de aplicare a acestor principii i metodelor ecologiei n diverse domenii de

activitate, dar mai cu seam n agricultur. n cuprinsul crii se subliniaz

necesitatea de abordare holist a tuturor proceselor naturale i economice, n
spiritul respectului fa de natur i a solidaritii cu generaiile viitoare. Sperm c
n paginile sale, cititorii vor gsi informaii utile i ndemnul necesar pentru
cutarea celor mai nelepte soluii de gestionare a resurselor naturale i a mediului
nconjurtor.
Timioara, 01 septembrie 2001
Prof. Ioan COSTE

Cuvnt nainte

Ecologia este tiina chemat s explice relaiile pe care vieuitoarele le

stabilesc ntre ele i cu mediul lor de trai. Prezente de-a lungul secolelor n operele
multor naturaliti, preocuprile privind aceste relaii s-au cristalizat ntr-o tiin de
sine stttoare abia n secolul XX, atunci cnd n biologie s-au acumulat un numr
suficient de date, i mai ales n ultimele decenii, cnd a fost adoptat metoda
sistemic, avnd la baz recunoaterea multiplelor conexiuni din natur.
Ecologia opereaz cu un sistem de concepte din ce n ce mai complex,
rezultat din propriile cercetri, ca i din cercetrile n domenii conexe. nsuirea
corect a acestor concepte st la baza operabilitii i previne ambiguitatea ce ar
putea fi generat de sfera larg de aplicare.
Ecologia este astzi i stare de spirit a societii, nelinitit de epuizarea
resurselor naturale, de degradarea mediului n care triete, de nsi existena sa
viitoare. Ca urmare, cunotinele ecologice sunt n curs de integrare n numeroase
discipline i genereaz un curent militant, ecologist, din ce n ce mai puternic.
Cartea de fa, destinat studenilor i unui public mai larg preocupat de
problemele de ecologie, prezint conceptele principale ale acestei tiine, direciile

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5.3. Producerea de alimente i aria cultivat minim......................................

5.4. Agroecosistemele i resursele alimentare n Romnia..............................
5.5. mbuntirea situaiei alimentare mondiale: posibiliti i limite
ecologice i economice............................................................................

CUPRINS

1. ECOLOGIA I ECOLOGIA AGRICOL CONCEPIA SISTEMIC

N ECOLOGIE................................................................................................11
1.1. Dezvoltarea ecologiei ca tiin..................................................................
1.2. Obiective i direcii de cercetare ecologic, legtura ecologiei cu alte
tiine.........................................................................................................
1.3. Contribuia oamenilor de tiin romni la dezvoltarea ecologiei i
ecologiei agricole.......................................................................................
1.4. Ecologia agricol. Obiectul i metodele de cercetare.................................
1.5. Concepia sistemic. Sisteme biologice......................................................
2. MEDIUL NCONJURTOR. REACIA SPECIILOR LA ACIUNEA
FACTORILOR ECOLOGICI........................................................................23
2.1. Conceptul de mediu nconjurtor...............................................................
2.2. Omogenitatea i stabilitatea mediului.........................................................
2.3. Aciunea factorilor ecologici......................................................................
2.4. Reacia speciilor la aciunea mediului........................................................
3. ECOSISTEMUL. CONCEPTUL DE ECOSISTEM. STRUCTURA,
FUNCIILE I DINAMICA ECOSISTEMULUI. TIPURI DE
ECOSISTEME NATURALE.........................................................................39
3.1. Conceptul de ecosistem..............................................................................
3.2. Structura ecosistemului..............................................................................
3.3. Funciile ecosistemului...............................................................................
3.4. Dinamica ecosistemului.............................................................................
3.5. Tipuri de ecosisteme naturale (Biomuri)....................................................

6. POLUAREA MEDIULUI NCONJURATOR. MIJLOACE DE

PREVENIRE I COMBATERE A FENOMENULUI DE POLUARE....175
6.1. Conceptul de poluare................................................................................
6.2. Factorii poluani.......................................................................................
6.3. Sursele de poluare....................................................................................
6.4. Ci de rspndire a poluanilor n mediu..................................................
6.5. Mecanismele de aciune ale poluanilor asupra metabolismului...............
6.6. Efectele biologice ale factorilor poluani. Implicaiile lor n producia
de alimente i n calitatea vieii umane....................................................
6.7. Efectele globale ale polurii.....................................................................
6.8. Pagube economice produse de poluare.....................................................
6.9. Mijloace de prevenire i combatere a polurii..........................................
7. GESTIONAREA RESURSELOR NATURALE I A MEDIULUI
NCONJURTOR. DEZVOLTAREA DURABIL...................................209
7.1. Concepte i principii ecologice n gestionarea resurselor naturale i
conservarea mediului nconjurtor...........................................................
7.2. Gestionarea resurselor naturale................................................................
7.3. Ecodezvoltarea (Dezvoltarea durabil, Dezvoltarea sustenabil)............
7.4. Utilizarea optim a resurselor naturale n agricultur...............................
ANEX. CONVEN'II I TRATATE INTERNAIONALE
PRIVIND CONSERVAREA MEDIULUI NCONJURTOR
I RESURSE LOR NATURALE.................................................................269
BIBLIOGRAFIE...........................................................................................271
INDEX DE TERMENI.................................................................................277

4. ECOSISTEMUL AGRICOL (AGROECOSISTEMUL)..............................85

4.1. Conceptul de ecosistem agricol (agroecosistem)........................................
4.2. Originea i evoluia agroecosistemelor.......................................................
4.3. Tipurile de agricultur................................................................................
4.4. Agrobiomuri. Tipuri de ecosisteme agricole.............................................
4.5. Productivitatea agroecosistemelor i recolta agricol...............................
4.6. Utilizarea energiei n realizarea produciei agricole vegetale...................
5. ECOSISTEMELE AGRICOLE I ALIMENTAIA UMAN.................147
5.1. Necesitile alimentare i poziia trofic actual a omului........................
5.2. Resursele alimentare actuale ale populaiei umane...................................

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5.3. Food production and minimal cultivated area..........................................

5.4. Agro ecosystems and food resources in Romania.....................................
5.5. Ecological and economical possibilities and limits..................................

CONTENTS

1. ECOLOGY AND AGRICULTURAL ECOLOGY. THE SYSTEMIC

CONCEPTION IN ECOLOGY.....................................................................11
1.1. The development of ecology as a science...................................................
1.2. Objectives and trends in ecological research; the relationship between
ecology and other sciences........................................................................
1.3. The contribution of Romanian scientists to the development of ecology
and of agricultural ecology........................................................................
1.4. Agricultural ecology. Object and research methods....................................
1.5. The systemic conception. Biological systems............................................
2. ENVIRONMENT. THE REACTION OF THE SPECIES TO THE
ACTION OF THE ECOLOGICAL FACTORS............................................23
2.1 The concept of environment........................................................................
2.2. Homogeneity and stability of the environment...........................................
2.3. The action of the ecological factors............................................................
2.4. The reaction of the species to the action of the environment......................
3. ECOSYSTEM. THE CONCEPT OF ECOSYSTEM. STRUCTURE,
FUNCTIONS, AND DYNAMICS OF THE ECOSYSTEM. TYPES OF
NATURAL ECOSYSTEMS...........................................................................39
3.1. The concept of ecosystem..........................................................................
3.2. The structure of the ecosystem...................................................................
3.3. The functions of the ecosystem..................................................................
3.4. The dynamics of the ecosystem..................................................................
3.5. Types of natural ecosystems (biomes)........................................................

6. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION. PREVENTING AND FIGHTING

POLLUTION.................................................................................................175
6.1. The concept pf pollution ..........................................................................
6.2. The pollutants...........................................................................................
6.3. Sources of pollution.................................................................................
6.4. Pollutant spreading ways..........................................................................
6.5. Pollutant action on the metabolism...........................................................
6.6. Biological effects of the pollutants. Their implications in food
production and in human life quality.......................................................
6.7. Global effects of pollution........................................................................
6.8. Economical damages of pollution............................................................
6.9. Prevention and fighting of environmental pollution and of food staff
.................................................................................................................
7. NATURAL RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT. LONG-RUN
DEVELOPMENT.........................................................................................209
7.1. Ecological concepts and principles in administrating natural resources
and in environment preservation .............................................................
7.2. Administration of natural resources..........................................................
7.3. Eco development (long-run and sustainable development)......................
7.4. The optimum use of natural resource in agriculture.................................
INTERNATIONAL CONVENTIONS AND TREATISES
CONCERNING ENVIRONMENTAL AND NATURAL
RESOURCES PRESERVATION ................................................................269
BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................................................................271
INDEX OF TERMS................................................................................276

4. THE AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEM (THE AGRO ECOSYSTEM)......85

4.1. The concept of agricultural ecosystem (Agro ecosystem)..........................
4.2. Origin and evolution of the agro ecosystems..............................................
4.3. Types of agriculture....................................................................................
4.4. Agro biomes. Types of agricultural ecosystems........................................
4.5. The productivity of the agro ecosystems and agricultural crop.................
4.6. The use of energy in crop production.......................................................
5. AGRICULTURAL ECOSYSTEMS AND HUMAN FEEDING................147
5.1. Food necessities and trophic position of the man nowadays.....................
5.2. Human food resources nowadays.............................................................

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