tic/et detaai un bilet (1ere i# a $acant #eat at t1e front este un loc liber 'n fa Bag t+o #eat#- +ill you_ ocup dou locuri, te rog Mo$e u% to t1e front- %lea#e avansai, v rog 'ri$e me to t1e A#toria 1otel du.m la )otelul (storia 'ro% me at t1e corner of t1e #treet las.m la colul strzii =1atH# t1e fare care este taxaS <etH# call a ta5i s c)emm un taxi <9A'9A AIR@9R( V 0ritis) (ir?a,s brings ,ou to +eat)ro?, /ondonAs main airport- +eat)ro? handles more international flights t)an an, ot)er airport in t)e ?orld, so t)at its passenger arrangements )ave to be good- ?erminal (, ?)ere intercontinental travellers arrive and depart, )as been muc) enlarged to meet t)e big-)et era, inaugurated b, t)e 0oeing 7=7%o?n a flig)t of stairs marBed b, ,our flight number is ,our baggage reclaim unit- T)e customs clearance area is close at )and, and ,ou must decide on t)e red or green c)annel- Ied means ,ou )ave somet)ing to declare, and ,our baggage ?ill be inspected- 3reen means not)ing to declare, and t)e customs men maBe onl, random checksGou ?ill probabl, be able to manage ,our luggage ,ourself, ?it) t)e )elp of a trolley- Porters are recognizable b, t)eir blue uniforms ?it) red lapels- *nce troug) customs ,ou are in t)e arrival hall ?it) bar, cafeteria, toilets, and currency exchange facilities and t)e desBs of t?o car-hire firms- T)e ans?er to ever, problem is to be found at t)e Information !esks of 0ritis) (ir?a,s and t)e (irport (ut)orit,-

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$f ,ou ?ant to announce ,our arrival to friends ?)o )ave missed ,ou for some reason, t)e public address system is at ,our disposalV9)ABU<ARS @RA)(I): ?ill in t1e blan/ #%ace# +it1 t1e +ord# gi$en belo+: 1- @)en arriving at t)e airport, passengers usuall, taBe a trolle, to carr, t)eir luggage to t)e XX-- to )ave t)eir bags ?eig)ed and taBen to t)e plane- 4- (t t)e c)ecB.in desB passengers receive a XX ?)ic) allo?s t)em to get on t)e plane- <- Ever, passenger s)o?s )is passport for XX-- before going t)roug) Securit, ")ecB- =- (ll passengers )ave to go t)roug) XX- ?)ere t)e )and luggage is also c)ecBed- E- Passengers ?ait in t)e XX- for t)eir flig)t to be announced- 9- @)ile ?aiting in t)e departure lounge passengers can visit t)e XX- ?)ere t)e, can bu, goods at c)eaper price- 7- @)en t)e, )ear t)e announcement for t)eir flig)t, passengers proceed to t)e X-- to board t)e plane- 6- Gou )ave to follo? t)e X-- sign if ,ou are ending ,our #ourne, to /ondon or transferring to anot)er flig)t ?it)in ;C- 2- Gou must )ave ,our passport and an, necessar, visa read, for control ?)en ,ou XX- 1H- 3o do?n.stairs to t)e XX to collect ,our baggage; free trolle,s are available for ,our bags- 11- "lear "ustoms b, taBing t)e Ied ")annel if ,ou )ave XX and t)e 3reen ")annel if ,ou )ave XX- 14- Gou ?ill t)en be in t)e XX- for transport into /ondon or transfer to ot)er flig)ts- 1<- @)en ?aiting for a flig)t ,ou can parB ,our car in t)e XX 1=- *utside t)e airport, t)ere are cabs and ,ou can taBe one if ,ou ?ant to go to a )otel- Sa, to t)e driverKX-- 1E- (t t)e )otel, first ,ou ?ant toXX 19- Gou ma, asB for a X-- if ,ou are alone or a X-- if ,ou are accompanied- 17- $f ,ou ?ant to be sure t)at ,ou ?ill )ave a room on a certain da, in a )otel ,ou )ave to X-- before or maBe XX 16- @)en ,ou got into ,our room ma,be t)ere are some t)ings out of order and ,ou ?ant to X-- 12- 0ecause ,ou )ave a ver, important appointment in t)e morning, ,ou ?ant X-- 4H- Gou dial for t)e X-- if ,ou ?ant to XX

car park% things to declare% check-in% an early morning call% duty-free shop% arrival hall% security check% double room% passport control% gate% arrival% operator% a reservation% could you take me to the 6storia hotel3% book it% baggage reclaim% departure lounge% boarding pass% single room% nothing to declare% make a complain% make a call% 8heck-in desk% go through 8ustoms$ IA?9 B9W

+eat)ro?, /ondonAs main airport, )andles more international flig)ts t)an an, ot)er airport in t)e ?orld- Ever, =E seconds a plane taBes off or lands )ere and all t)e four terminals are extremel, bus,- (not)er airport, Stansted ?as built in t)e 126HAs to relieve t)e congestion of +eat)ro?- T)e airport at 3at?icB also )andles man, international flig)ts IA?9 B9W

T)e first underground rail?a, in t)e ?orld ?as /ondonAs etropolitan line, built in 169<- /ondoners call t)eir underground the tube- T)ere are 47< different stations no? and t)e deepest station is +empstead, E6 metres belo? t)e groundA( (;: RAI<=AS S(A(I9A +ere ?e are at t)e rail?a, station- *ur friends are going a?a, for t)eir )olida,s- T)e, )ave booked their tickets in advance, so t)ere is no need for t)em to <ueue up at the booking office no?(s it is rat)er earl,, and t)eir train )as not arrived ,et, t)e, )ave to ?ait in t)e waiting room- >ext door to t)e ?aiting room is t)e refreshment room; and t)ere are ot)er notices over t)e entrances to offices and roomK station master"s office, in<uiry office, left-luggage and parcels officeT)e porters are bus, carr,ing t)e luggage to t)e train or pus)ing it on t)eir trolleys(ll Bind of trains are passing t)roug) t)e stationK passenger trains express, fast or slo? goods trains, local and long distance trains(fter a ?)ile, t)e public address system announces t)at our friendsA train is in- T)e, pass t)roug) onto t)e platforms and t)e ticket- collector examines t)eir ticBets- O$n 0ritis) rail?a, stations, t)ere is a gate at t)e end of eac) platforms- T)e ticBet.collector stands at t)e gate and c)ecBs t)e travellersA ticBets-P

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$mmediatel, be)ind t)e engine are t)e front luggage van and t)e guard"s van, follo?ed b, passengers* carriages of t)e first and second class, ?it) smoking and non-smoking compartmentsT)e train also )as dining car and a sleeper ?it) upper and lo?er berths- (s t)e, ?alB along t)e platform, t)e, pass t)e bookstall ?)ere people are bu,ing ne?spapers and magazines to read during t)e )ourney&inall,, t)e, find t)eir compartment a second.class non.smoBer- T)e, put t)eir bags on t)e luggage rack and open t)e ?indo?T)e large )and of t)e station clocB points to <H minutes- T)e guard ?aves )is flag and blo?s )is ?)istle- ?he train is off- T)e travellers ?ave good.b,e to t)e people ?)o )ave come to see them offT)e train moves slo?l, out of t)e station IA?9 B9W

(1e Union Vac/ is t)e name of t)e 0ritis) flag- $t consists of t)ree crossesK of England, Scotland and $relandT)e ,ac/ used to be t)e name of t)e flag, ?)ic) )ung from t)e bacB of a s)ipUncle Sam is t)e nicBname for federal government or t)e t,pical citizen of t)e ;S(- $t arose in t)e neig)bour)ood of >e? GorB about 1614, as a colloZuial ?a, of reading t)e initials ;S, freZuentl, used on government supplies to t)e arm,BRI(IS; AIR=ASS IA(:R)9A(IA:A(A< (IM:(AB<: @a##enger Information Re#er$ation# (irlines maBe ever, effort to provide seats for ?)ic) reservations )ave been made- >evert)eless, no absolute guarantee of seat availabilit, is denoted b, t)e expression [reservationsA and [booBingsA and t)e timing attac)ed to t)emSour fare include# *n 0ritis) (ir?a,s services ,our fare includes all meals and gratuities in flig)t and on t)e ground from t)e departure of t)e aircraft until arrival at t)e airport of destination s)o?n on t)e flig)t coupon of ,our ticBetSto%o$er# $n most cases, ,ou ma, breaB ,our #ourne, at one or more places on route, and retain t)e benefit of t)e t)roug) fare, provided notice is given at t)e time of reservation- +otel expenses at eac) stopover ?ill be ,our responsibilit,Validity TicBets issued at normal one ?a,, round or circle trip fares are valid for one ,earReduced fare# 3roup travel offers big reductions for members of an organization travelling toget)er- &ull details on reZuest;ealt1 regulation# !alid certificates of inoculation andTor vaccination, issued on a special international form, are definitel, reZuired b, most countries@ortable electronic e3ui%ment Please do not s?itc) on portable radio receivers, transmitters or television sets ?)ilst on board as t)e, can cause serious interference ?it) t)e aircraft radio navigation eZuipment- Portable recorders, )earing aids and )eart pacemaBers ma, be used on board@unctuality @)ile ever, effort is made to ensure t)e punctualit, of our services, 0ritis) (ir?a,s cannot accept responsibilit, for t)e dela, or suspension of a service, nor guarantee t)at connections ?ill be made ?it) ot)er servicesBaggage free allo+ance *n &irst "lass services t)e free baggage allo?ance is <H Bilos- *n Econom, "lass services it is 4H Bilos:5ce## c1arge# 0aggage in excess of t)e free allo?ance is normall, c)arged at 1k of t)e &irst "lass single fare per BiloSour de%arture T)e departure time s)o?n in t)is timetable and on ,our ticBet.coupon is t)e sc)eduled taBe.off time- T)e c)ecB.in time at t)e airport or to?n terminal s)o?n on ,our ticBet.cover allo?s minimum time to complete all t)e formalities- $n ,our o?n interest ,ou s)ould plan to arrive at t)e to?n terminal or airport in good time as t)is ?ill )elp to ensure t)at ,our aircraft operates on sc)edule-

14H

Reconfirmation B cancellation# $f ,ou )old a return reservation, it is necessar, to reconfirm ,our intention to travel ?it) t)e local Ieservations *ffice of t)e "arrier at least 74 )ours before departure(ra$el ad$ice PacB all ,ou need during t)e flig)t in a small cabin bag- (ll ot)er articles s)ould be pacBed in registered baggage- "arr, ,our passport and )ealt) certificates ?it) ,ou- %o not pacB t)em- "arr, an, valuables, suc) as #e?eller,, personall,- &or furt)er details please see our booBlet [0efore ,ou taBe offW-

WWVII

;9<I'ASS S(ASIAG IA A ;9(:<

Ba#ic Vocabulary ;oliday concediu, vacan, zi de odi)n @ac/age 1oliday T all in %rice 1oliday excursie 'n grup organizat, cu traseu fix, pltit dinainte S%orting 1oliday excursie cu profil sportiv Study tour excursie de studii :5cur#ion excursie 9ff #ea#on sezon mort @ea/ mont1 lun de v5rf ?ortnig1t dou sptm5ni ?i#1ing pescuit Bat1ing baie, scldat Sunbat1ing pla# )limbing mers pe munte, alpinism )am%ing out 1- drumeie, excursie; 4- "amping Sand nisip Sand# T beac1 pla# Sandca#tle castel de nisip (ide flux i reflux Sea+eed alg de mare S1ell scoic Roc/8%ool oc)i linitit de ap Oprintre st5nciP ;oliday cam% tabr de vacan (raining cam% cantonament Re#t 1ome cas de odi)n ;oliday $illage sat de vacan ;oliday to+n ora de vacan Re#ort staiune Sea#ide re#ortT +inter re#ort staiune pe litoralT staiune de iarn ;ealt1 re#ort staiune de odi)n T balneoclimateric S%a staiune balneo.climateric Ocu ape mineraleP ;otel )otel Motel motel ;o#tel 1- "min de studeni; 4- "aban, )otel turistic Boarding 1ou#e pensiune Gue#t81ou#e cas de oaspei InnT inn/ee%er )anT )angiu )1aletT 1ut caban )ara$an T trailer rulot (railer cam% camping de rulote Summer cam% tabr de var )am%ing #ite loc de tabr, camping (ent cort (ent8trailer rulot pentru cort Slee%ing bag sac de dormit

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?olding bed pat pliant ?old8u% table mas pliant ?old8u% c1air scaun pliant ?ir#t8aid /it trus de prim a#utor Sun8tan lotion loiune pentru bronzarea pielii S1ort# ort =ind8,ac/et vintiac, #ac)et contra v5ntului Accomodation cazare Single room camer cu un pat 'ouble room camer cu dou paturi Suite apartament )on$enience# confort ?acilitie# condiii; dotri; posibiliti <aundry #er$ice spltorie Air8conditioning instalaie de aer condiionat (V lounge )ol pentru televizor Bar bar Aig1t club bar de noapte 'i#co discotec <obby )ol de )otel ?ire e5it ieire 'n caz de incendiu Bac/ #tair# scar de serviciu Garage gara# Smo/ing room fumoar Rece%tion de#/ recepie ;otel office direcia )otelului Ser$ice bureau biroul servicii )old and 1ot running +ater ap rece i cald Bed clot1e#- bedding aternut de pat Radiator calorifer Bed #1eet cearaf S+itc1- #+itc1er comutator Bed #%read- co$erlet cuvertur de pat @illo+ ca#e- #li% fa de pern =a#1ing li#t list de rufe pentru splat Blan/et ptur )urtain perdea, draperie @illo+- cu#1ion pern, pern de dormit Uuilt- counter%ane plapum @laid pled (a% robinet Mattre##T #%ring mattre## salteaT somier )oat 1anger umera pentru )aine )andle#tic/ . sfenic Arri$al card fi, formular de sosire Surname nume de familie ?ir#t name prenume Aationality naionalitate 'ate and %lace of birt1 data i locul naterii @ermanent addre## domiciliu stabil @ur%o#e of $i#it scopul vizitei, cltoriei @a##%ort paaport Identity card legitimaie, buletin de identitate Signature semntur Rece%tion cler/ T rece%tioni#t recepioner 'oorman portar, uier Bell8boy biat de serviciu

144

Ste+ard osptar, stevard ;all %orter portar de )otel <ift8boy liftier S1oeblac/ T bootboy lustragiu )1amber8maid camerist Rent c)irie (rem# condiii <andlordT landlady gazd ;o#tT 1o#te## gazd, amfitrion <odger- tenantT co8tenant locatarT colocatar Board and lodging mas i cas Boarder persoana care st 'n pensiune (1e o+ner of a 1ou#e proprietarul unei case (o #1are t1e room +it1 a 'mpri casa cu S1rine racl, morm5nt Omai ales sf5ntP (omb morm5nt Memorial monument comemorativ )roft ferm mic Scenery peisa# ;eig1t 'nlime )leanline## curenie ?riendline## amabilitate, bunvoin :ntertainment amuzament, distracie Sig1t loc, monument, privelite demn de vzut Sig1t#eeing tur al oraului, excursie <andmar/ punct de reper, loc important @lace of intere# obiectiv turistic @ri$ate Od- baie, etcP separat Uuiet linitit A$ailable disponibil, liber; la dispoziie Rela5ed relaxat Boring plicitisitor Aagging ciclitor :nergetic plin de energie, activ Soung t5nr Middle8aged de v5rst mi#locie 9ld 'n v5rst, btr5n ;el%ful 'ndatoritor (o #ign in a se 'nregistra Ola venireP (o #ign out a se 'nregistra Ola plecareP (o regi#ter a se 'nregistra, a 'nscrie un nume 'n registru (o fill in a completa (o in3uire a se informa, a se interesa (o $acate a se elibera, a goli (o c1arge a taxa, a pune la socoteal (o di#turb a deran#a (o o$erloo/ T to loo/ out on a da spre, a avea vedere la (o crui#e a face o croazier (o #%la#1 a 'mproca, a stropi (o #troll a se plimba (o %lan oneH# 1oliday a face planuri de vacan, concediu (o 1a$e a #ucce##ful 1oliday a avea un concediu, o vacan reuit (o get a+ay a pleca din ora (o go on 1oliday a pleca, merge 'n vacan, concediu (o lay out a cam% a aeza o tabr (o %ut at a 1otelT an inn a se stabili la un )otelT la un )an (o go to t1e mountain# a merge la munte

14<

(o go to t1e #ea#ide a merge la mare (o air t1e room a aerisi camera (o tidy u% t1e room a face ordine 'n camer (o loc/T unloc/ t1e door a 'ncuiaT a descuia ua (o %ut u% for t1e nig1t a 'nnopta undeva (o rai#eT lo+er t1e blind# a ridicaT a cobor' #aluzelele (o lig1tT %ut out t1e fire a aprindeT a stinge focul (1e modern lo$e of mo$ing around pasiunea pentru micare a epocii moderne (1e ea#e of tra$el uurina de a cltori (1e need for 3uiet and fre#1 air nevoia de linite i aer curat (1e lo$e of #olitude dorina de singurtate Bed and brea/fa#t cazare i mic de#un inclus ?ull board pensiune complet )an I 1el% you_ cu ce pot s v fiu de folosS =ill you #ign t1e regi#ter %lea#e_ semnai 'n registru, v rog IHd li/e a room a dori o camer Mind t1e #te% avei gri# la scar <ead t1e +ay- %lea#e luai.o 'nainte, v rog =e are 3uite full at t1e %re#ent nu mai avem nici o camer liber IHd li/e to be called in t1e morning at L oHcloc/ a dori s m sculai la ora 7 dimineaa (a/e your %ic/ alegei ce v place =1at +ill be t1e c1arge %er day_ la c5t revine pe ziS ;o+ long +ill you be #taying_ c5t timp intenionai s rm5neiS =ould you care to #ee t1e room_ dorii s vedei cameraS Are t1ere any e5tra#_ exist vreo tax suplimentarS Ste% in- %lea#e =eHll +al/ u%#tair# Sour room i# on t1e fir#t floor intrai, v rog- !om urca pe scri"amera %vs- este la eta#ul $IHll #1o+ you u% to your room v conduc la camera %vs =ill come t1i# +ay- %lea#e_ pe aici, v rog =1ere doe# t1i# room loo/ to_ unde d camera astaS S1o+ me a room facing t1e #treetT o$erloo/ing t1e %ar/ o%%o#ite artai.mi o camer la stradT cu vedere spre parB =1at +ill it come to all in all_ la c5t se ridic cu totulS =ould you fill in t1i# formT cardT your %articular#_ vrei s completai acest formularT datele personaleS )an I 1a$e my dre##T #uit bru#1ed and %re##ed_ imi putei peria i clca roc)ia i costumulS )an I 1a$e my #1oe# cleaned and %oli#1ed_ 'mi putei cura i lustrui pantofiiS )an I 1a$e my linen +a#1ed and ironed_ 'mi putei spla i cura len#eriaS =ill you bringT fetc1 me a ca/e of #oa%_ 'mi aducei, v rog, o bucat de spunS (ell me- %lea#e- +1ere i# t1e menH#T ladie#H room_ putei s.mi spunei unde este toaleta pentru brbaiT femeiS I +ould li/e to /no+ if I can ma/e a long di#tance call from 1ere_ a vrea s tiu dac pot obine de aici o convorbire internaionalI +ould li/e to /no+ if I can 1a$e my brea/fa#t broug1t u% to my room a vrea s tiu dac mi se poate aduce micul de#un 'n camer (1i# door o%en# out on t1e balcony ua asta d pe balcon Are lig1t- 1eating and #er$ice included_ lumina, 'nclzitul i serviciul sunt incluse 'n preS =e 1a$e #%ecial mont1ly rate# avem tarife lunare avanta#oase ;ere i# t1e recei%t avei aici recipisa Sour luggage +ill be #ent for vom trimite dup baga#ele %vsMa/e your#elf at 1omeT comfortable facei.v comod )an I mo$e in today_ pot sa m mut astziS =ill you get a ta5i for me_ vrei s c)emai un taxiS IHm e5%ecting a $i#itorG atept un vizitatorX IHm +aiting for a tele%1one call atept un telefon If anyone call# +1ile I am outT a+ay you may #ay IHll be bac/ in an 1our dac vine cineva c5t sunt plecat putei spune c m 'ntorc 'ntr.o or 'id anybody in3uire after me_ a 'ntrebat cineva de mineS

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S1all I %a## 1im on t1e %1one or #1o+ 1im u% to your room_ s vi.l dau la telefon sau s.l conduc la camera %vs-S I e5%ect to lea$e t1e day after tomorro+ cred c plec poim5ine =ill you- %lea#e- for+ard all my mail to t1i# addre##_ vrei s expediai toat corespondena mea la adresa aceastaS Ma/e out t1e bill- %lea#e v rog s.mi facei nota IHd li/e to #ettle it no+ a dori s pltesc acum SouH$e c1arged too muc1 ai 'ncrcat nota IHd li/e to #ee t1e manager a vrea s vorbesc cu directorul <et #omeone carry do+n my luggage cineva s.mi coboare baga#ele )an anyone +a/e me u% at #i5 oHcloc/ in t1e morning_ poate cineva s m trezeasc la ase dimineaaS ;9= (9 );99S: A ;9<I'AS @)en applied to )olida,s t)e expressions %ac/age and all8in8%rice mean t)at t)e individual costs of accommodation, tran#%ort and per)aps e5cur#ion# or ot)er activities )ave been carefull, planned and #oined toget)er so t)at t)e, ma, be convenientl, boug)t as a complete VpacBageW>ot onl, does t)is save t)e trouble of inZuiring about eac) item and booBing separatel,, but t)e cost is often appreciabl, less t)an bu,ing t)e same services bit b, bit- (n extra advantage ?it) pacBage arrangements is t)at t)e cost is often reduced for )olida,s outside t)e peaB summer mont)sT)ere are man, interesting pacBage )olida,s available in England- T)e, range from special interest stud, tours or sporting )olida,s to a t)oroug)l, laz, fortnig)t canal cruising t)roug) our restful countr,sideT)e popularit, of camping and caravanning )as also gro?n over recent ,ears due to t)e appeal of flexible )olida,, combined ?it) t)e provision of more and better sites, and a ?ide c)oice of eZuipment- an, organized camping sites offer suc) facilities as s)ops, s)o?ers and laundr, rooms, as ?ell as t)e essential services- EZuipment available ranges from sleeping bags, folding beds, cooBing eZuipment, fold.up tables and c)airs to tents and tent.trailers( caravanning )olida, offers t)e same relaxed atmosp)ere of camping but t)e comfort of a ?arm caravan ma, induce ,ou to tr, t)e off.season spring and autumn mont)s ?)en t)e roads are not so cro?dedAA I':A< ;9<I'AS @)en $ ?as a bo, ever, )olida, t)at $ )ad seemed ideal- , parents tooB me b, car or b, train to a )otel b, t)e sea- (ll da, $ pla,ed on t)e sands ?it) ot)er c)ildren- @e made sandcastles ?it) )uge ,ello? ?alls, and ?atc)ed t)e incoming tide destro, t)em; ?e pla,ed football ?it) a large rubber ball and ?e splas)ed eac) ot)er in t)e ?ater- @)en t)e tide ?ent out, ?e climbed over t)e rocBs and stared do?n at t)e fis) and t)e sea?eed in t)e rocB.pools$n t)ose far.off da,s t)e sun seemed to s)ine all da, and t)e ?ater ?as al?a,s ?arm- Sometimes ?e left t)e beac) and ?alBed in t)e to?n, exploring ruins and visiting museums- T)ere ?ere al?a,s s?eets in mot)erAs pocBets or places ?)ere ?e could bu, ice cream- Eac) da, seemed a lifetime(lt)oug) $ am no? an adult, m, idea of a )olida, is muc) t)e same as it ?as- $ still liBe t)e sun and t)e ?arm sand and $ en#o, splas)ing in t)e ?ater$ no longer ?is) to build sandcastles and $ disliBe s?eets intensel,, but $ love sunbat)ing and $ looB for?ard to sitting do?n to a good meal and a bottle of ?ine in t)e evening$ still need m, companions not, of course, to pla, on t)e sands and eat ices ?it), but to drinB ?it) and talB to on ?arm moonlit nig)tsSometimes $ ?onder ?)at m, ideal )olida, ?ill be ?)en $ am old- (ll $ s)all ?ant to do t)en, $ expect, ?ill be to lie in bed, reading booBs about c)ildren ?)o maBe sandcastles ?it) )uge ?alls, ?)o ?atc) t)e incoming tide, ?)o maBe t)emselves sicB on too man, icesX GR:A( 'ASS IA <9A'9A $magine ,ourself in /ondon- T)ere are so man, t)ings to do and see on an, da, in /ondon and itAs possible t)at ,our )otel ma, be rig)t on t)e doorstep of an )istoric sig)tTaBe t)e ne? To?er +otel, for instance- @)en ,ou ?aBe in t)e morning ,our first glimpse t)roug) t)e ?indo? ma, be across t)e road to t)e To?er of /ondon, built b, Cing @illiam $ in t)e 11 t) centur,- *r ,ou ma, looB do?n on To?er 0ridge, or on t)e no?.peaceful basins of t)e once cro?ded and bus, docBs-

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(a/e your %ic/ (lmost an,?)ere ,ou sta, is a good centre for ,our sig)tseeing- $f ,our )otel is rig)t in t)e )eart of t)e @est End, ,ou ?onAt be far from Piccadill, "ircus and t)e familiar island statue of Eros, t)eatreland and some of t)e most famous s)opping streets in t)e ?orldGou can stroll up Iegent Street to *xford Street; or go do?n +a,marBet to Trafalgar SZuare ?)ere >elsonAs "olumn is one of /ondonAs prominent landmarBs @)ite)all and Parliament SZuare to @estminster (bbe,(nd t)en ,ou can go furt)er east from Trafalgar SZuare, along T)e Strand and &leet Street to 1t$ 4aul"s 8athedral)at1edral and Abbey (t St- PaulAs ,ou can sit under Sir ")ristop)er @renAs massive 16 t) centur, dome Obuilt in baroZue st,le, after t)e 3reat &ireP; ?alB up to t)e famous @)ispering 3aller, or go do?n to t)e cr,pt ?)ere some of 0ritainAs )eroes lie buried, including (dmiral /ord >elson and t)e %uBe of @ellington, victors at t)e 0attles of Trafalgar O16HEP and @aterloo O161EP.estminster 6bbey ?as founded b, Cing Ed?ard t)e "onfessor, ?)o died in 1H9E, and facing )is s)rine ,ou can see t)e oaBen "oronation ")air Omade in 1<HHP ?)ic) )as been used at ever, "oronation since t)at of Ed?ard $$ in 1<H7- T)ere are also t)e tombs of numerous Vro,alsW, including cueen Elisabet) $ and ar, cueen of Scots graves of Bings and Zueens, politicians and c)urc)men and in VPoets "ornerW ,ou can see t)e memorials of man, of 0ritainAs literar, figuresT)e (bbe,As ")apter +ouse ?as t)e meeting place of t)e +ouse of "ommons for 4HH ,ears until 1E=7, ?)en t)e members moved round t)e corner to t)e site of t)e present +ouses of Parliament ?)ere V0ig 0enW booms out t)e )ours from t)e clocB to?er?he Hritish Fuseum s)o?s t)e ?orBs of man from pre)istoric times to t)e present da,- T)ere are permanent displa,s of antiZuities from Eg,pt, @estern (sia, 3reece and Iome- $t also includes one of t)e most famous libraries in t)e ?orlds?he Gational Eallery, situated on t)e nort) side of Trafalgar SZuare, )ouses one of t)e ric)est collection of paintings- ost famous are Ienaissance and $mpressionist ?orBs Fadame ?ussaud"s ex)ibits ?ax models of famous )istorical c)aracters, Io,alt, international statesmen, film and sports stars, artists and entertainersHarbican 6rts 8entre is a good example of modern arc)itecture in 0ritain- T)e complex of glass, concrete ObetonP and steel Oo'elP buildings includes a concert )all, a t)eatre and art galleries4iccadilly 8ircus is one of t)e busiest #unctions in t)e cit, and t)e )eart of /ondonAs t)eatreland- T)e fountain ?it) t)e statue of Eros on top is a favourite meeting place for ,oung people- (t nig)t t)e "ircus becomes a mass of coloured c)anging lig)ts?ower Hridge, opened in 162=, is one of /ondonAs best landmarBs ?it) its t?o neo.3ot)ic to?ers- T)e t?o 1HHH ton dra?bridges used to be raised to let big s)ips pass- T)e glass.covered ?alB?a,, 1=4ft above t)e T)ames, gives a splendid vie? of t)e riverT)e statue of t)e victorious (dmiral, /ord >elson, dominates ?rafalgar 1<uare, named in commemoration of a great Englis) naval victor,- People and pigeons gat)er )ere to see and en#o, t)e fountains, t)e lions and t)e ot)er statuesHuckingham 4alace ?as made t)e official residence of t)e Sovereign b, cueen !ictoria ?)ose memorial is in front of t)e palace- T)e Io,al 3uards c)ange at 11-<H ever, da, muc) to t)e delig)t of t)e tourists?he /ouses of 4arliament, also called t)e Palace of @estminster, range along t)e T)ames ?it) !ictoria To?er at one end and 0ig 0en, t)e famous bell in t)e "locB To?er, at t)e ot)er#I !owning 1treet )as been t)e )ome of t)e 0ritis) Prime inister since 17<4- $t is t)e s,mbol of 0ritis) political po?er IA?9 B9W

$nside @arliament t)ere are t?o large c)ambers- *ne is Bno?n as t)e ;ou#e of )ommon#, and t)is is for Ps Omembers of ParliamentP ?)o represent t)e people- T)e ot)er c)amber is called t)e ;ou#e of <ord#- Ever,one ?)o sits in t)is c)amber )as to be a /ord or /ad,, or a 0is)op- >o?ada,s t)e +ouse of "ommons is more important t)an t)e +ouse of /ords, but bot) )ouses must pass an, ne? la?T)e +ouse of "ommons ?as bombed during t)e @orld @ar $$ but it ?as rebuilt in its original form- T)e seating arrangement is ideal for debate, t)e ro?s of Vbenc)esW Ocovered ?it) green leat)erP enabling t)e supporters of t)e Prime inister to face t)e *pposition Ps directl,- 0et?een t)e t?o sides t)ere is a table and a great t)rone.liBe c)air, made of darB ?ood, in ?)ic) an P called t)e SpeaBer sits-

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T)e +ouse of /ords is sumptuousl, decorated, ?it) red leat)er benc)es- +ere t)e ?)ole Parliament Sovereign, /ords and "ommons assembles for t)e State *pening- T)e +ouse of /ords is presided over b, t)e /ord ")ancellor ?)o sits on t)e .oolsack Opern de ln pe care !ade lordul cancelar P in front of t)e t)rone+is unusual seat, placed )ere during t)e reign O domnieP of Ed?ard $$, s,mbolizes t)e importance ?ool used to )ave for t)e ?ealt) ObunstareP of t)e nation<9A'9A BS 'AS AA' AIG;( ?o get around 9ondon most visitors c)oose t)e *fficial /ondon Transport Sig)tseeing Tour, a 2H.minutes ride on an open bus t)at provides a good orientation to t)e cit,.est ;nd theatres are #ust a fe? minutesA ?alB from Piccadill, "ircus and so is t)e ?orld famous "ovent 3arden, )ome of t)e ro,al *pera$f ,ouAd rat)er explore /ondon on ,our o?n, t)ereAs a wide network of public transportK double.decBers OdonAt forget to Zueue, ot)er?ise /ondoners ?ill be irritatedP, river buses or t)e underground Oif ,ou )ave speed in mindP; t)e blacB.cab taxi service is also available, but it is rat)er expensive*ne can also c)oose from t)e man, attractions offered b, t)e modern arts centre built on t)e Sout) 0anB of t)e T)ames, ?)ic) )ouses t)e >ational T)eatre, t)e Io,al &estival +all, t)e >ational film t)eatre, ?it) its t?o cinemas, t)e useum of t)e oving $mage and t)e exZuisite art galler,&or t)ose ?)o are fond of shopping, Iegent Street and *xford Street are t)e ans?er- Gou ma, also ?ant to )ave a looB at a,fairAs elegant !ictorian arcades O zone comerciale acoperiteP; for a c)ange, visit Petticoat /ane, /ondonAs most famous outdoor marBetT)e )ot spots of music and dance are located near /eicester SZuare- T)ere are fas)ionable discos and nig)tclubs all round and large variet, of performances given b, street entertainers till late at nig)tT)e numerous parks offer s)elter from t)e noise of t)e big cit,- >ot)ing more relaxing t)an a Zuiet stroll and refres)ments in St- FamesAs ParB, near 0ucBing)am Palace- ")ildren ?ill al?a,s c)oose IegentAs ParB, ?)ic) )ouses /ondon Doo or Censington 3ardens, ?)ere t)e, can pla, near Peter PanAs statueElegant but expensive restaurants and cafes mix ?it) t)e more familiar sig)t and accessible prices of t)e t,pical Englis) pub ?)ere people en#o, a c)at ?it) friends or game of billiards over a pint O msur de L.:M l+ halbP of beerIA?9 B9W

(1e Seoman =arder# (Beefeater#) Earl, in t)e )istor, of t)e To?er t)e custod, of t)e gates and t)e safeBeeping of t)e prisoners ?ere entrusted to a bod, of ?arders OtemniceriP )eaded b, a porter appointed directl, b, t)e Bing- &rom t)e reign of +enr, !$$$ a bod, of t)e BingAs ,eomen O rze!iP ?)o ?ere members of t)e ro,al guard and ?ere entitled to ?ear t)e ro,al liver, Olivrea+ uniformP carried out t)ese duties- >o?ada,s, t)ere are about =H Geoman @arders, ?)o live ?it)in t)e ?alls of t)e to?er- T)ese former officers ?it) an )onourable service record of at least 44 ,ears are better Bno?n as 0eefeaters- *f all t)e traditions at t)e To?er, one above all evoBes its essential c)aracter as a ro,al palace and fortress, namel, t)e nig)tl, "eremon, of t)e Ce,s, ?)en, after locBing t)e gates, t)e c)ief Geoman @arder presents t)em to t)e monarc)As representative in t)e to?er, t)e Iesident 3overnor- 0, tradition t)ere )ave been ravens at t)e To?er from its ver, beginnings, and t)e legend t)at ?it)out its ravens t)e To?er ?ill fall and t)e Bingdom ?it) it )ave protected t)eir presence- T)ere are usuall, six ravens in residence cared for b, one of t)e Geoman @arders, ?it) t)e title of Iavenmaster(;: (9=:R 9? <9A'9A *n ")ristmas %a, #I-- .illiam, !uke of Gormandy, ?as cro?ned Cing of England- +e ordered at once t)e building of an eart).and.timber OlemnP castle ?it)in t)e ancient Ioman "it, ?alls- ?en years later t)is simple fort ?as turned into a massive palace-fortress- ( great stone to?er ?as builtK the .hite tower$n ##JK, ?)ile Lichard the 9ionheart ?as a?a, on crusade O cruciadP, )is c)ancellor OcancelarP began t)e first expansion Oe(tindereP of t)e to?erAs defences O sistem de aprareP- Iic)ardAs brot)er, Mohn, ?)o succeeded )im to t)e t)rone in ##KK, completed itFo)nAs son, /enry III, gave )is attention to improving t)e to?er as a ro,al residence- @it)in t)e space bet?een t)e ?)ite To?er and t)e river a splendid new palace tooB s)ape to replace t)e @)ite to?er, former ro,al accommodation Ore!edin'P-

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+enr, $$$As son, ;dward I, spent in ten ,ears t?ice as muc) on t)e to?er as )is fat)er )ad done during )is entire reign- +e made t)e To?er into one of the great castle of #(th century ;ngland@)enever monarc)s ?anted to get rid of possible rivals to t)e t)rone t)e, sent t)ese to t)e To?er and eventuall, On cele din urmP put t)em to deat)- Suc) ?as t)e tragic fate of the infant nephews of Lichard III O1=6<.1=6EP$t ?as during t)e reign of t)e rut)less OnemilosP /enry 5II O1EH2.1E=7P t)at t)e To?er became Bno?n above all as the chief prison of the statean, prisoners of )ig) ranB entered t)e to?er, never to leave it alive- T?o of t)e ?ives of +enr, !$$$ O6nn Holeyn and 8atherine /owardP ?ere executed on to?er +ill and so ?as ?homas Fore ?)o refused to acBno?ledge Oa recunoa!teP +enr, !$$$ as +ead of t)e ")urc) of England&ollo?ing the Lestoration of the monarchy in #--I , t)e To?er under?ent ma#or c)anges- 8harles II )ad a large permanent garrison )oused in t)e To?er, ?)ile t)e arsenal ?as expanded- Soon t)e 8rown Mewels and t)e )istoric arms and armours ?ere put on public s)o?$n t)e time of Nueen 5ictoria t)e To?er began to taBe on t)e c)aracter of a national monument- 0, 12H1 )alf a million people visited it eac) ,ear- >o?ada,s t)e to?er )as become one of the world"s great tourist attractions- $t is guarded b, t)e famous 0eefeaters ?)o also taBe part in t)e man, colourful ceremonies organized t)ere on various occasions-

WWVIII

?99' A( (;: R:S(AURAA(

Ba#ic Vocabulary Brea/fa#t mic de#un, masa de diminea <unc1 1- Pr5nz, de#un Oatunci c5nd masa principal se servete la pr5nzP 4- 3ustare Oatunci c5nd masa principal se servete searaP (ea ceai 'inner 1- "in 4- as principal a zilei Opr5nz sau cinP Su%%er cin, masa de sear Odup cinP Meal m5ncare, mas )our#e fel de m5ncare Main cour#e fel principal de m5ncare 'i#1 1- &el de m5ncare 4- &arfurie mare Snac/ gustare Re#taurant restaurant )anteen cantin, bufet Snac/ bar bufet expres @ub Ofrom public )ouseP restaurant, c5rcium (able dH1ote T #et lunc1 meniu fix A la carte a la carte ?i#1 and c1i% #1o% local unde se servete pete cu cartofi pr#ii Menu card T bill of fare list de bucate, meniu ;or# dHoeu$re foK dKvrg gustare 'naintea mesei, aperitiv Bacon and egg# oc)iuri cu slnin ;am and egg# oc)iuri cu unc Ra+ egg ou crud Soft ou moi ;ard boiled egg# . ou tari, rscoapte Scrambled egg# ou #umri @oac1ed egg# oc)iuri rom5neti ?ried egg# oc)iuri 9melette omlet Sau#age salam 9li$e mslin Butter unt )1ee#e br5nz @re##ed c1ee#e cacaval

146

S+i## c1ee#e vaier Sog1ourt iaurt Vellied meat piftie Vellied fi#1 pete 'n aspic @ic/led fi#1 zacusc de pete Minced8meat ball# c)iftelue Meat cro3uette# . p5r#oale Vegetable #alad salat de legume Mayonnai#e dre##ing maionez )a$iare icre negre, caviar Manc1uria 1ard roe icre de anciuria @atb de foie gra# pateu din ficat de g5sc )ana%b p5ine pr#it 'n unt (oa#t p5ine pr#it Sou% sup )1ic/en #ou% sup de pui )lear c1ic/en #ou% sup limpede (omato (F alte legume) #ou% sup de roii Aoodle #ou% sup de tiei SourT ,ulienne #ou% ciorb Giblet #ou% ciorb de mruntaie Sou% +it1 meat ball# ciorb de perioare )on#ommb consomm^ )ream #ou% crem de legume Brot1T gra$y #ou% sup concentrat de carne Vermicelli #ou% sup de fidea 'um%ling #ou% sup cu glute Vegetable #ou% sup de legume Meat carne Minced meat carne tocat Beef carne de vit Veal carne de viel Mutton carne de oaie <amb carne de miel @or/ carne de porc @oultry 1- psri de curte 4- carne de pasre )1ic/en carne de pui 'uc/ carne de ra Goo#e carne de g5sc (ur/ey carne de curcan Vegetable# legume, zarzavaturi Oabrev- !egP Mi5ed $egetable# g)iveci de legume asortate )old meat #alad salat boeuf Boiled cartofi fieri Roa#t cartofi pr#ii Ma#1ed %otatoe# cartofi piure )1i%%ed cartofi pai :gg8%lant T aubergine v5nt :ndi$e . andive )abbage varz Red cabbage varz roie Bru##el# cabbage varz de 0ruxelles Sauer/raut varz acr @ic/le# . murturi )arrot morcov (o##ed carrot# sote de morcovi )auliflo+er conopid

142

(omato #auce bulion (omato ,uice suc de roii Beetroot sfecl roie @ea# mazre Bean# fasole ?renc1 bean# fasole verde )ucumber castravete Green8%e%%er ardei gras Red %e%%er gogoar ;ot %e%%er ardei iute Mu#1room# ciuperc Mu#1room# coo/ed in #auce ciulama de ciuperci <ettuce salat verde S%inac1 . spanac 9nion ceap <ee/ . praz S%ring onion ceap verde Garlic usturoi Grill grtar, friptur la grtar Beef#tea/ biftec, muc)i 'n s5nge Rum%8#tea/ ramstec, friptur de muc)i de vit Roa#t c1ic/en friptur de pasre Roa#t beef friptur de vit Roa#t li$er ficat pr#it `idney rinic)i )1o% cotlet )utlet cotlet, niel Stea/- rib antricot @or/ #au#age# c5rnai de porc Roa#t duc/ling friptur de ruc Ste+ tocan Ste+ed meat carne fiart, 'nbuit Boiled meat carne rasol )1ic/en in +1ite #auce ciulama de pui 'i#1 of breaded brain creier pr#it Goula#c1- #te+ gula S+eetbread momie <eg of a fo+l picior de pasre Bri#/et pieptT garf de porc Sautb sote Scallo% niel Veni#on . v5nat Mint #auce sos de ment ?i#1 pete ?re#18+ater fi#1 pete de ap dulce Salt8+ater fi#1 pete de mare ;addoc/ batog, egrefin ;erring )ering, scrumbie `i%%er scrumbie afumat Sole calcan ;alibut pete de mare din genul +ipoglossus )od cod @erc1 biban (rout pstrv Sturgeon sturion @laice pltic )ar% crap Salmon somon

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(unnyT tunna fi#1 ton )ra+fi#1 raci )rab# . crabi @i/e tiuc Xander alu <ob#ter )omar 9y#ter stridie 'e##ert desert S+eet desert dulce )a/e pr#itur @a#try plcinte, patiserie A%%le8tart tartT plcint cu mere )1ee#e %ie plcint cu br5nz @udding budinc Bi#cuit# biscuii Muffin brio @anca/e# cltite 'oug1nut# gogoi S%onge ca/e pandipan S+eet bi#cuit picot (rifle arlot, pr#itur fcut din fric, migdale i biscuii 'nmuiai 'n vin Gingerbread turt dulce ?ruit #alad salat de fructe Ste+ed fruit compot de fructe Gra%e strugure )urrant stafid mare @ine8a%%le ananas Ice8cream 'ng)eat )u#tard crem de ou Batter aluat Vam gem, dulcea Marmalade dulcea sau marmelad de portocale )ream caimac, sm5nt5n =1i%%ed cream fric )ereal# m5ncare pregtit din cereale Ofulgi de ovz, porumbP )ornfla/e# fulgi de porumb @orridge fiertur din fulgi de ovz sau porumb, cu lapte, caimac, cu sau fr za)r 9atmeal fin de ovz, ovz pisat @a#ta# paste finoase Rice orez @ilaff (rice) pilaf S%ag1etti spag)ete Macaroni au gratin macaroane gratinate 'rin/ butur Soft drin/ butur nealcoolic, rcoritoare <emonade limonad, citronad Vuice suc ?ruit ,uice suc de fructe 9range ,uice suc de portocale Mineral +ater ap mineral )ider cidru Mil/ lapte )offee cafea Blac/ coffee cafea neagr =1ite coffee cafea cu lapte StrongT 1ardT alco1olic drin/ butur alcoolic Beer bere Mug- a %int of beer o )alb de bere

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Bitter bere amar Stout bere neagr Ginger ale bere nealcoolic 'raug1t beer bere de la butoi Ale bere englezeasc Brandy rac)iu, coniac =ine vin =1ite +ine vin alb Red +ine vin rou 'ry +ine vin sec S+eet +ine vin dulce S1erry vin de ]eres @ort vin de Porto <i3ueur lic)ior )1am%agne ampanie =1i#/y ?)isB, scoian =1i#/ey ?)isB, irlandez S%ice# condimente Salt sare @e%%er piper Vinegar oet Mu#tard mutar 're##ing sosuri i condimente (1e di#1e# vesel, vase )roc/ery vase Ode faian, ceramicP )u% ceac Gla## pa)ar Vug can, ulcior Saucer farfurioar @late farfurie 'inner %late farfurie 'ntins Sou% %late farfurie ad5nc Bread %late farfurie pentru p5ine, platou )utlery tac5muri S%oon lingur (ea #%oon linguri de ceai sau de cafea Sou% #%oon lingur de sup 'e##ert #%oon linguri `nife cuit ?or/ furculi Salt cellar solni Mu#tard8%ot borcan de mutar @e%%er8%ot piperni )or/#cre+ tirbuon Sauce8boat sosier Sou%8tureen castron de sup Sugar ba#in za)arni Aa%/in erveel (oot1%ic/ . scobitoare (able8clot1 fa de mas 'rin/ing #tra+ pai de sorbit A#1tray scrumier =ine8decanter caraf de vin (ea%ot ceainic )offee8%ot ibric de cafea ?la$our arom Vanilla vanilie

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Stra+berry frag, cpun Ra#%berry zmeur ?at Od- m5ncare, carneP . gras <ean Od- m5ncare, carneP slab (1in Od- lic)ideP slab, diluat Underdone 'n s5nge, nefcut =ell8done Od- fripturP bine fcut 9$erdone uscat, ars =arm T +armli/e cald T cldu ?re#1 proaspt Stale Od- m5ncareP vec)i Sa+ crud Strong tare =ea/ slab ?i!!y gazos, spumos Bro+n Od- p5ineP . neagr @lain simplu S%icy condimentat Sa$oury Od- m5ncareP picant, srat, piperat Vacant Od- loc, masP liber (a/en Od- loc, masP ocupat Semi8%re%ared semipreparate Ready8%ac/ed preambalate Ready8coo/ed food# gata preparate Ready8bottled 'mbuteliate ?ro!en congelate (inned conservate A #lice of breadT 1am o felie de p5ineT unc A lum% of #ugar o bucat de za)r A %iece of ca/e o bucat de pr#itur A %lateful of o farfurie de (o #team a fierbe (o roa#t a pr#i, a coace (o grill a frige la grtar (o fry a pr#i (o ba/e a coace (o boil a fierbe (o #tir a mesteca (o %oac1 a fierbe Od- ex- ou fr coa#P (o 1eat a 'nclzi (o #mo/e a afuma (o fla$our a condimenta, a aromatiza (o #ea#on Od- m5ncareP a asezona, a potrivi (o eat at 1ome a m5nca acas (o eat out a m5nca 'n ora Ola restaurantP (o drin/ t1e +ine neat a bea vinul fr sifon (o lay t1e table a pune masa (o clear t1e table a str5nge masa (o +a#1 u%- to +a#1 t1e di#1e# a spla vasele (o re#er$e a table in ad$ance a rezerva o mas 'n avans (o be on a diet a ine diet, regim (o #limT to lo#e +eig1t a slbi IHll ta/e G for t1e fir#t cour#e primul fel o s iau IHll 1a$eT order G . am s comand =1at +ould you #ay to G . ce.ai zice de X =ill you %a## me t1e #alt- %lea#e_ vrei s.mi dai sarea, v rogS

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May I 1a$e anot1er 1el%ing ofG_ pot s mai iau o porie deXS =ould you li/e #ome moreG_ mai dorii niteXS ;a$e you made your c1oice_ v.ai )otr5tS (i alesS Ao- t1an/ you- I donHt care forGT not for me- t1an/ you nu, mulumesc, nu iau, nu.mi placeX IHm afraid itH# off regret, dar nu mai avem =1at do you recommend_ ce.mi recomandaiS I could do +it1 a #nac/ a doriT mi.ar prinde bine o gustare @or/ di#agree# +it1 me nu.mi face bine carnea de porc IH$e 1ad enoug1 (1an/ you nu, mulumesc- .am sturatAo more (for me) (1an/ you mulumesc- >u mai vreau Say +1en spune c5nd s m opresc Odin servitP IHm not /een on nu m dau 'n v5nt dup ;el% your#elf toG . servete.te cuX May I offer youG_ pot s v oferXS 'o you fancyG_ v.ar plceaXS I canHt #tand it nu suport aceast m5ncare I donHt li/e it eit1er nici acest fel nu.mi place =ill you 1a$eG_ ai dori s serviiXS :AG<IS; ?99' &our meals a da, are served traditionall, in 0ritainK breaBfast, lunc), tea and dinner$n man, countries breakfast is a snacB rat)er t)an a meal, but t)e traditional Englis) breaBfast, served at about eig)t oAclocB in t)e morning, is a full meal- Some people begin ?it) a plateful of porridge, ?it) milB or cream, and salt or sugar; ot)ers ma, )ave fruit.#uice, or per)aps cornflaBes or some ot)er cereal- T)en comes at least one substantial course, suc) as )addocB or fried )errings, or bacon and eggs boiled, fried or poac)ed , or sausages and bacon, or )am and eggs- (fter?ards comes toast, ?it) butter and marmalade or #am and per)aps some fruit- T)e meal is [?as)ed do?nA ?it) tea or coffee- an, Englis) people no? taBe suc) a full breaBfast onl, on Sunda, morningsEnglis) lunch, ?)ic) is usuall, served at one oAclocB, is based on plain, simpl, cooBed food- $t starts ?it) soup or fruit.#uice- T)en follo?s some meat or poultr, beef, veal, mutton, lamb, porB, c)icBen, ducB ?it) potatoes, boiled or roast, and a second vegetable Oprobabl, cabbage or carrotsP, and GorBs)ire pudding(pple pie is a favourite s?eet, and Englis) puddings, of ?)ic) t)ere are various t,pes, are an excellent ending to a meal, especiall, in ?inter- $nstead of t)e pudding some people ma, )ave ste?ed fruit or c)eese and biscuits- /ast of all coffee blacB or ?)ite0ut ?)at s)all ?e drinB ?it) our mealS *f course Englis) beer, preferabl, bitter or pale ale, or cider?ea, t)e t)ird meal of t)e da,, is served bet?een four and five oAclocB- ( pot of tea ?it) a #ug of )ot ?ater, a #ug of milB and a basin of sugar are broug)t in- T)in slices of bread and butter are )anded round, and caBes, #am and cream- Tea is not al?a,s served at table, for it is t)e most sociable meal of t)e da,, and friends and visitors are often present- T)e members of t)e tea.part, sit round on c)airs!inner is t)e most substantial meal of t)e da,- T)e usual time is about seven oAclocB, and all t)e members of t)e famil, sit do?n toget)er- Soup is t)e first course- T)en comes t)e second course, fis) sole, )alibut, salmon- ( #oint of meat, per)aps t)e roast beef of old England, forms t)e t)ird course, served ?it) vegetablesT)en comes t)e dessertK some Bind of s?eet and blacB or ?)ite coffeeT)is is t)e traditional order of meals- 0ut some people in t)e to?ns, and nearl, all countr, people, )ave dinner in t)e middle of t)e da, instead of lunc)- T)e, )ave tea a little later, bet?een five and six oAclocB, and t)en in t)e evening, before going to bed, t)e, )ave a lig)t supperT)us t)e four meals of t)e da, are breaBfast, dinner, tea supper or breaBfast, lunc), tea, dinnerA <IS( 9? BRI(IS; (RA'I(I9AA< 'IS;:S AA' 'RIA`S Banger# and Ma#1 Sausages and mas)ed potatoes- Traditional pub dis))orni#1 T 'e$on#1ire )ream T)icB, ric) cream usuall, served over fruits and desserts)orni#1 @a#try Small pastries filled ?it) meat, onion and potato'o$er #ole T)ere are man, recipes for t)is delicious fis), but per)aps it is best ?)en plain grilled?i#1 and c1i%# &ried fis) and potatoes seasoned ?it) salt and vinegar- ( fine 0ritis) institutionR Gingerbread Spic, caBe often made in t)e s)ape of a man and decorated ?it) currantsGoo#e ( ")ristmas favourite;am (s popular for breaBfast as it is for dinner- *ften smoBed;erring %elicious baBed, fried, grilled or smoBed OBippersPIri#1 Ste+ utton, potatoes, carrots and onions-

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<amb Prepared in man, ?a,s, but per)aps best ?)en roasted and served ?it) mint sauce<ob#ter 3rilled, boiled or bacBed and served in ric) sauceMince @ie# Small pies filled ?it) currants and spices- ( ")ristmas favourite9y#ter# Some sa, t)e real reason Fulius "aesar invaded 0ritain 4,HHH ,ears ago ?as )is attraction to t)e delectable 0ritis) o,ster- Some of t)e most prized come from "olc)ester@orridge 0oiled oatmeal ?it) milB or cream and flavoured ?it) salt or sugar- ( Scottis) breaBfast favouriteRoa#t Beef T)e most famous of 0ritainAs national dis)es- ( favourite c)oice for Sunda, lunc)- Served ?it) roast potatoes, green vegetables and, of course, GorBs)ire puddingSalmon Served )ot, cold or smoBed- Scotc) salmon is t)e best in t)e ?orldScotc1 Brot1 T)icB, cream, vegetable soupStea/ and `idney @ieT @udding ( mixture of steaB, Bidne, and mus)rooms- ( pub favouriteSyllabub ( refres)ing dessert made from brand,, fres) fruit, ?)ite ?ine or s)err,, cream and sugar(ea ( 0ritis) ?a, of life- (lt)oug) traditionall, [tea timeA is approximatel, = p-m- a [nice cup of teaA is liable to be produced at an, time of t)e da,, usuall, accompanied b, biscuits and T or caBes\;ig1 (eaH is a meal ,ou ?ould expect to get in a Scottis) or >ort) "ountr, guest)ouse instead of dinner- $t combines afternoon tea Obread and butter, caBes, biscuits, etc-P ?it) cold meat and T or a )ot dis)(rifle ( dessert of caBe, fruit, and s)err, set in #ell, and topped ?it) custard, served ?it) ?)ipped cream(rout 3rilled, poac)ed or fried, one of t)e most delicatel, flavoured river fis)Sor/#1ire @udding Savour, baBed batter- Traditional accompaniment to roast beefBitter "lear and golden, it is t)e most popular of 0ritis) draug)t beers- Served b, t)e pint or )alf.pintBro+n Ale ( darB, s?eet bottled beerMild Ale %arB, full.flavoured draug)t beer- /o? in alco)olic content- Sometimes combined ?it) bitter@ale Ale ( slig)tl, fizz, bottled beer)ider &ermented apple #uice- *ften Zuite strong so be?areR Iri#1 )offee ( mixture of coffee, ?)isBe, and sugar drunB t)roug) a top la,er of cream=1i#/y ello?, golden Scotc) ?)isB, is t)e best in t)e ?orld ?A( ;ea$y greu, gras Ma##i$e . masiv 9$er+eig1t . supraponderal )or%ulent . corpolent 9be#e . obez Stout solid, gros Solid . solid Bul/y mare, voluminos, voinic, greoi 'um%y bondoc @lum% . durduliu, grsu, rotofei (;IA S/inny . slbnog Under+eig1t . subponderal Slender . zvelt Slim slab )oo/ing in#trument# and t1e +ay# of coo/ing To steam ca##erole OcaserolP To fr, frying %an OtigaieP To poac) coo/ing %ot Ooal de gtitP To grill grill OgrtarP To boil #auce%an OcratiP To )eat micro+a$e o$en Ocuptor cu microundeP In a #u%ermar/et ( box of cereals ( bag of onions ( can of soup ( bottle of oil a carton of milB a pacB of cigarettes a six.pacB of soda a bunc) of flo?ers

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( #ar of peanuts ( tube of toot)paste In a re#taurant ( box of &renc).fries ( piece of toast ( cup of coffee ( mug of beer

a bar of soap a slice of bread a glass of ?ater a bo?l of cereal a cup of ice.cream

(1e )1anging :ating ;abit# of American# ost people t)inB t)at t)e t,pical >ort) (merican diet consists of fast foods )amburgers and &renc) fries- $t also includes convenience foods, usuall, frozen or canned, V#unB foodW ?it)out muc) food value cand,, potato c)ips, cereal and so on- T)is diet is ver, )ig) in sugar, salt, fat but not in vitamins+o?ever, eating )abits are c)anging- >ort) (mericans are becoming more interested in good )ealt) and nutrition is an important part of )ealt)- People are eating less red meat and fe?er eggs, and t)e, are eating more c)icBen and fis)- &or )ealt) reason, man, people are also bu,ing more ra? vegetables- T)e, ma, eat t)em ?it)out cooBing t)em first or t)e, mig)t cooB t)em ZuicBl, in ver, little ?ater because t)e, ?ant to Beep t)e vitaminsT)e Vt,picalW >ort) (merican diet no? includes food from man, different countries- (t lunc)time, man, people go to et)nic fast.food places for 7e(ican taco, 7iddle #astern falafel or Fhilippine lumpia$n t)e future t)e (mericans ?ill still bu, convenience foods but frozen foods ?ill be better for t)eir )ealt) and canned foods ?ill )ave less salt and sugar- VFunB foodW is not going to be V#unBW at all because instead of cand, bars t)ere ?ill be Vnutrition barsW ?it) a lot of vitamins and proteinV9)ABU<ARS @RA)(I): 1- (fter ,ou )ave )ad a meal in a restaurant ,ou asB t)e ?aiter for t)e XX a- bill b- recipe c- note d- prescription 4- %o ,ou liBe ,our steaB ?ell.done, medium or X-a- blue b- blood, c- ra? d- rare <- Spag)etti is good if ,ou X- c)eese over ita- mince b- slice c- c)op d- grate =- S)e liBed t)e dessert so muc) t)at s)e asBed for a second Xa- dis) b- go c- )elping d- serving E- $ forgot to put t)e milB in t)e fridge and it )as XX a- gone bacB b- gone do?n c- gone in d- gone sour 9- X- t)e bread in a )ot ovena- grill b- boil c- baBe d- roast 7- "urr, is ver, X-a- )ot b- pepper, c- salt, d- ?arm 6- X-- t)e mixture into an oven proof dis)a- beat b- mix c- salt, d- ?arm 2- Ioast beef is one of m, favourite Xa- bo?l b- plates c- dis)es d- courses 1H- Gour apple tart ?as absolutel, delicious- "an ,ou give me t)e Xa- instructions b- receipt c- recipe d- formula 11- 3arlic )as a remarBable Xa- flavor b- garnis) c- )erb d- spice 14- %onAt t)ro? t)e potato Xa- s)ell b- sBin c- core d- peel 1<- /etAs )ave a salad to start ?it) and fis) for t)e main Xa- )elping b- course c- dis) d- serving 1=- @)en t)e ?ater comes to t)e X- put t)e vegetables ina- boil b- cooB c- )eat d- steam S1a%e 2onical SemiCcircular 0ellCshaped1 #ggC N 1 FearC N 1 %edgeC N

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 Smell# Scent1 smell Smells fruity1 aromatic1 smo&y1 burnt1 bad Si!e <ength1 %idth1 -eight C cms 1 inches (a#te# Sour1 S)eet1 0itter C Salty 1 salted Feppery 1 peppered C Spicy 1 spiced (e5ture &ruit and vegetables t)at are crisp are fres) and )ave a firm texture so t)at ?)en ,ou bite t)em t)e, are )ard and crunc),- E-g- he bought nice crisp apples at the mar&et. "ooBed food t)at is crisp )as been fried or toasted until it is )ard, dr, and crunc),- "runc), food maBes a noise ?)en ,ou eat it- E-g- he helped himself to some hot crisp rolls. , can feel the crisp frosty sno) crunching under my feet. ,t*s the nuts that ma&e this ca&e so crunchy. ?le#1y B peac), apple, Bi?i fruit Vuicy B tomato, orange, peac), )amburger )runc1y B nuts )ri#% B biscuits, fried c)icBen, potato c)ips Smoot1 B tomato, apple Roug1 B nuts Bland B spag)etti, )ot dog (ender B steaB =atery B lemonade Stale c)eese sand?ic) =ilted B salad ?re#1 B milB 'ry B baBed potato )reamy B macaroni and c)eese @R9V:RBS B concerning food and eating

(ppetite comes ?it) eating(n apple a da, Beeps t)e doctor a?a,Eating an apple going to bed maBes t)e doctor beg )is bread3ood brot) ma, be made in an old potT)e proof of t)e pudding is in t)e eating%onAt put al ,our eggs in one basBetGou canAt )ave ,our caBe and eat itToo man, cooBs spoil t)e brot)*melettes are not made ?it)out breaBing of eggs+alf a loaf is better t)an none$tAs no use cr,ing over spilt milB*ne manAs meat is anot)erAs man poison U#e t1e#e e5clamation# to #1o+ #ur%ri#e about food:

91N said in surprise or ?onder 91- boyN said in excitement or ent)usiasm ;mmN said ?)en t)e speaBer is t)inBing somet)ing over =ellN said in surprise or as a preface to a remarB =ell- +ellN said in mild surprise or ?)en t)e speaBer )as discovered somet)ing (#/8t#/N a clucBing sound uttered in disapproval =o+N said in surprise or admiration

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Go#1N said in surprise GeeN said in surprise BR:A`?AS(- <UA); AA' 'IAA:R B =1atH# on t1e Menu_ :ngland $t )as been said t)at to eat ?ell in England, ,ou s)ould )ave breaBfast t)ree times a da, but t)ings are c)angingR >o? t)e standart of restaurants )as improved tremendousl,, and fe?er people )ave t)e time to prepare t)e )uge breaBfasts of t)e past- T)ese mig)t, meals can include kidneys or kippers- ( )otel ma, offer a continental breakfast, ?)ic) is simpl, a bread roll or croissant, butter, )am and tea or coffee- an, people still manage to get t)roug) a cooked breakfast, )o?ever, even if itAs not ever, da, of t)e ?eeB- T)is ma, start ?it) porridge Oa traditional Scottis) dis) of boiled oatmealP or cereal follo?ed b, fried eggs, bacon, sausages, fried tomatoes and black pudding Oa sausage made from pig" blood ?it) pieces of fatP follo?ed b, toast and marmalade and accompanied b, a bottomless pot of strong teaAmerica T)e earl, (mericans settlers ate hasty puddings, a cornmeal porridge ?it) molasses- /ater, breaBfast became a ver, generous meal indeed- >o?ada,s greater concern about diet and health means t)at man, people )ave a fruit drink or eat a cereal ?it) lots of fibre but a t,pical (merican breaBfast ?ould still be eggs, bacon and coffee, accompanied b, pancakes and maple syrup- $n t)e sout), grits are a breaBfast dis), ?it) blackeyed bean gravy- 0iscuits, a Bind of small breadcake, are often made for breaBfast, as are french toast Obread dipped in eggs t)en friedP, waffles Ofried batterP, Englis) muffins and bagels- T)ese breaBfast are so delicious t)at in England and (merica ,ou ?ill often see restaurants ?it) sign outside sa,ing V0reaBfast served all da,W<unc1 and 'inner $f ,ou are liBel, to go to a cafO or PcafQ B;CP for breaBfast, for lunc) and dinner or supper O;CP t)e c)oice is vastK brasseries, bistros, bars, pubs, steak houses and salad centres are legion in t)e cities, alongside t)e curry houses, 8hinese and Mapanese restaurants and a c)oice of international food from 9ebanon to 6laska- Italian cuisine is ver, muc) in favour at t)e moment and )as overtaBen 7rench cuisine in terms of popularit,- Fenus abound ?it) terms from bot) &renc) and $talian cooBing, ?it) &renc) being used more for minimalist, nouvelle cuisine dis)es and $talian for t)e t,picall, (merican massive-portion pasta dishes and meat=fish and salad combos!er, often t)e same restaurant ?ill offer an international menu, ?it) appetisers from exico Oa <uesadilla, for exampleP, Spain Oceviche shrimps in a cucumber, tomato, chili, garlic and onion saladP and 3reece Ohumus a chickpea paste kalamata olives, feta cheese, tomatoes, cucumber and pita breadP- $f ,ou #ust ?ant a snack, t)is ?ill do or ,ou could go for an exotic soup liBe Fulligatawny or a slice of t)e ever.popular <uiche- Slig)tl, more substantial snacBs mig)t include Italian sausage ?it) roast peppers- 1outhern style barbecue pork in t)e ;S, or a burger made from naturally gra*ed beef, marinated chicken or a veggieburger Oa vegetable burgerP for t)e non.meat.eaters- @)en ,ou get onto t)e serious meals, expect dis)es to be accompanied b, ample sauces and toppings p)rases liBe Vwith a roasted garlic !i)on mustard butter sauce W or Vserved with whipped herb potatoes and topped with orange demi glaceW are common no?ada,s!esserts are not usuall, designed for t)e diet-consciousK alongside t)e standard creme caramel, cheesecake and apple and blackberry pie, t)ere is a return to traditional fare liBe bread pudding ?it) a modern touc) served, for example, ?it) whisky custard sauce and whipped cream(ll of t)is and muc), muc) more is t)ere for ,ou to en#o,, but a ?orld of ?arningK Beep a ?ar, e,e on ,our ?alletX and ,our ?aistlineR <UA);:9A <AAGUAG: (n (merican lunch counter is small, informal restaurant ?)ere ,ou can get simple, ZuicBl,.cooBed meals- $t mig)t also be called a lunch stand or luncheonette; if itAs an old rail?a, carriage, t)en itAs a diner- T)e language used b, t)e staff at t)ese lunc) counters to describe t)e orders is vivid and idios,ncratic- Some terms, suc) as H9? Obacon, lettuce and tomato sandwichP )ave passed into ever,da, speec)- +ere are some examplesK 68 a sand?ic) ?it) (merican c)eese 6dam and ;ve on a raft t?o poac)ed eggs on toast 6xle grease butter Helch water seltzer or soda ?ater Hottom ice cream added to a drinB

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How bow a )ot dog Hreath an onion Hurn one put a )amburger on t)e grill 8H c)eeseburger 8ity )uice ?ater 8rowd t)ree of an,t)ing OVT?oAs compan,, t)reeAs a cro?dWP .ith cow to cover buttered toast /old the hail no ice Moe coffee Goah"s boy )am O+am ?as >oa)As second sonRP @M orange #uice @ver easy fried eggs turned over ?)en cooBing Go cow ?it)out milB 1inkers and studs doug)nuts and coffee 1<uee*e one orange #uice 1tack a pile of pancaBes .arts olives

WWIW

S;9@@IAG

Ba#ic Vocabulary S1o% magazin S1o%8+indo+ vitrin S1o%8a##i#tant v5nztor S1o%%ing cumprrturi S1o%%ing8area zon comercial S1o%%er cumprtor )u#tomer cumprtor, client 'e%artment raion 'e%artment8#tore magazin universal )1ain #tore filial a unei firme de magazine :lectrical e3ui%ment aparate electrice )amera(#) aparatOeP de fotografiat Record de%artment raionul de discuri )1inaT %orcelain porelan Gla##+are sticlrie @ottery ceramic ?abric# esturi )ounter te#g)ea, raion )a#18de#/ cas O'ntr.un magazinP )1ec/8out %oint cas O'ntr.un magazin universalP :#calator scar rulant :5it ieire Self8#er$ice autoservire Bargain cumprtur avanta#oas, c)ilipir Sale(#) v5nzare Ocu reducere de preuriP, solduri ?a#1ion mod (rend curent, direcie, tendin Gift cadou Acce##orie# accesorii 'ra%erH# galanterie, textile (obacconi#tH# tutungerie GrocerH# bcnie, alimentar GreengrocerH# aprozar, legume i fructe Bac/erH# brutrie, p5ine

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Butc1erH# mcelrie ?i#1mongerH# pescrie 9ff8licence local unde se v5nd buturi i pentru acas 'ry8cleanerH# curtorie c)imic (oy8#1o% magazin de #ucrii Boo/8#1o% librrie )onfectionery T #+eet8#1o% magazin de dulciuri, cofetrie 'airy magazin de produse lactate S1o%/ee%er negustor, comerciant Ocu magazinP (ailor croitor Opentru brbaiP 're##ma/er croitor de dame, croitoreas ;atter plrier Milliner modist S1oema/er cizmar, pantofar )obbler cizmar Ocare face reparaiiP S%ort# outfitter furnizor de ec)ipament sportiv Barber frizer ;airdre##er coafor, coafez Boo/#eller librar Ae+#agent v5nztor de ziare Ola c)iocP Ironmonger negustor de articole de fierrie ?urniture dealer negustor de mobil =atc1ma/er ceasornicar =atc1 re%airer reparaii de ceasuri ?lori#t florrie Mar/et pia Su%ermar/et magazin universal Ode obicei cu autoservireP ?ood#tuff# alimente Grocerie# coloniale 'airy %roduce produse lactate (in cutie de tabl, conserv (ube tub Bottle sticl Bag pung 'o!en duzin Var borcan Bo5 curtie Bar baton ;ou#e1old good#T article# T effect# articole de uz casnic ;ard+are de%artment T #1o% raion T magazin de articole de uz casnicT fierrie Sauce%an crati ?rying8%an tigaie `ettle ceainic, ibric )a##erole tigaie Ocu toartP, crati Ode argil ars i smluitP Scre+ urub 'oor 1andle clan Gardening tool# unelte de grdinrit S%are %art# piese de sc)imb Ve+ellery Oraionul deP bi#uterii Ring inel :ar8ring cercel =edding8ring verig)et Bracelet brar Aec/lace colier Brooc1 bro )o#metic# Oraionul deP cosmetice ;and cream crem de m5ini

1=H

<i%#tic/ ru# Scent parfum, mireasm @erfume parfum Varni#1 o#, lac de ung)ii @o+der pudr :ye8#1ade fard de oc)i Ma#cara rimel Ma/e8u% fard, mac)ia# ;aberda#1ery mercerie, mruniuri @in ac de gmlie Safety8%in ac de siguran Aeddle ac de cusut `nitting8neddle andrea (1read fir, a (a%e panglic Ode p5nz, bumbacP Ribbon panglic, band Stationery papetrie )1emi#tH# farmacie Medicine(#) medicamentOeP =ra%%ing %a%er )5rtie de ambala# (oilet #u%%lie# articole de toalet `nitted good# tricota#e Vum%er tricou @ull8o$er pulover, flanel )ardigan #ac)et tricotat )lot1e# )aine, 'mbrcminte Ready8made T ready8to8+ear T off8t1e8%eg clot1e# )aine de gata, confecii )lot1e# made8to8mea#ure T made8to8order )aine de comand ?itting room cabin de prob Garment# 'mbrcminte, veminte 're## 1- Ioc)ie 4- :mbrcminte :$ening8dre## 'mbrcminte de sear ?ancy8dre## costum de bal Go+n roc)ie Ode ocazieP, rob 're##ing8go+n )alt de cas Blou#e bluz S/irt fust S1irt cma (rou#er# pantaloni Vac/et sacou 'inner8,ac/et smoc)ing Suit costum <ounge8#uit )aine T costum de strad Bat1ing8#uit costum de baie Beac1+ra% )alat de pla# Uniform uniform Anora/ )anorac 9$erall# )ain de protecie Mourning doliu 'i#gui#e costum, masc Bridal $eil vl de mireas )oat )ain =inter8coat palton ?ur8coat )ain de blan Rain8coat impermeabil, balonzaid, )ain de ploaie Mac/into#1 impermeabil, manta de cauciuc Scarf earf, basma S1a+l al, broboad

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Muffler fular Glo$e# mnui Mitten# mnui cu un singur deget )ollar guler Slee$e m5nec )uff manet Brace# bretele Belt curea Soc/# osete Stoc/ing# ciorapi OlungiP (ig1t# ciorap pantalon, dres S1oe# pantofi 9$er#1oe# galoi Boot# cizme Rubber8boot# cizme de cauciuc Sli%%er# papuci de cas Gla##e# oc)elari Sungla##e# oc)elari de soare Bra sutien @antie# c)iloi de dam Ve#t maiou, flanel de corp @ant# indispensabili (o do oneH# #1o%%ing a face cumprturi (o go #1o%%ing a merge dup cumprturi (o #ell a vinde (o buy a cumpra (o #u%%ly a furniza (o deli$er a livra (o di#%lay a etala (o be out of #toc/ a nu mai avea O'n magazin, depozitP (o try on a 'ncerca Oo )ainP (o fit a se potrivi (o matc1 a se asorta (o nail (do+n) a bate 'n cuie, a fixa (o follo+ ne+ fa#1ion# a ine pasul cu moda (o bro+#e a scotoci, a cuta Oprin magazinP (o lea$e a de%o#it a lsa un acont (o be on t1e loo/out forG . a fi 'n cutareaX (o be on di#%lay a fi expus (o +al/ u%#tair#Tdo+n#tair# a urcaTa cobor' pe scri (o bargain a se tocmi (o go u% by lift a urca cu ascensorul (o #ell by t1e %riceTby t1e +eig1t a vinde la bucatTla c5ntar Budget 're##e# roc)ii ieftine Mot1er8to8be T mot1ercare T lady8in8+aiting magazinT raion <ayette T baby +ear articole pentru nou nscui Uni#e5 articole potrivite pentru ambele sexe Mantle# T coat# )aine, paltoane Go+n# roc)ii :arne#t money T de%o#it acont =ell8#toc/ed bine aprovizionat )on#umer good# T commoditie# bunuri de larg consum )a#1ier casier, casieri (rolley T ba#/et coT crucior pentru trasportat cumprturile S1ort8+eig1t lips la c5ntar @rice tag etic)et cu preul Gro## +eig1t T net +eig1t greutate bruto T greutate neto

aterna

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S1o%%ing li#t list de cumprturi 'ri$e8in de%artment #tore magazin 'n care se intr cu maina @ac/etT %arcel pac)et ;ire8%urc1a#e plat 'n rate Si!e msur, mrime Un+ra%%edT+ra%%ed neambalatTambalat ?i5ed T firm %rice# preuri fixe <oo#eG . vrsat Opentru lic)ideP =1at can I do for you_ ce doriiS I# anyone attending to you_ v servete cinevaS Are you being #er$ed_ suntei servitS IHll attend to you in a moment v servesc imediat (1e good# are %ut u% for #ale mrfurile sunt expuse pentru v5nzare :$eryt1ing 1ere i# #old ready8+eig1ed and ready8%ac/ed aici totul se vinde gata c5ntrit i gata 'mpac)etat Sou can %lace your order# by %1one or calling in %er#on putei face comenzi prin telefon sau venind personal IHll #ee t1at t1e good# are broug1t by our fir#t deli$ery voi avea gri# ca mrfurile s fie livrate cu primul transport Sour bill come#Tamount# toG . nota %vs- de plat se ridic laX SouHll find t1e ordered good +ra%%ed u% and +aiting for you vei gsi mrfurile comandate, ambalate i 'n ateptarea %vsAt +1at time doe# t1e #1o% o%enTclo#e_ la ce or se desc)ideTse 'nc)ide magazinulS )an I get 1ereG_ pot gsi aiciXS S1o+ me %lea#eG . artai.mi, v rogX (1i#G i# only for #1o+T itH# not for #ale acestX este numai pentru decorT nu este de v5nzare =1at i# t1e %rice of t1i#G_ ce pre areXS I#nHt it rat1er dear_ nu este cam scumpS ;a$e %rice# gone u% again_ s.au ma#orat iar preurileS It i# not +ort1 nu merit, nu face S1o+ me #omet1ing different artai.mi altceva =ill you gi$e meT +eig1 for meT +ra%% it u%T ma/e out t1e bill_ vrei s.mi daiXT s.mi c5ntriiXT s ambalai astaXT s facei bonulS )an you #end t1e#eG to my addre##_ putei trimite acesteX la adresa meaS Aeed I %ay in ca#1_ trebuie s pltesc 'n numerarS I #1ould li/e to %ay by c1e3ue a vrea s pltesc cu un cec ;a$e you c1ange forT can you c1ange t1i# ban/note putei s.mi sc)imbai bacnota aceastaS I 1a$e no (#mall) c1ange about me nu am mruni la mine )an I e5c1ange t1i#G_ pot s sc)imb aceastXS 'o you #ell al#o by in#talment#T 1ire8%urc1a#eS vindei i 'n rateS =1at #ort# of ,am 1a$e you got in_ ce gemuri ai primitS Anyt1ing el#e- Madam_ altceva, doamnS Ao- t1an/#- t1atH# allTt1atHll do nu, mulumesc, asta.i tot =1at 1a$e I %ay to_ c5t am de platS 'o you /ee% mineral +ater_ inei ap mineralS ;o+ muc1 i# a bottle of +ine_ c5t cost o sticl de vinS ;a$e you got any Romanian +ine_ avei vin rom5nescS IHm afraid itH# #old out 'mi pare ru, s.a v5ndut tot ?or t1e moment +e 1a$e onlyG . momentan mai avem doarX (1at %iece i# too fat- IHd li/e #omet1ing lean bucata aceea este prea gras, a dori una mai slab (1at one +ill do aceea e bun (1e c1oice i# not too +ide today azi sortimentul nu este prea bogat @ut on t1e #cale# 1alf a goo#e c5ntrii #umtate de g5sc =1at #ort# of %ie# 1a$e you got today_ ce sortimente de plcint avei astziS ?or todayH# dinner I needG . pentru masa de azi am nevoie deX )all at t1e greengrocerH# and #ee if t1ere are any gra%efruit# treci pe la aprozar i vezi dac au grepuri

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(1e #1o% ne5t door /ee%# a +ide a##ortment of fre#1 $egetable# magazinul de alturi este bine aprovizionat cu legume =1at about t1e#eG_ ce spunei de acesteXS Are t1eG #old by t1e %ound or by t1e %iece_ se v5nd la Bilogram sau la bucatS =ill you cutT+eig1 for meG #ome ten ra#1er# of bacon_ vrei s.mi tiai X vreo zece felii de costiS Strea/y_ Ao- a# lean a# %o##ible . grasS nu, c5t mai slab posibil <etH dro% in at t1e Victoria de%artment #tore s intrm la magazinul !ictoria It #a$e# you many call# te scutete de multe drumuri I# t1ere 1ereG . exist aici X =1at can I %re#ent a friend +it1 on 1i# +edding day_ ce 'i pot drui unui prieten de ziua cstoriei luiS =e 1a$e nice t1ing# to #uit all ta#te# and %ur#e# avem lucruri care satisfac toate gusturile i pungile ;ere i# a nice ring iat un inel drgu <et me #ee t1at gold +atc1 artai.mi ceasul acela de aur I# t1i# brilliant genuine_ briliantul este veritabilS I decided on t1i#G . m.am )otr5t la acestXBy t1e +ay- do you mount %reciou# #tone#_ apropo, montai pietre preioaseS :W(RA V9)ABU<ARS S1o%# T)ere are some s)ops ?)ere ?e bu, t)ings to eat and ot)er ?)ere ?e bu, t)ings to ?ear- T)e tailor, for instance, maBes clot)es to measure for men, and t)e dressma&er does t)e same for ?omen- T)e hatter sells gentlemenAs )ats or cleans old ones; t)e milliner maBes and sells ladiesA )ats- T)e draper sells tig)ts, stocBings, socBs and under?ear- T)e shoema&er maBes and sells s)oes and boots, and, if )e is a cobbler too, )e repairs t)em- T)e sports outfitter sells articles used in various sports*t)er shop&eepers suppl, articles for use- T)ere is, for example, t)e boo&seller, ?)o sells booBs and magazines; t)e ne)sagent, ?)o sells ne?spapers; t)e tobacconist, ?)o sells tobacco, cigarettes and cigars; t)e ironmonger, ?)o sells iron goods or )ard?are saucepans, Bettles, fr,ing.pan, gardening.tools; t)e furniture dealer, ?)o supplies articles of furniture- *t)er important s)ops areK t)e stationer*s, t)e haberdasher*s, t)e chinaCshop, t)e )atchma&er*s and t)e je)eller*s, t)e chemist*s and t)e photographer*sS;9@@IAG IA <9A'9A 95ford Street is probabl, t)e most famous s)opping street in /ondon and is divided into t?o parts, east and ?est- T)e busiest section of *xford Street runs from *xford "ircus to arble (rc)- $t is )ere t)at most of t)e ma#or departments stores are grouped, t)e biggest being 1elfridges, t)e second largest department store in /ondon- T)e large food )all, restaurants, Bitc)en?are and cosmetics departments are ver, popularT)e largest branc) of t)e Farks R 1pencer c)ain is also situated near arble (rc)- T)is open.plan store specializes in read,.to.?ear clot)es for all t)e famil,, food and )ouse)old effects&at)er along *xford Street is Mohn 9ewis, an excellent s)op for )ouse)old eZuipment and fabrics*xford Street is also reno?ned for its vast selection of s)oe s)ops, as ?ell as fas)ionFust outside *xford "ircus ;nderground station, ,ou ?ill find t)e .edgwood potter, s)op, ?orld.famous for its fine potter,, porcelain, glass and gifts- ( lovel, s)op in ?)ic) to bro?se for gift ideas(not)er famous s)opping area is (otten1am )ourt Road, reno?ned for its )ig).class furniture s)ops and radio and electrical eZuipment- T)e largest furniture s)op is /eal R 1on 9td*t)ers specializing in t)is field are /abitat, a ver, popular s)op ?it) ,ounger people as it sells ultramodern functional furniture and accessories at ever,da, prices; and Lyman ?)o specialize in modern office furnis)ings and eZuipmentTotten)am "ourt Ioad is also reno?ned for its )i.fi eZuipment- +ere ,ou ?ill find an,t)ing from spare parts to t)e ver, latest in stereo and Zuadrap)onic s,stem- 9yon /ouse and 9asky are t?o largest )i.fi and electrical eZuipment suppliers(not)er s)op specialize, but in a different field, is 4aperchaseK a delig)tful s)op dealing in beautiful ?rapping paper, uniZue greeting cards, posters and ot)er paper items and a lovel, s)op in ?)ic) to bro?se=:<)9M: (9 B<U:=A(:R $tAs a s)rine, t)e biggest s)opping complex in t)e ?)ole of Europe- $tAs got <4H different s)ops covering 1HH,HHH sZuare metres of retail space in t)ree different interconnected malls- T)ere are 1<,HHH parBing spaces, 1,HHH trees, EH,HHH daffodilsX itAs a s)opping experience liBe ,ouAve never )ad before- $t is

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0lue?ater, t)e model for future s)opping centres- 0uilt in a former c)alB Zuarr, in nort).?est Cent, 0lue?ater resembles a moonbase, ?it) glass and steel forming a structure t)at looBs oddl, liBe a vast 3ot)ic cat)edral- $t opened in arc) 1222 and is alread, establis)ing itself as a model of s)opping to come- T)e centre ?as built follo?ing an intense period of researc) into ?)at modern s)oppers ?ant, and it attempts to satisf, all t)eir demandsPeople said t)e, liBed natural lig)t so 0lue?ater lig)t is filtered in from outside and c)anged electronicall, over t)e da,, going from da,lig)t to sunset to a nig)t.time darBness in order to simulate realit,People liBe fres) air, so giant rotating ventilation units )ave been installed in t)e roofs to Beep it circulating&eel insecure in public placesS 0ule?ater )as its o?n in.)ouse police station%o ,ou )ave c)ildrenS T)e 0lue?ater (cadem, is a crlc)e for up to 4HH ,oung c)ildrenT)ere is no more Zueuing for t)e toilets- T)ere ?ill al?a,s be a luxurious one ?it)in EH metres of ?)ere ,ou are s)oppingT)ere are also ample cafes and restaurants- 0lue?ater boasts t)at ,ou are never more t)an 7H paces from a cappuccino- (nd if ,ou ?ant to avoid t)e s)ops altoget)er t)ere are breaBout areas, ?)ere ,ou can calm ,ourself, )ave a meal or go for a ?alB b, t)e laBe- Gou can ?atc) performance artists in t)e Performance Iotunda ?it) its revolving stage, visit t)e 14.screen +o,ts "inema or go c,cling- *r if t)e mood taBes ,ou, ,ou can even visit 0lue?aterAs Zuiet room and talB to t)e centreAs o?n c)aplain&rom t)e moment ,ou arrive ,ou Bno? t)e place is different- T)e 4EH trained )osts )ave been taug)t to see ,ou as guests rat)er t)an s)oppers and treat ,ou accordingl,- T)ereAs valet parBing, if ,ou ?ant it, and a team of mec)anics to )elp fix a flat batter, or t,re for freeGou enter t)roug) one of five ?elcome )alls t)at resemble )otel lobbies- T)en t)ere is an information point ?it) concierge desBs ?)ere ,ou can )ire a bugg,, a ?)eelc)air, a pram or a locBer, as ?ell as some?)ere to relax ?it) a cup of coffee on a comfortable sofa(nd t)en ,ou can start looBing at t)e s)ops- (nd even t)ese are different- 0lue?ater s)ops are not t)e Bind usuall, associated ?it) s)opping centres- $nstead, t)e, are t)ose a consumer mig)t expect to find in t)e up. marBet environs of /ondonAs "ovent 3arden, 0ond Street or Cings IoadK /C 0ennett, &iorelli, Faeger, Space >C, I @illiams and Dugi(nd )ere ,ou are not a s)opper an,more, ,ou are a guest- 0lue?ater needs to attract <H million guests a ,ear if t)e, are to en#o, success and, #udging from t)e 14H,HHH ?)o teamed into it on its opening da,, t)e, are ?ell on target to ac)ieve it*f course, itAs all a clever tricB to maBe ,ou spend more- T)roug)out t)e centre t)ere are beautiful sculptures and plants t)at )elp ,ou relax- /ines of poetr, from Cipling, Ceats and @ords?ort) are carved into t)e ?alls and maBe t)e experience seem cultural- $t all maBes t)e place looB lovel,, but it also sends out an effective subliminal messageK VEn#o, ,our s)opping experience, and bu,, bu,, bu,W- (nd it ?orBs+o?ever inviting 0lue?ater is as a leisure destination, it is almost impossible to visit t)e place ?it)out spending mone,, and usuall, a great deal more mone, t)an ,ou )ad intended, too- (fter all, t)e researc) on ?)ic) t)e building ?as constructed ?asnAt simpl, asBing people ?)at t)e, liBed or disliBed about conventional s)opping- $t ?as finding out )o? t)e, could be tempted to spend more-

A );A@(:R 9? A))I':A(S @)ere )ave ,ou been, Fo)nS 3oodness me, )o? smart ,ou looBR Gour )airAs lovel,, and ?)at )ave ,ou done to t)e rest of ,our clot)esS @ell, $ ?as doing t)e s)opping, as ,ou asBed me- $ got t)e leg of lamb from t)e butc)erAs, t)e bacon and eggs from t)e grocerAs, t)e bread and caBes from t)e baBerAs and t)e beer from t)e off.licence, ?)en $ remembered $Ad promised to bu, ,ou a bottle of perfumeX So ,ou ?ent to t)e c)emistAs T)atAs rig)t- $ got a bottle of perfume, put it in m, pocBet, and, as t)e sun ?as ver, brig)t, $ t)oug)t $Ad get a pair of sunglasses as ?ell, onl, as $ left t)e s)op Gou couldnAt see,

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(nd $ ?alBed into a man ?)o ?as delivering inB to t)e stationerAsSo ,ou ?ere scared of ?)at $ ?ould sa,, and ?ent to )ave ,our trousers cleanedT)atAs rig)t- @ell, after $ left t)e dr,.cleanerAs, $ tripped over 0ecause ,ou ?ere too laz, to )ave t)e loose sole repaired on ,our rig)t s)oe(nd $ broBe one of t)e eggs, ?)ic) ?ent on m, #acBetSo ,ou )ad to go bacB to t)e cleanerAsGes, and t)en, after $Ad left m, #acBet and t)e bag of groceries t)ere, $ ?ent to t)e ironmongerAs for t)at ne? door.)andle ?e need and a bag of scre?s an,?a,, as $ ?as going out of t)e door, $ tripped again (nd broBe , ?atc)- 0ut first of all $ ?ent to t)e cobblerAs, and )ad m, sole nailed do?n, t)en $ tooB t)e ?atc) to t)e ?atc) repairerAs and )ad a ne? glass fitted, t)en $ ?ent to t)e ironmongerAs and b, t)e time $ came bacB, t)e,Ad cleaned and pressed m, #acBet for meT)at ?as all rig)t t)en Ges, but ?)en $ put t)e t)ings $Ad boug)t from t)e ironmongerAs into t)e s)opping bag Gou put t)em on t)e top of t)e eggs $ looBed in t)e bag and tooB out t)e t?o $Ad broBen, but $ ?as so upset $ put m, )ands to m, )ead (nd ,ou got egg all over ,our )air So $ ?ent to t)e barberAs and )ad a s)ampoo@ell, allAs ?ell t)at ends ?ell, and ,ou did need smartening up- Gou boug)t me some perfume, too ?)at sort of scent )as it gotS @ell, smell m, rig)t.)and #acBet pocBet, but donAt put ,our )and in, because itAs full of broBen glassR

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;:A<(; S:RVI):

Ba#ic Vocabulary 9rgan organ ;ead cap :ye oc)i :ye#ig1t vedere, vz :ar urec)e Ao#e nas (oot1, pl- teet1 dinte Mout1 gur (ongue limb

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(1roat g5t (on#il# amigdale Bronc1ial tube# bron)ii <ung plm5n )1e#t piept Bac/ spate ;eart inim Stomac1 stomac <i$er ficat `idney rinic)i A%%endi5 apendice ;and m5n Arm bra <eg picior ?oot, pl- feet laba piciorului An/le glezn S/in piele Blood s5nge ;aemoglobin )emoglobin )ilia cili 'i#ea#e# boli a of t1e eye boli de oc)i a of t1e ear- no#e and t1roat boli de nas, g5t i urec)i a of t1e #/in boli de piele Illne## boal, ru, maladie (rouble T com%laint afeciune, suferin Ailment indispoziie, suferin @ain durere, suferin Ac1e durere Ode cap, dini, stomac etc-P ;eadac1e durere de cap Bac/ac1e durere de spate Stomac18ac1e durere de stomac (oot1ac1e durere de dini )ram% cramp, c5rcel, #ung)i Aeuralgia nevralgie S%lee%le##ne## T in#omnia insomnie Attac/ T fit criz, atac Indige#tion indigestie )ut tietur Sym%tom simptom @re#cri%tion reet (reatment tratament :%idemic epidemie )ure 1- Iemediu, leac, 4- Tratament, cur )are 'ngri#ire :5erci#e exerciii OfiziceP, micare Recreation recreere, odi)n Re#t odi)n :mergency caz urgent, urgen Ambulance ambulan, salvare Stretc1er targ Stet1o#co%e stetoscop Aeedle ac In,ection in#ecie Sur$ey studiu, statistic ;a!ard risc, pericol =arning avertisment <onge$ity longevitate

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)1ill T #1i$er# rceal, frisoane, friguri )old rceal, guturai ?lu grip (on#iliti# amigdalit @1aryngiti# faringit Bronc1iti# bronit Scarlet fe$er scarlatin Mea#le# po#ar Mum%# oreion =1oo%ing coug1 tuse convulsiv )1ic/en %o5 vrsat de v5nt, varicel Arterio#clero#i# ateroscleroz Ga#triti# gastrit Ulcer ulcer Anaemia anemie 'iabete# diabet A#t1ma astm (uberculo#i# tuberculoz :m%1y#ema emfizem R1eumati#m reumatism Sciatica sciatic Aer$ou# brea/do+n nevroz, astenie )ancer cancer Malaria malarie (y%1oid fe$er febr tifoid )1olera )oler Small8%o5 variol, vrsat @lague cium Ab#ce## abces Giddine## ameeal A%o%le5y apoplexie Art1riti# artritism A#t1enia astenie )ataract cataract )ri#i# T 1eart attac/ T fit of ner$e# T 1y#teria criz 'iarr1oea diaree 'i%1teria difterie 'y#entery dizenterie <i$er com%laint T #ore eye# durere de ficat T de oc)i :c!ema eczem :%ile%#y epilepsie Gout gut ;e%atiti# )epatit ;ernia T ru%ture . )ernie Infection infecie Sun8#tro/e insolaie <umbago lumbago <u5ation luxaie Migraine migren Boil furuncul @al#y T %araly#i#" %olio paralizie; paralizie infantil @leuri#y pleurezie @neumonia pneumonie @ro#tatiti# prostatit @u# puroi Ric/et# ra)itism Itc1 r5ie, m5ncrime Sciatica sciatic

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Sy%1ili# sifilis ;iccu% sug)i (y%1u# tifos (uberculo#i# T con#um%tion tuberculoz Varico#e $ein varice Veneral di#ea#e boal veneric Surgery 1- "abinet medical 4- ")irurgie )1ildrenH# #urgery cabinet medical pentru copii ;ealt1 centre dispensar ;ealt1 re#ort staiune climateric ;o#%ital spital Maternity 1o#%ital maternitate )linic clinic Sanatorium sanatoriu =ard salon Ode spitalP )a#ualty de%artment secia de urgen 9%erating t1eatre sal de operaii 'i#%en#ary dispensar Vi#iting 1our# ore de vizit OspitalP @atient . pacient In8%atient T out8%atient pacient intern T extern @la#tic #urgery c)irurgie plastic Analy#i# T blood te#t analiz T analiz de s5nge (<ocal) anae#t1etic anestezie OlocalP Blood#1ot coongestionat )ontagiou# T catc1ing contagios, molipsitor )on$ale#cence convalescen )urable T incurable curabil T incurabil Sen#ation of nau#ea senzaie de grea Bleeding T 1aemorr1age )emoragie Infirm T infirmity infirm T infirmitate In$alid T in$alidity invalid T invaliditate ?aint lein In,ury leziune, ran Ma##age masa# Metaboli#m . metabolism Mad T in#ane B madne## T in#anity nebun . nebunie @oi#oning . otrvire @al%itation T t1robbing palpitaie )oncu##ion of t1e brain comoie cerebral ?ir#t aid primul a#utor W8ray# raze ] ?ir#t8aid man sanitar Sym%tom simptom Blood tran#fu#ion transfuzie de s5nge Vaccine T $accination vaccin T vaccinare Viru# virus ;ealt1 #er$ice asisten medical 'rainage canalizare Sanitation igien, salubritate public =ater8#u%%ly alimentare cu ap, sistem de distribuire a apei 'octor medic, doctor @1y#ician doctor 'n medicin, persoan autorizat s practice medicina Odar nu c)irurgiaP )1ildrenH# doctor T %ediatrician doctor de copii General %ractitioner T G @ medic generalist Senior %ractitioner medic cu experien S%eciali#t (doctor) medic specialist

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Aer$e #%eciali#t T neurologi#t specialist 'n boli de nervi (1era%euti#t medic internist Stomatologi#t medic stomatolog 'enti#t dentist 9culi#t T eye8#%eciali#t T o%1t1almologi#t oculist, specialist de oc)i 9%tician optician Gynaecologi#t ginecolog Urologi#t . urolog <ocum doctor care ine locul unui coleg Surgeon c)irurg Mid+ife moa Aur#e asistent medical Si#ter asistent principal Matron asistent ef Medical officer doctor de salon Su%erintendent medic ef 'i#%en#ing c1emi#t farmacist autorizat s execute reete Medicine 1- edicin 4- edicament 'rug 1- edicament 4- %rog @ain8/iller sedativ, calmant 'ro%# picturi @ill pilul (ablet tablet @o+der praf (onic T %ic/8me8u% tonic Mi5ture mixtur, poiune 9intment alifie, pomad )ream crem ;erb plant medicinal )otton vat @ad of cotton+ool tampon de vat 're##ing pansament 95ygen #u%%ly cantitate de oxigen A%%liance aparat, instrument @la#ter g)ips Soot1ing effect efect calmant <ac/ of $itamine# lips de vitamine 'ental %late- denture protez dentar 'ental bridge punte OprotezP dentar Good T bad- %oor T feeble- uncertain 1ealt1 sntate bun T ubred T precar ;ealt1y sntos Sic/ bolnav Ofolosit atributivP Ill bolnav Ofolosit predicativP )ommon obinuit, frecvent Mild uoar Seriou# grav )1ronic cronic )urabile di#ea#e boal curabil Incurable incurabil )ontagiou# contagioas Infectiou# infecioas @ulmonary pulmonar Re#%iratory respiratorie 'ige#ti$e digestiv Surgical . c)irurgical =1ole#ome Od- m5ncareP )rnitor, nutritiv Regular Od- via, meseP regulat, ordonat Strict Od- regimP sever, strict

1EH

(1oroug1 minuios, amnunit, serios Urgent urgent <ong8#ig1ted prezbit S1ort8#ig1ted miop )ro##8eyed saiu Blind orb )olour8blind suferind de daltonism, daltonist 'eaf surd 'umb mut 'eaf and dumb surdomut <ame c)iop ;unc1bac/ cocoat Mentally deficient deficient mintal 9ne8armed ciung 9ne8eyed c)ior (o #it in a draug1t a sta 'n curent (o catc1 a cold a rci (o 1a$e a #ore t1roat a avea dureri 'n g5t; a.l durea g5tul (o 1a$e a running no#e a.$ curge nasul (o 1a$e a clogged no#e a avea nasul 'nfundat (o 1a$e T run a 1ig1 tem%erature T to feel fe$eri#1 a avea temperatur T febr (o feel giddy a avea ameeli (o coug1 a tui (o #nee!e a strnuta (o #+eat a transpira (o be #ei!ed by cram% a fi apucat de, a avea crampe T c5rcei T un #ung)i (o feel a se simi (o feel +ell a se simi bine (o feel un+ell a nu se simi bine (o feel #lig1tly un+ell a nu se simi prea bine (o #uffer from a suferi de (o die of a muri de (o afflict a face s sufere, a afecta (o be liable to a fi predispus la (o cut (oneH# arm) a.i tia T a se tia la ObraP (o #%rain a suci, a.i scr5nti Oo 'nc)eietur, gleznaP (o brea/ (oneH# leg- an/le) a.i fractura Opiciorul, gleznaP (o #li% a aluneca (o fall T to be ta/en ill a se 'mbolnvi (o regi#ter +it1 a G@ a se 'nscrie, a fi luat 'n eviden Ola o policlinic, doctor etc-P (o ma/e an a%%ointment a fixa o or de consultaie (o go to t1e doctorH# #urgery a merge la cabinetul medical (o #end for t1e doctor a trimite dup doctor, a c)ema doctorul (o get medical 1el% a primi a#utor medical (o e5amine a examina, a consulta (o ta/e T to feel #omebodyH# %ul#e a lua pulsul cuiva (o #ound #omebodyH# c1e#t a asculta plm5nii cuiva (o ta/e #omebodyH# blood %re##ure a lua cuiva tensiunea (o be o%erated on forG . a fi operat deX (o undergo an o%eration a fi supus unei operaii (o %erfom an o%eration T to o%erate (on #omebody) (for #omet1ing) a opera Ope cinevaP Ode cevaP (o clean u% T to dre## a +ound a cura T a pansa o ran (o be in,ured in an accident a fi rnit 'ntr.un accident (o dro% T t1e tem%erature i# dro%%ing a scdea temperatura (o be treated forG a fi tratat deX (o %er#%ire a transpira (o $accinate- to inoculate a vaccina

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(o cure T to be cured a OseP vindeca (o 1a$e a toot1 filled a.i plomba un dinte (o 1a$e a toot1 %ulled out a.i scoate un dinte, a face o extracie (o 1a$e (#omet1ing) out a se opera de, a.i scoate (o recommend a recomanda (o %re#cribe a prescrie (o +rite a %re#cri%tion a scrie o reet (o ma/e u% a %re#cri%tion a prepara o reet (o #tay in bed a sta 'n pat (o go to t1e 1o#%ital a merge la spital (o ta/e medicine a lua medicamente (o gargle a face gargar (o in1ale a face in)alaii (o /ee% one#elf +arm a sta la cldur (o get o$er+or/ed T o$ertired a se surmena, a se extenua (o get o$er8e5cited a avea emoii puternice (o /ee% a diet a ine regim (o /ee% t1e +eig1t do+n a.i menine greutatea, a nu se 'ngra (o lead a regular life a duce o via regulat (o reco$er a i reveni, a se 'nsntoi (o #u%er$i#e a supraveg)ea (o loo/ after a avea gri#, a 'ngri#i (o go on oneH# round# a face vizita O'n spitalP (o re%ort on a %atient a raporta despre starea unui pacient (o gi$e an in,ection a face o in#ecie (o 1a$e an W8ray ta/en a face o radiografie (o #titc1 a coase (o #mo/e a fuma (o gi$e u% #mo/ing a renuna la fumat (o %ollute a polua (o %araly#e a paraliza (o lig1t (u%) (a cigarette) a aprinde o igar (o %uff a pufi Routine e5amination T c1ec/8o$er examen OmedicalP obinuit Medical certificate certificat medical Sic/ T maternity T re#t lea$e concediu de boal T de maternitate T de odi)n Um%teen cure# nenumrate leacuri ;o+ are you_ cum te simiS "e mai faciS =1atH# t1e trouble_ ce s.a 'nt5mplatS "e te doareS "e aiS ;o+ are you getting on_ cum te simiS ;e 1a# %oor eye#ig1t are vederea slab (o en,oy good 1ealt1 . a se bucura de o sntate bun BRI(AIAHS AA(I9AA< ;:A<(; S:RVI): &or t)irt, ,ears no? t)ere )as been a national )ealt) service in 0ritainT)e aim of t)e >ational +ealt) Service is to give free medical advice and treatment to an,bod, and ever,bod, ?)o needs itT)e care and t)e advice provided is compre)ensive; it covers t)e services of a general practitioner, )ospital specialists, )ospitals for t)e c)ronicall, and t)e mentall, ill, opticians, mid?ives, dentists also t)e drugs and appliances prescribed0ut t)e general practitioner t)e famil, doctor is t)e Bing pin- $t is on )im t)at t)e ?)ole s,stem pivotsEver, person of sixteen ,ears of age and over can register ?it) a general practitioner Oparents and guardians register for t)e undersixteensP>o? letAs looB at a t,pical patient- r Smit) is feeling slig)tl, un?ell ?it) a )eadac)e, but is not ill enoug) to sta, in bed- +e decides to go to see t)e doctor-

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r Smit) can eit)er p)one t)e doctorAs receptionist to maBe an appoinment to see t)e doctor at a particular time during t)e da, or, if t)e doctor doesnAt operate an appoinment s,stem, )e #ust turns up at t)e doctorAs surger,$f r Smit) ?as so ill t)at )e )ad to sta, )ome in bed, )e ?ould telep)one t)e doctorAs receptionist and arrange for t)e doctor to come and see )im at )is )ome Vafter surger,W, ?)en t)e doctor goes Vout on )is roundsW$f r Smit)As ailment is a minor one, t)e doctor ?ill prescribe accordingl,, sign a medical certificate for r Smit) if )e is too ill to go to ?orB, and probabl, arrange to see )im againr Smit) taBes t)e prescription to t)e nearest c)emist- (t t)e c)emist )e ?ill for t)e first time bring out )is mone,- +e ?ill pa, 7E pence per item on t)e prescription, no matter )o? expensive t)e item- +o?ever, people under t)e age of fifteen or over sixt,Tfive or pregnant ?omen are exempt from pa,ment- *t)er people ?)o are also exempt from pa,ment include some people ?)o )ave ver, lo? incomes or ?)o are suffering from a c)ronic illness$f it is a Zuestion of a serious operation andTor )ospital treatment, r Smit) ?ill be ?ell provided forost 0ritis) )ospitals are o?ned b, t)e State and maintaned b, contributions from t)e >ational +ealt) Service0esides 3eneral +ospitals for in#ured persons and t)ose suffering from different diseases, t)ere are maternit, )ospitals for expectant mot)ers; and special )ospitals, for diseases of t)e e,e, diseases of t)e ear, nose and t)roat; diseases of t)e sBin; as ?ell as for pulmonar, tuberculosis OT0P and cancer3eneral +ospitals provide accommodation and treatment for in.patients, ?)o all t)e time t)e, are ill remain ?it)in t)e )ospital and ?)o are allo?ed to see t)eir relatives and friends onl, at fixed )ours- (t t)e same time t)e, provide for out.patients, ?)o attend for treatment at stated times and at regular intervalsT)e rooms in a )ospital in ?)ic) t)e patients sta, are called ?ards- ( sister is in c)arge of t)e nurses and patients in a ?ard, and looBs after ever,t)ing in it including its proper ventilation and )eating- S)e goes ?it) t)e medical officer on )is rounds of t)e ?ard, and reports on eac) patient- S)e notes t)e doctorAs instructions and taBes subseZuent action- $n all )er ?orB s)e is )elped b, a staff of da,.nurses and nig)t.nursesT)e ?)ole of t)e )ospital nursing staff is in t)e c)arge of t)e matronT)e superintendent )as c)arge of t)e ?)ole )ospital- +e is a senior practitioner of ?ide experience- +e taBes special care of t)e operating t)eatre, ?)ere surgical operations are performed- +e is )elped b, a staff of p),sicians and surgeons'IA<9GU:S A( (;: '9)(9RHS $t looBs as if ,ou ?ere going to faintGou oug)t to see T consult a doctor%r- 0 sees )is patients on Tuesda, and &rida, bet?een = p-m- and 7 p-m/etAs call T )ave t)e doctor in( doctor must be sent for- Otrebuie s chemm doctorulP Iing for t)e ambulanceTaBe a seat in t)e ?aiting.room, t)e doctor ?ill see ,ou directl,- O lua'i loc n sala de a!teptare+ $l. $octor v prime!te imediatP +o? long do ,ou t)inB $ am liBel, to ?aitS $t all depends- $t ma, taBe an )our>o? itAs ,our turn- @ill come into t)e surger,Tconsulting roomS @)at do ,ou complain ofS Oce v supr;P $ )avenAt been feeling at all ?ell t)e last da,s$ often )ave gidd, turns- Oam adesea ame'eliP $ coug) at times- $ )ave got a fit of sneeze, nose is all clogged up- Onasul este nfundat de totP $ )ave freZuent )eadac)es- @)at can $ do to get rid of m, )eadac)eS $ )ave a sore t)roat; $ am Zuite )oarse- Om doare gtul+ sunt tare rgu!itP $ got c)ilblains on m, )andsTfeet- Oam degerturi la mini1picioareP $ )ave spoiled m, stomac)- OmiCam stricat stomaculP $ )ave got a stomac) ac)e- $ feel a pain in m, bell,$ feel a pain in t)e c)est ?)en $ breat)e$ )ave s)arp pains in t)e bacB- Oam dureri violente n spateP

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T)e loins )urt me- Om dor !aleleP $ often suffer from )eart troubles, ears tingle- Omi 'iuie urechileP $ am badl, )urt- T)e ?ound is still bleeding$ )ave sprained m, anBle; it is s?ollen- OmiCam scrntit glezna; este umflatP $ )ave cut m, finger ?it) a s)arp Bnife- $ )ope itAs not a serious in#ur,- >o itAs onl, a scratc)$ )ave got a burnT a scald- "an ,ou prescribe somet)ing for me to cure t)e ?oundS O mCam oprit1 ars+ mi pute'i prescrie ceva pentru aCmi vindeca rana;P $ am losing m, )air- $ am getting bald@)atAs ?rongS +o? long )ave ,ou been illS @)en ?ere ,ou taBen illS +o? long )as it been )urtingS S)o? meTsticB out ,our tongue- Fust as $ t)oug)t- $t is Zuite furred*pen ,our mout)- T)e uvula is s?ollen- (nd ?)at a state ,our teet) are inR O $eschide'i gura. Hmu!orul este inflamat. Oi n ce stare sunt din'ii dv.!P TaBe off ,our coat- ;ndo t)e buttons of ,our s)irt- OScoate'iCv haina. $eschide'i nasturii de la cma!P Strip to t)e ?aist- Odezbrca'iCv pn la mijlocP 0reat) in and out deepl,- +old ,our breat)$All taBe ,our temperature- Ceep t)e t)ermometer under ,our armpit- O m s v iau temperatura. Pine'i termometrul la sub'ioarP %oes it )urt ,ou ?)en $ press )ereS OJ doare cnd aps aici;P +ave ,ou ever suffered from XS $ )ad m, tonsils removed- OmiCau fost scoase amigdaleleP Gou seem to be ver, sensible toX &or t)e time being $ am not prescribing ,ou an, medicineTtreatment- TaBing t)ose pills ?ill do more )arm t)an good- OFentru moment nu v prescriu nici un medicament1tratament. 7edicamentele acelea v fac mai mult ru dect bineP ( c)ange of air ?ill do muc) good- OH schimbare de aer v va face mult bineP Ceep indoors for a fe? da,s- OSta'i n cas pentru cteva zileP TaBe t)is medicine t)ree times a da, after meals%rinB t)is on an empt, stomac)Smear t)e bruiseT?ound ?it) t)is antiseptic ointment- O5nge'i vntaia1rana cu acest unguent antisepticP ")ecB up ,our blood pressure and )ave t)e )aemogram made- O 2ontrola'iCv tensiunea arterial !i face'iC v hemogramaP T)a pains mig)t be due to aOnPX as ?ell as to aOnPX O durerile sCar putea datora unui1unei/ ca !i unui1unei/P $ cannot deal ?it) ,our case, $All recommend ,ou to a specialist inX O 8u m pot ocupa de cazul dvs. J voi recomanda unui specialist n/P GouAll be completel, restored provided ,ou sticB to t)e treatment $Ave prescirbed for ,ou- O J ve'i vindeca numai dac ve'i urma cu stricte'e tratamentul ce vi lCam prescris P "ome and see me in a ?eeBAs time if ,ou donAt feel an, better$Am sorr,, doctor, but t)e medicine )asnAt done me an, good$ feel muc) relieved- "an ,ou give me a certificate to sa, t)at $Am fit to ?orB T $ can get t)e situation $ am appl,ing forX O7 simt mult mai u!urat. Fute'i sCmi da'i un certificat care s ateste c sunt apt pentru munc 1 pot ocupa serviciul pe care l solicit/P @)atAs t)e matter ?it) ,ouS Gou looB rat)er seed,- O2e sCa ntmplat; r'i cam indispusP See, m, c)eeB is s?ollen- O5ite+ mi sCa umflat mseauaP Sit do?n on t)is c)air and lean ,our )ead bacB- O<ua'i loc pe scaun !i lsa'i capul pe spateP Sit still, please- @)at toot) is it t)at )urts ,ouS OSta'i lini!tit+ v rog. 2are dinte v doare;P Gou )ave also a )ollo? molar in t)e upper #a?- O7ai ave'i o msea cariat n ma(ilarul superiorP T)e fillingTstopping )as come out- O czut plombaP $ s)all clean out t)e cavit, and fillTstop it- OJoi cur'a !i plomba cavitateaP Iinse ,our mout) ?it) t)is antiseptic mout) ?as)- O2lti'iCv gura cu antisepticP

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S)ould ,ou )ave an, troubles, put a little cotton dipped in et)er into t)e )ollo? of t)e toot)- O $ac ve'i avea vreo suprare+ pune'i pu'in vat nmuiat n eter n cavitatea dinteluiP $f t)e toot) Beeps ac)ing come again- $All )ave to Bill t)e nerve- O $ac dintele continu s v doar+ reveni'i. Ja trebui s omor nervulP (void sitting in a draug)t or ,ouAll be )aving an earac)e on t)e top of t)at- O #vita'i s sta'i n curent ca s nu cpta'i pe deasupra !i o durere de urechiP @9S(A< AA' (:<:@;9A: S:RVI):S

WWWI

Ba#ic Vocabulary <etter scrisoare 9rdinary letter scrisoare simpl Regi#tered letter scrisoare recomandat :n$elo%e plic @o#tcard carte potal @icture card ilustrat Stam% timbru (elegram T +ire telegram Inland telegram telegram intern Greeting# telegram telegram de felicitare Money8order T %o#tal order mandat potal @arcel pac)et, colet Scale# balan, c5ntar @rinted matter imprimate Radio licence abonament radio (ele$i#ion licence abonament T! 9ld8age %en#ion pensie de btr5nee Allo+ance pensie OalimentarP, a#utor Ode boal etc-P @o#tmar/ tampila potei ?orm formular Recei%t c)itan, recipis )1e3ue cec @o#t8office oficu potal ;ead %o#t8office pota central Branc1 %o#t8office oficiu potal secundar, filial 'ead8letter office servicul scrisorilor fr adres (elegra%1 office oficiu telegrafic Inland %o#tal #er$ice servicii potale 'n interiorul rii Sa$ing# account cont de depuneri <etter8bo5 cutie de scrisori @illar bo5 cutie de scrisori O'n (ngliaP Mail pot, scrisori Mail collection ridicarea scrisorilor Mail deli$ery distribuirea scrisorilor Mail $an furgonet potal @o#tman . pota @o#t8office cler/ funcionar la pot @o#tma#ter diriginte de pot 9%erator telefonistOP Sender expeditor Addre##ee destinatar Addre##ee un/no+n adresantul necunoscut Return addre## adresa expeditorului @ 9 Bo5 T @ 9 B csu potal

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Under%aid francat insuficient S%ecial i##ue marc emisiune special Re%ly %re8%aid rspuns pltit <o+er rateT reduced c1arge tax redus 'eclared $alue valoare declarat :5%re## deli$ery expediie express @ayee primitorul unui mandat potal Sub#criber abonat (ele%1one telefon @ri$ate line tele%1one telefon necuplat @arty8line tele%1one telefon cuplat Re#idential T 1ome tele%1one telefon la domiciliu T acas Bu#ine## tele%1one telefon la serviciu (ele%1one e5c1ange central telefonic (ele%1one bo5 T call8bo5 T boot1 cabin telefonic :5ten#ion interior (ele%1one directory carte telefonic )all convorbire telefonic <ocal call convorbire local (run/ call T long8di#tance call convorbire interurban (ran#ferred c1arge call convorbire cu tax invers Alarm call apel la ora indicat de abonat :mergency call convorbire 'n caz de urgen ?i5ed8time call convorbire cu 'nelegere ?igure cifr )ode number prefixul telefonic al unei localiti 'ial disc de telefon Recei$er receptor @ay tone ton dup introducerea monedei @i% semnal intermitent @urring semnal continuu :n3uirie# $nformaii Maintenance 'e%artment %erana#amente )all8#er$ice# servicii telefonice ?ee tax Opentru un serviciuP )1arge pre, cost, tax :5tra c1arge T additional c1arge tax suplimentar )1ange rest <o## pierdere 'amage stricciune )om%en#ation compensaie Record eviden, dovad @articular# detalii (o #end by #urface mail a trimite simpl a letter by air mail o scrisoare par avion by regi#tered %o#t recomandat by recorded deli$ery cu confirmare de primire (o %o#t a trimite, a expedia Oprin potP (o carry a duce (o reac1 T to arri$e at a a#unge la (o return a trimite 'napoi (o +rite T to #end 1ome a scrie T a trimite acas (o deli$er a distribui (o collect a str5nge, a ridica (o #ort a sorta (o #tam% a timbra (o #tic/ a #tam% a lipi un timbru

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(o co#t a costa (o #eal a sigila (o +ire T to cable a telegrafia; a telegrafia peste ocean (o ta/e a letter to t1e %o#t8office a duce o scrisoare la pot (o +eig1 a c5ntri (o claim %ayment a pretinde T cere despgubiri (o #a$e a economisi (o de%o#it a depune Obani etc-P (o +it1dra+ a scoate, a retrage Obani etc-P (o (tele)%1oneT ring u%T call (u%)T to ma/e a (tele%1one) call a suna T a c)ema la telefon, a telefona (o loo/ u% t1e number a cuta numrul (o dro% T %re## T %ut t1e coin in(to) t1e #lot a introduce moneda (o dial a forma numrul (o connect T to %ut t1roug1 . a face T a da legtura (o lift T to %ic/ u% t1e recei$er a ridica receptorul (o 1ang u% t1e recei$er a pune receptorul 'n furc (o gi$e T to con$ey a me##age a transmite un mesa# (o call T ring bac/ a suna mai t5rziu (o get t1e +rong number a grei numrul (1e %er#on re3uired persoana cutat (1e directory concerned cartea de telefon respectiv (1e line i# bu#y T engaged firul este ocupat (1e line i# free T clear firul este liber ;old t1e line- %lea#eN rm5nei la aprat, v rog (1ereH# #omet1ing +rong +it1 our %1one T our %1one i# out of order telefonul nostru este deran#at =rong number ai greit numrul =1o i# t1at #%ea/ing_ cine e la telefonS Mary #%ea/ing la telefon ar, Sou are +anted on t1e %1one v caut cineva la telefon ?orgi$e my troubling you iart.m c te deran#ez May I ma/e u#e of t1i# tele%1one_ pot s folosesc telefonulS I donHt /no+ 1o+ to manage t1i# automatic tele%1one- nu tiu cum s m5nuiesc acest telefon automat All you 1a$e to do i# to %ic/ u% t1e recei$er- dro% t1e coin into t1e #lot- lift it to your ear- +ait for t1e toneT#ignal- dial your numberG . tot ceea ce trebuie fcut este s ridici receptorul, s introduci fisa 'n aparat, s.l duci la urec)e, s atepi tonul, s formezi numrulX @ut t1e recei$er do+n pune receptorul #os @re## t1i# button to get your money bac/ apas pe acest buton pentru a primi banii 'napoi (1e coin +ill be returned fisa va fi 'napoiat (ryT dial again 'ncearcT formeaz numrul din nou I 1ear a %rolonged bu!!ling aud un b5z5it prelungit (1atH# all rig1t ;old t1e line- your number +ill an#+er in a moment (if t1ere i# anybody in t1ere) foarte bine- Iam5i la telefon, persoana va raspunde imediat Odac acolo este cinevaP (1e %1one i# out of orderTdead telefonul este deran#atTWmortW =1at if t1ere i# a non8automatic %1one_ cum procedez dac nu este un telefon automatS (1e %rocedure i# almo#t t1e #ame but in#tead of t1e bu!!!ing youHll 1ear t1e o%erator calling: \Aumber %lea#eH- in#tead of dialling t1e numeral# you 1a$e to a#/ for your number procedeul este aproape acelai dar 'n locul b5z5itului vei auzi operatoarea spun5ndK [>umrul v rogA, 'n loc de a forma tu numerele trebuie s ceri s i se dea numrul(1e moment you 1ear t1e o%eratorH# $oice ,u#t gi$e t1e number you +ant to call 'n momentul 'n care auzi vocea telefonistei indici numrul @lea#e connect me +it1 numberG . dati.mi, v rog, numrulX )an you %ut me t1roug1 to Mr @H# office_ :5ten#ion one8#e$en %lea#e 'mi putei da legtura cu biroul %. lui PS $nterior 17, v rog=ill you boo/ t1e call_ doreti s dai un aviz telefonicS =1at i# t1e rate for a t1ree8minute call to @ari#_ care este taxa pentru o convorbire de trei minute cu ParisulS I #1ould li/e to %ut t1roug1 a trun/8call toG . a dori s efectuez o convorbire interurban cuX

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IHm %utting your call t1roug1 rig1t no+ v fac legtura c)iar acum Berlin i# on t1e line Go a1eadN avei legtura cu 0erlinul- !orbiiR =1en can I get you o$er t1e %1one_ c5nd te pot gsi la telefonS =ill you ta/e do+n my number_ vrei s.i notezi numrul meuS By t1e +ay- +1en you ring t1roug1 to my office- a#/ t1e o%erator e5ten#ion four8#i5 apropo, dac 'mi telefonezi la birou, cere.i telefonistei interior =9 ;ello- i# t1at Mr Vo1n#on_ Se#- +1o i# #%ea/ing_ A A #%ea/ing (lo, %.ul F-S %a, cine e la telefonS >->la aparat I canHt 1ear youG I canHt under#tand youG I canHt under#tand a +ordG nu v aud bineX- >u v 'nelegX nu 'neleg nici un cuv5nt Someone i# interferingG #omeone el#e cut inG e cineva pe firX a intrat altcineva pe fir =ould you li/e lea$e a me##age_ dorii s lsai un mesa#S (;: @9S(89??I): T)e Post.*ffice )as man, duties and )as )undreads of t)ousands of officialsK postmasters ?)o are in c)arge of post.offices, postCoffice cler&s and man, postmen- $t is t)e postman ?)o brings man, items of ne?s to ever,bod,, going round from )ouse to )ouse, and droppping t)e letters into our letterCbo(esT)e Post.*ffice not onl, delivers and sends letters and ot)er mail, but also controls the telegraphs and telephones, issues television and radio licences and registers t)em, and pays out pensions and allo)ances%o ,ou ?ant to send a telegramS Fust asB for a telegram form at t)e counter and fill it in- ( telegram reac)es t)e addressee in t?o or t)ree )ours- IememberK t)e charge depends on t)e number of ?ords; so tr, to conve, ,our message in as fe? ?ords as possible- Gou can also dictate a telegram over t)e telep)one$f ,ou ?ant to post an ordinary letter, a postcard or a small parcel, ,ou neednAt go to t)e post.office, ,ou can drop it into t)e nearest letterCbo($n 0ritain t)ese boxes are eit)er fixed in t)e ?all, or t)e, are iron c,linders painted red, called pillarC bo(es, standing b, t)e Berbstone- T)e time of t)e next collection is indicated on a little plate, ?)ic) is c)anged b, t)e postman ever, time )e comes to collect letters- $n cities pillar.boxes are emptied several times a da, , but in villages t)ere ma, be onl, one or t?o collectionsT)e letter ?)ose receivers are unBno?n are eit)er returned to the sender or carried to the deadCletter office$f ,ou ?ant ,our letter to arrive more ZuicBl, t)an b, ordinary post, ,ou can send it by ir 7ail@)en ,ou send a parcel, ,ou )and it to t)e assistant, ?)o )eights it on the scales- Gou pa, according to t)e ?eig)t of t)e parcel and t)e clerB gives ,ou a receipt- T)en, if t)e parcel is lost or stolen, ,ou can claim pa,ment from t)e post.office%o ,ou ?ant to )ave a conversation ?it) a friend of ,ours ?)o lives in anot)er to?nS T)en ,ou maBe a longCdistance call- Gou eit)er asB t)e operator to connect ,ou, or, if ,our friend lives in a bigger to?n ,ou ma, dial t)e call ,ourself- Gou dial first t)e code number for t)e to?n t)at ,ou are calling and t)en the number of the subscriber$f ,ou ma&e a local call, ,ou go into t)e telephoneCbo( and lift the receiver- @)en ,ou )ear t)e dialling tone indicating t)at not)ing is ?rong on t)e line, dial the number ,ou ?ant- @)en ,ou )ear rapid pips, ,ou press in t)e coin, and t)en ,ou can speaB :5tra

<etter#- $n 0ritain letters are broug)t from pillarCbo(es to a -ead or 0ranch FostCHffice ?)ere t)e, are sorted- T)en t)e, are carried to their destination and delivered- $n to?ns t)ere are several collections and deliveries a da,- T)e letters ?)ose receivers are unBno?n are eit)er returned to the senders or carried to t)e deadCletter office- T)ere are also registered letters and printed matter/etters arrive more ZuicBl, b, registered post and compensation is offered in case of loss or damage%ocuments and papers of little or no monetar, value ma, be sent b, recorded delivery- Iecorded deliver, is particularl, suitable ?)en a record of posting and deliver, is needed rat)er t)en compensation for loss(ele%1one @)en ,ou are not a telephone subscriber, ,ou must go to a callCbo(- $f ,ou cannot use t)e dial telephone, t)e e(change puts you through to your correspondent , but ,ou must not forget to sa, ,our number figure b, figure and remember t)at t)e figure o Onoug)tP is read as t)e letter [oA-

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