Dict Rom Eng Matematică

Dictionar Roman-Englez
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Dictionar Roman-Englez de Termeni Matematici

A BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS#T&UVWXYZ
A
abscis ' absolut acelea)i semne acurate+e admisibil aduna adunare afirma+ie algebr' algoritm algoritm de divizare algoritmul lui Euclid alternan+' alternare amplasare amplitudine analiza analiz' analiz' matematic' analogic analogie anula aplicat' aplica+ie arbitrar arc arccosinus abscissa absolute like signs accuracy admissible to add addition statement algebra algorithm algorithm for division, division algorithm Euclidean algorithm alternance alteration disposition amplitude to analyze analysis calculus analogous, analogical analogy to vanish applicate map, mapping arbitrary arc anticosine, arccosine 2/17/05
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/roman.html
Dictionar Roman-Englez arcsinus arctangent' argument argument al func+iei arie arie a suprafe+ei asem'nare asimetric asimetrie asimptot' asimptote ale hiperbolei axa x ax' ax' de coordonate ax' de rota+ie ax' orizontal' ax' principal' ax' vertical' axiom' antisine, arcsine arctangent argument argument of a function area surface area similarity, similitude asymmetric(al), unsymmetric asymmetry asymptote asymptotes of a hyperbola x-axis axis coordinate axis pivot horizontal axis major axis, principal axis vertical axis axiom
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B
baz' baz' ortogonal' baz' ortonormat' bilion binar bine definit binom bisectoare biunivoc base, basis orthogonal base orthonormal basis billion binary well-defined binomial bisector, bisectrix one-to-one
C
calcul calcula calculabil calculul determinantului calculus, computation to count computable evaluation of determinant
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Dictionar Roman-Englez canonic determinarea extremului cmp ct cel mai mare divizor comun cel mai mic multiplu comun cel mai mic numitor comun centru centru de rota+ie centru al unei circumferin+e exnscrise centrul circumferin+ei circumscrise centrul circumferin+ei nscrise cerc cercuri concentrice cifr' cilindru circumferin+' nscris' circumferin+' unitar' circumscris coard' coeficient coeficient binomial coeficient unghiular coincident coliniaritate combina+ie comparare compara +ie con concav' condi+ie condi+ie ini+ial' condi+ie necesar' )i suficient' congruen+' conjugat consecin+' constant' constant' de integrare continuitate convex convexitate - canonical - hill climbing - field - quotient, ratio - greatest common divisor, greatest common factor - lowest common multiple - lowest common denominator - centre, center - pivot - excentre, centre of the escribed circle - circumcenter - incenter - circle - concentric circles - digit - cylinder - incircle, inscribed circle - unit circle - escribed - chord - coefficient - binomial coefficient - slope - coincident - collinearity - combination - comparation - comparation - cone - concave - condition - initial condition - necessary and sufficient condition - congruence - adjoint, conjugate - corollary - constant - integration constant - continuity - convex - convexity
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Dictionar Roman-Englez coordonat' coordonate afine coordonate carteziene coplanar corolar cosinus director cre)te cre)tere criteriu criteriu de divizibilitate cuantor cuantor existen+ial cuantor universal cub cunoscut cuplu cuplu ordonat curb' curb' concav' curb' convex' curb' cubic' curb' integral' coordinate affine coordinates Cartesian coordinates coplanar corollary direction cosine to increase increment criterion criterion for divisibility quantifier existential quantifier universal quantifier cube known pair ordered pair curve concave curve convex curve cubic, cubic curve integral curve
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D
dac' )i numai dac' date decizie deduc+ie defini definit peste tot defini+ie degenerat demp'r+it denmul+it delatare demonstra demonstra+ie dependent derivabilitate if and only if data decision deduction to define everywhere defined definition degenerate dividend multiplicand dilatation, stretching to prove proof dependent differentiability
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Dictionar Roman-Englez derivat' derivat' n punct descazut descompunere descompunere binomial' descompunere n factori descompunere n factori primi descompunere n frac+ii elementare descompunere a unei frac+ii descre)te determina determinant devia+ie deviere dezvoltare dezvoltare a determinantului diagonal' diagonal' principal' diametru diferen+' diferen+iabilitate diferit dimensiune direct propor+ional direc+ie discontinuu discriminant disp'rea distan+' distinct divizare divizibil {prin} divizor divizor comun divizor propriu domeniu domeniu de defini+ie dreapt' dreapt' numeric' drept drepte neconcurente derivative derivative at a point minuend decomposition, expansion binomial expansion factoring, factorization prime factorization partial-fraction expansion decomposition of a fraction to decrease to determine determinant deviation deviation expansion expansion of a determinant diagonal main diagonal, principal diagonal diameter difference differentiability unequal dimension directly proportional direction discontinuous discriminant to vanish distance, way distinct division divisable {by} divisor common divisor, common factor proper factor domain, range domain of definition line number line straight skew lines
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Dictionar Roman-Englez dreptunghi drum dual - rectangle - way - dual
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E
echilateral echivalent ecua+ie ecua+ie algebric' ecua+ie a liniei drepte ecua+ie a unei drepte cu coeficient unghiular ecua+ie bipatrat' ecua+ie de ordinul nti ecua+ie exponen+ial' ecua+ie liniar' ecua+ie neliniar' ecua+ie omogen' ecua+ie de ordinul doi(patrat') element element {al multimii} element de arie element de arie (al suprafe+ei) element diagonal eliminare eliminare prin substitu+ie elips' eroare eroare de rotunjire esen+ial estima+ie evaluare exact exactitate excep+ie exemplu exnscris exponent exponen+ial - equilateral - equivalent - equation - algebraic equation - equation of a straight line - slope-intercept form of a straight line equation - biquadratic equation - first-order equation - exponential equation - linear equation - non-linear equation - homogeneous equation - quadratic equation - element - member {of a set} - differential of area, element of area - surface element - diagonal element - elimination - elimination by substitution - ellipse - error - rounding error - essential - estimation - evaluation - exact - accuracy - exclusion - example - escribed - degree, exponent, grade, power - exponential
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Dictionar Roman-Englez expresie expresie algebric ' expresie de sub integral' extremal extremum absolut expression algebraic expression integrand extremal absolute extremum
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F
factor familie fascicul fascicul de drepte fa+' lateral' figur' circumscris' figur' congruent' figuri congruente flux focar form' general' form' parametric' form' standard' formula binomului formula coeficientului unghiular formula lui Leibniz formula r'd'cinilor ecua+iei patrate formul' formulele jum't'+ii unui unghi frac+ie frac+ie elementar' frac+ie ordinar' frac+ie subunitar' frac+ie supraunitar' frac+ie zecimal' frac+ie zecimal' finit' frac+ie zecimal' infinit' frac+ie zecimal' periodic' frac+ii cu numitori egali func+ie func+ie concav' - factor - family - pencil - pencil of lines - leg - circumscribed figure - equivalent figure - congruent figures - flux - focus - general form - parametric form - standard form - binomial formula - slope formula - Leibniz rule - quadratic formula - formula - half-angle formulas - fraction - partial fraction - common fraction - proper fraction - improper fraction - decimal fraction - terminating decimal fraction - infinite decimal fraction, non-terminating decimal - periodic decimal fraction - similar fractions - function - concave function
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Dictionar Roman-Englez func+ie continu' func+ie de mai multe variabile func+ie de o variabil' func+ie de variabil' complex' func+ie descresc'toare func+ie diferen+iabil' func+ie discontinu' func+ie impar' func+ie n scar' func+ie liniar' func+ie monoton cresc'toare func+ie monoton descresc'toare func+ie monoton' func+ie par' func+ie periodic' func+ie primitiv' func+ie ra+ional' func+ie signum func+ie simetric' func+ie trigonometric' fundamental - continuous function - function of several variables - function of a single variable - function of a complex variable - decreasing function - differentiable function - discontinuous function - odd-function - inter-stage function, jump function, step function - linear function - monotone increasing function - monotone decreasing function - monotonic function - even function, symmetric function - periodic function - primitive - rational function - signum function - symmetric function - trigonometric function - fundamental
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G
general geometrie geometrie euclidian' grad grad al polinomului general geometry Euclidean geometry degree, grade degree of a polinomial
H
hexaedru hexagon hiperbol' hiperbolic hexahedron, hexaeder hexagon hyperbola hyperbolic
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Dictionar Roman-Englez
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I
identitate imagine impar implica+ie incertitudine include incluziune incompatibil incorect independent independen+' liniar' induc +ie induc +ie complet' induc +ie matematic' inecua+ie inegal infinit inflexiune ini+ial integral' integrare prin p'r+i interdependen+' intersec+ie interval interval deschis interval nchis interval m'rginit interval seminchis invers invers propor+ional ipotenuz' ipotez' ireductibilitate identity image, map, mapping odd implication uncertainty to include inclusion inconsistent incorrect independent linear independency induction complete induction mathematical induction inequality unequal infinite inflexion initial integral integration by parts interdependency intersection interval open interval closed interval bounded interval semiclosed interval inverse, vice versa inversely proportional hypotenuse hypothesis irreductibility
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/roman.html 2/17/05
Dictionar Roman-Englez mp'r+i n dou' {n jum'tate} mp'r+ire f'r' rest n ntregime n'l+ime n'l+ime a triunghiului nchis nclinare nlocui nmul+i nmul+ire nmul+itor nscrie to halve exact division whole height altitude of a triangle closed slope to replace to multiply multiplication multiplier to inscribe
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K
kilogram kilometru - kilogram(me) - kilometre
L
latur' {a unui unghi} latur' adiacent' lege lege asociativ' lege comutativ' lege de compozitie lege distributiv' legea ter+ului exclus lem' limit' limit' inferioar' limite de integrare linie de frac+ie liniar liniaritate linie dreapt' linie frnt' linie punctat' side {of an angle} adjacent side law associative law commutative law law of composition distributive law law of the excluded middle lemma limit lower limit limits of integration bar, vinculum linear linearity straight-line brocken line dotted line
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Dictionar Roman-Englez linie tangent' loc geometric al punctelor local logaritm logaritm zecimal logaritm natural lungime lungimea arcului tangent line geometric locus local logarithm common logs natural logarithm length arc-length
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M
m'rime m'sur' m'surabil matematic' matrice matrice de transformare matrice diagonal' matrice invers' matrice nul' maxim maximum median' medie aritmetic' medie geometric' metoda elimin'rii metoda induc+iei complete metru minim minimum modul monom monoton muchie mul+ime mul+ime de solu+ii mul+ime de valori mul+ime universal' mul+ime vid' magnitude measure measurable mathematics matrix matrix of the transformation diagonal matrix reciprocal matrix null-matrix maximum maximum median {of a triangle} mean, arithmetic mean geometric average, geometric mean, mean proportional elimination method principle of complete induction meter minimim minimum module monom monotonous edge set solution set range universal set empty set, null-set
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Dictionar Roman-Englez multiplicare multiplicator multiplu multiplu comun mutual mutual disjuncte multiplicaton factor, multiplier multiple, multiplex common multiple mutually mutually disjoint
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N
necunoscut' nedefinit nedegenerat nedescresc'tor nedeterminare nedeterminat negativ neglijabil neliniar nem'rginit neomogen neperiodic nesimetric nod normal' normal' la suprafa+' num'r num'r complex num'r ntreg num'r ira+ional num'r natural num'r par num'r prim num'r ra+ional num'r real num'r transcendent num'r zecimal num'r ordinal num'r'tor num'r'tor al frac+iei numere ntregi consecutive unknown undefined non-degnerate non-decreasing indeterminancy, uncertainty indefinite, undetermined negative negligible non-linear unbounded inhomogeneous non-periodic non-symmetric node normal normal to the surface number complex number integer number irrational number natural number even number prime number rational number real number transcendental number decimal number ordinal number numerator term of a fraction consecutive integers
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Dictionar Roman-Englez numere reciproc prime numitor numitor comun numitori diferi+i numitori identici coprime numbers, relatively prime numbers denominator common denominator unlike denominators like denominators, same denominators
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O
oblic octagon omogen ordin ordin al derivatei ordin al ecua+iei ordine ordonat' origine de coordonate orizontal oval oblique octagon homogeneous degree, exponent order of derivative order of equation order ordinate origin {of coordinates} horizontal oval
P
par parabol' parabolic paralel paralelepiped paralelogram parametru paranteze figurate paranteze patrate paranteze rotunde patrat patrulater p'tratic pentagon perimertu perioad' even parabola parabolic parallel parallelepiped parallelogram parameter braces square brackets, brackets parentheses quadrate, square tetragon quadratic pentagon perimeter period
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Dictionar Roman-Englez perpendicular' picior al perpendicularei piramid' plan plan tangent plan xOy planimetrie plus poliedru poligoane asemenea poligoane congruente poligon poligon convex poligon nscris poligon regulat polinom posibilitate pozitiv precedent precizie preimagine presupunere prim' derivat' principal principiul dualitatii prizm' procent produs produs scalar produs vectorial progresie progresie aritmetic' progresie geometric' proiec+ie propor+ie propozi+ie proprietate proprietate asociativ' punct punct de discontinuitate punct de extrem normal, perpendicular foot {of a perpendicular} pyramid plane tangent plane xy-plane plane geometry, planimetry plus sign polyhedron similar polygons congruent polygons polygon convex polygon inscribed polygon equilateral polygon, regular polygon polynomial possibility positive preceding accuracy pre-image assumption first derivative principal duality principle prism per cent product dot product cross-product, vector product progression arithmetic progression geometric progression projection proportion proposition, statement property associative property dot, point point of discontinuity extremum point
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Dictionar Roman-Englez punct de inflexiune punct diametral opus punct focal punct izolat putere point of inflexion diametrically opposite point focal point acnode degree, grade, power
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R
radian radical ramur' rang al unei matrici raport ra+ie a unei progresii aritmetice ra+ie a unei progresii geometrice ra+ional raz' raz' vectoare r'd'cin' r'd'cin' dubl' r'd'cin' multipl' r'd'cin' patrat' r'd'cin' simpl' r'd'cini conjugate real reciproc reduce reducere termenilor asemenea reductibil regul' regula paralelogramului rela+ie relativ repetat reprezenta rest restric+ie reuniune rezolva ridica la patrat radian radical, radical sign branch rank of a matrix ratio, relation common difference common ratio rational radius radius vector root double root repeated root square root simple root conjugate roots real vice versa to reduce combine similar terms reducible rule parallelogram law, parallelogram rule relation relative multiplex to represent remainder, rest restriction union to solve to square
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Dictionar Roman-Englez ridica la putere romb rota+ie rotunji to raise to a power lozenge, rhombus, rhomb rotation to round
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S
salt satisface scalar sc'dere sc'z'tor schem' bloc schema lui Horner schimb de variabil' secant' sec+iune sec+iune conic' sec+iune conic' central' sec+iune conic' degenerat' sec+iune conic' nedegenerat' sector circular segment segment de pe axa x segment liniar segmente congruente semicerc semidreapt' semisfer' semn semnul adun'rii semnul r'd'cinii semnul sc'derii sfer' simbol simetric simetrie central' simplifica simplificare jump to satisfy scalar subtraction subtrahend flow chart Horner's scheme, synthetic division change of variable secant cut conic, conic section central conic degenerate conic non-degenerate conic, non-degenerate conic section sector of a circle closed interval, intercept, segment x-intercept line segment, straight-line segment congruent segments semi-circle ray hemisphere sign addition sign, plus sign radical, radical sign minus {sign} sphere symbol symmetric central symmetry to cancel simplification
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Dictionar Roman-Englez simplu sinusoid' sistem sistem cartezian de coordonate sistem cu mai multe necunoscute sistem de coordonate sistem de ecua+ii liniare sistem neortogonal de coordonate sistem omogen sistem ortogonal de coordonate sistem rectangular de coordonate solu+ie admisibil' solu+ie aproximativ' solu+ie complet' solu+ie exact' solu+ie general' solu+ie nenul' solu+ie netrivial' solu+ie nul' solu+ie periodic' solu+ie unic' solu+iona solu+ionare {a unei probleme} spa+iu spa+iu euclidian strict strict monoton substitui substitu+ie substitu+ie invers' suma sum' suprafa +' suprafa +' de rota+ie submul+ime simple sine curve system Cartesian coordinate system many-variable system coordinate system system of linear equation non-orthogonal coordinate system homogeneous system orthogonal coordnate system rectangular coordonate system permissible solution, admissible solution approximate solution complete solution exact solution general solution non-zero solution non-trivial solution zero solution periodic solution unique solution to solve solution {of a problem} space Euclidean space strict strongly monotonic to replace substitution back-substitution to add sum surface surface of revolution subset
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T
tangent' teorema lui Pythagoras - tangent - Pythagorean theorem http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/roman.html 2/17/05
Dictionar Roman-Englez teorem' teorema fundamental' a aritmeticii teorema lui Bezout teorema lui Thales teorema sinusurilor teoria mul+imilor teorie termen termen al sumei termen general termeni asemenea tetraedru tot transforma transformare de coordonate translare transla+ie tranzitivitate trapez trigonometric trigonometrie trisec+ia unui unghi triunghi triunghi ascutunghic triunghi asemenea triunghi dreptunghic triunghi echilateral triunghi isoscel triunghi obtuzunghic triunghi scalen triunghiular theorem fundamental theorem of arithmetic factor theorem intercept theorem law of sines, sine rule set theory theory term addend, summand general term similar terms tetrahedron whole to transform transform of coordinates translation bridging transitivity trapezoid, trapezium trigonometric trigonometry trisection of the angle triangle acute triangle similar triangle right triangle equilateral triangle isosceles triangle obtuse triangle scalene triangle triangular
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U
unghi unghi adiacent unghi al'turat unghi ascu+it unghi complementar {pn' la 90o} angle adjacent angle adjacent angle acute angle complementary angle
- explementary angle http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/roman.html 2/17/05
Dictionar Roman-Englez unghi complementar pn' la 360o unghi de nclinare unghi diedru unghi drept unghi exterior {al triunghiului} unghi interior unghi nscris unghi ntins unghi la baz' a triunghiului unghi la centru unghi obtuz unghi plin unghi suplimentar pn' la 360o unghiuri adiacente suplimentare unghiuri alterne unghiuri alterne externe unghiuri alterne interne unghiuri congruente unghiuri corespondente unghiuri opuse la vrf unghiuri suplimentare {pn' la 180o} unic unicitate unitate univoc
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- slope angle - dihedral angle - right angle - exteriar angle {of a triangle} - interior angle - inscribed angle - straight angle - base angle {of a triangle} - central angle - obtuse angle - straight ahgle - conjugate angle - adjacent supplementary angles - alternate angles - alternate exterior angles - alternate interior angles, opposite interior angles - congruent angles - corresponding angles - vertex angles - supplementary angles - single - uniqueness - unit - unambiguous
V
valabil valid valoare valoare absolut' valoare absolut' a num'rului complex valoare ini+ial' valoare medie valoare limit' variabil' variabil' independent' valid valid value absolute value absolute value of a complex number initial value average, average value limit value variable independent variable
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Dictionar Roman-Englez vrf vector vector coplanar vector de baz' vector normal vector nul vector unitar vector tangent unitar veridicitate verifica vertical vitez' volum vertex vector coplanar vector base vector normal vector null-vector unit vector unit tangent vector truth to verify vertical speed, velocity volume
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Z
zecimal zero - decimal - zero Bibliografie
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2/17/05
Dictionar Englez-Roman
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Dictionar Englez-Roman de Termeni Matematici

ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
A
abscissa absolute absolute extremum absolute value absolute value of a complex number accuracy acnode acute angle acute triangle add addend addition addition sign adjacent angle adjacent side adjacent supplementary angles adjoint admissible admissible solution affine coordinates algebra algebraic equation algebraic expression algorithm algorithm for division alternance alteration http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/engl.html abscis ' absolut extremum absolut valoare absolut' valoare absolut' a num'rului complex precizie, exactitate, acurate+e punct izolat unghi ascu+it triunghi ascu+itunghic a aduna, a suma termen al sumei adunare semnul adun'rii unghi adiacent, unghi al'turat latur' adiacent' unghiuri adiacente suplimentare conjugat admisibil solu+ie admisibil' coordonate afine algebr' ecua+ie algebric' expresie algebric' algoritm algoritm de divizare alternan+' alternare 2/17/05
Dictionar Englez-Roman alternate angles alternate exterior angles alternate interior angles altitude of a triangle amplitude analogous analogical analogy analysis analyze angle anticosine antisine applicate approximate solution arbitrary arc arccosine arc-length arcsine arctangent area argument argument of a function arithmetic mean arithmetic progression associative law associative property assumption asymmetric(al) asymmetry asymptote asymptotes of a hyperbola average average value axiom axis unghiuri alterne unghiuri alterne externe unghiuri alterne interne n'l+ime a triunghiului amplitudine analogic analogic analogie analiz' a analiza unghi arccosinus arcsinus aplicat' solu+ie aproximativ' arbitrar arc arccosinus lungimea arcului arcsinus arctangent' arie argument argument al func+iei medie aritmetic' progresie aritmetic' lege asociativ' proprietate asociativ' presupunere asimetric asimetrie asimptot' asimptote ale hiperbolei valoare medie valoare medie axiom' ax'
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B
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/engl.html 2/17/05
Dictionar Englez-Roman back-substitution bar base base angle {of a triangle} base vector basis billion binary binomial binomial coefficient binomial expansion binomial formula biquadratic equation bisector bisectrix bounded interval braces brackets branch bridging brocken line substitu+ie invers' linie de frac+ie baz' unghi la baz' a triunghiului vector de baz' baz' bilion binar binom coeficient binomial descompunere binomial' formula binomului ecua+ie bipatrat' bisectoare bisectoare interval m'rginit paranteze figurate paranteze patrate ramur' transla+ie linie frnt'
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C
calculus cancel canonical Cartesian coordinate system Cartesian coordinates central angle central conic central symmetry centre centre of the escribed circle center change of variable chord circle circumcenter circumscribed figure analiz' matematic', calcul a simplifica canonic sistem cartezian de coordonate coordonate carteziene unghi la centru sec+iune conic' central' simetrie central' centru centru unei circumferin+e exnscrise centru schimb de variabil' coard' cerc centrul circumferin+ei circumscrise figur' circumscris'
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/engl.html
2/17/05
Dictionar Englez-Roman closed closed interval coefficient coincident collinearity combination combine similar terms common denominator common difference common divisor common factor common fraction common logs common multiple common ratio commutative law comparation complementary angle complete induction complete solution complex number computable computation concave concave curve concave function concentric circles condition cone congruence congruent angles congruent figures congruent polygons congruent segments conic conic section conjugate conjugate angle conjugate roots consecutive integers constant nchis interval nchis, segment coeficient coincident coliniaritate combina+ie reducere a termenilor asemenea numitor comun ra+ie a unei progresii aritmetice divizor comun divizor comun frac+ie ordinar' logaritm zecimal multiplu comun ra+ie a unei progresii geometrice lege comutativ' compara+ie, comparare unghi complementar {pn' la 90o} induc+ie complet' solu+ie complet' num'r complex calculabil calcul concav' curb' concav' func+ie concav' cercuri concentrice condi+ie con congruen+' unghiuri congruente figuri congruente poligoane congruente segmente congruente sec+iune conic' sec+iune conic' conjugat unghi suplimentar pn' la 360o r'd'cini conjugate numere ntregi consecutive constant'
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Dictionar Englez-Roman continuity continuous function convex convex curve convex polygon convexity coordinate coordinate axis coordinate system coplanar coplanar vector coprime numbers corollary corresponding angles count criterion criterion for divisibility cross-product cube cubic cubic curve curve cut cylinder continuitate func+ie continu' convex curb' convex' poligon convex convexitate coordonat' ax' de coordonate sistem de coordonate coplanar vector coplanar numere reciproc prime consecin+', corolar unghiuri corespondente a calcula criteriu criteriu de divizibilitate produs vectorial cub curb' cubic' curb' cubic' curb' sec+iune cilindru
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D
data decimal decimal fraction decimal number decision decomposition decomposition of a fraction decrease decreasing function deduction define definition degenerate date zecimal frac+ie zecimal' num'r zecimal decizie descompunere descompunere a unei frac+ii a descre)te func+ie descrescatoare deduc+ie a defini defini+ie degenerat
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Dictionar Englez-Roman degenerate conic degree degree of a polinomial denominator dependent derivative derivative at a point determinant determine deviation diagonal diagonal element diagonal matrix diameter diametrically opposite point difference differentiability differentiable function differential of area digit dihedral angle dilatation dimension direction direction cosine directly proportional discontinuous discontinuous function discriminant disposition distance distinct distributive law dividend divisable {by} division division algorithm divisor domain domain of definition dot sec+iune conic' degenerat' putere, ordin, grad, exponent grad al polinomului numitor dependent derivat' derivat' n punct determinant a determina devia+ie, deviere diagonal' element diagonal matrice diagonal' diametru punct diametral opus diferen+' derivabilitate, diferen+iabilitate func+ie diferen+iabil' element de arie cifr' unghi diedru delatare dimensiune direc+ie cosinus director direct propor+ional discontinuu func+ie discontinu' discriminant amplasare distan+' distinct lege distributiv' demp'r+it divizibil {prin} divizare algoritm de divizare divizor domeniu domeniu de defini+ie punct
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Dictionar Englez-Roman dot product dotted line double root dual duality principle produs scalar linie punctat' r'd'cin' dubl' dual principiul dualit'+ii
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E
edge element element of area elimination elimination by substitution elimination method ellipse empty set equation equation of a straight line equilateral equilateral polygon equilateral triangle equivalent equivalent figure error escribed essential estimation Euclidean algorithm Euclidean geometry Euclidean space evaluation evaluation of determinant even even function even number everywhere defined exact exact division exact solution example muchie element element de arie eliminare eliminare prin substitu+ie metoda elimin'rii elips' mul+ime vid' ecua+ie ecua+ie a liniei drepte echilateral poligon regulat triunghi echilateral echivalent figur' congruent' eroare circumscris, exnscris esen+ial estima+ie algoritmul lui Euclid geometrie euclidian' spa+iu euclidian evaluare calculul determinantului par func+ie par' num'r par definit peste tot exact mp'r+ire f'r' rest solu+ie exact' exemplu
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Dictionar Englez-Roman excentre exclusion existential quantifier expansion expansion of a determinant explementary angle exponent exponential exponential equation expression exterior angle {of a triangle} extremal extremum point centru al unei circumferin+e exnscrise excep+ie cuantor existen+ial descompunere, dezvoltare dezvoltare a determinantului unghi complementar pn' la 360o exponent, ordin exponen+ial ecua+ie exponen+ial' expresie unghi exterior {al triunghiului} extremal punct de extremum
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F
factor factor theorem factoring factorization family field first derivative first-order equation flow chart flux focal point focus foot {of a perpendicular} formula fraction function function of a complex variable function of a single variable function of several variables fundamental fundamental theorem of arithmetic factor, multiplicator teorema lui Bezout descompunere n factori descompunere n factori familie cmp prim' derivat' ecua+ie de ordinul nti schem' bloc flux punct focal focar picior al perpendicularei formul' frac+ie func+ie func+ie de variabil' complex' func+ie de o variabil' func+ie de mai multe variabile fundamental teorem' fundamental' a aritmeticii
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G
general general form general solution general term geometric average geometric locus geometric mean geometric progression geometry grade greatest common divisor greatest common factor general form' general' solu+ie general' termen general medie geometric' loc geometric al punctelor medie geometric' progresie geometric' geometrie grad, exponent, putere cel mai mare divizor comun cel mai mare divizor comun
H
half-angle formulas halve height hemisphere hexagon hexaeder hexahedron hill climbing homogeneous homogeneous equation homogeneous system horizontal horizontal axis Horner's scheme hyperbola hyperbolic hypotenuse hypothesis formule ale jum't'+ii unui unghi a mp'r+i n dou' {n jum'tate} n'l+ime semisfer' hexagon hexaedru hexaedru determinarea extremului omogen ecua+ie omogen' sistem omogen orizontal ax' orizontal' schema lui Horner hiperbol' hiperbolic ipotenuz' ipotez'
I
http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/engl.html 2/17/05
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identity if and only if image implication improper fraction incenter incircle include inclusion inconsistent incorrect increase increment indefinite independent independent variable indeterminancy induction inequality infinite infinite decimal fraction inflexion inhomogeneous initial initial condition initial value inscribe inscribed angle inscribed circle inscribed polygon integer number integral integral curve integrand integration by parts integration constant inter-stage function intercept intercept theorem
identitate dac' )i numai dac' imagine implica+ie frac+ie supraunitar' centrul circumferin+ei nscrise circumferin+' nscris' a include incluziune incompatibil incorect a cre)te cre)tere nedeterminat independent variabil' independent' nedeterminare induc+ie inecua+ie infinit frac+ie zecimal' infinit' inflexiune neomogen ini+ial condi+ie ini+ial' valoare ini+ial' a nscrie unghi nscris circumferin+' nscris' poligon nscris num'r ntreg integral' curb' integral' expresie de sub integral' integrare prin p'r+i constant' de integrare func+ie n scar' segment teorema lui Thales 2/17/05
Dictionar Englez-Roman interdependency interior angle intersection interval inverse inversely proportional irrational number irreductibility isosceles triangle interdependen+' unghi interior intersec+ie interval invers invers propor+ional num'r ira+ional ireductibilitate triunghi isoscel
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J
jump jump function - salt - func+ie n scar'
K
kilogram(me) kilometre known - kilogram - kilometru - cunoscut
L
law law of composition law of sines law of the excluded middle least common denominator least common multiple leg Leibniz rule lemma length like denominators like signs limit limit value lege lege de compozi+ie teorema sinusurilor legea ter+ului exclus cel mai mic numitor comun cel mai mic multiplu comun fa+' lateral' formula lui Leibniz lem' lungime numitori identici acelea)i semne limit' valoare limit'
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Dictionar Englez-Roman limits of integration line line segment linear linear equation linear function linear independency linearity local logarithm lower limit lowest common denominator lowest common multiple lozenge limite de integrare dreapt' segment liniar liniar ecua+ie de gradul nti (liniar') func+ie liniar' independen+' liniar' liniaritate local logaritm limit' inferioar' cel mai mic numitor comun cel mai mic multiplu comun romb
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M
magnitude main diagonal major axis many-variable system map mapping meter mathematical induction mathematics matrix matrix of the transformation maximum mean mean proportional measurable measure median {of a triangle} member {of a set} minimum minuend minus {sign} module monom m'rime diagonal' principal' ax' principal' sistem cu mai multe necunoscute imagine, aplica+ie imagine, aplica+ie metru induc+ie matematic' matematic' matrice matrice de transformare maximum, maxim medie aritmetic' medie geometric' m'surabil m'sur' median' element {al mul+imii} minimum, minim desc'zut semnul sc'derii modul monom
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Dictionar Englez-Roman monotone decreasing function monotone increasing function monotonic function monotonous multiple multiplex multiplicand multiplication multiplier multiply mutually mutually disjoint func+ie monoton descresc'toare func+ie monoton cresc'toare func+ie monoton' monoton multiplu multiplu, repetat denmul+it nmul+ire, multiplicare nmul+itor, multiplicator a nmul+i mutual mutual disjuncte
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N
natural logarithm natural number necessary and sufficient condition negative negligible node non-decreasing non-degnerate non-degenerate conic non-degenerate conic section non-linear non-linear equation non-orthogonal coordinate system non-periodic non-symmetric non-terminating decimal non-trivial solution non-zero solution normal normal to the surface normal vector null-vector null-matrix null-set number logaritm natural num'r natural condi+ie necesar' )i suficient' negativ neglijabil nod nedescresc'tor nedegenerat sec+iune conic' nedegenerat' sec+iune conic' nedegenerat' neliniar ecua+ie neliniar' sistem neortogonal de coordonate neperiodic nesimetric frac+ie zecimal' infinit' solu+ie netrivial' solu+ie nenul' normal', perpendicular' normal' la suprafa+' vector normal vector nul matrice nul' mul+ime vid' num'r
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Dictionar Englez-Roman number line numerator - dreapt' numeric' - num'r'tor
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O
oblique obtuse angle obtuse triangle octagon odd odd-function one-to-one open interval opposite interior angles order order of derivative order of equation ordered pair ordinal number ordinate origin {of coordinates} orthogonal base orthogonal coordnate system orthonormal basis oval oblic unghi obtuz triunghi obtuzunghic octagon impar func+ie impar' biunivoc interval deschis unghiuri alterne interioare ordine ordin al derivatei ordinul ecua+iei cuplu ordonat num'r ordinal ordonat' origine de coordonate baz' ortogonal' sistem ortogonal de coordonate baz' ortonormat' oval
P
pair parabola parabolic parallel parallelepiped parallelogram parallelogram law parallelogram rule parameter parametric form cuplu parabol' parabolic paralel paralelepiped paralelogram regula paralelogramului regula paralelogramului parametru form' parametric'
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Dictionar Englez-Roman parentheses partial fraction partial-fraction expansion pencil pencil of lines pentagon per cent perimeter period periodic decimal fraction periodic function periodic solution permissible solution perpendicular pivot plane plane geometry planimetry plus sign point point of discontinuity point of inflexion polygon polyhedron polynomial positive possibility power pre-image preceding prime factorization prime number pimitive principal principal axis principal diagonal principle of complete induction prism product progression projection paranteze rotunde frac+ie elementar' descompunere n frac+ii elementare fascicul fascicul de drepte pentagon procent perimertu perioad' frac+ie zecimal' periodic' func+ie periodic' solu+ie periodic' solu+ie admisibil' perpendicular' ax' de rota+ie, centru de rota+ie plan planimetrie planimetrie semnul adun'rii, plus punct punct de discontinuitate punct de inflexiune poligon poliedru polinom pozitiv posibilitate putere, exponent preimagine precedent descompunere n factori primi num'r prim func+ie primitiv' principal ax' principal' diagonal' principal' metoda induc+iei complete prizm' produs progresie proiec+ie
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Dictionar Englez-Roman proof proper factor proper fraction property proportion proposition prove pyramid Pythagorean theorem demonstra+ie divizor propriu frac+ie subunitar' proprietate propor+ie propozi+ie a demonstra piramid' teorema lui Pythagoras
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Q
quadrate quadratic quadratic equation quadratic formula quantifier quotient patrat p'tratic ecua+ie de gradul al doilea (patrat') formula r'd'cinilor ecua+iei de gradul al doilea (ecua+iei patrate) - cuantor - ct
R
radian radical radical sign radius radius vector raise to a power range rank of a matrix ratio rational rational function rational number ray real real number reciprocal matrix radian radical, semnul r'd'cinii radical, semnul r'd'cinii raz' raz' vectoare a ridica la putere mul+ime de valori, domeniu rang al unei matrici ct, raport ra+ional func+ie ra+ional' num'r ra+ional semidreapt' real num'r real matrice invers'
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Dictionar Englez-Roman rectangle rectangular coordonate system reduce reducible regular polygon relation relative relatively prime numbers remainder repeated root replace represent rest restriction rhomb rhombus right angle right triangle root rotation round rounding error rule dreptunghi sistem rectangular de coordonate a reduce reductibil poligon regulat rela+ie, raport relativ numere reciproc prime rest r'd'cin' multipl' a substitui, a nlocui a reprezenta rest restric+ie romb romb unghi drept triunghi dreptunghic r'd'cin' rota+ie a rotunji eroare de rotunjire regul'
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S
same denominators satisfy scalar scalene triangle secant sector of a circle segment semi-circle semiclosed interval set set theory side {of an angle} sign signum function numitori identici a satisface scalar triunghi scalen secant' sector circular segment semicerc interval seminchis mul+ime teoria mul+imilor latur' {a unui unghi} semn func+ia signum
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Dictionar Englez-Roman similar fractions similar polygons similar terms similar triangle similarity similitude simple simple root simplification sine curve sine rule single single root skew lines slope slope angle slope formula slope-intercept form of a straight line equation solution {of a problem} solution set solve space speed sphere square square brackets square root standard form statement step function straight straight angle straight-line straight-line segment stretching strict strongly monotonic subset substitution subtraction subtrahend http://math.ournet.md/formule/dic/engl.html - frac+ii cu numitori egali - poligoane asemenea - termeni asemenea - triunghi asemenea - asem'nare - asem'nare - simplu - r'd'cin' simpl' - simplificare - sinusoid' - teorema sinusurilor - unic - r'd'cin' simpl' - drepte neconcurente - nclinare, coeficient unghiular - unghi de nclinare - formula coeficientului unghiular - ecua+ie a unei drepte cu coeficient unghiular - solu+ie {a unei probleme} - mul+ime de solu+ii - a solu+iona, a rezolva - spa+iu - vitez' - sfer' - patrat, a ridica la patrat - paranteze patrate - r'd'cin' patrat' - form' standard' - propozi+ie, afirma+ie - func+ie n scar' - drept - unghi ntins, unghi plin - linie dreapt' - segment liniar - delatare - strict - strict monoton - submul+ime - substitu+ie - sc'dere - sc'z'tor
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Dictionar Englez-Roman sum summand supplementary angles surface surface area surface element surface of revolution symbol symmetric symmetric function synthetic division system system of linear equations - sum' - termen al sumei unghiuri suplimentare {pn' la 180o} suprafat' arie a suprafe+ei element de arie {al suprafe+ei} suprafa+' de rota+ie simbol simetric func+ie simetric', func+ie par' schema lui Horner sistem sistem de ecua+ii liniare
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T
tangent tangent line tangent plane term term of a fraction terminating decimal fraction tetragon tetrahedron theorem theory transcendental number transform transform of coordinates transitivity translation trapezium trapezoid triangle triangular trigonometric trigonometric function trigonometry trisection of the angle truth tangent' linie tangent' plan tangent termen num'r'tor al frac+iei frac+ie zecimal' finit' patrulater tetraedru teorem' teorie num'r transcendent a transforma transformare de coordonate tranzitivitate translare trapez trapez triunghi triunghiular trigonometric func+ie trigonometric' trigonometrie trisec+ie a unui unghi veridicitate 2/17/05
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U
unambiguous unbounded uncertainty undefined undetermined unequal union unique solution uniqueness unit unit circle unit tangent vector unit vector universal quantifier universal set unknown unlike denominators unsymmetric univoc nem'rginit incertitudine, nedeterminare nedefinit nedeterminat inegal, diferit reuniune solu+ie unic' unicitate unitate circumferin+' unitar' vector tangent unitar vector unitar cuantor universal mul+ime universal' necunoscut' numitori diferi+i asimetric
V
valid value vanish variable vector vector product velocity verify vertex vertex angles vertical vertical axis vice versa vinculum valid, valabil valoare a se anula, a disp'rea variabil' vector produs vectorial vitez' a verifica vrf unghiuri opuse la vrf vertical ax' vertical' invers, reciproc linie de frac+ie
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Dictionar Englez-Roman volume - volum
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W
way well-defined whole - drum, distant' - bine definit - tot, n ntregime
X
x-axis x-intercept xy-plane - axa x - segment de pe axa x - plan xOy
Y
y-axis - axa y
Z
z-axis zero zero solution - axa z - zero - solu+ie nul'
Bibliografie
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Fraze uzuale
Page 1 of 70
Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez de Fraze Uzuale

A BCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRS#T&UVWXYZ
A
abia abordare absolut analog The superscripts are hardly (or scarcely) visible. A more careful approach is needed. In complete analogy with the result, we may prove that ...
accentua aten ie se accentuiaz ! aten ie asupra In this section, emphasis is placed (or attention is focussed) on autonomous systems. accepta o ipotez! aceia$i to accept a hypothesis The numbers +8 and +3 have like signs. No two polynomials can have all their roots alike (or the same) unless they differ by a numerical factor. The preceding discussion may be summed up by saying that the arithmetic for complex numbers is much the same as that for real numbers. We now want to let j. For the present we content ourselves with demonstrating the assertions just made concerning the sets G and H. We can now easily show that ... The model fits the process under study adequately. Thus the martingale (t) turns out to be a process with independent increments. This proved to be a bigger problem than originally anticipated. 2/17/05
acela$i
acum
ar!ta acum este u$or de ar!tat c! adecvat adeveri se adevere$te c! s-a adeverit a fi
http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html
Fraze uzuale This value was found to be cos(/17). admite la fel admite adresa ne adres !m la aduce demonstra ia este adus! aduna adun!m afirma afirm! The function (t) also admits decomposition of the form (4). We now turn to the task of considering the continuous-parameter supermarlingales. The proof of the theorem is given in [8].
Page 2 of 70
Now write down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m and add them to obtain the estimation (6). The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that every integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and only one way, apart from order, as the product of positive prime numbers. Bohm [2] claims that there is such a thing as the primacy of metaphysics in connection with biology. A more general statement can be found in [15]. Approaching the limit as N we obtain the required assertion. The converse of (5) is false. The converse of this statement is known to be false. However, if we are concerned only with versions of a given process, the converse holds in the following sense. We are now in a position to determine (or to find) the value of x*. Thus we arrive at the following conclusion [definition, equation, theorem, assertion, result]. By means of the equivalence relation we get the decomposition of the set of all oriented segments into disjoint classes such that segments in the same class are equivalent and segments in different classes are not equivalent. When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the first fundamental assumption is that the results of experiments can be described by means of a certain 2/17/05
afirma ie afirma ie mai general! afirma ie necesar! afirma ie reciproc!
afla a afla ajunge ajungem la ... ajutor cu ajutorul
Fraze uzuale
Page 3 of 70 set . The data were obtained with the help (or with the aid) of a digitizer. Both problems are solved by constructing a right-hand inverse matrix Sr-1 of S.
alt alt!
Another way to approach the problem is to take a Taylor series expansion of g(t). Any term may be transposed from one member of equation to the other, provided its sign is changed. The random variable may have a different distribution. This definition also makes use of the abstraction principle, but in another way. Otherwise speaking [fn(x)] = [gn(x)] if and only if {fn(x)}~{gn(x)}. These operations are discussed in more detail in next section. Both estimates are quite rough. But the functions f and g are both continuous, and thus the two functions coincide. Multiplying the two sides of (4) by cosmx and integrating, we obtain ... The two sides of Young's inequality are equal if and only if b=(a).
altfel altfel zis am!nun it mai am!nun it ambele
ambele p!r i
ambiguu aminti amintim c!
This ambiguity does not lead to misunderstanding. We recall that the compensator n of the measure of jumps n is non-negative. Recall that L is generated by all processes whose trajectories are right-continuous and have right limits. To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to non-dimensional variables. To analyse the equation, it is convenient to go over to non-dimensional variables. The sum S is analysed analogously. The proof of (11) is completely analogous to that of (10).
analiza pentru a analiza este analizat!
analogic
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Fraze uzuale analogic cu ... We shall introduce distributions in a way analogous to that used in the Cantor theory when generalizing rational to real numbers. The analogue of the Fermat's theorem is also valid. In this particular case only one side of the triangle, namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing. If S consists of a single element x, then R(x), namely the smallest subring containing x, is commutative. The extended solutions have the property II, namely of uniform continuity. mathematical apparatus (or tools / techniques) a body of mathematics The process X(t) falls into one of the following three classes depending on its asymptotic behaviour. This equation falls among the so-called renewal equations. This equation contradicts the assumption that G contains points not belonging to D. The problem arises of finding the conditions under which the distribution p(u) is unimodal. Let us apply this result to the case of an increasing process At. Formulas (1) and (2) may be employed on condition that the contour C has no loops. Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is applicable and hence p=x2+y2.
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analogie anume
aparatul matematic apar ine apar ine la
care nu apar ine ap!rea apare aplica s! aplic!m pot fi aplicate se poate de aplicat aproape aproape de aproape peste tot aproape toate aproape to i aproximativ acela$i
The temperature was observed to be near zero. The angle is closed to 45 deg. The Lebesque-integrable functions are equal if and only if they have the same values almost everywhere. Nearly all scientific problems deal with quantities and relations among them. It is easy to verify that f(x)<C for almost all x. As the numbers of the molecules moving in opposite directions are much the same, it is natural to assume ...
aproxima ie n prim! aproxima ie As (or in) a first approximation, x(t) may be chosen http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale to be t2. aranja n ordine cresc!toare [descresc!toare] sunt aranja i n ordine cresc!- The jump moments t1, t2, ..., tn are arranged in toare [descresc!toare] ascending [descending] order. ar!ta arat! vom ar!ta este ar!tat pentru a ar!ta c! Fig.12 depicts the slope of the line x versus t. We shall show that in this case p must divide b. The slope of the line x versus t is shown schematically in Fig.12. To show that q and r are unique, suppose that q' and r' is any pair of integers for which a=bq'+r', 0 r' < b. As has been shown above, the process X t is a continuous L2-martingale. Let (t) be an arbitrary quasi-potential. Suppose this is true for an arbitrary n.
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cum este ar!tat mai sus arbitrar argument
argumente aritmetic!
This is a convincing reason for the study of stochastic equations of the form. This reason suggests that the solution to Eqn (17) is unique. There are doubtful points in the above reasoning. Arithmetic is the elementary branch of mathematics dealing with the properties of numbers and their operations. Property 1o ensures the feasibility of the addition. The MIS furnishes (or supplies ) data for management. The error is associated with (or is due to) the inaccuracy in computations. The study is concerned with linear functionals of supercritical processes. The first problem is directly related to partial differential equations. Further extension of the notion of a stochastic integral is connected with the extension of the notion of convergence. The polynomial R(t) corresponding to this function by (6) is almost everywhere nonzero. The space, S2k-1, and the projective metric, L(r,s ), 2/17/05
asigura asigur!
asociat asociat! cu (referitoare la)
asociat la
Fraze uzuale associated with it will play an important part in the future. It is convenient to replace k by a new factor related to k by the relation =4k. astfel astfel nct Thus the following theorem has been proved. The factors and k are related as follows: =4k. Let X be a space such that from every open cover we can select a finite cover. We break up the component a into several components in such a way that A and B now belong to different components. We select a basis in the underlying space such that ... Specifically, the parameter can be chosen so that the distribution is unimodal. The model is so constructed as to allow further modification and improvement. We take a point on the line such that ... We take a point on the line such that ... Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer that there exists a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)=g(x). In applications we often come across the so-called Heaviside function. We take a point on the line such that ... Thus, the integral on the right-hand side of (5) can be analytically continued to the whole domain. The last formula becomes p(la+mq)=b, so that p|b. Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there must be one of them, , which is of least positive norm. Since p is of the form 1+4m, Corollary 2.5 is applicable and hence p=x2+y2. Therefore P(x,s,t,A) saitsfies the ChapmanKolmogorov equation. Consequently, ata$a la poate fi ata$at la
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astfel ... ca astfel ... nct
a$a numit a$a ... pentru care a$adar
The process X(t) may be placed (or put) into one of the following three classes depending on its asymptotic behaviour.
atinge atinge maximum [minimum]
The function (x) reaches its maximum [minimum] at x*=3h/2. Let b1(s,w) coincide with the z for which the 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale minimum of the function | B(s,w) z |, | z |=1, is attained and let b2(s,w ) coincide with z for which the above function attains its maximum. atinge scopul de a atinge scopul este atins scopul In order to attain the purpose, we shall not avail ourselves of the methods of functional analysis. This aim is attained (or objective is accomplished) by introducing non-dimensional variables x' = x/x0 and y' = y/y0.
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atinge se atinge
Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point , then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point. The reader should take notice of the fact that the scale parameter a does not enter into the expression for G (u). It is necessary to pay special attention to the behaviour of F(x) at infinity. Recently much attention (or thought / consideration) has been given to the study of the diffusion processes. To attach a meaning to the solution of this stochastic equation, we must define the measure more accurately. Analogous meaning is attached to the notation D [0,).
atrage aten ia s! atrag! aten ia
se atrage aten ia
atribui sens pentru a atribui sens
se atribuie sens
atribui valoarea atribuim valoarea valori pot fi atribuite automat
We assign the value 0 to this state. A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number of values can be assigned in an investigation. It follows automatically that these Rm-semisimple rings are strongly Rm-semisimple. As a preliminary to the proof of the theorem, we shall discuss several auxiliary assertions. To appreciate the merits (or the advantages) of this theory, it suffices to observe that ... The main (or principal / major) advantage of this 2/17/05
auxiliar avantaj avantaje avantaj principal
Fraze uzuale approach is that it enables the results of the previous chapter to be extended to the case under consideration. avea avem nu are Since a satisfies (1), we have Y 1=Y 2. For instance, the function has not a derivative at
Page 8 of 70
poate avea nu poate avea avea de-a face avem de-a face avea inten ia vom avea inten ia
the point 0. The prime number p possess no factors other than 1 and p. It follows that the solution can have only a finite number of zeros in D. It follows that the solution cannot have more than a finite number of zeros in D. In this section we deal only with rational integers. In this section we are going to modify our definition of distribution so as to obtain a notion equivalent to that of S. Sobolyev and L. Schwartz. This cannot be, for l/p is not a rational number. This happens to be the case for those equations in which S increases. The function (x) has a maximum [minimum] at the point x*=3h/2. These equations possess a fundamental defect (or demerit / draw back / disadvantage). His hypothesis has limitations of its own. In order to achieve this, we shall need some material from elementary number theory. Equation (3.2) is of the following form ... In applications the following theorem is of great importance.
avea loc aceast! nu poate avea loc aceast! are loc n cazul avea maxim [minim] are maxim [minim] avea neajunsul au neajunsul are neajunsul avea nevoie de vom avea nevoie de avea o form! ... are o form! ... avea o mare importan ! are o mare importan ! avea sens
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale dac! are sens The symbol , if it is meaningful, always
Page 9 of 70
nu are sens avea solu ie unic! are solu ie unic! avea un caracter are un caracter avea valoarea are valoarea
represents a number. If the common part is empty, the difference has no sense. Equation (7) has a unique solution. Noise (t) is stochastic in character (or in nature). Noise (t) is of a stochastic character (or nature). The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0.
B
baza pe se bazeaz! pe The proof is based on the ideas of Kunita and Watanabe [36]. The previous analysis proceeds from the assumption that the class M* contains the class M2,. It is clear that the definitions and properties given below can be extended to -algebras. Hence from (6) and the remark concerning the one-to-one-ness of the correspondence, relation (8) yields F=0.
binen eles biunivocitate
C
ca de obicei ca $i n ca $i n cazul ... As usual, we use continuous versions of (4). As in the example discussed above, we can easily prove the following proposition. In the same manner as in the case of convergence to a Wiener process, one can easily deduce the following result. In the case of distributions, as in the case of functions, 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale the following properties hold true. ca urmare calcula sunt calculate cum este u$or de calculat calcula integral! dea-lungul curbei calcula integral! pe domeniu care Such a solution does not exist in consequence (or on account) of (6) and Remark 4. As is easy to calculate ... The coefficients of expansion (9) are evaluated (or computed) from formulas (5). as is easy to calculate as is easy to evaluate to take the integral along a curve to take the integral over a domain
Page 10 of 70
c!rui al c!rui care este caz caz particular cazul considerat
x0. A variable is a quantity to which an unlimited number of values can be assigned in an investigation. Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of definition does not depend on t. Consider the function (y), which is a periodical distribution coinciding with (y) for | y | < 1/2.
In classical analysis there have been considered several sequences of functions which are distributionally convergent to (x). Choose in D2 any function that tends to infinity as
This formula can be considered as a particular case of formula (14). In the case under consideration the process (t) is continuous. Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under discussion. We shall seek a solution to (12) in the form z(t,u) = x(t) y(u). It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters for the numders which are sought. The sought-for quantity M is involved in the equation reciprocally. The desired value of m can be determined from conition (4). Consider the equation (3), where f(t) is the function to be found. Here v* is the value of v to be determined.
c!uta vom c!uta sunt c!utate c!utat!
care va fi c!utat!
c!utare
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale n c!utarea cteva
Page 11 of 70 In looking (or in search) for the optimal solution we discovered that ... To see this, we shall prove several lemmas. A few words should be said about physical meaning of this parameter. Some other examples of fundamental sequences will be given after the following lemma. There is more than one way to approach the problem. For instance, the Dirac delta distribution cannot be identified with any continuous function, which will be proved in Section 8. The nature of this problem can best be made plain by examples. The greatest common divisor (GCD) of two integers h and k is the largest positive factor common to both h and k. Twelve is the least common multiple (LCM) of 3 and 4. The set of the points of discontinuity of f(t) is at (the) most countable. Formula (7) is true under the hypothesis that at least one of the integrals on the left-hand side is meaningful. the in-depth study To determine whether these ideals coincide, we must make a further study of the polynomials. It is required to estimate in the best possible manner the value of a random variable . It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of "integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for which it does not. The process Mt, satisfies the conditions of (1) with the stronger requirement that martingale. be an L2-
cteva modalit! i ce
cel mai bine cel mai mare divizor comun (CMMDC) cel mai mic multiplu comun (CMMMC) cel mult cel pu in cercetare cercetare profund! cercetare ulterioar! cere se cere se cere ntrebarea
cerin ! mai puternic!
chiar n cazul cnd
This example shows that the ordinary derivative does not always coincide with the distributional derivative, even when the ordinary derivative wrists everywhere except at one point. Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the system.
ci
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale ciocni cu ne ciocnim cu cititor clasic
Page 12 of 70
In applications we often come across the so-called Heaviside function. The reader will find it a useful exercise to supply the details of the proof. In classical analysis there have been considered several sequence of functions which are distributionally convergent to (x). Clearly, the sum, difference and product of such integers are of the same form. It is clear that a and -a are both in the set A. It is clear intuitively that every collection, finite or infinite, of non-negative integers contains a smallest one. the coefficient of smth. the coefficient multiplying smth. A polinomial is monic if its leading coefficent is 1.
clar este clar c!
intuitiv este clar
coeficientul pe lng! coeficientul pe lng! termenul superior coincide coincide cu
For an arbitrary function F(x) satisfying conditions 1) 6) there exists a unique probability measure whose distribution function coincides with F(x). The characteristic through A is the same as the one through B. Completely satisfactory solution of the functional problem is given in [6]. It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed (or augmented) by all P-null sets. The problem of optimization is, in general, more complicated. Integration of equation (3.2) represents a rather involved boundary-value problem. From a>b and b>c we conclude that a>c. This result was established in another way under somewhat weaker conditions on the diffusion coefficients. The problem arose of finding the conditions under which the distribution p(t) is unimodal.
complet satisf!c!tor completa este completat! complicat
conclude condi ie condi ia asupra condi iile conform c!rora
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Fraze uzuale condi ie de convergen ! la condi ie de existen ! $i unicitate a solu iei condi ii exacte pentru condi ie mai fin! condi ii sunt verificate
Page 13 of 70 The condition for convergence to a Wiener process is stated in the next section. Let the coefficients of equation (9) satisfy the condition for the existence and uniqueness of the solution. The exact conditions for equilibria to exist and be stable are examined. The tangent bundle of the manifolds provides a sharper necessary condition. Assume that conditions (5) and (20) are satisfied. If the conditions of Theorem 10 are satisfied and, moreover, A(,t) is continuously differentiable, then ... Let the conditions of Theorem 4 be satisfied and the function be twice continuously differentiable. The distinction between (14) and (15) is that the variable x entering into (15) depends on , other things being equal. Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined, provided that it exists everywhere. Any term may be transposed from one member of equation to the other, providing its sign is changed. The abstraction principle can be applied to sets of arbitrary elements provided there exists an equivalence relation ~. These functions are locally Riemann-integrable under (or on) the condition that their values are equal at all points of continuity. Under the conditions of Theorem 6.1 the limit exists and is differentiable.
alte condi ii fiind acelea$i
n condi ia c!
n condi iile teoremei
conduce conduce la ecua ia confirma ipoteza conform conform algoritmului conform criteriului conform defini iei conform ipotezei induc iei conform lemei conform presurunerii
This reasoning yields a simple equation. to verify a hypothesis The classes can be formed by the FLAMENCO algorithm. By the Eisenstein's criterion, the polynomial xn-2 is irreducible over the field of rational numbers. Then, by definition, ... By the induction hypothesis, the theorem is true for f (x). By Lemma 2.3, the sequence {gn(x)} is fundamental. By assumption, E(1)=0. By the assumption of the lemma, the solution to (1) is positive.
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Page 14 of 70 Since ... by hypothesis , (4) is a bounded sequence. By property (4) of norms, every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there must be one of them, , which is of least positive norm. By Theorem 1.1, we can find q and r so that b=dq+r, 0 r < d. To complete the proof of the lemma, we use the corollary of Lemma 2. The inequality f(x) 0 is a direct consequence of the system fi(x) 0, i=l, 2, ..., n. When an expression contains parentheses within parentheses, they may be removed in succession, beginning with the innermost. Consider the rational number a/b. The problem can be approached in many different ways. Let us now consider the case a>1. Consider now the case a>1. Several other functions, very useful from the practical point of view, are considered in the following section. Some properties of the operator L are dealt with in the next chapter. An integral part of the creative approach to the problem under consideration (or under study) is the analysis of its similarity to and difference from the analogous problems. C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable metric space under the topology of uniform convergence. The paper deals with the theory of distributions of finite order. We now consider the process (t). Consider now the process (t). Consider first the simplest case where a=0. We will first confine our attention to discreteparameter martingales.
conform propriet! ii
conform teoremei consecin ! consecin ! din este o consecin !
consecutiv
considera consider!m poate fi considerat! s! consider!m
sunt considerate
considerat!
poate fi considerat ca
n lucrare se consider! considera acum consider!m acum considera de la nceput vom considera de la nceput
considera util
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Fraze uzuale consider!m util considerabil mai simplu considera ie We find it useful to define a new concept of conjugacy and to discuss its relation to the old. Theorems IV and VI are considerably simpler than the analogous theorems in the differential calculus.
Page 15 of 70
We now turn to the task of considering the continuous-parameter stochastic processes. The consideration (or discussion) of this problem in more detail shows that ... We must now subject the concept of equivalence to a somewhat closer scrutiny. Further inspection (or examination) of Fig.1 discloses that there are two points of inflection on the curve. The abstraction principle consists (or lies ) in the identification of objects (mathematical entities) which have a common property. By a slight change in the method of (7), the construction of such functions is easily carried out. The abstraction principle is often applied in mathematics to construct new notions. In the case under consideration the process (t) is continuous at every point of the interval (c,d). Ft is continuous from the right (or right-continuous) in t if for all t ! 0 .
consta const! n ...
construc ie construi pentru a construi
continuu continu! din dreapta dup! t
contrazice ce contrazice aceast! contrazice contrazice presupunerii
So is a unit, contrary to the hypothesis. So p|L, contradicting the fact that L is prime. This contradicts r ! 0. This equation contradicts the assumption that G contains a point not belonging to D. This contradicts the hypothesis that k and that (6) holds for all l<km. This series of expository presentations of the best thoughts and keenest researches in pure and applied mathematics is intended to contribute to the dissemination of mathematical knowledge. The subgroup Pn is contained in the centralizer of the element p in B.
contribui pentru a contribui la r!spndirea
con ine se con ine
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Fraze uzuale con ine propriet! i convenabil convenabil! The following list contains the fundamental properties of the norm. In some cases the following complex form of trigonometrical series mai convenabil este convenabil va fi convenabil deseori este convenabil conveni vom conveni converge converge absolut converge aproape peste tot converge n medie converge n probabilitate converge uniform convinge ne convingem c!
Page 16 of 70
is advantageous.
It is more convenient to break up the experiment into three phases. It is convenient to call two Gaussian integers associates if =, where is a unit. It will be convenient to define the convergence of fn (x) in the following sense. It is often convenient to establish the position of points by giving their coordinates. We shall agree to write A(x,t)S if A(x,t) is a process with independent increments. The series (1) converges absolutely. to converge almost everywhere to converge in (the) mean to converge in probability Thus the series (4) converges uniformly. Make (or be) sure that the coefficients have no common factors other than +1. To complete the proof, check that ... Before applying Theorem 10.7, check to see that there is an in A such that ... To prove the convergence X nM, it suffices to make sure that ... The investigator must assure himself that the errors are within the admissible limits. To see that if satisfies an equation anxn + an-1xn-1 + ... + a0 = 0, then there is a rational r such that r is an algebraic rational, observe that an satisfies (3). To be certain that c is the required element, check that D[c,A]>0. To see this, notice that Powell's frequency function is identical with our function b(x).
a se convinge n trebuie s! se conving! c! pentru a se convinge n ...
pentru a se convinge n aceasta
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Fraze uzuale se poate de convins c! este u$or de convins c! coordona se coordoneaz!
Page 17 of 70 Then, similarly as has been done in [1], one ascertains that the limit function satisfies the equation (4). It is easy to make sure that (x) is convex on [c,).
The theory checks well (or agrees / is in good agreement) with experiment. The hypothesis fits the experimental data. This conjecture is in line with that of Seidenberg. This definition is correct; since the sequence {pn(m) (x)} is fundamental. To verify the correctness of this definition, we must prove that ... The one-to-one correspondence established above makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions f(x) and distributions [f(x)]. There is an increasing sequence of integers km such that ... Introduce a strictly increasing funstion g(x) defined on [0,). Ft monotonically increases in t, that is Fs Ft, for s<t. Each summand on the right of (12) becomes vanishingty small with (or as) n. When a is used three times as a factor, the product is called the third power of a, or the cube of a. Since, as we already know, all these trigonometrical integrals vanish, we obtain formula (5). The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the equality almost everywhere. It is well known that for an arbitrary function F(x) satisfying conditions 1) - 6) there exists a unique probability measure whose distribution function coincides with F(x).
corect
corectitudinea defini iei coresponden ! biunivoc!
cresc!tor cresc!toare strict cresc!tor cre$te cre$te monoton dup! t cu ... ce tinde ... cub al num!rului cunoa$te cum noi deja cunoa$tem cunoscut cu este cunoscut c!
cum este cunoscut As is well known, the nth partial sum of the series is nothing else
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Page 18 of 70
than the Dirichlet kernel este bine cunoscut este cunoscut! ca cuvnt cu alte cuvinte
It is well known that there exist sequences {Tn} and {Sn} such that n=Tn-Sn. This relation is known as the Biot-Savart law. To put it in another way, the gross weight W can be represented as W=Wst+We+Wp.
D
da d! d!m da posibilitate d! posibilitate The repeated application of relation (2.1) yields ... The following theorem provides the description of the everywhere dense set E. We give (or present) below a synthesis of various approaches available. The martingale approach enables us (or permits) to suggest a new method for constructing solutions of stochastic differential equations. Knowledge of the numerical values of a and b offers a means of (or makes possible) determining ... This method makes it possible to tackle the boundaryvalue problem under discussion. The main advantage of this approach is that it enables the results of the previous chapter to be extended to the case under consideration. Every integer a leaves a remainder r, 0 division by m. r < m, on
da restul de la mp!r ire d! restul de la mp!r ire dac!
In the course of the proof of the theorem we have described the method for determining the functions n (x0, ..., xn) if X is locally compact. If this is the case, the deterministic approach is quite suited for this purpose. Hence, it follows that the representation of f(x) in the form (4), if it exists, is unique.
dac! acesta este cazul dac! acesta exist!
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Fraze uzuale dac! este necesar dac! n-ar fi dac! nu The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any greater integer. Were is not for the discontinous coefficient,the problem would be much simpler. If there is no such , we write max f = . Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be assumed to be in force. Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined, provided (that) it exists everywhere.
Page 19 of 70
dac! numai dac! $i numai dac! dac! $i numai dac ! exist!
R is a realization of (t) if and only if ... The martingale (t) is uniformly integrable if and only if there exists a random variable such that E || < and (t) = E { | Ft}. Evidently, if the inf in (1.5) is attained at a certain point , then the inf m(x,um) is also attained at that point. Unless u is a power of 2, this can always be done. Element belongs to V, whereas (or and) belongs to W. This value is negative not positive. But then we could proceed from the pair (x, y) to a still smaller in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2). With time the number of particles increases, rather than remains constant. the initial (or the input) data Delacherie and Meyer are well known for their book 'Stochastic Processes and Potentials'. Mathematics, due to (or owing to / because of) its abstract nature, finds wide application in most spheres of human activity. For this reason the points belonging to are called elementary events. Conversely, if N=1, we have a+b=1, so that either a=0 or b=0. The last formula becomes p(la+mq)=b, so that p|b. Every element in T has norm at least equal to 1, so there must be one of them, g, which is of least positive norm. Observe also that |Dn(s)| C logn. From equation (3) we find, as well, . If and belong to F, so do +, , , and / if
dac! ..., atunci dac! ... nu dar
dar atunci dar nu date ini iale datorit!
de aceea
de asemenea
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Fraze uzuale "0. de fapt In fact, this follows from the consideration that the sequence gn(x) is bounded for x>0. Since these are continuous processes, we actually have ...
Page 20 of 70
de fiecare dat! cnd
In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be given whenever the rule is applied. Applying Lemma 20.3 k times , we infer that there exists a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)(x)=g(x). Differentiating formula (8) k times, we obtain the equality ... The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI century. Prof. Romanov is giving a course of lectures on chaos and bifurcations in room 406, commencing October 1. In order to start from the very beginning, we introduce first the basic notions and concepts of the theory of measurements. From this time on, the density function decreases. We shall start with the basic notions and concepts of the theory of measurements. Setting (*) we obtain (**), whence, in view of inequality (1), ... The author does not explain from whence the estimate (7) emerges. Applying Lemma 20.3 k times, we infer (or deduce) that there exists a periodic function G0(x) with G0(k)=g (x). We derive (or deduce) the equation for the distribution of cell size at division and the distribution of generation time. Define unit and prime just as we did for the Gaussian integer. The function h(x) is defined at every point of the interval [c,d]. The variable, whose value is determined once the value of the independent variable is given, is called the dependent variable.
de k ori
de la
de unde
deduce deducem
deducem ecua ia
defini definim definit!
bine definit!
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Page 21 of 70
The integral
is well defined in
definit anterior pozitiv definit
accordance with the above definition. Using the Haar family {gn} defined above, we introduce functions {hn}. A complex-valued function f(x) is called positive definite if for any n and complex numbers zj
definire n definirea defini ie din defini ie defini ie echivalent! defini ie exact! demonstra demonstreaz ! pentru a demonstra este demonstrat! pentru a demonstra
In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption that b(x)=0 for x<a. In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x). From the definition it follows at once that G(u) satisfies condition (2). It is possible to give an equivalent definition of integral (1) as the limit of sums (2). A precise definition is given below. This proves that d is a factor shared by both a and b. To prove the theorem, it suffices to show that ... Since N<N, the inequality (3) is established.
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the double integral in (6), after which all the integrals except (8) can be evaluated exactly by appropriate change of variables. To prove the theorem, note first that neither a nor b can be zero. If p|a, there is nothing to prove. nu este ce demonstra se poate de demonstrat c! It may be proved that if ... de la nceput vom demonstra We shall first prove the following two lemmas. nainte de a demonstra Before proving the theorem we illustrate its applications. teorema trebuie s! demonstr!m c! We must prove that the two factorizations differ at most in the order in which the primes appear. In the course of the proof of this theorem we have made use of the following lemma.
demonstrare n procesul demonstr!rii demonstra ie
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Fraze uzuale f!r! demonstra ie denumire deoarece
Page 22 of 70 We shall assume without proof the following theorem. The name 'distribution' is due to L. Schwartz, who developed the theory in 1945 and later. This cannot be, for 1/p is not a rational number. In the theory of distributions a distinction between the trigonometrical series and the Fourier series is unnecessary since each convergent trigonometrical series is an expansion of a periodic distribution. Because (3), we have ... All numbers amn can be arranged in a sequence {bk} convergent to b0, for otherwise it would suffice to neglect a finite number of initial terms a1n, a2n, ..., apn to get a contradiction to property (5). Since the functions w are solutions of this equation, the difference of any two of them may be regarded as the solution of a certain linear differential equation.
deoarece n caz contrar
deoarece ..., atunci
deosebi se deosebe$te prin
The function f(x) differs from F(x)(k-1)by a constant. We must prove that the two factorizations differ at se deosebesc prin most in the order in which the primes appear. se deosebesc una de alta prin The equation f'(x) = g'(x) holds if and only if the distributions f(x) and g(x) differ from each other by a constant function. The absolute value of a number a, as distinguished from its algebraic value, is represented by |a|. As opposed to (or as distinct from / in contrast to) the real case, any polynomial always has a root in the field of complex numbers. In fundamental contrast to M. R. Stein, we have preferred the algebraic approach.
deosebire spre deosebire de ...
deosebit este deosebit de important! The case of a linear substitution is especially important (or is of particular importance) for us. depinde care nu depinde de nu depinde de alegere depinde esen ial de depinde monoton de t To this end, we establish first that there exists a constant L not depending on s and n such that ... The distribution (1) does not depend on the choice of the indefinite integral (x). In this new definition the fact that the choice of the integer k depends on the interval [a,b] is essential. Let (2) be a family of finite stopping times which are 2/17/05
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Page 23 of 70 monotonically dependent on t and right-continuous in t.
deriva deriva ... dup! x deriva ... n raport cu x derivnd derivnd de k ori derivnd succesiv derivata dup! x deschide deschide posibilit! i deschiderea parantezelor descompune n factori
To differentiate v(t,x) with respect to x. To take the derivative of v(t,x,u) with respect to x. In fact, by differentiating (3) we obtain ... Hence, by successive differentiation we obtain ... Differentiating formula (8) k times , we obtain the equality ... Hence by successive differentiation we obtain ... A derivative of u(t,x,u) with respect to x. The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that direction. the removal of parentheses to expand the number into factors to factor the number to present smth in a factor form to factor smth into components
descompune n serie descompunem n serie Expand function (x) in a Taylor series. descompunem n serie n Expand function u(t,x,u) into a Taylor series about x. raport cu x poate fi descompus! n serie Under certain conditions a continuous function can be expanded into a Fourier-Bessel series . Function f(x) can be expanded as an infinite power series. descompunere descompunere n descompunere n frac ii elementare descompunere n serie descresc!tor descriere formal! Any supermartingale (t) has exactly one decomposition of the form (t)=(t)-(t). 6 = 2*3 = 3*2 are the only factorizations of 6 into positive prime factors. The decomposition of a fraction into partial fractions. Hence, we obtain the expansion of ctgx: ctgx = 2(sin2x + sin4x + sin6x + ...). Let {an} be a decreasing sequence and {bn} an increasing sequence of numbers. A formal description of the basic notions is usually based on the set-theoretical model of probability theory developed by A. N. Kolmogorov in 1929.
descris
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Fraze uzuale descris anterior descris ! de ecua ie desemna desemneaz!
Page 24 of 70 We now show how the method described above can be extended to move the existence of . We will consider only those systems whose evolution is given by the equation of form (8). The symbol Fn(x) will denote that the sequence {Fn(x)} converges almost uniformly to a function. In Fig.11 the planes 1 and 2 are shown as coinciding. In Fig.10 it is seen that ... In this particular case only one side of the triangle, namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing. It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist, although the distributional derivative has a value at this point. It is necessary to consider this problem in greater detail. The details can be found in most texts on the theory of equations, for example in the book of Thomas listed in bibliography. The Introduction gives details concerning the application of stochastic differential equations in natural sciences. Two sequences {fn(x)} and {gn(x)} determine the same distribution if and only if they are equivalent. The indefinite integral is determined up to a constant. Integrating f(x) k times, we obtain a locally integrable function F(x), which is determined up to a polynomial of degree less than k. The relation of equivalence is then transformed into the usual equality. The last formula becomes p(la+mq)=b, so that p|b. With this terminology Theorem 1.5 becomes meaningful for the Gaussian integers. This explains the discrepancy in behaviour of the two functions.
desen pe desen din desen se vede c ! n limitele desenului
de$i
detaliat mai detaliat detaliile
determina determin! determinat cu exactitate de
deveni devine
dezacord diferen !
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Fraze uzuale unic! diferen ! ntre diferi difer! de diferite de The only difference among them is the order of appearance of the factors.
Page 25 of 70
The function f(x) differs from F(k-1)(x) by a constant. The proof is not like that of Theorem 5.6. Consider the numbers which are different from 0 and 1. The prime numbers p possess no factors other than 1 and p. It is slightly more difficult to see that
dificil este mai dificil
dificultate dificultate poate fi trecut!
This difficulty can be remedied by a slight restatement of the fundamental theorem to include negative numbers. Now we can, once again, use the arguments analogous to those presented in Section II. This inequality can be proved directly (or immediately) using (7) and Lemma 9 in Section 1. The interpretative approach opens perspectives in that direction. With probability 1 (t) has no discontinuities of the first [second] kind. In Chapter 8 we discuss the filtering problem. The validity of this assumption will not be debated here. The one-to-one correspondence established above makes it unnecessary to distinguish between functions f(x) and distributions [f(x)]. In the theory of distributions a distinction between the trigonometrical series and the Fourier series is unnecessary since each convergent trigonometrical series is an expansion of a periodic distribution. the joint (or simultaneous) distribution
din nou direct direc ie n aceea direc ie discontinuitate de spe a ntia [a doua] discuta discut!m nu va fi discutat! distinge pentru a distinge
distingere
distribu ie comun! divide se divid
Then the numbers 1, 2, ..., p-1 fall into pairs such that http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale the product of any pair is congruent to 1 modulo p. The procedure is then broken down (or divided / subdivided) into the three steps: ... Nine is a multiple of three. All the terms on the right are divisible by p.
Page 26 of 70
se divide se divide prin divizibil sunt divizibile prin domeniu de defini ie dori dorit este de dorit dup! ce
Let A be a strongly positive operator whose domain of definition does not depend on G. Passing to the limit in (6) we obtain the desired result. This is exactly the wanted decomposition. It is desirable in many applications that the function Xt be also measurable. To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the double integral in (6), after which all the integrals except (8) can be evaluated exactly by appropriate change of variables.
E
ecua ie din ecua ia ecua ie cu n necunoscute ecua ie de gradul n ecua ie ini ial! ecua ie n raport cu (necunoscuta) x ecua ie rezolvabil! n raport cu x editarea From equation (2) we find that ... the equation in n unknowns the equation of degree n the input equation the equation in (the unknown) x the equation solvable for x The publication of this monograph was made possible due to ... He has over 70 published works. The calculations can be carried out (or performed) in the same way as in Section 15. On many occasions it is useful to take the Laplace transform of equation (15). The vectors and are equal in magnitude.
efectua pot fi efectuate de a efectua transformarea egal sunt egali
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Fraze uzuale elabora era elaborat! elementar
Page 27 of 70
The statistical theory has been developed quite recently. The solution of equation (5) is obtained in an elementary manner by expanding function x(t) in a Fourier series. But here we need only free ourselves of the term V(x) *. The most general statement of the problem can be formulated as follows. A more exact answer to the question requires apparently (or evidently) a refinement of the definition of a system. It is obvious (or evident) that Xt is progressively measurable. Obviously (or evidently / apparently), the above theorem hot index set is taken to be a finite interval [0,T ] instead of R+. We note that any subset of is called an event. the sure event The proof of this property is obvious since b=0. Applying Theorem 12.3 to the obvious equality (*) we get ... To avoid possible confusion, the continuity condition will be restated in each case. To avoid misunderstanding, we may call the first kind of intervals (including end-points) the closed intervals and the second kind the open intervals. To avoid repetitions in future, we present here basic concepts and definitions. Any prime divides exactly one positive rational prime p. More precisely, we shall assume that the following condition is satisfied.
elibera s! ne eliber!m de enun ul problemei evident
este evident
eveniment eveniment sigur evident
evita pentru a evita confuzii pentru a evita nen elegeri pentru a evita repet!ri n viitor exact exact unul mai exact exactitate cu exactitate de
Then we can write for the division-size density function (up to a normalization factor) . The factors in product (4) are determined uniquely except for order. 2/17/05
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Page 28 of 70 Factorization of any positive integer is unique to within the order of factors. The fundamental theorem of arithmetic asserts that every integer greater than 1 can be factored in one and only one way, apart from as the product of positive prime numbers.
excep ie cu excep ia
The function possesses the property (1) for all and t except for some sets of measure 0. To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the double integral in (6), after which all the integrals except (8) can be evaluated exactly by appropriate change of variables. The second of these possibilities is excluded, for r(x) is in T. This approach excludes the possibility of considering the equations having solutions which belong to a more general class of numbers. Another example of the abstraction principle is the Cantor definition of a real number. Let us first look at some simple examples. For instance (or for example), the coefficient of variation, CV, of size at division is typically 10% and the CV of age at division is typically 20% or more. As an example, let =5 and =1+2i. The nature of this problem can best be made plain by examples. We shall explain it by means of examples. We shall construct an interesting example of such a process in this chapter. The polynomials Bn(t) are typical examples of generalized Brownian functionals. Some other examples of fundamental sequences will be given after the following lemma. As an example, consider the primitive polynomials x2+3 and 3x2+7x-11. With probability 1 there exists the limit . The existence of the Wiener process follows easily from the Kolmogorov's criterion.
exclude se exclude exclude posibilitate
exemplu
de exemplu
prin exemple
exemplu interesant exemplu tipic unele exemple n calitate de exemplu exista exist! limita existen ! explica
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Fraze uzuale vom explica pot fi explicate pentru a explica exponentul puterii
Page 29 of 70 We shall explain the essence of the problem by giving several examples. The variations are greater than can be accounted for by chance. Chance is unlikely to account for so great variations. A figure or a letter placed a little above and to the right of a number is called an index, or an exponent, of the power thus indicated. An expression composed of numbers, letters and signs of algebraic operations and aggregation is called an algebraic expression. To express the solution of equation (2) in terms of w (t), it is sufficient to observe that w(t) satisfies equation (3). I wish to express deep gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for her valuable advice and her interest in my work. The exposition of mathematical subject is set forth in a manner comprehensible not only to teachers and students specializing in mathematics, but to all those taking interest in mathematics and its applications. The definition of a stochastic integral will be further extended to cover the alternating functions. We now extend the definition of a stochastic integral to a wider class of random processes. In 21 we show how to extend the basic definitions and theorems to the case of distributions of infinite order. The main purpose of this section is to extend the results of the preceding section to the processes of a continuous argument. These results can be extended to all other cases. As it is currently being recognized, similar extensions of the notion of entropy are needed in the field of biology.
expresie algebric!
exprima exprima ... prin ... s! exprim recuno$tin! expunere
extinde va fi extins! extindem ... asupra de extins n cazul
extinde rezultatele de a extinde rezultatele
rezultatele pot fi extinse extinderile no iunii de
extrage r!d!cin! patrat! [cubic!] To extract the square [cube] root of a number. extragere a r!d!cinei extremitate cu extremit! i Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a root of a number, or as the inverse of involution. In every closed subinterval with ends a and b there is at most a finite number of poles. 2/17/05
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F
face de a face f!cnd ... s! facem cteva observa ii referitor face de prisos This helps to make the proofs of all the theorems elementary and very simple. Making (or letting) n along the subsequence nk, we have ... Before presenting the main results, we want to make a few comments on the notion of entropy. The one-to-one correspondence established above makes it unnecessary to distinguish between function f(x) and distribution [f(x)]. To complete the proof, it is sufficient to refer to the Cantor theorem on uniform continuity. For the proof of this theorem, we refer the reader to Theorem 9. For further information the reader is referred to Chapter VI. That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for which Theorem 8 is false. M is a collection (or family / set) of processes mt , tT.
face referin ! de a face referin ! la facem referin ! la poate s! fac! referin ! la fals
familie (set) fi poate fi fi de prisos este de prisos
In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be replaced by the requirement (i). In the theory of distributions a distinction between the trigonometrical series and the Fourier series is unnecessary since each convergent trigonometrical series is an expansion of a periodic distribution. When two variables are so related that the value of the first variable is determined when the value of the second variable is given, then the first variable is said to be a function of the second. We are now in a position to prove the fundamental 2/17/05
fi n rela ie sunt n a$a rela ie nct
fi n stare suntem n stare
Fraze uzuale
Page 31 of 70 theorem stated in the opening paragraph of the chapter.
fi recunosc!tor ... pentru ... sunt recunosc !tor ... pentru ... fie
I am particularly indebted to Miss Leila R. Raines for her painstaking assistance in the revision and preparation of the manuscript for publication. Put w=5.7. Set v=t. Let d be the smallest positive number in the set A. Let G denote the set of all Gaussian integers, and J the set of all rational integers. . Now set Let there be given a continuous increasing process (t). Given point A,construct point B symmetrical to the given point A in relation to plane . Given any >0, we fix an index n0 such that
acum fie fie c! este dat fie dat
| fn(x) - f(x) |< for all n>n0. fiecare fiecare dintre care
pentru fiecare din fix acela$i fixa vom fixa fixat este fixat! folosi
Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables each of which is the sum of certain number of mutually independent random variables. M is the set of processes mt for each of which there exists a random variable m such that ... Precisely the same proof is valid for Gaussian primes provided only that we can find one prime. We fix some tS. Fix k points -1 x1 < x2 < ... < xn
1.
Indeed, let c>0 be an arbitrary fixed number. A quantity whose value is fixed in any investigation is called a constant. In the order to construct the solution to (2), we can use (or utilize / make use of / apply / employ) relation (12). The reader can draw on the data from [4]. The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI century. This property is utilized (or exploited) in numerous technical applicarions. The term "information" is sometimes used (or applied) to mean "data".
se folose$te
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale Let us now make use of the fact that the trajectory of process is right-continuous. The title should be printed in bold type. The numbers 0, 1, 2, ..., p-1 form a complete residue system modulo p. to set up (or to formulate / to form / to write) the equation
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ne vom folosi acum de ... font aldin forma formeaz! a forma ecua ia formalizare n formalizarea
When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the first fundamental assumption is that the results of the experiments can be described by means of a certain set . The function (t) also admits decomposition of the form (4.3). An integral of this form can be evaluated by substitution. Write equation (3.2) as (or in the form) ... To represent the solution of equation (12) explicitly, it is necessary to solve equation (8) for u(t). An equation that states a rule in a brief form is called a formula. More recently some of results were obtained in a simplified form. Let us formulate the conditions under which the statement is valid. The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is this.
form! de form!
n form! n form! explicit! ntr-o form! concis! ntr-o form! mai simpl! formula s! formul!m formulare formul! formula schimbului de variabil! formul! ini ial! func ie func ii absolut continue func ie caracteristic! func ie invers!
Apply now the change of variables formula to (1). the assumption formula The class of indefinite Lebesgue integrals of locally integrable functions is the class of absolutely continuous functions. E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to unity inside and to zero outside . the inverse function
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G
garanta garanteaz ! g!si g!sim se poate g!si greut! i mari genera genereaz! generat! general mai general From (5), (6) and (7), we find ... The facts used below can be found in [5]-[7]. The estimation of runs into severe (or great) difficulties. Here w(t) denotes the process which generates the current {Ft}. Fs is a -algebra generated by the events {(s)B}. More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost everywhere, then it converges also in a distributional sense. If the function f(x) is sectionally continuous, or, more generally, if it is Riemann-integrable, equation (1) is also true except of the points of discontinuities of f(x). To generalize the theorem, it is necessary to modify the definition of convolution. We now show how the method described above can be extended to prove the existence of . Theorem 6 can be easily generalized. Let us generalize equation (6) to the case under discussion. This condition ensures (or assures) the uniqueness of the solution.
generaliza pentru a generaliza poate fi generalizat poate u$or fi generalizat generaliza ... pentru cazul
poate fi generalizat! pentru This theorem may be generalized to the case of multiplicative error. cazul generalizare grad de gradul n grupa grup!m termenii asemenea pn(x) is a polynomial of degree n. To solve the equation 2x+x=12, unite (or group / collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain 3x 2/17/05 Distributions are a generalization of functions.
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Page 34 of 70 and then divide both members by 3 to find the value of x to be 4.
I
imediat Using Lemma 2 we can prove at once that G(u) satisfies condition (ii). It follows at once from 12.4 that ... In proving that Theorem 1.5 holds for the Gaussian integers we shall imitate as far as possible the proof already given for rational integers. This implies the completeness of {hn} in L01[0,). imita vom imita
implica aceast! implic! important foarte important
In applications the following theorem is of great importance. una din cele mai importante The concept of hierarchy is among the most important in the theory of general systems. The importance of the primes is due to the fact that, together with 0 and 1, all the other integers can be constructed from them. That such an impression is erroneous, we demonstrate by exhibiting another simple class of "integers" for which Theorem 8 is false.
importan !
impresie fals!
impune s! impunem condi ii asupra In order that the solutions converge, we must impose the following conditions on the coefficients of equations (2). include include (ind. prez. 3 sg.) It is obvious that the set F includes the set of rational numbers. Equation (8) incorporates normal losses. The dictionary contains (or includes) some information about the appropriate use of collocations. Some elements of artificial intelligence are now incorporated in system. The function f(x,y) possesses bounded partial derivatives up to the third order inclusive. Let Ft be a -algebra of the events observed up to and 2/17/05
sunt incluse inclusiv
Fraze uzuale including the moment t. independent independent de
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mutual independente
By a slight change in the method of [3] the reader can easily prove the theorem by himself. Let be a random variable independent of the algebra. This is true irrespective of whether E is a Hausdorff space or not. We can always do this, no matter how many points from D are contained in the sphere S. After each moment of regeneration the process X(t) evolves independently of its past. The distance between two points is the same irrespective of the direction in which it is measured. The function ex remains unaltered regardless of the number of times it is differentiated. Let 1, 2, ..., n be a sequence of random variables each of which is the sum of certain number of mutually independent variables. These results indicate (or suggest) that ... It makes no difference whether we say that t is a stopping time relative to {Ft} or {F't}. But this is impossible for any pair of integers a and b is in J. It is impossible to represent 12 as m2 + n2. Many of these questions are difficult if not impossible to answer. We shall prove the theorem by induction. Define the random variables Mn inductively. We shall prove the relation by induction in k. The value of a function f(x) at infinity, written f(), is the limit of this function as x . to infinity the infinitesimal (or the infinitesimal quantity / the infinitely small quantity) The limit distribution functions are determined by the fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing number of independent random variables such that a single summand becomes vanishingly small (or 2/17/05
indica indic! c! indiferent este indiferent imposibil este imposibil
induc ie dup! induc ie induc ie dup! k infinit la infinit pn! la infinit infinit mic
Fraze uzuale infinitesimal) with n. ini ial
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The distribution of the initial vector converges weakly to a limit as u0. The reader should be reminded that the initial value of was chosen to be 0=7.18. This example is instructive because it displays the structure of the process (P). to integrate by parts the definite integral If g(x) is a locally integrable function and the improper integral exists, then g()=0
instructiv integra prin p!r i integral! integral! definit! integral! improprie
integral! nedefinit! integrant integrare dup! integrare integrare prin p!r i interesant este interesant de observat c! intra intr! n care intr! n ...
provided g() exists. By an indefinite integral of a function f(x) we understood each function (x) such that '(x) = f(x). the integrand (or the expression under the integral sign) Replacing x by x+t in (1), we have, after integration, ... the integration by parts It is interesting to observe that the above formula remains true if the summation is understood according to the method of arithmetic means. This term appears in (or enters into) equation (9) in parentheses. The coefficient a*(x,s) entering into (or involved in) the expression for I t can be assumed to be constant. Introduce the sequence {an}n N of positive numbers. Allow sinu within the differential sign. Introducing 2n new variables i and i we deduced 2n equations. The notion of distribution was introduced to mathematics by S. Sobolyev in 1936. Data are entered (or fed) into the computer from the keyboard. 2/17/05
introduce introducem introducnd a fost introdus ! sunt introduse
Fraze uzuale intuitiv
Page 37 of 70 The model emerged from the intuition that the notions of hierarchy, complexity, stability, and entropy were to be very important. If the coefficients of equation (2) do not satisfy the Lipschitz condition, then the method of successive approximations is unsuitable for the construction of solutions. Conversely, formula (6) defines a measurable linear functional for any sequence of numbers (z,ek). Observe that if the hypothesis on the existence of values of F(x) at a and b is not fulfilled, the equality may be wrong. The proof might have been arranged in a different way if we had made no hypothesis about the value of G.
inutil pentru
invers ipoteza despre
n n acest scop To this end, we establish first that there exists a constant L such that ... For this purpose (or with this object in view / with this in mind), an attempt will be made to generalize the notion of entropy. E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
n afar ! n aplica ii n a$a mod nct
n concordan ! cu n conformitate cu
unity inside and to zero outside . In applications we often come across the so-called Heaviside function. For the new distributions one can define addition, subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function in such a manner that the fundamental properties are preserved. A variable x is said to vary continuously through an interval [a,b] when x increases from a to b in such a manner as to assume all the values between a and b in the order of their magnitudes. It follows from (1), (2) and (3) that the whole set is decomposed into abstraction classes so that two elements are in the same abstraction class if and only if they are equivalent. In accordance with the law of large numbers, a m = x. In accordance with (or by) the law of large numbers, a m = x. 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale n continuare n fond n grupe n interior Next, define M as the limit of Mt , as t.
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Basically, the difficulty with establishing inequality (6) is that ... The cards may be processed singly or grouped (or in groups). E(x) is the characteristic function of set , equal to
n ntregime
n loc de aceast! n mare m!sur! n realitate n sfr$it n spiritul n totalitate
n totalitate
n vigoare n virtutea
unity inside and to zero outside . All points of lie in the interior of y2<d. We will not attempt here to solve the problem in its entirety. Though the macroscopic properties of the cell population as a whole follow a deterministic growth law, the descriptors of individual ceils (such as size at division and age at division) are highly variable. The contents of this book may not be reproduced either in whole or in part. Instead, we will assume that ... The theory is based, to a large extent, on heuristic considerations. Actually, we shall prove somewhat more that we need for the present. Finally, to prove (5), suppose p is prime. The paper is written in the spirit of the Wilkinson's error analysis. The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process Z. The graphs of these sequences do not intersect and in totality there sequences absorb all jumps of the process Z. Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be assumed to be in force. In view of Theorem V, the sequences from Example 2 converge. By virtue of the basic assumptions, ... Right-angle projection is most widely used because of its comparative simplicity. On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions in the earlier sense can be identified with distributions of finite order. By 2.4, the limit of an(x) - gn(x) is also a polynomial of degree less than l. In the case discussed above the left-hand side of (1) can also interpreted as ... In the opposite case the point x0 is said to be singular. 2/17/05
n caz n caz contrar
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n caz general n caz particular
Moreover Np=0, for otherwise p"0 so that =, contrary to assumption. This derivative is, in general, not a function, but a distribution. In the special (or particular) case where =1 equation (3) can be solved explicitly. In the specific case of Fig.12 the function B(u) has two extrema. In the special case where the L2-martingale is continuous, the variation <M> will also be continuous. In this case ... In case where (or in the case when) a = 4k+3 equation (2) assumes a more simple form. In the case when measure is transferred from F into a smaller space F0, the space F0 often turns out to be a linear space. In the case under consideration the process (t) is continuous. In the case of a negative determinant a quadratic equation has no roots. In the limiting case the stochastic process (t) becomes a constant. In the simpler case where =1 this relation takes the form p=he2/3. In this particular case only one side of the triangle, namely BC, has traces within the limits of the drawing. This problem has received at best only fragmentary treatment. For many purposes (or in many cases / on numerous occasions) we shall need the following assumption. Analogously (or similarly / likewise), it is sometimes useful consider only positive solutions to Eqn (17). This theorem can be proved in much the same way (or manner) as Theorem 1. A similar argument yields ... The plane passing through the vertex A and the vertex C can likewise be constructed. The first term can be made arbitrarily small by an appropriate choice of . The variable, to which the values may be assigned at
n caz special n cazul acesta n cazul cnd
n cazul considerat n cazul dac! n cazul limit! n cazul mai sumplu n acest caz particular n cel mai bun caz n multe cazuri n mod n mod analogic
n mod arbitrar
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Page 40 of 70 pleasure, is called the independent variable. The initial values of and may be chosen arbitrarily (or at will).
n sens n sens intuitiv n sens larg
n sens uzual
n sensul
n sensul c!
n sensul larg n sensul nou n sensul urm!tor n sensul vechi
ntr-un anumit sens
Distributions may be, in an intuitive sense, approximated by functions. The reader acquainted with the Lebesgue integrals can interpret formula (1) in a still wider sense, viz. as the equality almost everywhere. A sequence of constant functions converges in the distributional sense if and only if it converges in the usual sense. More generally, if a sequence {fn(x)} converges almost everywhere, then it converges also in the distributional sense. This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for every t. This process is unique in the sense that if {Bt} is any process with properties (1) through (4), then At=Bt for every t. First of all, probabilistic methods are preferable in biological studies in that they allow to take into consideration the variability of the live matter. in a broad (or wide / loose) sense So has n conjugate in the new sense, but m in the old. The converse holds in the following sense. Sequences fundamental in the earlier sense are equivalent in the new sense if and only if they are equivalent in the earlier sense. So has n conjugates in the new sense, but m in the old. A minimal, in some sense, current is obtained if one observes nothing else, but the process (t) itself. Here the solution is a non-decreasing function of the drift coefficients and, in a sense, of the jump functions. A new theory has been put forward this year. We were informed that a new idea had been advanced at the closing session. to advance a hypothesis Many roadblocks must still be overcome before all the subgroups of G are described.
nainta a fost naintat! nainta o ipotez! nc!
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Fraze uzuale nc! mai mult
Page 41 of 70 These estimates could be further improved by including additional data in the computation. In order to improve the estimates still further, additional data should be included in the computation. Let us formulate one further assumption. To conclude, consider one more example. To find the sum of the series, we start from the known formula (1). Each command begins with a forward slash (/). We first establish the necessity of the condition. First let us define ...
nc! unul ncepe vom ncepe cu se ncepe nceput de la nceput ncheia demonstrarea pentru a ncheia demonstrarea ndoial! f!r! ndoial!
To complete the proof, it suffices to observe that ...
Undoubtedly (or without a doubt), the introduction of the theory ...
ndrepta aten ia vom ndrepta aten ia asupra Let us take note of the fact that the portions of the straight lines A1A2 and A3A2 are equal. nlocui este nlocuit poate fi nlocuit prin nlocuit ... prin nlocui a prin b F is replaced by Ft if t[0,T ]. The integer k can be, if necessary, replaced by any greater integer. Replacing in (2) by and afterwards x by x we obtain ... to replace a with (or by) b to substitute b for a to change a for b In case of right-continuity the condition (2) may be replaced by the requirement (3). In the definition of the mth derivative we can replace the polynomials pn(x) by functions fn(x). A(C) denotes the completion of B(C) with respect to . The letter M, with subscripts, will denote positive constants. 'ln' signifies the natural logarithm. 2/17/05
se poate de nlocuit putem nlocui prin nsemna nseamn! va nseamna
Fraze uzuale
Page 42 of 70 The expression (a+b)c signifies that the sum of a and b is to be multiplied by c. In this equation X stands for the velocity to be found. The subscript i identifies the number of the group. This means that a is different from any of a1, a2, ..., an. If we try to apply the principle of unique factorization to negative integers, we encounter an obvious difficulty in the possible presence of minus signs in the factors. We turn to the proof of the theorem. We can restrict the variable so that it takes on only values lying between a and b. Denoting by p(x) the polynomial within (or between) the signs | | on the left-hand side of (3), we can write ... It is asked what properties the limit distribution function must possess. These ideas can bring advantages in attacking the problem under consideration, over the usual theories. The distribution 2(x) is the derivative of the function
aceast! nseamn! c! ntmpina dificult! i ntmpin!m dificult! i
ntoarce ne ntoarcem ntre
ntreaba se ntreab! ntrebare considerat! ntrece care nu ntrece
E(x/2), where the symbol E(a) denotes the greatest integer not exceeding a. n elege n elegem prin ... vom n elege ...
Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the sence of Riemann or of Lebesgue. By the integral of the P-measurable function f we mean the Lebesgue-Stiltjes integral. By the product of a distribution f(x) = [fn(x)] by a number we understand the distribution [fn(x)]. By an indefinite integral of f(x) we mean a function of the form (2). A current is understood to be an increasing family of -algebras such that ...
prin ... se n elege n elegere profund!
This information is needed for a fundamental understanding of (or a deep insight into) the properties of ...
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J
jos mai jos de mai jos juca un rol va juca un rol decisiv joac! un rol important just The operations introduced below will be identical with the usual operations on functions. The definitions given below are for the processes defined on R+. The following fact will play a decisive role in the proof. The class of normal functionals plays an important role from the viewpoint of the causal calculus. Let us formulate the conditions under which the statement is valid (or true).
L
la fel la fel ca n cazul la fel ca $i This is proved in the same manner as in the case of discrete-argument submartingales. But then we could proceed from the pair (x,y) to a still smaller pair in the same way as from (x1, y1) to (x2, y2). The rest we leave to the reader. The slight change in the original proof which is needed here will be left to the reader. The estimation of runs into (or entails) great difficulties.
l!sa l!s!m va fi l!sat! cititorului lega este legat de limita ne vom limita la Not striving for the greatest generality, we shall confine ourselves to he study of martingales with continuous characteristics. In this section, we shall restrict our attention to integration over processes (t) with continuous characteristics. For the present we shall content ourselves with http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html 2/17/05
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Page 44 of 70 demonstrating the assertions just made concerning the sets G and H. We will first confine our attention to discrete-parameter supermartingales. We will restrict ourselves to the simplest case of =0. Accuracy is limited only by that of the original data. We shall restrict ourselves, in this paper, to the case ...
este limitat! de ne vom limita la cazul
limit! n limit! In the limit, as n, the last term in (8) vanishes. limit! inferioar! de integrare the lower limit of an integral limit! superioar! de integrare the upper limit of an integral literal lua n considera ie lu!m n considera ie In the term 4x2y the numerical multiplier of the literal part is the coefficient.
If we consider (or take into consideration) that the series is a series of positive terms, we have ... The analysis has been made without reference (or f!r! a lua n considera ie ... without regard) to heat losses. Regardless of the last term which is sufficiently small, equation (9) may be solved in radicals for x. The statement becomes apparent when it is dac! se ia n considera ie c! considered (or if it is remembered) that ... The statement becomes apparent when it is considered (or taken into account) that ... trebuie de luat n considera ie One should keep in mind (or it should be kept in c! mind / it should be remembered) that the partial sums of the series (2.2) are the Fourier transforms of functions Bn(t). to put (or to enclose) in parentheses [brackets, braces]
lua n paranteze rotunde [patrate, figurate]
M
mai mai ales mai mic dect mai mult ca att This chapter deals mainly (or chiefly / predominantly) with semigroups. Now p is in T and has norm less than N(). Moreover, every solution of (9) may be represented in the form (3).
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale mai mult dect ... mai multe ... dect
Page 45 of 70 Over (or more than) two thousand scientists took part in the 1st World Congress. The set B contains much more elements than the set A. The set B contains twice as many elements as the set A. the greatest lower bound the least upper bound applied mathematics Finite mathematics is considered as superior tool to use, over differential equations. pure mathematics In order to achieve this, we shall need some material from elementary number theory. This volume presents a wealth of material on stochastic integrals. the inverse matrix We denote by xmax the point at which the function f(x) has a maximum (or is at its maximum). Any polinomial of degree n ! 1 has at most n distinct roots. We shall make the most (or the best use) of the notation proposed by Dynkin in [8]. We can restrict the variable so that it shall take on only values lying between a and b. The sequence gn(x)=1/(1+e-nx ) is bounded by number 1. The investigation of the magnitude of this error is connected with profound properties of the geometry of numbers. Any term may be transposed from one member (or side) of equation to the other, provided its sign is changed. The first thing to notice is a wide variety of concepts of entropy in the scientific literature. We note that any arbitrary subset of is called an event. 2/17/05
margine margine inferioar ! exact! margine superioar! exact! matematic! matematic! aplicat! matemitic! finit! matematic! pur! material material bogat despre matrice invers! maxim maximum
m!rgini putem m!rgini m!rginit m!rimea erorii
membru al ecua iei (parte a ecua iei) men iona n primul rnd trebuie de men ionat men ion!m
Fraze uzuale Observe that (t ,Ft) is a potential. vom men iona c! It should be observed here that this definition of equality is usually adopted in the theory of the Lebesgue integral. the method of successive approximations
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metoda aproxim!rilor succesive minu ios modifica pu in modificnd modificnd pu in metoda modificare a metodei moment din acest moment pn! la momentul
The results reported by Dr. Evans need thoroughly be checked. We shall modify slightly the definition of ... By a slight change in the method of (3) the reader can easily prove the theorem by himself. This is a modification (or an adaption) of the method of steepest descent. From now on, we assume B to be a complete separable metric space. From this time on, the density function decreases. Define the -field of events prior to a moment (or a time / an instant) as Let Ft be a -algebra of events observed up to and including the moment t. Up till now no assumptions have been imposed concerning the convergence of (t). Let a(t,x) be a velocity of the particle at time t at point x. Twelve is a multiple of three. 12.6 is a whole (or an integer) multiple of 4.2. The -algebra A is generated by the P-null sets. We will assume in the future that the -algebra, N, contains all single-element sets.
pn! la acest moment n momentul t n punctul x multiplu multiplu ntreg mul ime mul ime de m!sur! 0 mul ime dintr-un singur element
N
neajuns neap!rat nu neap!rat http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html 2/17/05 To appreciate the demerits (or disadvantages) of the theory, to observe that ...
Fraze uzuale In general, e and * need not be identical.
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Let (t) be an increasing (but not necessarily adapted) integrable process. necesar necesar! este necesar este necesar ca Hence one of the factors of f(x) necessarily has the same degree as g(x). We are going to show that the function F(x) has the required property. In some problems of the filtering theory, it is necessary to work with Wiener processes on R. In order that two triangles be congruent, it is necessary that two angles of the first triangle be equal, correspondingly, to those of the second triangle. G(x) is the time needed for a cell to grow from size a to size x. By Theorem 2.1 it suffices to prove the necessity. the unknown the unknown quantity the sought-for (or the desired) quantity A number whose value is to be found is called an unknown number. Thus we obtained an equation in two unknowns. The comparison theorem for diffusion equations asserts that the solution of these equations is a non-decreasing function of the drift coefficient. Let be p-dimensional cycles, no linear combination
necesar pentru ca necesitate necunoscut
cu dou! necunoscute nedescresc!tor
nici nici o ... a c!rei nici un nici ... nici ..., nici ... nota vom nota s! not!m prin We denote by the set of all points of discontinuity of F(x). Let us denote by C the completion of S in this norm and by C* the corresponding conjugate space. Denote the points by P1, P2, ..., Pn. The area of the triangle FGH is denoted by S. This volume is designated as V. Variables are denoted usually by the later letters of the alphabet. The symbol f(x) is used to denote a function of x. of which is homologous to zero. No sD is an element of . is homologous to zero. No linear combination of The number 0 is neither positive nor negative.
este notat prin sunt notate prin pentru a nota
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale nota ie Let us introduce the following notation where '(x) = f(x). The Arab notation has been in use since the XVI century. The following designations are used: =1/a, =c/a, and =b/a. the standard notation
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nota ie standard! no iune
no iuni $i defini ii de baz! nu
When formalizing the notions of probability theory, the first fundamental assumption is that the results of experiments can be described by means of a certain set . basic concepts and definitions The line L does not intersect A or B. Last time we were not appealing to Theorem 7. But nothing in this definition indicates from whence the class [x] is obtained. This shows that this method cannot give all solutions of the equation. It is not a mere academic exercise to pick out the cases of equality in such an inequality as Gronwall's. Never did mathematicians worry much about the foundations in algebra. If there is no such , we write max f = . Thus we need not 8, but 9 parameters to describe the system. The Roman system uses seven capital letters to express numbers, viz.: I(1), V(5), X(10), L(50), C(100), D(500), and M(1000). We must prove that the two factorizations differ at most in the order in which the primes appear. Only then we can proceed to the limit in (14). It was not until the beginning of this century that the Euclidean geometry became completely axiomatized. This fact was not known until 1947. The process X(t) depends solely on u(t) and is independent of (t) and (t). Algebraic means alone is not sufficient to prove the fundamental theorem of algebra. In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be given whenever the rule is applied. These factorizations differ not merely in the order of the factors, but in the factors themselves.
nu ..., ci ... numera ie roman
numai
nu numai
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale num!r num!r ntreg num!r la cub num!r la p!trat numi vom numi se nume$te
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A unit or an aggregate of units is called a whole number, or an integer. A number a3 is read 'the cube of a', or 'the third power of a'. A number a2 is read 'the square of a', or 'the second power of a'. Let 1 and -1 be called units. We shall call r the radius of the set D. Such an instant of time is called (or is termed) a random time. Occasionally it is referred to as a random variable independent of the future, as a Markov moment or as a stopping time. Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random time. The method will be termed the method of imbedding. This portion of the curve will be called (or be named) the stable section.
se va numi
O
oare We don't know whether the limit law exists for such a process. If f(x) and g(x) are locally integrable functions, then the symbol f(x)+g(x) has the same meaning whether we interpret them as functions or as distributions. In the case where the distribution is a function, this definition coincides with the usual one. Notice that U is not unique. It may be noted that the problem lies actually in finding an such that M(t) C for all t. To prove 2o, observe that ... Observe that s is not uniquely determined. . Note that for s<t este util de observat c! de la nceput observ!m c! It is useful to remark that the integer k which occurs in the definition of fundamental sequences can be, if necessary, replaced by any greater integer. Observe first that ... obi$nuit observa observa i c! se observ! c!
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Fraze uzuale trebuie de observat c!
Page 50 of 70 It is worth noticing that, in accordance with the law of large numbers, a m = x. It should be noted that R(t) is almost everywhere nonzero. Identifying equivalent oriented segments we obtain the notion of free vector. Hence, by the induction hypothesis, we infer that a1=...=an=0. Thus we arrive at a factorization m=p1p2...pn, where each pi is positive and prime. This function is obtained by application to expression (4) a nonlinear differential operator . In this case equation (7) becomes (or takes the form / assumes the form) ... After k similar steps we finally obtain ... Let f(x,t) take on (or assume) values in Rm. Two lines may occupy the following relative positions in space: 1) they may be parallel, 2) they may be intersect or, 3) not intersect. The prime numbers occupy a special position among integers.
ob ine ob inem
se ob ine ob ine forma ob inem n rezultat ob ine valori ocupa ocup! pozi ie n spa iu ocup! un loc special omite putem omite
omitem
este omis opera ie opera ii aritmetice asupra
Since and n > 200, we may drop the last term on the right of (19). It would take us too far afield to give a proof of this theorem, so we omit it and content ourselves with demonstrating some applications of the theorem. The proof is omitted here. It follows immediately from the definition of convergence that the arithmetic operations on limits of sequences of distributions can be performed in the same way as on sequences of functions. Evolution may be defined as the process of finding a root of a number, or as the inverse of involution. Division is the inverse of multiplication. Numbers may be added in any order. To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the double integral in (6).
opera ie invers!
ordine n ordine aleatoare ordinea integr!rii
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Fraze uzuale oricare n-ar fi Whatever (or no matter what) t (may be), one can always find a sufficiently large N to satisfy the inequality N>t. Let be an arbitrary however small value. For each , the function () is called the sample path. For every number >0 there exists an index n0 such that | am - an |< for all m, n>n0.
Page 51 of 70
orict ar dori orice pentru orice
P
pagin! la pagina parantez! n paranteze Powell's carrier distribution, C() on page 245, is our distribution fm(T).
When numbers are collected by the sign of aggregation ( ), they are commonly said to be in parentheses. The expression between (or in) the brackets is precisely the Laplace transform of the function *(t). paranteze rotunde [patrate, The signs of aggregation are the parentheses (), the figurate] brackets [] and the braces {}. When an expression contains parentheses within paranteze pot fi deschise parentheses, the parentheses may be removed in succession, beginning with the innermost. If x goes through the values 1, 2, ..., p-1, then, by Theorem 2, ax goes through a complete residue system modulo p, excepting 0. An integral part of the creative approach to the problem under consideration is the analysis of its similarity to and difference from the analogous problems. The right-hand side of equation (12). The integer (or whole) part of a real number is the greatest integer not exceeding the number. The left-hand side (or member) of equation (12). The fractional part of 5.6 is 0.6.
parcurge parcurge valorile
parte parte component!
parte dreapt! parte ntreag! parte stng! partea frac ionar!
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Fraze uzuale n partea dreapt! n partea stng! pe de alt! parte parti ie patrat al num!rului p!stra p!streaz! vom p!stra sunt p!strate
Page 52 of 70 The term on the right-hand side (or on the right) of (12) vanishes as k. The term on the left-hand side (or on the left) of Eqn (12) vanishes as k. On the other hand, if [fn(x)] = f(x), then the first two conditions of Theorem 1 are satisfied. Let tk, k =1, ..., m, be a partition of the interval (s,t) into subintervals of equal length. When a is used twice as a factor, the product is the second power of a, or the square of a. Absolute constants retain the same value in all problems. Since distributions are a generalization of the notion of functions, we shall retain for them the usual notation of functions, i.e., f(x), g(x), etc. For the new distributions one can define addition, subtraction, multiplication by a number or by a function in such a manner that the fundamental properties are preserved. It should be observed that this definition of equality is usually adopted in the theory of the Lebesgue integrals. The height of the triangle is taken to be 12m. For this purpose we select first the Gaussian integers. To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with probability 1. In order that the last property be valid, it is sufficient that ... In order to achieve this, we shall need some material from elementary number theory. To formulate the corresponding result, we consider the following conditions which are the strengthened versions of conditions of Theorem 8. It is therefore reasonable to ask for which classes of "integers" the fundamental theorem holds, and for which it does not. For convenience we define a continuous locally increasing process to be an adapted process which has properties (1) through (4). The function cannot be constructed for any value of x.
primi fi primit
pentru pentru aceasta
pentru ca
pentru care
pentru comoditate
pentru nici un
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Fraze uzuale pentru simplitate periodic! cu perioada peste peste tot peste tot dens!
Page 53 of 70 For the sake of simplicity, consider the concentration of particles at height x above a horizontal barrier. We say that a function f(x) is periodic with a period , if f(x+) = f(x). By the Eisenstein's criterion the polynomial xn-2 is irreducible over the field of rational numbers. The function H(p(x)) is everywhere equal to 0. To determine IT (Ft), it is sufficient to describe the everywhere dense set IT2(Ft). We will describe a radically (or fundamentally) new approach to the problem. With probability 1 there exists the limit . By a polinomial in x1, x2, ..., xn we mean a sum of the form (6). The derivative F'(x) has the value 0 at the point 0. The stochastic integral (4) possesses finite moments up to the (2m)th order inclusive. The function possesses the property (1) for all and t. We are going to prove that the limits exist and the function F(x) has the required property.
principial nou probabilitate cu probabilitatea
polinom de poseda posed! posed! o proprietate
posibil posibil!
este posibil ca
este ntotdeauna posibil de f!cut practic precedent precedent!
To avoid possible confusion, we shall use this notation ... The error, if any, will be allowed for by visual estimation. It is possible that the ordinary derivative does not exist, although the distributional derivative has a value at this point. This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational integers nearest to A and B respectively. Practically it suffices to understand integrability in the sense of Riemann or of Lebesgue.
On account of the foregoing remark, the distributions in the earlier sense can be identified with distributions of finite order. 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale
Page 54 of 70 This follows from the previous theorem. Here X(t) is the number of paths, by which we go from the preceding levels of a hierarchy to the new level t. Using this technique we can calculate the phase as well as the amplitude of the process at time t. I think that my project is only tentative and subject to continuous revision as the work makes a progress. It is assumed that -algebra F0 is completed by all Pnull sets. All stochastic processes considered in this book will be assumed to be measurable. {Ft} is assumed to be right-continuous. We assume that F*G=H, the operation * being defined by F*G=RS, where R=TV. Suppose Xt is a continuous process. Suppose that the theorem is true for k-1. Suppose the conclusion of the theorem to be true for all f(x) of degree between 0 and n-1 inclusive. Suppose the contrary.
nivele precedente precum $i preliminar presupune se presupune c!
vom presupune c!
presupunem contrariul presupunere presupunerea c!
In defining K(x) we have made use of our assumption that b(x)=0 for x<a. This equation contradicts the assumption that G contains points not belonging to D. presupunerea conform c!rei The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can be somewhat weakened. The following assumptions are made concerning the presupuneri sunt f!cute random process (t): 1) the process is Ft-adapted and 2) it satisfies condition (1). Up till now no assumptions have been imposed concerning the convergence of n(t). Any potential t can be represented in the form ... Of interest also are the induced statistics. The results have encouraged (or aroused) a more serious interest in precision methods of control. I hope this paper will be of interest to you. To prove the existence of <a,a>t, the following lemma, which is of interest in its own right, will be required. Another theoretical approach of great interest consists 2/17/05
prezenta n forma poate fi prezentat n forma prezenta un interes prezint! un interes
va prezenta un interes prezint! un interes aparte care prezint! un mare
Fraze uzuale interes prin prin alegere probabil pu in probabil probabilist problem! de baz! proces coordonat in looking at the evolution toward equal phenotypic fitness.
Page 55 of 70
This we can always do by choosing s and t as rational integers nearest to A and B respectively. These conditions are unlikely to occur in practice. There is presented below a glossary translating settheoretic notions into probabilistic notions. We are now in a position to state the basic problem of algebraic number theory. A random process (t), t ! 0, is said to be adapted to a current of -algebras {Ft}t 0 if for every t the random
!
variable (t) is Ft-measurable. provine provine de la provin de la punct n punct
The word 'school' has its origin in the Greek word 'schole' meaning 'leisure'. The arithmetic symbols were derived from the Arabs and the Hindus. The function has no a
n puncte
derivative at the point 0. Such an identification can be extended to a wider class of functions which have the poles at some points and are locally integrable elsewhere. x and y are
punct ce se mi$c! dea-lungul In the equation of straight line
the variable coordinates of a point moving along the line. punct de vedere din punct de vedere logic From the logical point of view, this generalization is exactly of the same type as the generalization of rational numbers in the Cantor theory. Several other functions, very useful from the practical point of view, are considered in the following section. Here the starting point is the notion of fundamental sequences of rational numbers. Approximation is our starting point for the definition of distributions. The operator , assigns to (or associates with) any 2/17/05
din punct de vedere practic punct de referin !
pune n coresponden ! operatorul pune n
Fraze uzuale coresponden ! este pus ! n coresponden ! purta numele poart! numele putea nu putem nu se poate function from D a function from D(,0]. A probability is assigned to each outcome.
Page 56 of 70
It is instructive to study the Ito's method of defining the stochastic integral that now bears his name. If n=1, we cannot impose this condition. If n=1, this condition cannot be discarded. As regards the solution of equation (3), it may not be argued that it satisfies Condition 2. If a is used n times as a factor, the product is called the nth power of the number. This definition will be somewhat generalized below. The assumption under which formula (10) is valid can be somewhat weakened.
puterea a n-a a num!rului pu in
R
ra ionament There are doubtful points in the above reasoning. Following the argument of N. N. Bautin, we can now easily show that ... Reasoning similarly we convince ourselves that the solution to Eqn (7) is also unique. Reasoning as in the proof of Theorem 7, we can prove, under suitable assumptions, that relation (1) holds for s>N. 2 is the third, or cube, root of 8. indicates the nth root of a. When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the factors is called the root of the number. 5 is the square root of 25. It therefore remains only to verify that At is uniformly integrable. Much remains to be done in this area. This relation remains valid when one passes from functions to their differentials. ra iona ra ionnd analogic ra ionnd ca
r!d!cin! r!d!cin! cubic! din r!d!cin! de ordinul n din r!d!cin! din num!r r!d!cin! patrat! din r!mnea r!mne
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Fraze uzuale r!mne de demonstrat r!mne n vigoare
Page 57 of 70 Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each particular system considered that an equilibrium actually exists and is stable. Theorem 4 and Lemma 9.5 remain true. This result holds true if we proceed from the group G to any of its subgroups. The answer to the question must be postponed until later. Because of its great importance in this book, we recall the definition of a normal distribution. The reader is reminded that the conjugates over F of a number algebraic over F are the roots of the minimal polynomial of over F. It should also be recalled that R(t) is almost everywhere nonzero. Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse. This fact reduces the construction of the solution to (2) to that of a process such that is a martingale.
r!spuns reaminti reamintim reaminte$te c!
trebuie de reamintit c! reciproc $i reciproc reduce reduce la
se reduce la
Under these conditions equation (3) reduces to (4). This investigation amounts (or boils down) to finding the operator U such that U=UU. to reduce the equation to the form ... To solve the equation 2x+x = 12, unite (or group / collect) similar terms in the first member to obtain 3x and then divide both members by 3 to find the value of x to be 4. The Henry's Law refers only to the effect of pressure. Evidently the Einstein's restriction does not apply to the case under consideration. We now state a number of results concerning ordinary differential equations. As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the solution of equation (3), it may not be argued that it satisfies Condition 2o. 2/17/05
reduce ecua ia la form! reduce termenii asemenea reducem termenii asemenea
referi se refer! la nu se refer! la care se refer! ceea ce se refer!
Fraze uzuale As for property (ii), suppose first that a is a unit. regul! The rule for differentiation of a product. The rule for the change of variables in integral calculus. As regards (or in regard to / in respect to) the solution of Eqn (3), it may not be argued that it satisfies Condition 2. The process (t-) is a supermartingale with respect to the family of -algebras (Ft-) t!0. Given point A, construct point B symmetrical to the given point A in relation to plane . For the present we content ourselves with demonstrating the assertions just made concerning the sets G and H. In relation to , an experiment is completely characterized by a certain class of events. It is relevant to remark that the diffusion corresponds to the increase of entropy.
Page 58 of 70
relativ
relativ la remarca este cazul de a remarca repeta poate fi repetat! repetat! reprezenta reprezentat n form!
This procedure can be repeated with q2, q3, ... until all the prime factors on one side are exhausted. The repeated application of this procedure proves the assertion. Any potential t can be represented in the form (3).
poate fi reprezentat! n form! By the well-known Weierstrass approximation theorem, every distribution can be represented in the form [pn(x)], where pn(x) are polynomials. de a reprezenta ... ca ... To prove this statement, it suffices to present the integral as a limit of . respectiv respinge o ipotez! restrnge generalitate f!r! a restrnge generalitate The largest -factors are 1 and 2 respectively. to reject the hypothesis
We shall also assume, without restricting the generality, that z0=s0=0. We can assume, without any restriction of 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale
Page 59 of 70 generality, that all numbers amn can be arranged in a sequence {bk} convergent to b0. In our discussion we may assume, without loss of generality, that M is a subset of the set of natural numbers.
restric ie
With this additional restriction the problem just posed received an exhaustive solution in the papers of Bawty and Khinchin. to solve the equation for x explicitly [implicitly] to solve for x It is convenient, in solving problems, to use letters for the numbers which are sought. The result follows from the induction hypothesis. The term R/n results from the Bohr theory. Much of the utility of the theorem stems from the properties of the binomial coefficients. The proof follows immediately if we observe that ... Since u(t) is continuous, it follows at once that x(u (t), t) satisfies condition (ii). This results from the following lemma. This follows from the fact that e i/2 = i. From what has been said it follows that ... It follows from what has been said that T>0 almost surely on the set B. It follows from (1), (2), and (3) that the whole set is decomposed into abstraction classes without common elements so that two elements are in the same abstraction class if and only if they are equivalent. From this it follows that A is consistently defined except on a P-null set. This implies that ... It follows from this that ... It follows that R(s) is a commutative ring. It follows directly from the definition that ... This assertion follows immediately from relation (2). to raise to the nth power to cube a number to square a number 2/17/05
a rezolva ecua ia n raport cu x explicit [implicit] rezolva n raport cu x rezolvare la rezolvare problemei rezulta rezult! din
rezult! imediat rezult! nemijlocit aceast! rezult! din din cele spuse rezult! c! din ... rezult! c!
de aici rezult! c!
nemijlocit rezult! din
ridica ridica la puterea n ridica un num!r la cub ridica un num!r la patrat
Fraze uzuale
Page 60 of 70
ridicarea la putere
The process of finding any required power of a number is called involution.
S
satisface se satisfac condi iile sau ..., sau schimb schimb de variabil! schimb de variabil! la integrare schimba schimb!m ordinea de integrare f!r! a schimba este schimbat semnul schimbare schimbare mic! schimbarea ordinii de integrare f!r! schimb!ri Condition (4) is equivalent to the following conditions being satisfied. Since a satisfies (1), we have that either a=1 or a=p1. Relation (8) follows from the general rule of the change (or the substitution) of variables in integral calculus. the change of a variable in integration
To prove this, interchange the order of integration in the double integral in (6). The introduction of locally integrable allows us to strengthen Lemma 6.8 without changing its proof. Any term may be transposed from one member of equation to the other, provided its sign is changed. A slight change in the original proof will be left to the reader. The main point of the proof is to justify the interchange of the order of integration in (8.4). With this transform the first term in (4) vanishes, whereas the last one remains unaltered (or unchanged).
scoate n afar! parantezelor scoatem n afar! parantezelor Now factor out of the expression in parentheses the largest positive factor common to all the bi. Now take the largest positive factor out of the brackets. scop (obiectiv) The purpose (or objective) of this monograph is to make available elementary parts of classical algebraic number theory. The aim of this section is to define the stochastic integral for a wider class of predictable integrands 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale
Page 61 of 70 and, at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M. The purpose of this paper is to present the elementary exposition of the theory of distributions. The purpose of introducing real numbers is to make it always possible to carry out certain operations, e.g., the evaluation of roots or logatithms. The function F(x) can be written in the form ... Then we can write for the division-size density function (up to a normalization factor) . Writing down these inequalities for n, n+1, ..., n+m and adding them we obtain the estimation ... Write down the coordinates of the points A, B and C. If there is no such G, we write max f = 0. Write the equation as (or in the form) (2). In writing numbers, the figures are separated into groups of three figures each, called periods. Subtracting any number is equivelent to adding it with its sign changed (or with reversal of its sign). The numbers +2 and -2 have unlike signs. The number -2 is opposite in sign to +2. The products under the sign of are the products of continuous functions. under the integral sign In the last formula the symbol 0 has two different meanings: on the left-hand side it denotes the number zero and on the right-hand side the zero distribution. the absolutely [conditionally] convergent series I wish to express gratitude to O. A. Oleinik for her valuable advice. Progressive measurability of an S-valued process is defined similarly. Reasoning similarly, we convince ourselves that the solution to Egn (17) is also unique. The definition is the same as the one given above, but with R instead of [0,T ]. Simplify 4a-(2a-2b). Thus the introduction of distributions makes the 2/17/05
scopul acestei lucr!ri scopul const! n ...
scrie se poate de scris n form! putem scrie
scriind vom scrie scriem ... n form! scriere n scrierea semn cu semn opus semnul opus sub semnul sub semnul integralei sens
serie absolut [condi ional] convergent! sfat similar
similar ca simplifica simplific!m simplific!
Fraze uzuale calculation easier. To simplify the equation, make the substitution u=2x2-1. This equation can be simplified by the substitution u=2x2-1. To reduce the fraction by the factor a.
Page 62 of 70
pentru a simplifica poate fi simplificat! simplifica frac ie prin a simplifica prin putem simplifica prin sistem sistem de nota ii sistem zecimal
We can divide out (p-1)! from each side to obtain the conclusion. the system of notation The Arabic system, which is a decimal system, employs ten figures to express numbers, viz.: naught, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, and nine. This quantity may take on any values, however closely spaced. Hence, we can weaken condition in the following way. The aim of this section is to define the stochastic integral for a wider class of predictable integrands and, at the same time, to relax the restrictions on M. Equation (7) has a unique solution. A function :S is called an S-valued stochastic process and S is called the state space of . C (R+) can be regarded as a complete separable metric space under the topology of uniform convergence. The values of (t) are sometimes called the states of a stochastic system and the space S, the phase space of the system . As has been stated (or specified) above, the functions pm(x) defined by (1.6) are bounded. We agree to assume, unless otherwise specified, that all processes are adapted. Unless otherwise stated, condition (2) will always be 2/17/05
situa situate aproape sl!bi putem sl!bi pentru a sl!bi restric iile referitor ... solu ie solu ie unic! spa iu spa iu de st!ri spa iu metric separabil complet spa iu-faz!
specifica cum a fost specificat mai sus dac! nu este specificat contrariul
Fraze uzuale assumed to be in force. spune spune (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
Page 63 of 70
se spune vom spune vom spune c! ... spunnd spunnd mai exact din cele spuse mai sus stabili stabile$te stabilim a fost stabilit a fost stabilit! de a stabili condi ii
The principle of mathematical induction says: "If P is true ..." The second law states (or reads): "If the same current flows ..." The theory holds (or states) that ... Stated in a simple form, the hypothesis runs as follows. If conditions (i) and (ii) are also fulfilled, then the current is said to satisfy the 'ordinary' conditions. If the members of a pair are equal, say to a, then a2=1 (mod p). We shall say that two integers a and b are relatively prime if they share no factors except 1. The function F is, so to say, the optimal cost of the continuation of control. To put it more exactly, ... From what has been outlined (or said) above the following conclusions may be drawn. This requirement places (or sets) the upper limit on the admissible error. We first establish the necessity of the condition. This fact was ascertained (or established) from experience. The average value was found to be 16 3. Theorem 1.6 allows to lay down the conditions under which the solutions to equations (6) are continuous in parameter z. Approximations, strictly defined, is our starting point for the definition of distributions. The experiments studied in probability theory are carried out when a certain set of conditions Y is satisfied. For this we make the substitution t-x=s. Substituting these numbers into (or in) (1), we find that ... to make the substitution of b for a to carry out the change of a for b the substitution of b for a
strict studia studiat
substitui substituim substituind ... n substitui a cu b substitu ia b cu a
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Fraze uzuale suficient suficient de mare
Page 64 of 70 This equation determines a sufficient condition. Whatever t may be, one can always find a sufficiently large N such that ... Now ECt < /2, if n is taken large enough. The term can be made sufficiently small by makingthe partition of the interval [0,T ] fine enough. By theorem 2.1, it suffices to prove the necessity. It suffices to show that if is a Gaussian integer, so is and hence +. Suffice it to say that ... It suffices to say that ... It is enough to say that ... In order that the series (1) of independent random variables converge, it is sufficient that the series (2) and (3) converge. To this end it suffices for the first term in (1) to have the distribution F(x) and for the others to be zero with probability 1. A series is said to be convergent if the
suficient de mic
este suficient este suficient de ar!tat c! ... este suficient de spus c! ...
este suficient pentru ca pentru aceast! este suficient ca suma par ial!
sequence of its partial sums fn(x) = g1(x) + ... + gn(x) converges. sumar supune se supune legii A survey of the general theory of stochastic processes can be found in [4]. The distribution of errors adheres to the law of probability. The kinetics of the system obey (or follow) the ideal gas law. It the coefficients on the right of (2) satisfy the Lipschitz condition, then the function w(t) obeys the equation (3.1). The equilibrium distribution of particles in a gravitational field adheres to (or is governed by) the Boltzmann equation. It is easy to see that the relation of equivalence defined above has the following properties. The integral is well-defined in
se supune ecua iei
sus mai sus de mai sus
accordance with the above definition. The definition is the same as the one given above, but http://math.ournet.md/formule/fraze/fraze.html 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale with R instead of [0,T].
Page 65 of 70
T
t!ia taie trziu mai trziu teorem! teorema despre valoare medie teorema probabilit! ii totale teorem! preliminar! teorem! reciproc! teoretic Equal chords cut off equal arcs, and the converse. We shall show later on that this generalization contains also class of non-continuous functions.
the theorem of the mean the theorem of total probability Some preliminary theorems will be established first. The converse theorem in not true. Theoretically, it still remains to prove for each particular system considered that an equilibrium actually exists and is stable. the theory of games the theory of numbers (or the set theory) the theory of numbers (or the number theory) the theory of probability the theory of stochastic processes the unified theory Continuous functions on a fixed interval are the starting point for the theory to be developed here. Any term may be transposed from one member of equation to the other, provided its sign is changed. Roughly speaking, each convergent series can be differentiated term by term (or termwise). This completes (or concludes) the proof of Lemma 4 and also that of Theorem 2. Then r=s and we are done. {Ut} is the 'dual predictable projection' in the terminology of Dellacherie and Meyer [42].
teorie teoria jocurilor teoria mul imilor teoria numerilor teoria probabilit! ilor teoria proceselor stocastice teorie unitar! teoria ce va fi dezvoltat! termen termen cu termen termina termin! am terminat terminologie n terminologia
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Fraze uzuale timp n timp ce
Page 66 of 70
Thus 5 and 9 are relatively prime, whereas 6 and 9 are not. As the point x tends to a, the function g(x) approaches the value g(a). Each summand on the right of (12) becomes vanishingty small with (or as) n. to let smth approach (or to let smth go to) infinity to tend to (or to approach) infinity The limit distribution functions are determined by the fact that they are the limits for sums of an increasing number of independent random variables such that a single summand becomes vanishingly small with n. Summing up these conditional probabilities over all the newborn particles in the sample, we find that ... Thus the integral on the right side of (5) can be analytically continued to the whole domain. The class of functionals of degree n covers the entire space Hn(-n). When the factors of a number are all equal, any of the factors is called a root of the number. Every succeeding (or subsequent) member an must be less than aN. However, not all distributions can be represented in the form [f(x)], i.e., not all distributions can be identified with continuous functions. The function possesses the property (1) for all and t. to rearrange the equation Let us transform (1) to the form (2). to become infinite the inverse transform The problem must be solved as soon as possible. To ensure the existence of a solution to (14), additional assumptions need be made. Much needs to be done to complete the theory. It should be particularly emphasized that condition (*) 2/17/05
tinde la cnd ... tinde la cnd ... tinde la infinit tinde la infinit tinde la zero (ind. prez. 3 sg.)
toate dup! toate tot (n ntregime)
to i to i urm!torii nu to i
pentru to i transforma a transforma ecua ia s! transform!m la form! a se transforma n infinit transformare invers! trebui trebuie
Fraze uzuale
Page 67 of 70 is not essential and was introduced solely for the sake of convenience. To comprehend the main idea of my talk, it is essential (or necessary) that the students be familiar with the generalized Galois theory. In stating rules, letters are used to represent not only the numbers to be found, but also the numbers that must be given whenever the rule is applied. But p is of the form 1+4n, so that a p=l+im, as required. It follows that the points C1 and C2 lie on the line of
care trebuie
ceea ce trebuia ceea ce trebuia de demonstrat
intersection of the planes and , which is what had to be proved. However, by condition m>n/2 one has q>2, q.e.d.
trece trecnd la limit!
de a trece la limita poate fi trecut dintr-o parte a ecua iei n alt!
Approaching the limit as k and utilizing Fatou's lemma we obtain (8). Proceeding (or passing) to the limit in equality (5) we convince ourselves that this limit is a solution of equation (2). To obtain equation (3), it is necessary to pass to the limit in relation (1). Any term may be transposed from one member of equation to the other, provided its sign is changed.
trecere trecerea de la ... trecerea la limit! la trecerea la limit!
The identification of equivalent elements consists in the passage from the elements of the set in question to the abstraction classes. This equation is obtained from relation (3) by passing to the limit. Inequality (7) becomes the exact equality if one passes to the limit. When passing to the limit, inequality (7) becomes the exact equality.
ine minte innd seam! trebuie s! inem minte c!
Considering (or taking into account) that the series is a series of positive terms, we have ... It is to be remembered (or it should be borne in
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale
Page 68 of 70 mind) that the specific properties of the limit distribution functions are determined by the fact that ...
U
unul $i numai unul unde uneori Hence there is one and only one x which satisfies the congruence. We assume that F*G=RS, where R=TV. Occasionally a stopping time is referred to as a random time. Sometimes a current is understood to be an increasing family of -algebras. The element q is unique. If S consists of a single element x, then R(x) is commutative. This set of conditions uniquely determines the results of the experiment. Thus, the function f(x) is uniquely determined provided it exists everywhere.
unic
univoc univoc determinat! urma aceast! urmeaz ! din
This follows from the Fundamental Theorem of arithmetic. cum urmeaz! din cele spuse As appears from the above, the cycle C determines a curve L. Such an element is unique. Making the change of variables x=acos and =t+ the following relation may be obtained . The new statement of the Fundamental Theorem is this. It is not difficult to establish the existence of an infinite number of rational primes. This property of martingales may be useful when proving the existence theorems for stochastic differential equations. The following result will be very helpful in proving the theorems of this chapter.
urm!torul urm!toare
este urm!toare u$or este u$or de ... util
utiliza putem utiliza metoda
In order to construct such a process, we can take such 2/17/05
Fraze uzuale
Page 69 of 70 an approach. We shall prove below a very useful result which will be constantly used in our work. Using condition 2) of the theorem and commonly employed estimates we assure ourselves that ...
va fi utilizat permanent utilizate de obicei
V
valoare cu valori The value of a function f(x) at x=x0 will be denoted by f(x0). The problem of interpolation consists in approximate evaluation of a function f(x) at a given point x1<x*<xn from its values on a finite set of points x1, x2, ..., xn. Let (,t) be a random function with values in Rm. The Dirac function (x) has the value 0 at each point x"0 and has no value at the point x=0. The absolute value of b is greater that of a. These numbers are equal in absolute magnitude. Let j , j=1, 2, ..., n, be mutually independent identically distributed random variables. See, for example, the deduction of inequality (11) in the proof of Theorem 1. It is easy to see that {gn} is complete in L1[0,1]. It will readily be seen that that for any >0 the sequence Z(n,) forms a Galton-Watson process. As is easily seen, there exists a Borel function s such that ...
cu valori n valoare n punct valoare absolut! dup! valoarea absolut! variabile aleatoare cu acela$i reparti ie vedea vede i este u$or de v!zut c!
cum este u$or de v!zut verifica se verific !
sunt verificate
In the case of distributions the following identities are valid. Since inequality (4.8) holds true, the function (x) is non-negative. Since the conditions (1), (2) and (3) are fulfilled,the set of all fundamental sequences gets decomposed into disjoint abstraction classes.
2/17/05
Fraze uzuale verific! cetin e pentru a verifica este u$or de verificat c! The functionals L and M satisfy (or meet) the aforementioned requirements. To verify that h(t) is the desired solution, observe that ...
Page 70 of 70
It is easily verified that the polynomial xn-2 is irreducible over the field of rational numbers. The experiments studied in probability theory are dac! o serie de condi ii este carried out when a certain set of conditions F is verificat! satisfied. verific! condi ia Assume that the function B(,t) satisfies the local Lipschitz condition. We shall prove that the function F(x) satisfies (or verific! ecua ie fulfils) equation (1). vom verifica ipoteza despre ... We shall test the hypothesis that ... viitor n viitor In what follows the notation 'm|n' means 'm divides n'. Here and in the sequel the ai denote positive constants. Henceforth we shall adhere to the following model of the probability theory. In the future n will always be assumed to be bounded. In the future, when continuous local martingales are discussed, the n will always be assumed to take values from T. This method is too cumbersome (or awkward / unwieldy). The results of the experiments will, generally, be different. Generally, Eqn (10) may have no solution.
voluminos vorbind n general
2/17/05

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Dictionar Roman-Englez dreptunghi drum dual - rectangle - way - dual

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Dictionar Englez-Roman de Termeni Matematici

Dictionar Englez-Roman number line numerator - dreapt' numeric' - num'r'tor

Dictionar Englez-Roman volume - volum

Dictionar Matematic Roman-Englez de Fraze Uzuale

afirma ie afirma ie mai general! afirma ie necesar! afirma ie reciproc!

afla a afla ajunge ajungem la ... ajutor cu ajutorul

altfel altfel zis am!nun it mai am!nun it ambele

ambiguu aminti amintim c!

analiza pentru a analiza este analizat!

aparatul matematic apar ine apar ine la

cum este ar!tat mai sus arbitrar argument

asociat asociat! cu (referitoare la)

astfel ... ca astfel ... nct

a$a numit a$a ... pentru care a$adar

atinge atinge maximum [minimum]

atrage aten ia s! atrag! aten ia

atribui sens pentru a atribui sens

atribui valoarea atribuim valoarea valori pot fi atribuite automat

auxiliar avantaj avantaje avantaj principal

Fraze uzuale dac! are sens The symbol , if it is meaningful, always

binen eles biunivocitate

c!rui al c!rui care este caz caz particular cazul considerat

c!uta vom c!uta sunt c!utate c!utat!

Fraze uzuale n c!utarea cteva

cerin ! mai puternic!

chiar n cazul cnd

Fraze uzuale ciocni cu ne ciocnim cu cititor clasic

clar este clar c!

intuitiv este clar

coeficientul pe lng! coeficientul pe lng! termenul superior coincide coincide cu

complet satisf!c!tor completa este completat! complicat

conclude condi ie condi ia asupra condi iile conform c!rora

alte condi ii fiind acelea$i

n condi iile teoremei

conform teoremei consecin ! consecin ! din este o consecin !

considera consider!m poate fi considerat! s! consider!m

consta const! n ...

construc ie construi pentru a construi

continuu continu! din dreapta dup! t

contrazice ce contrazice aceast! contrazice contrazice presupunerii

contribui pentru a contribui la r!spndirea

con ine se con ine

a se convinge n trebuie s! se conving! c! pentru a se convinge n ...

pentru a se convinge n aceasta

Fraze uzuale se poate de convins c! este u$or de convins c! coordona se coordoneaz!

corectitudinea defini iei coresponden ! biunivoc!

da restul de la mp!r ire d! restul de la mp!r ire dac!

dac! acesta este cazul dac! acesta exist!

dac! numai dac! $i numai dac! dac! $i numai dac ! exist!

dac! ..., atunci dac! ... nu dar

dar atunci dar nu date ini iale datorit!

de fiecare dat! cnd

defini definim definit!

definit anterior pozitiv definit

demonstrare n procesul demonstr!rii demonstra ie

Fraze uzuale f!r! demonstra ie denumire deoarece

deoarece n caz contrar

deoarece ..., atunci

deosebi se deosebe$te prin

deosebire spre deosebire de ...