1

Manualul a fost aprobat prin ordinul Ministrului Educaiei al Republicii Moldova nr. 357
din 11 mai 2012.
Lucrarea este elaborat conform curriculumului disciplinar i finanat din Fondul Special
pentru Manuale.
Acest manual este proprietatea Ministerului Educaiei al Republicii Moldova.
coala/Liceul ...........................................................
Manualul nr. ..................
Anul de
folosire
1
2
3
4
5

Numele i prenumele elevului

care a primit manualul

Anul
colar

Aspectul manualului
la primire

la returnare

Profesorii vor controla dac numele elevului este scris corect.

Elevii nu trebuie s fac nici un fel de nsemnri n manual.
Aspectul manualului (la primire i la returnare) se va aprecia: nou, bun, satisfctor, nesatisfctor.

Comisia de evaluare:
Dorin Afanas, doctor, confereniar universitar, UST
Ana Gangan, profesoar, grad didactic I, Liceul Teoretic G. Clinescu, Chiinu
Olga puntenco, profesoar, grad didactic superior, Liceul Teoretic Gaudeamus, Chiinu
Autori:
Ion Achiri, doctor, confereniar universitar, IE (Modulele 4, 6, 7)
Petru Efros, doctor, confereniar universitar, USM (Modulul 9)
Valentin Garit, doctor, confereniar universitar, USM (Modulul 9)
Nicolae Prodan, doctor, confereniar universitar, USM (Modulele 1, 2, 3, 5, 7)
Traducere din limba romn: Ion Achiri, Petru Efros, Valentin Garit, Nicolae Prodan
Redactor: Tatiana Rusu
Corector: Lidia Paa
Coperta: Sergiu Stanciu, Adrian Grosu
Paginare computerizat: Valentina Stratu, Iana Stratu
I. Achiri, P. Efros, V. Garit, N. Prodan, 2012
Editura Prut Internaional, 2012
Editura Prut Internaional, str. Alba Iulia nr. 83, Chiinu, MD 2071
Tel.: 75 18 74; tel./fax: 74 93 18; e-mail: editura@prut.ro
Difuzare: Societatea de Distribuie a Crii PRO NOI, str. Alba Iulia nr. 23, bl. 1 A, Chiinu, MD 2051
Tel.: 51 68 17, 51 57 49; www.pronoi.md; e-mail: info@pronoi.md
Imprimat la F.E.-P. Tipografia Central. Comanda nr. 7330
CZU 51(075.3)
M 34
ISBN 978-9975-54-052-0


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13

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.

(N, Z, Q, R)
;
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;
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;
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.

, ,

, K , K + , K
, ,
K.
, ,
.

1
1046
23
)
) = 0,33... = 0, (3);
)
= 2,1(13);
= 0,023;
3
1000
495
3 1
23
113 1 1046
) 0,023 =
; ) 0, (3) = = ; ) 2,1(13) = 2 + 0,1(13) = 2 +
.
=
9 3
1000
990
495

N, Z, Q.
.
. , 1 2.
:
a . , ,
a 2 = 12 + 2 2 = 5.
4

m
m
. a = Q . = 5, ,
k
k
2
2
2
m = 5k m M 5, m M 5 m = 5t , t N. m 2 = 5k 2 m
25t 2 = 5k 2 5t 2 = k 2 , k M 5. ,
5,
k
. , a
, Q.
, ,
5, , 5.
5 , , .
2 2 < 5 < 32 , 2 < 5 < 3. 2 3 5 1. [2, 3] 10 2,2 2,3,
(2,2)2 < 5 < (2,3)2 . 2,2 2,3 5 10-1.
2,23 2,24 5
10-2.
, 5 (, 5 ). 2,23...
( )
. ,
, . , 2 , 7 , = 3,1415... ( ) .
, n n n
10 n , :
1) n < < n 2) n n = 10 n , n N. ,
( n ) n 0 , ( n) n 0 , n N, 1) 2).
, , n = n = , nk .
, = 2,719 : 0 = 2, 0 = 3; 1 = 2,7, 1 = 2,8; 2 = 2,71, 2 = 2,72;
2; 3 = 2,719 = 3 = 4 = 4 = ... = n = n = (nk = 3).

.
(Q) (I) , R.
, R ,
/ .
: N Z Q R;
I R; R = Q N I.
5

2
.
, a Ox
M , OM = | a |, . a > 0, M , a < 0, M , a = 0, M O. a
M. ,
.
.
1. ,
x2
O x1
, ,
( ).
x1
O x2
, x2 > x1 (. 1.1).
2. x1
x2 O
,
. 1.1
, .
, 11,13 > 9,99.
3. ,
, ( ) .
, 2,17374 > 2,1732462, 7 > 2.
4. ,
.
5. a b ,
, :
) , ;
) a b;
) , a > b,
( 3).

:

) 3 5 5 3;

) 3 6 5.

:
) 3 5 = 9 5 = 45 ; 5 3 = 25 3 = 75.

45 < 75 , 3 5 < 5 3.

) 3 (6 5 ) = 3 + 5. 3 + 5 ( 5 < 3), ,

3 < 6 5.
6

( n ) n 0 , ( n ) n 0 ( n ) n 0 , ( n ) n 0 , n N,
.
= + ,
n + n n + n , n N.
= , n n n n , n N.

= ,
n n n n , n N.

= , n n , n N,

n
n

n, n , n .
()
() , .
C, , ( ) .

: ) t = 2 5 ;
:

) =

2
?
5

1 < 2 < 2, 1,4 < 2 < 1,5, 1,41 < 2 < 1,42, ... 2 < 5 < 3, 2,2 < 5 < 2,3,

2,22 < 5 < 2,23, ..., :

) t , :
1 2 < t < 2 3; 1,4 2,2 < t < 1,5 2,3; 1,41 2,22 < t < 1,42 2,23; ...
) , :
1,42
1,5 1,41
1
2 1,4
<<
; ...
<<
;
<< ;
2,22
2,2 2,23
3
2 2,3
a
, a Z, b N, ,
b
, , , ( )
. , , ,
. , a + b = c, a , b , c , b = c a ,
b . .
, , , ,
.
, 2 + 3 , 2 3 I, 2 + 3 + ( 2 3 ) Z, ( 2 + 3 ) (2 3 ) Z.
7

1. , a = ( 3 + 2 + 3 3 ) 3 + 5 2 3 .
:

a = ( 3 + 2 + 3 3 ) 3 + 5 2 3 = (2 + 4 3 ) 3 + 5 2 3 =
3 = 2 3 + 4( 3 ) 2 + 5 2 3 = 12 + 5 = 17 Q.
2. , a =
:

11 6 2
.
3 5 10

32 2 3 2 + ( 2 ) 2
(3 2 ) 2
11 6 2
96 2 +2
a=
=
=
=
=
3 5 10 3 5 2 5
5 (3 2 )
5 (3 2 )
|3 2 |
3 2
1
5
=
=
=
=
R \ Q. , a .
5
5 (3 2 )
5 (3 2 )
5
. , , , , , .

1 : x + y = y + x; x y = y x ;
2 : ( x + y ) + z = x + ( y + z ); ( x y ) z = x ( y z ) ;
3 : x + 0 = x; x 1 = x ;
1
4 : x + ( x) = 0; x x 1 = x = 1, x 0 ;
x
5 : x ( y + z ) = x y + x z; x ( y z ) = x y x z
x, y, z R.
a :
a, a 0,
|a| =
a, a < 0.
, , ,
1 ( )
a, b R :
1 | a | 0;
2 | a | = | a |;
3 | a | a;
4 | a |2 = | a 2 | = a 2 ;
5 | a n | = | a |n , n N* ;

6 | a b | = | a | | b |;
7

a |a|
=
, b 0;
b |b|

8 | a + b | | a | + | b |.

x 2 = | x | ,
. , ab = a b , a, b R + ,
ab = | a | | b | a, b R .
, x R

x 2 4 x + 4 = ( x 2) 2 = | x 2 | = | 2 x | .
3 2 2 = 1 2 2 + ( 2 ) 2 = (1 2 ) 2 = | 1 2 | = | 2 1 | = 2 1 (

2 1 > 0).

,
, .

( x 2) 2 , x 2,
x 2 4 x + 4 ( x 2) = ( x 2) 2 ( x 2) = | x 2 | ( x 2) =
2
( x 2) , x < 2.
, R, Q.
2 ( R)
a, b, c, d R:
1 a a ();
2 a b b c, a c ();
3 a b b a, a = b ();
4 a b, a + c b + c;
5 a b c > 0, ac bc;
6 a b c < 0, ac bc;
7 a b c d, a + c b + d;
8 a b c d, a c b d;
9 a b, a n b n , n N, n ;
10 a b > 0, a n b n , n N, n 2;
1 1
11 a b a b > 0, .
a b
:

1 1 ba
1 1
0,
: =
a b
ab
a b
1 1
a b > 0, b a 0. , .
a b
, , 11.

. 110.
. 111 >, , <.
2 , , .
, a > b ( a < b) , ,
, , .

7
3 1
.

20
2

:
,

3 1 7
< . :
2
20

289
7
. , ,
+ 1, 3 <
100
10
3 1 7
. , ,

2
20
3 1 7
> .
2
20
3<

A
1. :
4
3
1
3
;
)
) ;
) ;
) ;
15
5
8
4
2. :
) 0,(13);
) 2,(5);
) 1,(2);

2
;
25

1
;
125

) 0,(23);

1
;
6

) 1,2(7);

1
.
9

) 0,2(73).

3. , :
48
3+ 2
;
) 2 + 3;
)
) ( 2 + 3 )( 8 12 );
)
2 6.
3
3 2
4. a + b , :
) a b ;
) a b ;
) , ?
5. 102:
) 3 ;
) 7 ;
) 0,(31);
) 3 + 1;

7 1.

6. :
) 3,257129 3,258129;

) 7,123465 8,123466.

7. , 0,62711 0,62712.
8. :

3
3 1
5
;
) 3 5 ;
)

) 3 + 1 10 1.
;
3
2
3
9. , x :
x
= 1, x R * ;
) x = | x |, x R ;
) ( x | x |)( x + | x |) = 0, x R.
)
| x|
) 0,428571

10. R : ) | x + 1 | = 2;

) | x + 4 | = x 3.

11. R : ) 2 x < 3x + 6; ) 3 2 x > 7 x 2.

10

12. 14C, 44 2C. ,

t h (t = ah + b, a > 0),
: ) 22 ;
) 15 .
13. a 2.
) .
) 10 2 , a = 15 .

14. : )
15. : )

11+ 4 6

6+5 7;

625 ;

19 + 8 3 14 + 6 5 .

512 .

x 6

16. x .
17. a b , :
) a b ;
) a b ;
) , ?

18. P, I R :
P = I 2 R. , 1200 W, x
500 ?
x
9

19. x ,
60% .
x
x

20. , :
)

1
;
2 3

64 2
;
2 2 4

2 +1
3+ 2 2

64 2
.
2 2 3

3+ 2 2
1 1
21. , > , b > a > 0.
a b
22. :
) 99 . . 25% ;
1
;
) 111 . .

) 125 . . 50 . .
?

23. 101 .
2
?
,
5
24. , a, b R :
|| a | | b || | a b | | a | + | b |.
=?
25 * . , 0,62711 0,62712.
26 * . a, b, ab, | a | + | b | = | b a | ?

11

: 45

A
1, 2 .

1. x, | x | | x |,
*
A R+ .
B R* .
C R.
D R .

2.
A .
B .
C , .
D .

10

3.
10-3.

4. 5 3 4 5.

6 3 2 +1
.
10 5 + 2 1

5.

13 .
1.
A Z.

9
2
4

B Q \ Z.

C R \ Q.

D Z \ N.

2. x,
A R*+ .
3. x N
A

x Q \ N.

B R* .

C R.

x
1,
| x|
D R .

x Q,
B

1
x N.

x R \ Q.

x R.

4. 2 3
10-3.

5. 1,9 ;

6.

5 + 2 7
,
,
2 5

2+

3
.
3

1
2

a
b
a+b
+

.
a b +b
a b a
a b

7. ,

12

2
12 8
52 6

, .

: , -

, , , , , ,
, , , , ;
, , ;
, ;
,
;
; , , ;
* ;
* , ;
* .

1 .

1.1.
, . , . , ,
.
- , .
:
1) ( );
2) ( );
3) .
, , . .
13

M
|M| cardM. , ,
. ; card = 0.

(
):
A = { x R 2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 = 0}, B = {x Z 2 x 2 + 3x + 1 = 0}, C = {x N 2 < x x < 1}.
:
1
2 x 2 + 3 x + 1 = 0, : A =
1, 2 , B = {1},

C , C = .

1.2. .
. A B ( A B), A B.
A B . ,
A B.
: A B A B.
. A B , A B B A.
: A = B.
.

2
A = {1, 3} B = {x R | x 4 x + 3 = 0} , A B B A.

A = {2, 3, 1, 7} B = {x N | 1 x 7} , B A (6 B, 6 A).
A A
B(). ( A = ),
B() A .
4
1. A n, n N, , B()
n
2 .
n
, card B ( A) = 2 .

A = {, , a}, : card A = 3;
B(A) = {, {}, {}, {a}, {, }, {, a}, {, a}, {, , a}}; card B ( A) = 23 = 8.
14

1.3.

. A B , , A, B.
A B A U B A B
A B .
, A U B = {x x A x B} (. 2.1 a) ).

. A B , , A, B.
A B A I B : A B
A B .
, A I B = {x x A x B} (. 2.1 ) ).
A B , A I B = ,
.

. A B ( )
, A, B.
A B A \ B A B A B.
, A \ B = {x x A x B} (. 2.1 ) ).
a)

A
B

B
A

AU B

AI B

A\B

. 2.1
. ,
/ (. 68).

. A B (x, y), x A, y B.
A B A B.
, A B = {( x, y ) x A, y B}.
15

A = {1, 2}, B = {a, b, c},

A B = {(1, a), (1, ), (1, ), (2, a), (2, ), (2, )},

B A = {(a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 1), (a, 2), (b, 2), (c, 2)}.
R R ,
. R R.
R + R +
I .
, , A B B A.

.
.
2. A, B, C :

1 A U B = B U A;

1 A I B = B I A;

2 A U A = A;

2 A I A = A;

3 A U = A;

3 A I = ;

4 ( A U B ) U C = A U ( B U C );

4 ( A I B ) I C = A I ( B I C );

5 A I ( B U C ) = ( A I B ) U ( A I C );

5 A U ( B I C ) = ( A U B ) I ( A U C );

6 A ( B U C ) = ( A B ) U ( A C ).

6 A ( B I C ) = ( A B ) I ( A C ).

1. , A U B = B, A B.
:
, B A U B. , : A U B B.
x A U B. x A x B. x A, x B ( A B ).
, x B, A U B B, A U B = B.
2. A = Z , B = {x Z | x | 100}, C = Z + .
:
1, 4 :

M = A U ( B U C ) = A U (C U B ) = ( A U C ) U B = ( Z U Z + ) U B.
Z U Z + = Z B Z, M = Z U B = Z.
16

A
1. , :
a) {1, 1} {x R x 2 1 = 0};

) {x Z | x | < 7} {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.

2. A = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5} B = N.
:
a) A U B;

) A I B;

) A \ B;

) B \ A.

3. A = {1, 2, 3} U {2, 4, 6} .
4. , :
a) a Z a N;
) a Z | a | < 5.
5. , N, Z, Q, R, Z \ N, Q \ Z, R \ Q :
) (2 3 ) 2 + 4 3.

) 17 ;

a) 2;

6. A B , , :
a) A = {2, 4, 6}, B = {1, 3};
) A = {a, b, c}, B = {x, y , z}.
, A B B A ?
7. :
a) A = {x R x 2 + 2 x 3 = 0} B = {x R x < 1};
) A = {x R x 3 1 > 0} B = {x R x 2 + x + 1 < 0}.
, . A U B, A I B.

8. , { 2 } {x R + x 2 2 = 0}.
9. A = {x R x 2 2 x 3 0} B = {x R x 2 36 < 0}.
: a) B \ A;
) A \ B.
10. card A, A, card B ( A), A = [0, 4) I Z.
11. , :
a) a R a Q;

) a N 2 < | a | < 10.

12. , N, Z, Q, R, Z \ N, Q \ Z, R \ Q :
a) 2 ;

) | 3 2 | 3;

9 4 5 5.

13 * . :
a) A I ( B \ C ) = ( A I B ) \ C ;

) A \ ( B U C ) = ( A \ B ) I ( A \ C ).

14 * . m, :
2

a) {x R x 3x + m = 0} I {x R x 4 x + 4 = 0} = .
2

) {x R x 3x 4 0} I {x R x m < 0} = .
15 * . :
a) C U A = C U B, A = B.

) C I A = C I B, A = B.

17

2.1. .
. :
1. .
2. 3 x 2 x = 0.
3. .
4. 3 = 3.
a) , . .
) .
,
, .
: a, b, ..., p, q, ...
1, 3, 4 : 1 3
, 4 .
2, 3 x 2 x = 0, , , ,
x = 0 , x = 1 ;
x .
. 2 (), ,
()
.
:
x + 0 = 0 + x, x y = y x, x, y R, .
, , (non), ..., p, q () : p q, p q, non p
. . : 2 3 ,
3 .
:
, . :
1. 171 3.
2. 3,
3.
3. 2 x 2 3 x + 2 = 0.
4. .
1 3 ,
, 2 4 ,
( ).
,
() ( ) ()
( ). , 18

x x 2 + 1 0 (x R ) ( x + 1 0).
, 110
(x M ) ( x 110), M
.
.
, , , , . . , .
, ( ),
. , ( ). , (, ) ,
. , :
, ,
, .
: A, B A,
B ( , B, , B) ( ), A, B
, .

, .
a 5, ()
0 5.
A, B A
( B), B ( A). A,
B A, B
, . . A
B, B A.

6, 2 6
2, , ,
.

5 ()
0 5 .
:
, , .
,
. , .
A, B
( x M ) ( A( x) B ( x)),
x M , A(x) , B(x) .
19

: p .
p , .
p , p , .
A, B,
: B, A, ,
( ) . B, A ,
,
. ( x M ) ( B( x) A( x)).

a 6, 2
a 2, 6, .
: 4 2, 6.

, , .
A, B , A B ,
, A, B. ,

: ,
. ( x M ) ( A( x) B ( x )).
(
).

A, B. : ,
, (
, ). ,
, , .

3,
6. , a 6, , a 3.
, a 6, a = 6t , t Z,
a = 3 ( 2t ), 2t Z. , a 3, .
, .
2.2.

20

2.2.
, ,
, ( ) : () , .
,
, .

II ,
,
, II
.
2 x 2 + x 5 = 0
,
.
P(x) , x, x M .
(x M ) P ( x),
: P(a) x = a.
, . .
,
, ,
.
,
, .
, .

1 + 2 < 11 1 + 3 < 11.

:
p: 11;
q: , 4, 11.
p , q , ,
:

1 + 1 < 11, 1 + 2 < 11, 1 + 3 < 11, 2 + 2 < 11, 2 + 3 < 11, 3 + 3 < 11.
() .
P ( n), n N, P (0)
( P (m), m ) ,
P ( k ) ( k > m) , P ( k + 1),
(n N) P (n) ( n m).
21

, ,
.
(n N, n m) P (n) :
1. P(m).
2. , P(k ), k m, ,
P ( k + 1).
3. ,
(n N, n m) P (n).

, , :
n( n + 1)
1+ 2 + 3 ++ n =
.
2
:
,
n( n + 1)
(n N* ) P(n), P(n) 1 + 2 + + n =
.
2
.
1(1 + 1)
, .
1. n = 1 1 =
2
2. , k
k ( k + 1)
P(k ) : 1 + 2 + + k =
. ,
2
( k + 1)[(k + 1) + 1]
P ( k + 1) : 1 + 2 + + k + ( k + 1) =
.
2
:
k ( k + 1)
( k + 1)(k + 2) (k + 1)[(k + 1) + 1]
+ ( k + 1) =
=
(1 + 2 + + k ) + ( k + 1) =
.
2
2
2
, P ( k + 1) .
3. ,
n( n + 1)
1+ 2 ++ n =
n N* .
2

A
1. ,
.
a) 760 110C.
) ABCD .
) , .

22

2
a) (x N) ( x x 2 = 0).

2
) (x R) ( x x 2 = 0).

2
) (x Z) ( x x 1 = 0).

) (x R) ( x 2 x 2 = 0).

3. , :
a) , 10, 5.
) n- 180( n 2).
4. : ABCD , . , , .

5. :
a) ( 900 ) 100C.
)

2. :

725 Q.

6. :
a) (x M ) ( x 30),
M .
) (x U ) ( x 50), U
.
) (x R) (| x + 2 | + | x + 3 | = 0).
) (x R) (| x + 2 | + x 2 x + 1 > 0).
7. :
a) ;
) 60.
8. , , n, n N* ,
:
a) 1 + 2 + ... + 2 n 1 = 2 n 1.
) 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2n 1) = n 2 .
n 2 (n + 1) 2
.
) 13 + 23 + ... + n 3 =
4
n(2n 1)(2n + 1)
) 12 + 32 + ... + ( 2n 1) 2 =
.
3
n
) 1 2 + 2 3 + ... + n ( n + 1) = ( n + 1)(n + 2).
3
9. , ,
a 2, 10.
10. a, b , a + b . , ,
.
11 * . :
a) , 110.
) 7162 3.

23

A
1. , ,
.
a) 3 .
) .
) .
) () 1945 .
.
) XVI .
) 6 .
) ( x R) (| x + 2 | < 2).

) ( x R) (| x + 2 | < 2).

2. , .
3. ; :
a) a 14, 7.
) , .
4. :
) ( n N \ {1}) (n | 3 n | 7).
a) ( x R) ( x 2 x + 1 > 0).
5. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}, B = {1, 3, 5, 9}.
A U B, A I B, A \ B, B \ A, A B.
6. 28 , ,
. ,
12 , 20 ?

7. A U B, A I B, A = {x R ( x + 1) 2 ( x 5) 2 0}
B = {x R x > 3}.
8. S1 , S 2 R x 2 5 x 6 = 0

x 6 ( x 3 1) = 0
. : a) S1 U S 2 ; ) S1 I S 2 ; ) S1 \ S 2 ; ) S 2 \ S1 ; ) S1 S 2 .

9. A = [ 2, 3) I Z.
10 * . :
a) .
n
.
) n
n +1
2
4
) ( x R ) ( 2 x 31x + 1 < 0).
11 *. , :
a) a, b, a < b, c , a < c < b.
) () a, b
c , a < c < b.

24

: 45

A
1. , 3 , , , .

2. p: 4 15 , q: 4 8 .
a) : p q, p q, non p, non q.
) .

3. ,
.
a) , .
) , ,
.

4. A = {0, 2, 3, 6} B = {2, 3, 7, 12}. ,

M1 = {2, 3},

M2 = {2, 3, 6},

M3 = {0, 2, 3, 6, 7, 12},
M6 = {0, 6, 7, 12}

M4 = {0, 6},
M5 = {7, 12},
:
) A I B.
a) A U B;

5. :
a) {x, y, z} = { y , z , x}; ) 3 {3}.

1. , , , , .

2. p: 42 = 15, q: 16 = 4 .
a) : p q, p q, non p, non q.
) .

3. , .
a) , .
) , ,
.

4. S1 , S 2 R x 2 + 2 x 3 = 0
( x 3)( x 3 1) = 0 .
:

a) S1 U S 2 ;

) S1 I S 2 ;

) S 2 \ S1 ;

) S1 \ S 2 .

5. , , :
n(n + 1)(2n + 1)
12 + 22 + 32 + ... + n2 =
, n N .
6

25

26

A B.
non A.
A B.
A, B.

, , non,
..., ...

()
()

: P, Q;
: Q, P .

(n M ) P (n), M N

C = D ,
C D DC

xM
A B

,
,

A I B = {x | x A x B}
A U B = {x | x A x B}
A \ B = {x | x A x B}
A B = {( x, y ) | x A, y B}

A B: x A,
x B

(x A) P ( x)

()
()

. .

,


.
.

: , , ,
, ;
n- , n N, n 2, ;

, ,
;

, , .

1.1. .
, n- b n, b n, n , b. ,
b n b n = a.
: a
n, n = 2, b, b 2 = a.
, II .
x 2 = a, a > 0, a
, a.
, 2. ,
, : a) 8 3; ) 5 3.
) 2 . ) Q
, x,
x 3 = 5. 3 5 ,
( ) 5.
. b n-
, n N* , n > 1, a, b n = a.

b n-
, n N* , n > 1, a, b n = a.

27

. .

n- a n a . ,
n = 2k + 1, n a = b b n = a, a, b R + , n = 2k , k N* .

a = b b n = a, a, b R,

( n ) n- , a
.

0,125 = 0,5; 4 16 ; n 0 = 0, n N, n 2.
. , ,
.
n- a ,
x n = a, a R, n = 2k + 1,
x n = a, a R + , n = 2k , k N* .
, , ( )
,
.
.
3 2 10 2.
:
13 < 2 < 23 , 1 < 3 2 < 2, 1 2
3 2 1. 1 2 0,1: 1,13 ; 1,23 ; ...; 1,93 ; 23. ,
1,728 = 1,2 3 < 2 < 1,3 < 2,197; , 1,2 < 3 2 < 1,3. 1,2 1,3 3 2 101.
1,21 1,29 0,01: 1,213 ; 1,223 ; ...; 1,293.
1,953125 = 1,253 < 2 < 1,26 3 = 2,00376, 1,25 < 3 2 < 1,26, 1,25 1,26 3 2 10 2.
, 0,25 = 0,5;

1 ( )
a, b R + n a, b R
n :
7 a > b 0 n a > n b ;
1 ( n a ) n = a;
2

a b = n a n b;

3 ( n a ) k = n a k ;

2k

a 2 k = | a |,

2k

ab = 2 k | a | 2 k | b | , a b R + ;

4
5
6

n
np

a
a
=
, b 0;
b nb
k
a = nk a , k 2;

10

a nk = a k , p 2;

11

2k

2 kp

a
=
b

2k

|a|

2k

|b|

a 2 = | a |;

, a b R + , b 0;

a 2 ks = p | a s | , a R, p 2.

:
, ( ) . ,
, ()
() .
28

1 b = n a , b n = a b
( n a ) n = a.
n
n
n
2 , ( n a n b ) = ( n a ) ( n b ) = a b. n-

, n a b = n a n b .
3 2, 4, 5, 6, 9 10 .
n
n
a n b , , ( n a ) ( n b ) ( 1,
2, 9), a b , . , n a > n b .

7 ,

8 ,

( a) 2 k = a 2 k , :

2k

a 2 k = 2 k | a |2 k = | a | .

. 36, 911.
. n , 2, 4,
9, 10, 11 , .

1.2.
- ,

1.

7 4 73 5 .

:
3

7 4 7 3 5 = 3 7 3 (7 5) = 3 7 3 3 2 = 7 3 2 .

,
811.
2. - :

x 6 5 x 2 , x ( , 4 5 ] U [ 4 5 , + ).

:
4

x 6 5 x 2 = 4 x 2 ( x 4 5) = 4 x 2 4 x 4 5 = | x | 4 x 4 5.

. 17,
, :
4

x 7 ( x 4 5) = 4 x 7 4 x 4 5.

, () [ 4 5 , 0] U [ 4 5 , + ),
[ 4 5 , + ).
2
: 7 2 = (7) 2 = 98;

x 4

y 4 x4 y 4 2
=
= x y.
x2
x2
29

. .

. .

: 7 2 = 98; x 4

2
y 4 x y , x > 0,
=

x 2 4 x 2 y , x < 0.

,
. .
a) (
):
A
1)
, a, b R , n b n 1 ;
an b
A
2)
, a, b R + , , ( a + b
a b

a b ).

2( 7 + 2 )
2( 7 + 2 )
2( 7 + 2 )
2
.
=
=
=
2
2
5
7 2 ( 7 2 )( 7 + 2 ) ( 7 ) ( 2 )
) :

( n a n b )( n a n 1 + n a n 2 b + ... + n ab n 2 + n b n 1 ) = a b, n N, n 2, a, b 0;
( n a + n b )( n a n 1 n a n 2 b + ... n ab n 2 + n b n 1 ) = a + b, n N, n .

2( 3 3 2 + 3 3 3 2 + 3 2 2 )
2( 3 9 + 3 6 + 3 4 )
2
=
=
=
3
3 3 2 (3 3 3 2 ) (3 32 + 3 3 3 2 + 3 2 2 )
(3 3 ) 3 (3 2 ) 3

= 2(3 9 + 3 6 + 3 4 ).
)

1
3 +5+ 2
3 +5+ 2
=
=
=
3 + 5 2 ( 3 + 5 2 )( 3 + 5 + 2 ) ( 3 + 5) 2 ( 2 ) 2
1
( 3 + 5 + 2 )(26 10 3 )
=
(26 2 24 3 10 6 + 100).
=
376
)
(26 + 10 3 )(26 10 3 )

2
A = ( x + 2) 2 8 x : x
.
x

:
, A: (0, 2) U ( 2, + ). :

A = x2 4x + 4 :
30

( x 2) 2 x | x 2 | x x , x (0, 2),
x2
=
=
=
x2
x2
x
x , x (2, + ).

. .

A
1. :

0,0025 ;

a)

256 9 36 ;

25 324
;
529 49

( 3 2) 2 ;

( 3 2) 3 .

), )
10 2 .
2. - :

25a 2 b 3 , a < 0;

a)

32a 4b 3 ;

x3 y 6 ;

) 169 x 3 y 2 , y < 0;

3. :
2
;
a) b 3 , b < 0;
) x
x
) a 3 , a > 0;

) x

) y 3 ;

( x 3) 2 + 12 x ;

)
4

) c 7a ;

2
;
x

8 a 5 b 6 , b < 0.

) x 3 2 y ;

) a 4 2a ;

) x 3 2 xy ;

) x 4 x .

4. :
) 3 48 75 +

a) ( 2 3 + 5)(5 2 3 ) + ( 4 5 ) 2 + 8 5 ;

12 6
;
30 15

5
;
13 18

1
147 ;
7

3
) (1 + 5 ) (2 + 5 ).

6 x (5 + 2 6 ) 3 2 x 2 3 x ;

5. :
1
1
1
;
;
;
)
) 3
a)
2 3
3
2 5 7
5 3 2
x y

1
.
1+ 2 + 7

6. :

1
1
+ ;
32 4 2

a)

(1 3 ) 2 6 27 ;

5 + 2 6 + 11 6 2 + 7 4 3 ;

1+

)
)

8 + 37 3 8 37 ;

12 + 2 6 2 5 2 30 .

)
103.
7. :

4
13
;
a) 1 300 2 52 12 1 + 5
9
4
(2 p + 1) 3 + (2 p 1) 3

( x + 2) 2 8 x
;
2
x
x

a 2 3 ab + 3 b
;
a+b
3 +2 5 6
;
)
1+ 4 3 5

a + x2
a + x2
2 a +
+2 a;
x
x

13 + 48 .

7
5 4
1
:
16 ;
+
)
3
3
11 2 4 + 11

4 p + 2 4 p2 1

31

. .

8. , :
a)

26 + 15 3 (2 3 ) = 1;

9 + 80 + 3 9 80 = 3.

9. 8,45 4 . 2,6
1 2?
10 * .
11 *. ,

(7 a )(4 + a ) ,

7 a + 4 + a = 5.

6m + 2 9m 2 n 2 6m 2 9m 2 n 2 = 2 3m n n 3m, m, n R + .

1
*
*
a2
...4
a ; a0 = 1; a n = n , 0 n = 0.
n N , a R : a n = a
14
3
a
n
. 1. 00 .
2. a m > 0 a > 0, m Z.


.
: N Z, Q, R
.

. , , y , t
, t y = a .
3
3
3
t = ,
y = a 2 ,
2
2
.
, ,
.
m

, a n , m Z, n N* . a > 0
m

(a n ) = a n n = a m . ( n a m ) = a m , , a n = n a m .
n

. a n , a R*+ , m Z, n N* , n 2,

am .
m

*
. 1. 0 n = 0 m , n N , a n ,
m
Z a < 0.
n
2
2
3 2
2 3
3
: (27) 3 = 3 27 = 3 (3 ) = 3 (3 ) = 3 9 = 9.

32

. .
m
n

ax = a q = a p =
q

qn

a pn =

nq

a mq = n a m = a n .

3. ,
.
1
4. a x = x
a
.
: a

m
n

1
1
1
=
= m.
am n am
an

= n a m = n

m
m
= k Z, a n = a k .
n
,
, .

. ,

2 ( )
a, b R *+ , x, y Q, :

1 a x a y = a x + y ; 2 (a x ) y = a xy ; 3 (ab) x = a x b x ; 4 =

ax
ax
; 5 y = a x y ;
x
b
a
x
y
x
y
6 a) (a > 1, x > y ) a > a ; ) (0 < a < 1, x > y ) a < a ;
a
b

7 a) ( a > b, x > 0) a x > b x ; ) ( a > b, x < 0) a x < b x ;

8 (a x = a y , a 1) x = y.
:
1, 2, 4 ( ).
p
m
x = , y = , m, p Z, k , r N* .
k
r
, :
p

1 a x a y = a k a r = k a m r a p = kr a mr kr a kp = kr a mr + kp = a

=ak

p
r

= a x+ y ;

mp

2 (a x ) y = (a k ) r = r ( k a m ) p = r

mr + kp
kr

a mp = rk a mp = a rk = a xy ;
m

am k am a k a x
a ak
a
= m = x.
4 = = k = k m =
k
b
b b
b
bm b k b
. 3, 58.

5

1. A = 2 1 (4) 2 (0,25) 5 8 2.
:
5

A = 21 (4) 2 (0,25)5 82 = 21 (22 ) 2 (22 )5 (23 ) 2 = 21 2

5
2

m
.
n
m p
, x = = , , , :
n q
2. a

210 26 = 21+510+6 = 20 = 1.
33

. .

2. (3 5 ) 2 ( 3 ) 5 .
:
4 < 5,

5 < 3 6 7 :

( 5 ) = ( 5 ) < ( 3) < ( 3) .
2

3. A = x 2 y 3 ( x 3 y 3 ) .
:
2

1 2
+

2 1
+
3

A = x 2 y 3 (x 3 y 3 ) = x 2 x 3 y 3 x 2 y 3 y 3 = x 2 3 y 3 x 2 y 3

= x 6 y 3 x 2 y.

2
4. A = ( a b b 3 ) + 4a 2 b 3 .

:
2

A = ( a b b 3 ) 2 + 4a 2 b 3 = ( a b) 2 2 a b b 3 + (b 3 ) + 4a 2 b 3 =
5
3

= ab 2 2a 2 b 3 + b 3 + 4a 2 b 3 = ( a b + b 3 ) .
2

xy 2 + x 3 y

5. B =

x3 y

:
2

B=

xy 2 + x 3 y
2
3

x y

x 3 y 2 (x 3 + y 2 )
2
3

x y

x3 + y 2
y

1
2

6. :
1

C=

x6 y6
1
3

1
2

x +x y

1
6

( x 3 + y 3 ) 4 3 xy
5
6

1
3

1
2

x y x y

2
3

+ 2x 3 y 6 .

:
C,
1

: x 2 + x 3 y 6 = x 3 ( x 6 + y 6 ) ; x 6 y 3 x 2 y 3 = x 2 y 3 ( x 3 y 3 ) ;
1

(x 3 + y 3 ) 4x 3 y 3 = (x 3 y 3 ) .
C :
1

( x 6 y 6 )( x 3 y 3 )
5

x 6 y 3 (x 6 + y 6 )
2

, : C =

x 6 2x 6 y 6 + y 6
5

2
2

x3 y6

( x 6 y 6 )( x 6 y 6 )
5

x6 y3
1

x 6 y 3 (x 6 + y 6 )

x6 y3
34

( x 6 y 6 )(( x 6 ) 2 ( y 6 ) 2 )

x 3 2x 6 y 6 + y 3 + 2x 6 y 6
5

x6 y3

x3 + y3
5

x6 y3

 ,
(. 1). , x
xn , xn , xn < x < xn , xn xn = 10 n , n N.
. a, a > 1 (0 < a < 1), ax, x, t,

n a xn < t < a xn (a xn < t < a xn ),

xn , xn x .
, 1x = 1 x.

:
a) 5 2 ;

) (0,1) 2 .

:
a)

2:

1 < 2 < 2; 1,4 < 2 < 1,5; 1,41 < 2 < 1,42; 1,414 < 2 < 1,415; ...
, t = 5

5 < t < 5 ; 5 < t < 51,5 ; 51, 41 < t < 51, 42 ; 51, 414 < t < 51, 415 ; ...
1

1, 4

)
s = (0,1)

2 , -

(0,1) < s < (0,1) ; (0,1) < s < (0,1)1, 4 ; (0,1)1, 42 < s < (0,1)1, 41 ; (0,1)1, 415 < s < (0,1)1, 414 ; ...
2

1, 5

, . , ,
1 2.
:
xn x < xn y n y < y n , xn , xn , y n , y n
x, y, , xn + y n x + y < xn + y n

a > 1 a xn a x < a xn , a yn a y < a yn , n N. ,

xn + y n
xn y n
x n'
y n'
x y
a a a a < a a , a
a x a y < a xn + y n . a x + y
n N,
, , , a x a y = a x + y .
. 1. a 0 .
2. a > 0 x R a x > 0, a x
a, , , .
35

. .

. .

27
1 3
.
1.
2
:

1 3

2

27

1
=
2

81

1
= = (2 1 ) 9 = 29 = 512.
2

2. x y, , ( 7 5 ) x ( 7 5 ) y .
:
,
. 2 < 7 < 3, 2 < 5 < 3 , 0 < 7 5 < 1
( 7 > 5 ). 6 2 , x y.
3. R + x 2 = 7.
:
, x
. : ( x 2 )
1

1
2

1
2

=7

x = 7 2.

: S = {7 2 }.
4. R + x 3 > x 2 .
:
3, x .
, . , 3 < 2, 7
, 0 < x < 1.
: S = (0, 1).

A
1

1. :
1

3
a) 31 5 + ;
2
5

)
4

1 1 1


25 125 5

10

1
0,04 2 25
5
;
)
2 54

9
;
9,28 10 5 2,8 10 6
3

1

;
625

) (2,73) 0 (0,4) 2 (2,5) 2 ;

7
4 .
(0,5) 2 31
3 7 1

2. :
2

a 3 a 3b 3 + b 3
;
a)
a+b

x + 2x 2
;
)
2x

a 4a 2
3
4

a + 2a

1
2

1
2

1
2

a b +b

9 4a 2
1 + a 1 6a 2
;

)
1
3
1
3

a 2 + 3a 2
3a + 2a 2

36

b
1
2

1
2

a b a

a+b
1
2

a b

1
2

;
3

1 6

) (3 ) 9 (9 )
3

27

1
1 8

) (27) 3 .

. .

1
a) ;
3

5
) ;
3

3. 1:
) ( 3) 3 .

4.
100 . . 125,44 . . ?
5. (NaCl) 4
( Na + ) 4 ( Cl ),
. 4 10 8 .
()
0,1 3 ?

Cl

Na +

Na +

Cl
Na +

Cl

6. x, x 2 ,
x 2 , 15 2.

Cl

Na +

7. :
2 520 9 519
a)
;
518

5 4
)
3

3
4

1
) 4 1 (0,34) 0 +
4

(0,3) 1 (7) 0 (0,1) 4 ;

0,5

(6,25) 0,5 ;

(0,2) 1 5 4 254 (0,2) 4

.
4 52

8. ( ):
1

a)

a3 + b3
2
3

1
3

1
3

a a b +b

2
3

1
1
1
1

x 2 3y 2
x 2 + 3y 2
+
)
1 1
x y
x 2x 2 y 2 + y

x 3 1 1 + x + x 2 1
1

;
:
) 1 1

1
1
x
x 1

1 x 2 1 x

a 3 + 2a 3 b 3
;
a+b

2
2
x 3 + 23 xy + 4 y 3

)
4

x 3 8 y 3 x : 3 xy

1
12
x y2
;

2

m 5 + m 4 3 2 + 3 4m 9
;
| m 3 1 | 1

) ( 7 )

2 5

x
2 3 ;
y

75 48 5 27 3

.
25 108 15 27

9. 1:

a) ( 5 3 ) 2 ;

) ( 7 1) 3 ;

10 * . :

) ( 3 1) 2 ;

2
)
7

2+ 3

a) (( x 8 + x 4 x 2 2 + 2)( x 4 x 2 2 + 1) 1 + x 2 2 ) 2 = x 2 + 2 ;
1

) ( x + 2( x 1) 2 ) 2 + ( x 2( x 1) 2 ) 2 = 2, 1 x 2.
11 * . , ,
, , 9.

37

. .

3

(15501617). ,
. . , , .
, .

3.1.

a b , a b = c, c > 0. :
1) a, b c;
2) b, c, a R*+ , a 1.
( b N, b 2 ) ().
.

3. a, c, a 1, b,
a b = c.
. b 8 .
. c a, a R *+ ,
, a 1, b, a b = c.
: log a c = b.
, log a c = b a b = c (1). b (1),
:

a log a C = c .

1
1
log 2 2 = , 2 2 = 2 .
2

1. log

3
3

9.
2

9 = . ( 3 ) = 3 9 = 3 3 ,
3
2

2
4
3 2 = 3 3 . , = = .
2 3
3

log

38

2. x, log x (3 x ).
:
x > 0
x > 0

x 1
x 1 x (0, 1) U (1, 3).
3 x > 0
x < 3
. 1. a 1 , ,
, 1b = 1 b R , , b
.
2. , a c ,
,
. log3(6), log(3)9 .
3.
( lgc = log 10 c, c > 0) / (
lnc = log e c, c > 0, e = 2,7182... ,
.
4. 7.

3.2.
4 ( )
*
a, c, x, y R + , a 1, c 1, R, :

1 log a a = 1;
2 log a 1 = 0;
3 a log a x = x ( );
4 log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y;
5 log a

x
= log a x log a y;
y

6 log a x = log a x;
1 log x ( 0);
7 log a x =
a

log c x
;
log c a
9 log a c = 1 ;
log c a
10 log a x = log a y x = y.
8 log a x =

. 47 1114 ,
x y;
, log a (3) 4 .
4 ( , )
*
*
*
x R + , u, v R , = 2k , k = Z , :

11 log a (uv ) = log a | u | + log a | v |;

u
12 log a = log a | u | log a | v |;
v
:

13 log a u = log a | u |;
1
14 log u x = log|u| x.

1 2 a1 = a a 0 = 1 .
3 a b = x, a 1, b = log a x. b , a log a x = x.
39

. .

. .
log ( xy )
= xy = a log a x a log a y = a log a x + log a y .
4 3, a a
8 , log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y.

5 6 4.

7 (a )

8 a

log x
a

log a x

= x = a log a x = (a )

= x = c log c x = c

log c a

log c x
log c a

log a x

, , log a x = 1 log a x.

log c x

log c x

= (c log c a ) log c a = a log c a . -

, .
9 8 x = c, , log c c = 1.
1114 47 uv | uv |,

u | u | .

u
u
,

v
v

1. , 1,
2
4
2 1
. 38: log 3 3 9 = log 1 3 3 = log 3 3 = .
1
3
3
2
3
2
log (log x +1)
+
2. A = log 2 2 x 2 + log 2 x x x 2

1
log 24 x 4 + 2
2

3 log 1 ( log 2 x )
2

:
, A
2 ( x > 0, x 1):

log 2 2 x 2 = log 2 2 + log 2 x 2 = 1 + 2 log 2 x; x log x (log2 x +1) = log 2 x + 1;

2

3
3 log 1 (log 2 x )
4
(log 2 2 x 4 ) 2 = log 2 x = 4 log 22 x; 2 2
= 2 3 log 2 (log 2 x ) = 2 log 2 (log 2 x ) = log 32 x.
2

3 log 1 (log 2 x )
1
A = log 2 2 + log 2 x 2 + log 2 x (log 2 x + 1) + (log 2 2 x 4 ) 2 + 2 2
=
2
3
= 1 + 3 log 2 x + log 22 x + 2 log 22 x + 2 log 2 (log 2 x ) = 1 + 3 log 2 x + 3 log 22 x + log 32 x = (1 + log 2 x ) 3 .

, E
log a E , a > 0, a 1, . , , , .
. 1. 10, , loga b = loga c
b = c a, b, c R*+ , a 1.
2. :
c > 1, log c a < log c b a < b, 0 < c < 1, log c a < log c b a > b.

1. R x log 2 x = 4.
:
: x (0, + ).
40

. .

, :
log 2 x = 2 ,
log 2 ( x log 2 x ) = log 2 4 (log 2 x) 2 = 2 | log 2 x | = 2
log 2 x = 2 .
2
2
, : x1 = 2 , x2 = 2 .
: S = {2 2 , 2 2 }.
2. log 2 3 1,5.
:
, log 2 3 < 1,5. ,
3

2log2 < 21,5 3 < 21,5. , 21,5 = 22 = 23 = 2 2 < 3.

, , log 2 3 > 1,5.
. 3 6
, 1, , 1, log a
. , a = c c = log c c a , a, c R *+ , c 1. , . .

A
1. :
log 2 25
)
a) 25 log 5 3 ;
;
log 2 5

) log 3 5 log 4 9 log 5 2;

log 02,5 4 ;

) 5

log 5 4 + 2 log 5 3

2. x, lg x = 2 lg 5 3 lg 2 0,5 lg 625 + 0,25 lg 256.

3. lg 56, lg 2 = a, log 2 7 = b.
4. log
5. , 36

log 6 5

3 log 3 36 + log 3 8 log 4 81.

1 lg 2

+ 10

3log 9 36 = 24.

6. log 2 3, 1, log 2 5.
7. , log 3 2 > 0,5.

8. :
a) log 2 ab log 2 | b |;

) log a b 2 + log a 2 b 4 ;

) (log a b + log b a + 2) (log a b log ab b) log b a 1;

log 2 24 log 2 192

;

log 96 2
log12 2
1

) (6(log b a log a 2 b + 1) + log a b

)

1
2

+ log b) log a b;
2
a

log n p + log p n + 2 (log n p log np p ) log n p ;

1
2
1+ 1
3 log 2 2

) a 2 log 4 a + 8 a + 1 ;

*) a

log a b

log b a

.
41

. .

1
log 5 25 log 52 5 2.
2
10. ( ), :
log a x
| a + b | lg | a | + lg | b |
) lg
=
, a 2 + b 2 = 7 ab;
a)
= 1 + log a b;
3
2
log ab x
lg lg a
log a c log b c
;
) log ab c =
) a lg a = lg a.
log a c + log b c
4
9. x, log 5 x = 2 log 5 5 +

11. :
) log 54 168, log 7 12 = a, log12 24 = b.

a) log 30 8, log 30 3 = a, log 30 5 = b;

12. , 0,6 < log 3 2 < 0,7.

13 * . 2 a + 2 a , 4 a + 4 a = 23.
14 * . log a + b m + log a b m 2 log a + b m log a b m, m 2 = a 2 b 2 .

A
1. :
a)

9
4 + log 3 ;
2
1
) ((0,6) 4 ) 0 , 75 (0,09) 2 0,14.

1 024;

) log

) 5 3 0,027 ( 4 0,0016 ) 2 ;

2. :
a) 7 2 > 2 7 ;

3 + 1 = 28 16 3 ;

)
)

) log 3 2 < log 3 0,5;

1
5
) log 3 log 3 5 = 2;
) 5 3 x = x 30 , x 0;
9
) log ( xy ) = log | x | + log y , x, y R \ R + .

x 3 x
=
, x, y R \ R + ;
y 3 y

) 2 4 0,5 3 : 4.

3. : a) ( 27 2 3 + 5 )( 125 + 3 6 5 );
4. :
2
1 + 2 x + 1 : 2 x + 4 x ;
a)

1 2x
2x 1

) log 3 5 log 4 9 log 5 2.

1
) ( 5 )16
5
6. :
1
3
4
;
;
;
)
) 3
a)
x+ y
6+ 3
3+3 5
5. : a)

35

35;

10

7.
1,77 .
2,0 2,3 . :
1,9 , 1,95 , 2,0 , 2,05 , ...
,
,
?

42

.
)

1
.
3 2 5

. .

lg(0,5) 3 < lg(0,5) 2 , 3 lg 0,5 < 2 lg 0,5, 3 < 2.

?

9. , :

x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = 2, x 2;
a+b 1
= (log c a + log c b), a 2 + b 2 = 7 ab.
) log c
3
2
10. :
a)

a) 3 + 3 5 2 7 = 3 5 2 + 7 ;

6 3 9 = 3 9 18 9 12 3.

11. ( ):
1

a) (3 2 2 16 0, 25 )(16 0, 25 + (2 2 ) 3 );

a+ a b

a 3b +

) 3 log 5

b a a2
;
3
b a

4 3

45

6 4

9 log 3 5 3log 9 36 ;

) log 6 ( a 3 2) + log 6 (a 2) + log 1 ( a 2).

6

12. :
11
11
a) log 0,3 log 2 6 0;
6
6
)

) (( 2 ) 2 )
) log

84 ;

(( 3 ) 3 ) 3 ;

7 log0, 2 3.

13. a log b a 2 = 2 log b (a) ?

14 * . log 3 8, log12 3 = a.
15 * . n, 32 35 38 33 n 1 = 27 5.

: 45

A
1, 8 .
1. a, b, 3 ab = 3 a 3 b ,

B R.
C R+ .
D Z.
A R+.

2. 3 7 7 3.

3. ( 8 3 2 + 10 )( 2 + 1,6 + 3 0,4 ).

4.

1
x +1
:
.
x x + x + x x2 x

5. :
2
3

a) 8 = 4 2 ;

1
2

1
4

8. , 3 < 2 , (0, 5) 3 < (0, 5) 2 :

1
1

3
4

) 3 3 = 3 .

43

. .

4 3 49 3 16 4
6. , , .
7
16 49
14 2
.
7+ 5

7. :

1
1

13 26

8. ( 8 ) 3

A 1.
B 1.
1

1
C 1.

9. 81log 5 9 + 3log 9 16 + 3 log 7 9 .

1
1

10. :

2
+1
log b a

2
+1
log a b

b 2a log a b +1 b log b a +1 + ab

1, 8 .
1. a, b, 2 n ab = 2 n a 2 n b , n N* ,

B R.
C R+ .
D Z.
A R+.
1

2. (3 4 ) 3 (3 2 ) 4 .
3.

52 6
.
( 3 + 2 ) (4 3 4 2 )
4

4.

x 3 + xy 2 x 2 y y 3
4

y 5 4 xy 4 + 4 x 4 y 4 x 5

1
1

5. :
1
2

5
1
a) 5 3 = 5 6 ;

3
3

) (2) 4 = 2 2 .

9
6.
4

0 ,1

7. :
13

3
1
1
8. 4 2
2
8
A 1.
B 1.

9. log 2

4
,
9

0 , 2

4
.
13 4 9

(2

1
1

27

163

1
C 1.

log 4 256 .

log 4

3 6
, .
2

10. a :

44

log 27 ( a 2 +1) 3

2 a ) : (7

4 log 49 a

a 1).

a n = c,
c =a
n = 2k , k N* .
a
0
,
>

a
ax
4 = x ;
b
b
5 a x : a y = a x y .

3 (ab) x = a x b x ;

mk

1 a x a y = a x + y ;
6

x, y R, a, b R + :

2 (a x ) y = a xy ;

mk

a = | a | , k .

a n |a|
=
, ab 0, b 0;
b n |b|

a na
=
, a R + , b R *+ ;
b nb
ab = n | a | n | b | , ab 0;

= a ;
m

a 2 = | a |;

nk

a = mn a ;

m n

2 ( n a ) k = n a k ;.

ab = n a n b ;

0 = 0, R*+ .

a, b R + ( 15),
:

c = a a n = c, n = 2k + 1, k N* ;

0 < a < 1, a yk a a xk , xk , y k

x
y
4) b = R \ Q: a > 1, a k a a k ;

2)

1)

a2
...4
a;
1) b = n, n N: a 0 = 1 (a 0), a n = a
14
3
n
n
1
2) b = n: a = n ( a 0);
a
m mk k m
3) b = : a = a , m Z , k N* \ {1}, a > 0 ;
k

a, b = n N , b 2

a b = c, a, b, c R

. .

45

12 log a x = log a | x | log a | y |, xy > 0.

11 log a ( xy ) = log a | x | + log a | y |, xy > 0;

10 log a x 2 k = 2k log a | x |, k Z* , x 0;

x
y
6 log a x b = b log a x;
1
7 log a x = log a x, 0;

log c x
1
;
8 log a x =
9 log a c =
;
log c a
log c a

5 log a = log a x log a y;

1 log a a = 1; 2 log a 1 = 0; 3 a log a c = c;

4 log a ( xy ) = log a x + log a y;

a, c R *+ \ {1}, x, y R *+ ( 19)
:

e 2,71...

lnc = log e c ,

lgc = log10 c ;

log a c = b a b = c, c, a R*+ , a 1, b R.

. .

.


.

: , , , , ;
, , , ,
;
* /
;
*
.

1
1.1.
1. 150 000 ,
. , ,
0?
2. 7 .
?
3. X 24 . 3
. ?
, ,
, ,
. . . , , .
,
. , , , , , .
,
, . . ,
46

 . ,
. (17071783) , , 36 , 6
6 (
), 36
6 6 ,
.

4.1 Dc
(A, B, C, D) Aa Bd
(a, b, c, d). .
Ac Da Cd
. Cc
Ad
.

Ca Bc Ab
()
, , . 4.1
.
.
. , , .
. ,
A = {a 1, a 2 , a 3 , a 4} :
{a4, a3, a2, a1}, {a2, a1, a3, a4}, {a1, a2, a4, a3} . . ,
, , .
. M = {a1 , a2 , ..., an } , .
, M ,
1 n ,
M .
.
, ( ), .
. 1. , ,
.

{1, 2, 3}
(1, 2, 3)

(1, 3, 2)

(3, 2, 1)

(2, 3, 1)

(2, 1, 3)

(3, 1, 2)

2. ,
.

(a, b, c, d) (a, b, c, e) .
(8, 9, 10) (8, 10, 9).
47

n n!,
n! = 1 2 3 ... n.

n! .

1! = 1; 2! = 1 2 = 2; 3! = 1 2 3 = 6; 6! = 1 2 3 4 5 6 = 720.
. , ,

0! = 1.

. ,

n! = (n 1)! n n 1
n! = (n 2)! (n 1) n n 2,
n! = (n 3)! (n 2) (n 1) n n 3,

n 4 . .
n! = (n 4)!

10! 8! 9 10
=
= 90.
8!
8!
(2n 1)! 2n
(2n)!
= 2n.
=
(2n 1)!
(2n 1)!

N

(n 1)! (n 2)! (n 1)
=
= n 1.
(n 2)!
(n 2)!

(n + 2)!
= 15( n + 2).
2( n 1)!

n + 2 0

n 1,
: n 1 0
n N.
n N
:
(n 1)! n(n + 1)(n + 2)
(n + 2)!
= 15(n + 2)
= 15(n + 2)
2(n 1)!
2(n 1)!

n = 6 ,
n( n + 1)(n + 2) = 30( n + 2) n(n + 1) = 30 n 2 + n 30 = 0
n = 5 .
: S = {5}.

1.2.
M = {a1 , a2 , a3 , ..., an }, card M = n.
m n (0 m n) M
.
. m-, 0 m n, M, card M = n, n m.
48

B = {0, 2, 3}. A32 .
:
0, 2, 3 ( n = 3 ) 6 ,
( m = 2 ) : (0, 2), (2, 0), (0, 3), (3, 0), (2, 3), (3, 2). ,

A32 = 6.

n m,
Anm .
, An1 = n. n
n ,
.
m + 1 n m + 1 ,
m m . Anm . m n n m ,
( m + 1) - . ,
Anm m n m ,
( m + 1) - n m .
1
, Anm +1 = (n m) Anm . , An = n, :

An2 = n (n 1), An3 = n (n 1) (n 2), An4 = n (n 1) (n 2) (n 3), ...,

., Anm = n (n 1) (n 2) ... (n m + 1).
,

1. m n , 0 < m < n,

Anm = n (n 1) (n 2) ... (n m + 1).

Anm .
n ( n 1) ( n 2) ... ( n m + 1) = n ( n 1) ( n 2) ... ( n m + 1)

(n m) ... 3 2 1
n!
,
=
(n m) ... 3 2 1 (n m)!

Anm =

n!
.
(n m)!

(1)

(1) m = 0 An0 = 1, m = n Ann = n!.

, 1 (1) m n,
0 m n.
, 1 1.1 :

A106 =

n m Anm .
, , An0 = 1.

10!
10! 4! 5 6 7 8 9 10
=
=
= 151 200.
(10 6)! 4!
4!

, 151 200 , .
49

1.3.
3
4. B = {0, 2, 3}. A3 .

:
0, 2, 3 6 , :
(0, 2, 3), (0, 3, 2), (3, 0, 2), (3, 2, 0), (2, 3, 0), (2, 0, 3).
, A33 = 6 = 1 2 3 = 3!.
,
. , .
. n n M = {a1 , a2 , ..., an },
n .
n Pn .
Ann = n! :

Pn = n!, n N* .

(2)

,
2. n N* , Pn = n!.
, 2, 1.1, . M = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}, P7 = 7! = 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 = 5 040.
, 5 040 7 .
P
(1) (2) : Anm = n .
Pn m
. ,
, P0 = 1. , 0! = 1. (2)
n N.

1.4.
5. B = {0, 2, 3}. .

:
:
) : ;
) , : {0}, {2}, {3};
) , : {0, 2}, {0, 3}, {2, 3};
) B = {0, 2, 3}.
, B = {0, 2, 3} .
50

. m -
M = {a1 , a2 , ..., an }, 0 m n, n
m.

n
n m C nm .
m
, 5 , : C30 = 1, C31 = 3, C32 = 3, C33 = 1,
B = {0, 2, 3}

C30 + C31 + C32 + C33 = 8 = 23.

, Cn0 = 1, M
. Cn1 = n, n-
n .
. , , :
- , ;
- ,
.
, (1, 2) (2, 1) ,
, , {1, 2} {2, 1}
.
, ,
, .
n m,
m
Cn .
m- M = {a1, a2, ..., an}.

m- M. ,
m
An . m- m
M Cn , Pm , ,
Anm = Cnm Pm . , C nm =

Anm
.
Pm

(1) (2) :

Cnm =

n!
,
m!(n m)!

C nm =

n (n 1) ... (n m + 1)
.
m!

,
3. m n , 0 < m < n,

Cnm =

n!
.
m!(n m)!

(3)

51

. (3) m = 0 Cn0 = 1, m = n

Cnm = 1.
, 3 (3)
m n, 0 m n.
, 3 1.1 :

C243 =

24!
= 2 024.
3!(24 3)!

, 2 024 .
m
C n

:
m
nm
1 Cn = Cn , 0 m n, m, n N ;
m +1
m
m +1
2 Cn +1 = Cn + Cn , 0 m < n, m, n N
;

3 Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnn = 2 n , n N

n
n- M 2 , card B(M) = 2n.
. 1. 12, C nm .
2. 3, .
. 1. 3 .
2. .

7
5
N C2 n > C2 n .
:

2 n 0
2 n 7
n 3,5,

:
2n 5
n N .

N
n

:
5!(2n 7)! (2n 6)(2n 5)
(2n)!
(2n)!
5!(2n 5)!
>

>1
>1
C27n > C25n
7!(2n 7)! 5!(2n 5)! 7!(2n 7)!
5! 6 7 (2n 7)!
n > 6,
( 2n 6)(2n 5) > 42 4n 2 22n 12 > 0 2n 2 11n 6 > 0
n < 0,5.
, : n > 6, n N.
: S = {7, 8, 9, 10, ...}.
52

1.5.
1.5.1.
6. 12 15 .
, 4 2 ,
?
:
12 C124 , 15
C152 .

9 10 11 12 14 15
= 495 105 = 51 975 ().
C124 C152 =

1 2 3 4
1 2
: 51 975 .
.
4. ,
A B :
card( A B) = card A card B.
5. B1 , B2 , ..., Bk , :
card ( B1 B2 ... Bk ) = card B1 card B2 ... card Bk .
1.5.2.
7. 770?
:
770 : 770 = 2 5 7 11. ,
770 ( 2, 5, 7, 11).
,
, C42 = 6 ( 10, 14, 22, 35, 55, 77),
, , C43 = 4 (
70, 110, 154, 385).
, 770 1 770.
, 770 4 + 6 + 4 + 1 + 1 = 16 .
: 16 .
.
6. , AI B = ,
A, B :
card ( A U B ) = card A + card B.
7. B1 , B2 , ..., Bk ,
Ai I A j = , i j , :
card ( B1 U B2 U ... U Bk ) = card B1 + card B2 + ... + card Bk .
53

6 ,
.
?
:
, , ,
C21 C85 = 112 ().
, , ,
C22 C84 = 70 ().
, ,
1
C2 C85 + C22 C84 = 112 + 70 = 182 ().
: 182 .
, ()
, .
.
, P7 = 7! = 5 040 .
,
.
.
.

A
1. A = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
a) A.
) , A.
) , A.
2. :

9! 4!
10!
;
.
)
6! 2!
16!
3. N :
n!
22n!
n!
)
a)
=
;
= 12 ;
(n 4)! (n 3)!
(n 2)!
4. N :
(n 1)!
16n!
5n!
)
a)
;
>
20 ;
(n 1)! (n 2)!
(n 3)!
5. :
a) A53 , A81 , A75 , A88 , A36 ;
) P3 , P5 , P0 , P10 , P8 ;
a) 3!; 5!; 8!;

6. :
A4
a) 5 ;
) A75 C53 ;
P4

54

C74
;
P6

) A82 P3 ;

) C43 A32 P4 ;

n!
6n!
.
=
(n 5)! (n 3)!

(n 4)! 1
.
(n 2)! 20

) C104 , C82 , C1616 , C127 , C98 .

A53 + P5
;
C64

C 24 P6
.
A64

7. N :
) Ax3 C xx 2 = 4,5 x;
a) Ax2 C xx 1 = 4;

) Ax3 = 3 Ax2 + 2C x4 .

8. : 1) A = {0, 1}; 2) A = { , , , }.
a) A.
) A.

9. 10 6 . ?
10.
. .
, , 18 .

11. , . 5 ?
12. 8 ?
13.
?
14. :
a) , , , , , ;

) , , ;

) , , , ;

) , , , , , , , ?

15. 7 ?
16. 3 -
8 -, ?
17. 16 .
6 ?
18. 6 8 . .
:
a) A = { };
) B = { }.
19. ,
.

20. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, ..., 2n} ,

?
21. N :
6(2n)!
(2n + 2)!
n!
=
;
)
a)
= C 53;
(2n 1)! (n 3)!
(2n)!
22. N :
(n 6)!
(2n + 3)!
1
;
420;
)
a)
(n 5)!(n 4) 2
(2n + 1)!
23. :
A7 A9
a) n 8 n ;
An

Ann12 + Pn 1
;
Cnn13

24. N :
a) Px + 5 = ( x 2 25) Axy+ 4 Px + 4 y ;

(3n)!
5(n + 1)!
.
=
(3n 2)! (n 1)!

(2n)!
< 80.
(2n 2)!

An3 Pn + 2 Pn +1
;
Pn +1

Anm Pn m +1
.
Pm 2

y +1
) Ax +1 Px y = 156 Px 1 .

55

.
2
2
25. , n, m N* Cn + m + Cn + m +1 .

26. , Pm = ( m 1)( Pm 1 + Pm 2 ), m N, m 2.
27. 0, 1, 2, 5, 6, 7
( ).
a) ? ) 2?
) 1?
) 1?
) 20?
28. 8 9 .
. , 6 .
29. 25 , .
11 ?
30. 7 - ,
9 - .
3 -?
31. y :

a) 210;

) 85;

) 101;

) 105?

32. 10 6 .
3 2 ?
33. 3 10 .
5 ,
2 ?

34. N :
a) 2 Axx 3 > x Px 2 ;
) Ax3 + C xx 2 14 x;
) 5C x3 > C x4+ 2 ;

) C x41 C x31 < 1,25 An2 2 ;

) Ax3 12C x4 > 3 Ax2 ;

) 14P3Cnn13 < An4+1 .

35. , ,
n .
36. , :
a) Cnm = Cnm 2 + 2Cnm21 + Cnm22 ;
) Cnm = Cnm3 + 3Cnm31 + 3Cnm32 + Cnm33 .
37. :
a) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
38 *. N N :
Ayx
yx
A3 x 5 A3 x 1 = 0,

) 2 y 3 x 2 y 3 x 1
a) Px 1 + C y = 126,
Px + 2 = 720;
12C 2 y 5C2 y = 0.

39 * . , n N, C 2nn 3n < 4 n. ( , 2010)

56

2
2.1.
(a + b) 2 = a 2 + 2ab + b 2 , (a + b) 3 = a 3 + 3a 2b + 3ab 2 + b 3
,

(a + b) 4 = (a + b) 2 (a + b) 2 = a 4 + 4a 3b + 6a 2b 2 + 4ab 3 + b 4 ,
(a + b) 5 = (a + b) 2 (a + b) 3 = a 5 + 5a 4b + 10a 3b 2 + 10a 2b 3 + 5ab 4 + b 5 .
n
, (a + b) ,

n N , a, b .
, n N , m N, 0 m n,

(a + b) n = Cn0 a n + Cn1 a n 1b + Cn2 a n 2b 2 + ... + Cnm a n m b m + ... + Cnn b n .

(1)

(1) .
:
(1) .
(1) P(n), n N* .
1
0
1
n = 1 P(1) , (a + b) = a + b = C1 a + C1 b.
, n = m, m 1, P(m)
, (a + b)m = Cm0 am + Cm1 am1b + Cm2 am2b2 + ... + Cmk amk bk + ... + Cmmbm ,
k N,, 1 k m.
, n = m + 1, m 1,
P ( m + 1) . ,

(a + b) m +1 = (a + b) m (a + b) = (Cm0 a m + Cm1 a m 1b + ... + Cmk a m k b k + ... + Cmmb m )(a + b) =

= Cm0 a m +1 + (Cm0 + Cm1 )a m b + ... + (Cmk + Cmk +1 )a m k b k +1 + ... + (Cmm 1 + Cmm )ab m + Cmm b m +1 .
0
0
m
m +1
, Cm = Cm +1 = Cm = Cm +1 = 1, 0
1
1
k
k +1
k +1
m 1
m
m
Cm + Cm = Cm +1 , ..., Cm + Cm = Cm +1 , Cm + Cm = Cm +1 ,
m +1
0
m +1
1
m
k +1 m k k +1
m
m
m +1 m +1
: (a + b) = Cm +1a + Cm +1a b + ... + Cm +1a b + ... + Cm +1ab + Cm +1 b .

, , P(n) n 1.
, n N* :

(a + b) n = Cn0 a n + Cn1 a n 1b + Cn2 a n 2b 2 + ... + Cnm a n mb m + ... + Cnn b n

(a + b) n = a n + Cn1 a n 1b + Cn2 a n 2b 2 + ... + Cnm a n m b m + ... + b n
n

( a + b) n = Cnm a n m b m , m N, n N* , 0 m n.
m=0

.
(). ,
-, 1 .

a1 + a2 + ... + an

i =1

57

12
(a + b) .
:

(a + b)12 = C120 a12 + C121 a11b + C122 a10b 2 + C123 a 9b 3 + C124 a 8b 4 + C125 a 7 b 5 +
+ C126 a 6b 6 + C127 a 5b 7 + C128 a 4b 8 + C129 a 3b 9 + C1210 a 2b10 + C1211ab11 + C1212b12 =
= a12 + 12a11b + 66a10 b 2 + 220a 9 b 3 + 495a 8b 4 + 792a 7 b 5 + 924a 6 b 6 +
+ 792a 5b 7 + 495a 4 b 8 + 220a 3b 9 + 66a 2 b10 + 12ab11 + b12 .
.
(a + b) n .
0

Cn , Cn , Cn , ..., Cn , ..., Cn .

1 ()
, , ,
0
1
n
Cn , Cn , ..., Cn , n + 1.

1 , n, 2 n : Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnn = 2 n.

, a = b = 1. ,
: (1 + 1) n = Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnn .

2 a n 0,
b
0 n.
3

a b n.
4 (k + 1)-
( a + b) n ,

Tk +1 = C nk a n k b k , k {0, 1, 2, ..., n},

.
Tk +1 k 0 n,

.
, T1 = Cn0 a n b 0
,
T5 = Cn4 a n 4b 4
.
58

nm

2 Cn = Cn ,
,
, .
m

3 ,
,
,
, 2n1.
, a = 1, b = 1 . 0
1
2
n n
, Cn Cn + Cn + ... + (1) Cn = 0,

.
4 a) n = 2k , k N ,

( Cnk ) .
) n = 2k + 1, k N,
( Cnk = Cnk +1 )
.

.
( , a, b
).
, (3a + b) 3 = 27a 3 + 27a 2b + 9ab 2 + b 3 9, C32 = 3.
(a + b) n
n .
Cnm++11 = Cnm + Cnm +1
Cnm++11 , C nm C nm +1 . , .

Cnm

n N

n=0
n=1
n=2
n=3
n=4
n=5
n=6

(a + b)0
(a + b)1
(a + b)2
(a + b)3
(a + b)4
(a + b)5
(a + b)6

1
1
1

2
3

1
3

1
4

1
5
10 10
5
1
1
6
15 20 15
6
1

(n + 1) - Cn , Cn , Cn , ..., Cn .
,
, : 1;
,
.
, :
0

1, 1 + 6 = 7, 6 + 15 = 21, 15 + 20 = 35, 20 + 15 = 35, 15 + 6 = 21, 6 + 1 = 7, 1.

. .
. I
, .
, :

(a b) n = Cn0 a n Cn1 a n 1b + Cn2 a n 2b 2 Cn3 a n 3b 3 + ... + (1) m Cnm a n mb m + ... + (1) n Cnn b n ,
n

(a b) n = (1) m C nm a n m b m , m N, n N* , 0 m n .

(2)

m=0

(2) , (a b)n = [a + (b)]n .

59

2.2.

.

14
1. ( x + x ) .

T6 = C145 ( x )145 x 5 =

14!
( x ) 9 x 5 = 2 002 x 5 x 9 = 2 002 x 9 x .
5! 9!
20

2. x + 2 , .
x

:
,
k

1
1
Tk +1 = C20k ( x ) 20 k 2 . , ( x ) 20 k 2 = x 0 . ,
x
x


20 k
2 k = 0 k = 4.
2
: .
3.
22

13 5
u y .

:
n = 22 ,
11
C22
=

22!
= 705 432.
11! 11!

: 705 432.
n

1
, 4. 3a
a

20.
:
Cn3 =

(n 2)(n 1)n
n!
, :
=
3!(n 3)!
6

( n 2)(n 1)n
= 20 (n 2)(n 1)n = 120 n 3 3n 2 + 2n 120 = 0 n = 6.
6
4
6!
4
4
64 1
=
9a 2 a 2 = 135.
, T5 = ( 1) C6 (3a )

4
!
2
!
a

: T5 = 135 .
60

1. :
) (3a + b)8 ;

a) ( x + y ) 7 ;

) ( a + b ) 6 ;

2. :
7
1
1
4
5
3

;
a) (4 x) ;
) ( a b) ;
)
x
y

3. :

) 1 + 1 ;
x y

) (2a + 3x) 4 .

6
) (2 x 3) ;

1
) ( a b) 4 .
2

2
3
a) 5 2 + 5 2 ;
a
b

) ( x x 2 1) 8 ( x + x 2 1) 8 ;

) ( 2 x +

y )6 ( 2x y )6 .

4. , (5 7 ) n + (5 + 7 ) n
n N.
5. :
a) (3x + 4)10 ;
) ( x + 2 y ) 9 ;
) (ln 2 5 lg 3)11.
6. :
215
71
) (log5 x 3 y )108 ;
) ( x + 3 y ) ;
) (8 x 2 y ) .
a) (4a + 3b 2 ) 25 ;
7. ,
:
25
1
1
15
32

;
a) (3x + 4 y ) ;
)
) (a 15b) 28 ;
) (2 x + b) .
x

8. :
a) ( x + 2 x)16 , x10;
) (3 x 2 a )13 , a4;
1
) ( x + 2 ) 30 , .
x
9. :
a) ( x 2 + 2 y 4 )16 ;

) ( a + b 4 ) 24 ;

) ( x 3 y 2 ) 14 ;

) ( x lg x)18 .

10. :
a) ( x y 3 ) 25 ;

) ( a + b )13 ;

) (2 x 3 3 y 2 ) 11 ;

) (3 + x)17 .

11. :
a) (8 x 2 5 y 2 ) 9 ;

) (7 x + 8 y 3 ) 6 .

12. :
a) (3 5 7 2 ) 20 ;

) ( 3 + 4 5 )124 .

1
13. 3 x + 4
x
1

256. , x 4 .

61

14. n ( x + y ) n , y3
y5.
n
15. ( x + x) , x9, ,
, ,
2 048.
n
1
16. An3 , 3 a + a.
a

17. ,
: p n N, n p n p.

. : p
n , p, n p 1 1 p.
18. . ( )
?
19. , :
a) ; ) ; ) .
k
m
k +m
20 * . , x (1 + x) (1 + x) = (1 + x) ,

Ckl Cm0 + Ckl 1Cm1 + ... + Ck0 Cml = Ckl + m , k , m, l N l min(k , m).

A
1. 24 XII . ?
2. 14

. ?
3. 6
20 ?
4. 12 . ?
5. 4 8 .
a) ?
) ,
, , ?
6. 8 6
?
7. 10 ,
, ?
8. X 12 3 .
, 5 :
a) ;
) ;
) ;
) ?
9. , .
, ?

62

10. 6 : 3 3 .
. ,
?
11. N :
(n + 2)!
a) m
= 90; ) An4 Pn 4 = 42Pn 2 ;
An (n m)!

) 8Cn5+1 = 3 An3 ;

) 6(Cn1+1 + Cn3+ 3 ) = 13Cn2+ 2 .

12. (2a + b 2 ) n . n, :
a) 256;
) , , 256;
) a 3 a 9 ;
) .
21

1
, a.
13. 5 a
a

6
1
5

14. x + . x, T5 = .
x
9

15. 6 8 .
. :
A = { }; B = { };
C = { }.

16. , 3 000 5 500?

17. 8 .
a) ?
) n .
18. Tempus 10 5 .
6 , 2 .
?
19. 0, 2, 4, 6, 8,
?
20. N :
) Cnn++83 5 An3+ 6 ;
a) Cn3 + Cn4 > n(n 2);

) C10n 1 > 2C10n .

21. ( 7 3 5 ) n , :
a) n = 5;
) n = 100 .
22. , : a) Anm = mAnm11 + Anm1 ;

) C2nn = 2C2nn 1 , n N .

23. , n N

(2n)!
.
2 n n!

24 * . , C21n +1 C22n +1 C23n +1 ... C22nn+1 .

25 * . N N C xy++11 = C xy+1 = 2C xy+11 .
26 * . , n N , (2n + 1)! > 2 2 n (n!) 2 .

63

: 45

A
1. a) ,
: A10 .

) , ) .

2. a) :
2, 4, 6, 8, 0 100 ,
( ).

) A = {2, 4, 6, 8, 0}.

3. N C xx+11 = x 2 1.

4.
, .
, 30 ?

5. .

1. ,
:
An4 Pn 4
= 42C 5 .
Pn 2

2. :

A3nn 52 n n {2, 3, 5}.

3. N 7 Axx+11 + 14 Px 1 30 Px .

4. ,
10 ?

b R \ Q. , (a + b ) n + (a b ) n

5. a, b N

n N.
6. X 14 18 .
, 3 5 ?

64

3 Cn0 + Cn1 + ... + Cnn = 2 n.

2 Cnm++11 = Cnm + Cnm +1 ;

1 Cnm = Cnn m ;

Cnm , 0 m n

(, , . .),
;
/; ,
/.

1. : card( A B ) = card A card B.

2. : card ( A U B ) = card A + card B,
AI B = .

Cn11

1
2

2
3

C11

C22
C33

...
...
... Cnn12 Cnn11
Cn2 ... Cnn 2 Cnn 1 Cnn
...
...
...
...

...

1
3

C10

4 Cnm = Cnn m ;
5 ) Cnk
n = 2k , k N ;
)
Cnk = Cnk +1
n = 2k + 1, k N .

1 Cn0 = Cnn = 1;
2 Cn0 + Cn1 + Cn2 + ... + Cnn = 2 n ;
3 Cn1 + Cn3 + Cn5 + ... = 2 n 1 ;

...

Cn1

...

0
2

C00

m =0

65

;
/; ,
/; .

...

Cn0

Cn01

(a + b) n = C nm a n m b m , m N, n N

0
3

Tk +1 = C nk a n k b k ,
k {0, 1, 2, ..., n}.

0! = 1

n! = (n 1)!n

n!
,
m!( n m)!
0 m n, m N, n N

C nm =

n!
,
(n m)!
0 m n, m N, n N

Anm =

Pn = n!, n N .

(a1, a2, ..., an)

{a1, a2, ..., an}

n! = 1 2 3 ... n

.

-

,


,

.

, ;
;
;
/ .

1 .
1.1. .
,
. , ;
u = 2t + 4 t. y = x 1 x, x y
(, x = 0).
. ( A, B, f ), A, B
, f (),
x A y B.
A B.
x y, y = f (x), ,
y x f x. A
f D( f ), B
f. ( A, B, f ) f : A B,
: f A B
f A B. B1 = { y B (x A) ( f ( x) = y)} A, f, f(A) E( f ), Imf.
. , ,
A B R.
. ( A, B, f ) ( A1 , B1 , g ) , :
1) A = A1 ; 2) B = B1 ; 3) f ( x) = g ( x) x A.
66


f : R R + , f ( x) = | x |, g : R R + , g ( x ) = x 2 , ,
D( f ) = D ( g ), E ( f ) = E ( g ) x R f ( x ) = | x | = x 2 = g ( x ).
f : R R + , f ( x ) = | x |, g : R R, g ( x ) = | x |, ,
.
, .
f : R R + , f ( x) = | x |, R + , y R +
x R , x = y, , f ( x ) = y. ,
g : R R, g ( x) = | x | , .
. 1. f : A B f
. y = f ( x), x A, y B, x
, , y
.
2. , A, B, f : A B : f .
f : A B M A, K B, M f f (M ) = { f ( x) x M} B,
K T = {x A f ( x) K } A.

f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 + 3, M = [0, 2], K = [3, 7].
: a) M ; ) K.
:
a) f ( M ) M, , 0 x 2 ,
2
: 0 x 4,, 3 x 2 + 3 7, 3 f ( x) 7. , f ( M ) [3, 7].
, [3, 7] f ( M ), x 2 + 3 = t , t [3, 7], [0, 2]. , f ( M ) = [3, 7 ].
) 3 f ( x ) 7 | x | 2,
K T = [2, 2].
:
1) , , , ;
2) ().

a)

x
f (x)

a) ,
)

(. 5.1 )).
) ,
(. 5.1 )).

1
7

0
1

3,14
0

5
0,3

1
1

3
. 5.1

67

) (. 2.1).
) G (x, y), x A, y B,
, ( x1 , y1), ( x1 , y 2 ) G y1 = y 2 . ,
f : A B, , b = f (a), (a, b)G.

,
, , .

f : R + R + , f ( x) = x . ,
f x R + .
. , ,

a R, a [a]. : [3,1] = [ ] = 3,
[2,1] = 3, [2] = 2.
g : R Z, g ( x) = [ x], [ ].
[ ]:
1 [ x ] x;
2 [ x + m] = [ x] + m, m Z, x R.
. a [ a ], a R,
a {a}. : {1,01} = 1,01 [1,01] = 1,01 1 = 0,01;

1; {2,1} = 2,1 [2,1] = 2,1 (3) = 0,9; { 2 } = 2 [ 2 ] = 2 1.

h : R [0, 1), h( x) = {x},
{ }.
1, x ,
: f : R {0, 1}, f ( x ) =
0, x .
. y = f (x),
(
), (D ( f ))
. D = D ( f )
() x f ( x ), E ( f )
f ( D ).

D( f ), E ( f ) f , f ( x) = x 3 + 2.
:
D( f ) x 3 0. ,
D ( f ) = [3, + ).
f t, f ( x) = t
68

x3 +2=t
[3, + ) x 3 = t 2, x 3 = (t 2)2
t 2 0. , t [2, + ) x 3 + 2 = t
, D( f ).
, f ( D ) = E ( f ) = [ 2, + ).
D( f ).

1.2.
, /
.
. , , f : A R
g: A R , :

( f + g ): A R, ( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x); ( f g ): A R, ( f g )( x) = f ( x) g ( x);

f
f ( x)
f
, g ( x) 0, x A.
: A R, ( x ) =
( x)
g
g
g

f : R + R + , f ( x) = x + 1, g : R + R + , g ( x) = x + 2 .
:
, f + g : R + R, f g : R + R :

( f + g )( x) = f ( x) + g ( x) = x + 1 + x + 2 ; ( f g )( x) = ( x + 1) x + 2 .
. f : A B M,
M A, g : M f ( M ), g ( x) = f ( x) x M.
f g
A.

f : R R, f ( x) = x 3x 4,
2

3
2
25
4
4
0

f (x) 0
0
3
M =
1, 0, 2 , 4 :

, , .
. f g ,
,
D ( f ) I D ( g ).

.
69

. f : A B g : B1 E , B B1 .
h: A E , h( x) = g ( f ( x)), x A,
g f g o f .

.
1. f : A B, g : B C h: C D : h o ( g o f ) = ( h o g ) o f .

, g o f , f o g, :

f : [1, +) R + , f ( x) = x 1, g : [2, + ) R, g ( x) = x 2 3.
:
R [1, + ) , f o g .
R + [2, + ), h = g o f : [1, + ) R

h( x) = ( g o f )( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( x 1) = ( x 1) 2 3 = x 4.
. , ,
f og go f.

: M : M M ,, M ( x) = x, x M.
f : A B, A : A A, A ( x) = x, B : B B, B ( x) = x. B o f : A B f o A: A B.
: ( B o f )( x) = B ( f ( x)) = f ( x), x A, ( f o A )( x) = f ( A ( x )) = f ( x ), x A.
, f o A , B o f f A,
B,
x A. , : f o A = B o f = f .

A
1. f : D R:
1
1
1
;
.
;
a) f ( x) =
) f ( x ) = 2
) f ( x) = 2
x+4
x 4
x +4
2. f : D R:
1
a) f ( x) = x 2 2;
) f ( x) = x x 2 ;
) f ( x) =
.
x 1
3. , :
a) f : R R, f ( x) = 2 x, g : Z R, g ( x) = 2 x;
1
x
, g ( x) =
;
) f ( x ) = 2
x2
x 2x
1
1
2x 2
, g ( x) =
.
) f , g : D R, f ( x) = +
x x2
x( x 2)

70

4. A = {0, 1, 2, 3}, B = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} f : A B ,

, f ( x) = | x | +1. f .

5. f : D R:
x2
x +1
1
a) f ( x) =
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) =
;
;
;
| x| 2
x 1
{x}

) f ( x) =

1
.
[ x]

6. f : D R:
1
x2
;
.
a) f ( x) = [ x];
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) =
x2
3x + 4
7. , f o g f , g : R R:
a) f ( x) = | x |, g ( x) = x 1; ) f ( x) = 3 x + 1, g ( x) = x 3 + 1; ) f ( x) = x 3 1, g ( x) = 3 x 1.
8. f o f , f o f o f , ..., f o f o ... o f f : R R:
142
4 43
4
n
2
a) f ( x) = x ;
) f ( x) = x 1.
9. ( )

: R R :

a) ( x) = ( x10 + 1)17 ;

) ( x ) = 5 x 2 1.

10 * . f : A B, g : A C , f g , M A.
M ? .

2
2.1.
. f : A B

G f = {( x, y ) | x A, y = f ( x)}.

f : R R, f ( x) = 2 x 1. f (2) = 3, A( 2, 3)
, B(3, 1) ,
f (3) = 5 1.

. ,
5.2
( 1375)
x. , :
140 ;
,
165 , (
) .

y
200
150
100
50
140

165

190

. 5.2
71

2.2.
, f Ox;
.
f (x) = 0.

2.3.
. f : D E ()
M , M D, x1 < x2 , x1 , x2 M , f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )
( f ( x1 ) f ( x2 )).

f : D E ( )

M, M D, x1 < x2 , x1 , x2 M , f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )
( f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 )).

( )
( )
.
() ,
, ,
( ) (. 5.3).
() : Ox () Oy, . . , . 5.3 ) (,
. 5.3 )).

f ( x1 )

f ( x2 )
f ( x1 )

x2
x1
x
O
a)

x2
x
O x1
)

x
O
)

x
O
)

. 5.3
72

f ( x2 )

2
. , f : R R, f ( x) = ax + bx + c, a > 0,
b

, .
a
2

:
2

b b 2 4ac
.

2a
4a

b
b
, x1 < x2 <
(, x i +
< 0 ), :
2a
2a

f ( x) = a x +

x + b > x + b , a x + b > a x + b ,
1 2a 2 2a
1 2a
2 2a

2
2
2
2
b
b 4ac
b
b 4ac
> a x2 +
, a x1 +
, f ( x1 ) > f ( x2 ). ,
2
a
4
a
2
a
4a

f , .
2
a

x1 +

b
b
< x2 +
< 0,
2a
2a

b , + ; a < 0, x , b ,
a > 0, x

2a
2a

b
, x , + , :
2
a

2. f : R R, f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a > 0 (a < 0), -

() b , + () -

, b .
2
a

2a

2.4.
. f : D R (), :
1) x D x D
2) f ( x) = f ( x) ( f ( x) = f ( x)) x D.

a
, a R * , , :
x
a
a
1) x R x R 2) f ( x) =
= = f ( x) x R * .
x
x
f : R * R * , f ( x) =

2
f : R R + , f ( x) = x + 3, ,

f ( x) = ( x) 2 + 3 = x 2 + 3 = f ( x) x R.
f : R R, f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a, b R * , ,
, f ( x) = ax2 bx + c x0, f ( x0 ) f ( x0 )
b
(, x0 =
).
2a
73

3. ,
.
:
M ( x, y), M (x, y) ( Oy)
f , y = f ( x) = f ( x)
(. 5.4 a)), M ( x, y ), M ( x, y ) (
) f , y = f ( x) = f ( x) (. 5.4 )).

y
f ( x) =

f ( x) = x 2 + 3
M ( x, y )

f (x) = f (x)
O

M ( x, y )

x
O x

M ( x, y )

M ( x, y )

f(x)

a
, a>0
x

f (x) = f (x)

a)

)
. 5.4

f : D R, f ( x) = x + x 2 + 1.
:

D( f ) = R . f (1) f (1), f (1) f (1), 2)

. , f , .
. f : D R, ( D( f ) = D)
,
f = h1 + h2 , h1 , h2 .
, :

1
1
h1 , h2 : D( f ) R, h1 ( x) = ( f ( x) + f ( x)), h2 ( x) = ( f ( x) f ( x)).
2
2
. , h1 , h2 (. ).

74

2.5.
, 5.5
, 1:
f ( x) = f ( x + 1) = f ( x + 2) = ... = f ( x + n), n Z.
R 1, , [0, 1).
y
1

O
. 5.5

. f : D R , T , T 0, , :
1) x D ( x T ) D;
2) f ( x T ) = f ( x ) x D.
. , T f , kT , k Z* ,
.

f : R [0, 1), f ( x) = {x}, {x} x. T ,

{x + T } = {x}, x R .
, [ ] :

f ( x + T ) = {x + T } = x + T [ x + T ] = x + T ([ x] + T ) = x [ x] = {x} = f ( x).
5.5.
. , T Q* .

T0 , ,
[ a, a + T0 ) T 0
D( f ).
, x D ( f ) k Z,
x + k T0 [ a, a + T0 ) f ( x ) = f ( x + k T0 ).

f : R [0, 1), f ( x) = {x}, T0 = 1.

, T, 0 < T < 1, ,
x, 0 < x < 1 , 0 < x + T < 1, x < x + T . ,
f ( x) < f ( x + T ).
f ( x ) = a, a R, .
. f ()
, .
75

2.6.
.
, .
,
p. ,
.
?
:
A
A
p2
x , ,
8
px
px
, A = x
,
2
2
. II
p
p
1
A ( x) = x 2 + x, x (0, p ), p
x
O
2
2
2
(. 5.6).
p
. 5.6
A (x) x0 = .
2
p
, x0 = ,, x0 (0, p ), A (x)
2
p
, ,
. , ,
2
p
p2
, ,
.
4
8
,
p
x0 = , x, 0 < x < p,
2
2
p
p2 p2
1
.
A ( x) = x +

2
2
8
8

. a

V ( a ) = ( a , a + ), > 0.
( , + ) a R.
. a A ( ) f : A B,
V (a ), f ( x) f ( a ) ( f ( x) f ( a ) ) x V ( a ) I A.
() f .
a () f,
f ( ) () .
76

f ( a1 )
f ( a3 )
a2

a3
x
O
b

2a

f (a2)
f : R R, f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a < 0.
:
. 5.7
b
b = D , x b , b +
f

2a
4a
2a
2a
2a

a1

1. , x0 =

b
b
D
D
b
0, , f ( x) = a x + = f .

2a 4a
4a
2a

2a
b
f .
, x0 =
2a

. 5.7 f a 1
a 3 , a2 .

x +

2. , 1 5 , 2
2
f : R R, f ( x) = | x 4 x 5 | .
:
, :
x 2 4 x 5 = ( x 2) 2 9, x (, 1] U [5, + ),
f ( x) = 2
2
x + 4 x + 5 = ( x 2) + 9, x (1, 5).
f ( 1) = f (5) = 0 f ( x) 0 = f (1) = f (5) x R (,
x, 1 5), f y min = f ( 1) = 0.
V1 = (1,5; 2,5) 2. x V1
f ( x) = ( x 2) 2 + 9 9 = f (2), , 2 f
y max = f ( 2) = 9.
. .

2.7. . .

:
f1: R R, f1 ( x ) = | x |; f 2 : R R + , f 2 ( x ) = | x |; f 3 : R + R + , f 3 ( x ) = | x | = x.
f1 , f 2 , f 3 ,
.
f1 :
a) x1 x2 , , f1 ( x1 ) = f1 ( x2 );
) , D ( f1 ).
77

f 2 :
D( f 2 ).
f 3 :
D ( f 3 ), .
. f : A B , ,
f ( x1 ) = f ( x2 ) , x1 = x2 .
, B A.
. f : A B ,
y B x A, , f ( x ) = y.
B A.
. f : A B , .

f1 , .
f 2 : y R + : y y;
f 2 ( y ) = f 2 ( y ) = | y | = y.
, y y ( y 0), f 2 ( y ) = f 2 ( y ).
f 3 : x1 x2 , ,
f3 (x1 ) = f3 (x2 ). , , f3 ( x1 ) = f3 ( x2 ), | x1 | = | x2 | , ,

x1 = x2 . , f 3 .
f : A B :
x A f ( x) B, ,
y B x A, ,
f
f ( x ) = y. , g : B A,
y1
x1
, g ( y ) = x f ( x ) = y , y B, x A (1).
, f
A B, g B A,
f. A B ,
(1)
(. 5.8).

x2

y2

x3

y3
g

. 5.8

. g : B A
f : A B, g ( y ) = x f ( x) = y, y B, x A.
f f 1 . , f f 1 . f f 1 .
( f 1

1
!)
f

. , , .
78

 f : A B, g : B A
( f o g ) ( y ) = f ( g ( y )) = f ( x) = y, y B;
(1), :
(2)
( g o f ) ( x) = g ( f ( x)) = g ( y ) = x, x A.
A , B A B ,
(2) : f o g = B , g o f = A .
, g ( f 1 ) f
1
f ( g ) g.
f : A B , ,
, (1), :
1) y = f ( x), x A, y B, x y, x = g(y);
2) x y,
f ;
3) x y y x x = g(y) ( ),
y = g (x ) , g : B A f .

f : [1, + ) R + , f ( x ) = x 1.
:
f 1 : R + [1, + ) y = x 1
x y x = y 2 + 1. x
y. x y y x, y = x 2 + 1, f 1 ( x) = x 2 + 1.
, f 1: R+ [1, +), f 1 ( x) = x 2 + 1, f .
f : A B f 1: B A
1 ( ) .

y
x2
+1

3 f f 1
,

y = x.
4 f f 1 , .

5.9

f : [1, + ) R + , f ( x) = x 1,

f 1: R + [1, + ), f 1 ( x) = x 2 + 1.

y=

y=

2 D( f ) = E ( f 1 ) = A, D( f 1 ) = E ( f ) = B.

y = x 1

O 1

. 5.9

, y = x.
79

2.8.

. f : A B ( ), m (M),
(), x A
m f (x) ( f ( x) M ).
, , .

, :
a) f : R R, f ( x) = ax2 + bx + c, a > 0, ,
;
x2
) f : R R, f ( x) = 2 , .
:

x +1

b 2 4ac
b
b b 2 4ac
, a x +
0

. f ( x)

4
a
a
2
a
2
4
a

b 2 4ac
.
x R. , f m =
4a
, f ,
2
b
f ( x) = t t m : f ( x) = t a x +
= t m.
2a

a) f ( x) = a x +

,
( t). , f
, .
) f , t, f ( x) = t D ( f ).

x2
x2
t

=
= t (t 1) x 2 + t = 0 x 2 =
t
.
, t 1.
1 t
x2 + 1
x2 + 1
, t [0, 1). , E ( f ) = [0, 1). ,
x D ( f ) 0 f ( x) < 1 f

0 1, .
7 ,
.

A
1. , f : D R:
5
a) f ( x) = 2 x 3;
) f ( x) = ;
) f ( x) = | x | .
x
2. :
) f : R R, f ( x) = | x | .
a) f : R R, f ( x) = x 2 + x;
3. 1, 2.

80

4. :
1
1
+ 2 x;
a) f ( x ) = + x + 2 ;
) f ( x) =
x
x 1
5. :

A
1
1
3
3

) f ( x) = x 2 + 4 2 x .

B
1
2
3

, A
B,
f .

6. , f : D R:
1
a) f ( x) = 2
) f ( x) = {x}.
;
x +1
7. f , g : D R D.
3
2
f + g , f g ,, f + f , f , f , f , g o f , D R, D ?
8. f: D R D. , :
a) f 2 D;
) f D;
1
)
D.
f
9. :
1
) f : R R + , f ( x) = | x 2 x | .
a) f : R (0, 1), f ( x ) = 2
;
x +1
10. , f i : R R, i = 1,4, f1 ( x) = [ x], f 2 ( x ) = {x},
1
}, f 3 ( x) = x , f 4 ( x) = {5x}, .
2
.
11. f : D E :
x +1 x 1
+
;
a) f ( x) = x 3 + 2 x;
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) = x 2 + x + 1.
x 1 x +1
12. , f : R R , g : R R
, g o f : R R .
f o g ? .
13 * . , , ,
) f ( x) = x 2.
f : D R: a) f ( x) = 2 x 2 x + 3;
14. , f , :
a) f : R R, f ( x) = 3 x 1;

) f : R + R + , f ( x ) =

) f : R R, f ( x) = 2 x + 1;

*) f : R \ {2} R \ {1} , f ( x ) =

x;

x
.
x2

15 * . f : R R + , f ( x ) = | x 1 | .
a) , f .
) , f1: M R + , f1 ( x) = | x 1 |, M = [1, + ) (
f M).

81

A
1. D( f ), E( f ) f , :
1
) f ( x) = + 3;
) f ( x) = x 2 3x.
a) f ( x) = 0,5 x 3;
x
2. f 1, ,
( ) , .
3. y , x
.
y x?
y
y
y
a)
)
)

4. f : D R:
2 x
2+ x
x2
;
;
.
a) f ( x) = 3
) f ( x) = 2
) f ( x ) = 6
3+ x
4 x
4+ x
5. f : R R:
a) f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x;

) f ( x) = 3x + x 2 ;

) f ( x) = x 2 + 6 x.

6. f ( x) = x + 2, g ( x) = 3 x. , , f o g , g o f .
7. f : D R:
1
a) f ( x) = ;
) f ( x) = x 2 + x;
) f ( x) = x 5 + 2 x .
x
8. ( )
3
1
.
a) ( x) = ( x 7 + 2) 2 ;
) ( x) = 4
: R R :
x + 3x 2 + 1

: 45

A
1, 5 .

1
+ x 1,
x2
C [1, 2) U ( 2, + ).
D [1, 2] .

1. f : D R, f ( x) =
A (0, 1) U (1, 2).

B [0, 1].

2. f : R R, f ( x) = | 1 x |,
(1, + ),), (0, + ), (, + ), (1, 1).
.

82

1 1
3. a) 0, 1, 1, , 2 2
2
f : R R, f ( x) = x + 2 x ?

) .

x4
+ 4 x.
x2
1
5. f : D R, f ( x) = 2 x + ,
4
y
y
y
A
B
C
1
x
O 1
4. f : D R, f ( x ) =

2
3

1
8

6. f : D R, f ( x) =

2
15

2
3

5 x
.
x4

1, 5 6 .
x 1
,
x2
C [1, 2) U ( 2, + ).
D [1, 2] .

1. f : D R , f ( x ) =
A (0, 1) U (1, 2).

B [0, 1].

2. h: R R, h( x) = 2 x + 4, 2
f i : R R, i = 1, 4, f1 ( x) = 2 x, f 2 ( x) = x + 4, f 3 ( x) = x + 5, f 4 ( x) = x .

1
,
1
x +1
(1, + ),), (0, + ), (, + ), (1, 1).
.

3. f : R R, f ( x) =

1
1
4. a) 0, 1, 1, , +
2
2
2
1
f : R R, f ( x ) = 2
?
x +1
) .
5. f : D R, f ( x) = x 2 2 x,
y
y
y
A
B
C
1
O

2 x

1
D

6. f : R R, f ( x) = x 3 x,
A .
B .
C , .
2
7. f : R + R , f ( x ) = x + x.

2 x

1
2
83

84

5
.

. .6
.

. . .

,

.

, , , ;
, , , ,
;
, ,
, ;
, , ,
/ .

1.1.
, R.
.
A( x) = B ( x ), A(x), B(x) x.

, .
(),
, ()
.
, , , (
).
( ).
S .
.
(), . , ,
.
85

. . .

, .

. ,
.
A1 ( x ) = B1 ( x ) A2 ( x ) = B2 ( x )
, : A1 ( x ) = B1 ( x) A2 ( x ) = B2 ( x ).
. , M,
M.
, . , , , .
. A1 ( x ) = B1 ( x ) A2 ( x ) = B2 ( x ).
A2 ( x) = B2 ( x)
A1 ( x) = B1 ( x), .
: A1 ( x ) = B1 ( x ) A2 ( x ) = B2 ( x).

1.2.
P

, P , Q , grad Q 1, Q
.
. E1 ( x ) = E 2 ( x ), E1 ( X ), E 2 ( X ) ,
.

E1 ( x) = E2 ( x), E1 ( x), E2 ( x) ,
, ( ).
:
;
;
A
;
B
A
A = 0,
: = 0
B
B 0;
( A = 0) ;
, ;
.

86


R
:

5
18
x

=
.
x 3 x + 3 x2 9

5
18
x

= 0.
x 3 x + 3 x2 9
x2 2x 3
:
= 0.
x2 9
x 2 2 x 3 = 0, x1 = 3, x2 = 1.
3 , , .
: x R \ {3, 3}.

: S = {1}.

1. , 363 .
a) , 2 341 ?
) ? ( .)

2. P(X):
a) P ( X ) = 3 X 2;

) P( X ) = X 2 + 1;

) P( X ) = ( X 1) 3 ( X 2 1).

3. f : R R:
a) f ( x) = x 3 1;

) f ( x) = 2 x + 1;

) f ( x) = ( x + 3) 3 .

4. t = 0 2 400.
5 30 22 200 .
a) ( )
.
) , 56 400.
5. R :
a) 8( x + 4) = 3 2 x;

x2 4 3 + 2x
=
;
2
x
) 3 x 2 8 x = 0;
)

) 5 x + 2 = 2( x 8);
) x 3 2 = x 3 2;
) x 2 12 x + 120 = 0;

. . .

5( x 2) 2( x 3)

= 3;
x+2
x+3
x2 1
1
)
= x2 ;
x
x
) 2 x 2 8 = 0.
)

6. 84 , 37 . .
7. , 2 080 2 ,
184 . ?
8. 46 10 1 30 .
, 5 /.

87

. . .

9. II , :

1
) x1 = 4, x2 = .
2
10. , 40 , 200 ,
10%.
?
a) x1 = 1, x2 = 2;

) x1 = 3, x2 = 1;

11. 335
45 , .
,
, 10 / ,
.
12. , :
) ;
) ;
) .
13 * . R :
) x 4 + x 3 4 x 2 + x + 1 = 0.
a) 2 x 3 7 x 2 7 x + 2 = 0;
14 * . R x(13 x)(13 + x 2 ) = 42( x + 1) 2 .
15 * . R

5x 1 5x 2
5 x n 5 xn
+
+ ... +
=
, n N , m R .
m 1 m 2
mn
m

2
2.1.
. 1 200
. , 150 40 ,
, .

?
:
x y .
:

x + y = 1 200,
x 150 = 3( y 40),

(292,5; 907,5). (!)

: 292,5 907,5 .
E1 ( x, y ) = 0, E 2 ( x, y ) = 0.
, (a, b),
.
88

 , -

E1 ( x, y ) = 0,
, :

E2 ( x, y ) = 0.

, . . ,
. . .
.
. () ()
(a, b) ( (a, b, c))
, ,
, .
.
( S) .
, .
, ,
, .
, .
, , () .
() .
. ,
().
.
, . M ( ), .
, ,
M.
,
, M.
,
,
,
, M.
,
( )
, ,
M.
89

. . .

. . .

:
a) (. III);
) (. IV);
) ( ) ( );
) .

2.2. ()
. R x ( x 1)( x + 2) = 0 (1).
:
: x R. ,
. , x 2 = 0 x 1 = 0, x + 2 = 0.
, ,
. , . :
2

x 2 = 0,
x 1 = 0,

x + 2 = 0.

(2)

E1 ( x ) = 0 E 2 ( x ) = 0.
x, ,

E ( x) = 0

, , : 1
E2 ( x) = 0
; : E1 ( x ) = 0; E 2 ( x ) = 0.
, ,
.
() ( S)
() .
(2) :

x2 = 0
x = 0 ,
x 1 = 0 x = 1 ,

x = 2 .

x + 2 = 0

S = {2, 0, 1} (1).
(, ):

E1 ( x) E2 ( x) ... E n ( x ) = 0
E1 ( x) = 0,

E2 ( x) = 0,
K

E
n
( x) = 0.
90

( E1 ( x)) = ( E2 ( x))

2

E ( x) = E ( x),

2
1
E
x
E
(
)
=

2 ( x ).
1

.
,
, .
, .
, ( )
( ) , ( ) ( ) ,
.

3x y = 2,
2
(2 x + y ) = 9.

R R
:

x = 1,
y = 1;
3 x y = 2
3 x y = 2

2x + y = 3

3x y = 2

x = 1 ,
(2 x + y ) 2 = 9 2 x + y = 3

=
x
y
3
2

2 x + y = 3
2 x + y = 3
13
y = 5 .

1 13
: S = (1, 1), , .
5
5

2.3.
. P(X, Y, ..., U, V) n X, Y, ...,
U, V ,
(x, y, ..., u, v)
R * P(x, y, ..., u, v) = n P( x, y, ..., u, v).

P( x, y, ..., u, v) = 0 n- , P(X, Y, ..., U, V) n- .

a0 x n + a1 x n 1 y + a2 x n 2 y 2 + ... + an 1 xy n 1 + an y n = c,
n
n 1
n2 2
n 1
n
b0 x + b1 x y + b2 x y + ... + bn 1 xy + bn y = d ,

a 0 , a1 , ..., a n , b0 , b1 , ..., bn R , a 0 0, b0 0, n- (
n- ).

x 2 + 4 xy y 2 = 2,
R R 2
x 3 xy = 4.
:
.
91

. . .

. . .

: ( x, y ) R R. 2,
3 x 2 + 5 xy 2 y 2 = 0,
,
. 2
x 3xy = 4,
.
x2 (x 0, x = 0 )
2

y
y
y
y
1
II 3 + 5 2 = 0, = 3
= .
x
x
2
x
x
,
y = 1 x,
y = 3 x,
: 2
2

x 3 xy = 4; x 2 3 xy = 4.
. (!)
: ( 2 0,4 ,

0,4 ); (2 0,4 , 0,4 ). (!)

: S = {( 2 0,4 ,

0,4 ); (2 0,4 , 0,4 )}.

2.4.
. ,
x y, y x .
2
2
, 3x + 2 xy + 3 y = 5 x + y 3 = 0 .

. , , .
.
y x x y, , (a, b)
, (b, a) .
, ,
.

x 2 xy + y 2 = 2,
x + y + 2 xy = 1.

R R
:

x + y = u, u 2 3v = 2,
.

xy = v.

u + 2v = 1.
2
u = 1 2v , (1 2v) 3v + 2 = 0,
1
3
v1 = 1, v2 = . u1 = 1, u 2 = .
2
4
:
1

x + y = 1, x + y = 2 ,
xy = 1;

xy = .
4

92

 R R. (!) , .
: S = .
. , , .

A
1. , :

x 2 xy + y 2 = 0,
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0,
a)
2
2
x y = 16;
( x y )( x + y ) = 16

x 2 xy = 0,
x 3 x 2 y = 0,
)

2 x y = 1
2 x y = 1.

2. R R :

2 x 3 y 8 = 0,
a)
4 x + y 2 = 0;
x y = 1,
) 2
2
x + y = 41;

x + y = 4,
)
xy = 3;
x y = 2,
) 3
3
x y = 8.

3. :

x 2 y 2 = 5,
a)
2
( x y ) = 9;

x xy = 2,
)
2
( x + y ) = 16;

| 3 x 1 | y = 0,
)
x + xy = 1.

1
4. R x x + ( x 2 6 x + 5)( x 2 4) = 0.
x

5. , .
, ,
, .
60 . , 6 /
.
6. 4 15 530 , 3 10 360 .
?
7. 3 , 5 ,
2 , 5 . ?
8. , ,

4 .
,
6 , ?
9. R :

1 + 2 1 x 1 2 = 0.

x 1 x +1 2 x x

93

. . .

. . .

10. R R :
x 2 3 xy + y 2 = 1,
x 2 + xy = 0,
x 2 + 2 y 2 = 17,
a) 3 x 2 xy + 3 y 2 = 13;
) 2 x 2 + xy y 2 = 1;
) x 2 2 xy = 3.

11. R R :

x 2 + y 2 = 1,
x + y + xy = 23,
)
a) 2
2
x + y = 2;
x + y = 34;
) .

xy = 2,
2
2
x + y = 12.

12. R R :
x y 5
= ,
( x y ) xy = 30,
) y x 6
a)
+
=
(
)
120
;
x
y
xy

x 2 y 2 = 5;

| x | + 2 | y | = 3,
)
5 y + 7 x = 2;

| x | 3 | y 4 | = 8,
) 2
2
x y = 3;

x 2 + xy + 4 y 2 = 6,
) 2
2
3 x + 8 y = 14;

2 | x 3 | y = 1,
) 2
x | y 1 | = 0.

13. , .
a) 360 .
12%, 10%.
400 . ?
) 2 1 ,
3 2 .
, 130 80
?
14. () , :
) ;
) ;
) (2, 3);
) .
15. 1,10
0,896
(IV),
.
.
a) .
) .
16 * . R R , a, b, :

( a 1) x + y = a,
a)
2 x ( a + 1) y = 1;

94

( x y )( x 2 y 2 ) = 3a 3 ,
)
2
2
3
( x + y )( x + y ) = 15a , a 0;

2 xy = a,

) 2 yz = b,
4 zx = c, a, b, c > 0.

. . .

3.1.
.
2
h(t ) = 5t + 12t + 2,
h , t ,
.
6 ?
:
,
2
h(t ) 6. , 5t + 12t + 2 6,
2
5t 12t + 4 0. t [0,4; 2]. (!)
2 0,4 = 1,6 ().
: 1,6 .
. , ,
.
( : ) :
f(x) > g(x) f(x) < g(x), f(x) g(x), f(x) g(x), f(x), g(x)
.
. ,
() , ,
() .
a ,
( ).
.
S.
. , .
, , .
,
:

f ( x) > g ( x) f ( x) g ( x) > 0;
f ( x) > g ( x) g ( x) < f ( x);
f ( x) > g ( x) af ( x) > ag ( x) a R, a > 0;
95

. . .

f ( x) > g ( x) af ( x) < ag ( x) a R, a < 0;

f ( x) > g ( x) f n ( x) > g n ( x) ( n f ( x) > n g ( x ) , n 2, n N)

0, g ( x) 0 n ;

f ( x) 0,

f ( x) > g ( x) f n ( x) > g n ( x) ( n f ( x) > n g ( x) , n 2, n N) n

.

f ( x) g ( x), f ( x) < g ( x), f ( x) g ( x).

( ) , , .
.

. IVI.

3.2. .

P ( x)
P( x)
P ( x)
P( x)
> 0,
0,
< 0,
0,
Q( x)
Q( x)
Q( x)
Q( x)
P(X), Q(X) , grad Q ( X ) 1, .
.

.
P( x)

.
Q( x )

P( x)
> 0
Q( x)
( ,
P ( x ) > 0, P ( x ) < 0,
):

Q ( x) > 0; Q ( x) < 0.
,

:
P( x)
P( x)
P ( x ) Q ( x ) 0,
> 0 P ( x ) Q ( x ) > 0;
0
Q( x )
Q( x )
Q ( x ) 0.
( ) .
( x a)(x b)
f f ( x) =
, , , a < b < c < d
( x c)(x d )
a, b, c, d R. x > d, x a, x b, x c, x d
96

. , (d, +) f (x) > 0. c < x < d, x d < 0,

. , f (x) < 0 (c, d).
(b, c) f ( x ) > 0
+

+
(. 6.1). , c
x
a
c
b
d
.
. 6.1
a, b, d (. 6.1).
f +
+
+
x
a b
c d

(. 6.2),
. 6.2
.
6.2 : ,
, f(x) > 0,
, , f (x) < 0.
, ,
. f,
( x a1 ) ( x a2 ) ... ( x an )
,
(1)
f ( x) =
( x b1 ) ( x b2 ) ... ( x bm )
a1, a2, , an, b1, b2, , bm .
.
. :
, (1), x 1
a1, a2, , an, b1, b2, , bm ,
. , .
:
,
(1), ;
f ;
x, ( );
( , ) ;
;
, f ;
.

( x x1 )( x x2 )...( x xn ) > 0 ( <, , ), x1, x2, , xn
. .
, (1) a1 , ..., a n , , b1 , ..., bm
, f ( x) = ( x c1 ) k1 ( x c2 ) k 2 ...( x ct ) kt ,
97

. . .

. . .

, k1 , k 2 , ..., kt Z* , :
- k i , i {1, 2, ..., t t N* }, , ci
;
- k i , i {1, 2, ..., t t N* }, , c i
f .

R
:

x(3 x)( x + 4) 4
0.
x 2 5x + 6

f f ( x ) =

x( x 3)( x + 4) 4
0. ( x 2)( x 3)

x( x 3)( x + 4) 4
. , x,
( x 2)( x 3)

f (x) 0.
: 0, 3, 4, : 2, 3.
, 0 2, 4 3 .

:

+
2

, f ( x ) 0 x [0, 2) U {4}.
: S = {4} U [0, 2).

A
1. R :

x x x x
+ < ;
5 2 4 15
) ( x 6)( x + 1) ( x 1)( x + 6).

a) 3 x 15 2( x + 4) > 6 x;
3x + 7 4 x 1
) x 3

;
2
2

2. R :
x ( x 2)
x
1
a) 1;
)
)
< 0;
0;
1 x
3x 1
x

3. ,
.
10 ,
1,5 .
,
, 50 ?

98

1
1

0;
x x +1

) x

1
.
x

. . .

a) x 2 16, x 4.

) x 2 < 25, x < 5.

) x 2 > 1, x < 1.

) 5 x 4, x 1.

5. R :
2x2 x 3
x( x 1) 3 ( x + 2)
3x 2 5 x + 7
)
)
a)
0.
0
;
>
0
;

x2 7x + 8
x3 + 1
x2 1
6. ,
:
a) S = [1, 1];
) S = (, 0];
) S = ;
) S = R.

4. ? .

4.1.
, .
, , A(x) > 0 B(x) > 0.
,
, ,
.

A( x) > 0,
:
(1)
B ( x ) > 0.
. 1. (1) : ,
, <.
2. .
. ,
, .
.
( S) , .
. , .
, , .
. , , .

2x 1
< 0,

1. R ( x 3)( x + 1)
x 2 + 1 0.
99

. . .

:
: x R \ {1, 3}.
,
:
1
, x ( , 1) U , 3 .
2

+
1

1
2

x (, + ). (!)

1
: S = ( , 1) U , 3 .
2

2 x + 9 > x + 7,
x 1
2. R
0.
x + 1
3

:
1
: x R \
3 .

x (2, +).

1
x , 1 .
3

+
1

x (2, + ) I , 1 = , 1 .
3
3

: S = , 1 .
3
1

4.2.
, , A(x) < 0 B(x) < 0.
,
, ,
.
A( x) < 0,
:
(2)
B
( x ) < 0.
. 1. (2) :
, >, .
2. .
. , ,
.
.
( S) , .

100

.
, .
, , .

2 x + 9 > x + 7,
x 1
R
0.
1
x+
3

:
x (2, + ).

1
1
x , 1 . (2, + ) U , 1
3

: x (2, + ).
: S = ( 2, + ).

A
1. , :
2 x + 1 0, 2 x 1 0,
a) x
1
x 1 > 0;
x 1 > 1
2. R :
a) 1 3x 1 8;

x 3 ( x 2 1) > 0,

x 2 + 1 < 0,
)
1
(
1
)
0
x
x

x 2 + 4 < 0.

) 0 < x( x 3) 4;

3. R :
2x + 1

0,

x 2 12 x + 120 0,
a) ( x 3)(2 x)
)
( x 5)( x + 6) < 0;
3x 1 < 2( x + 1);

) 3

x
< 0.
2 x

x 1 ,

x
)
2
3 x 1 > 5 .
x

4. R :

2x + 1

0,
a) ( x 3)(2 x)
3x 1 < 2( x + 1);

2 0,
) x
4 x + 4 0;

3( x 1)( x + 2) > 0,
2
) x + x 0,

x + 5 < 0.

5. x, x R, ,
3x + 1, x + 3, 4x 2.

6. R :

( x 3) 0,

a) x 3 + x 5
x + 1 > 1;
2

( x 1) ( 2 x)

> 0,
) ( x 2)( x 3)
x( x 1)( x 2) 0;
2

3( x 5) 6 1 x,

2
5
) < 1,
x
x ( x 1) 2 .

101

. . .

. . .

7. R :
a) 7 5 x 4 + x 3 x 2 4;
x 5 25 x
5 x

) 3

1
1

< 1.
x x +1

8. 10 6 .
1 /. ,
3 4 ?
9. , : a) S = ( , 2) U {3};

) S = {3, 0};

) S = .

10 * . R :

| 3 x 1 | < x,

| x|
a)
0;
( x 2)( x 3)

| x 2 1 | 8,

) x 2 10 x + 25
( x 3)(4 x) < 0;

11 *. R

3 < | x 1 |,
) x
2 x 2 | x | 1 0.

6 x x2
0.
x2 1

A
1. R :
1
1
a) 3,5( x 4) = 4 x + 8;
) 5 x = 0,110 x ;
2
4

1
4 x
x= .
3
7 5

2. , :
a) ;
) .
1) 44. , ,
10 .
2) 45. , ,
10 .
3) 520 . 60
, .
?
3.
. 48 168 .
?
:
a) ;
) ;
) .

102

1
4. , A(3, 1) B 1, f : R R,
3
f ( x) = ax + b. C ( x, y ),
f .
5. 7 , 39 . , ,
2
.

3
6. 3 . ( )
2 : 3 : 5. 2011 450 000
. .
( ) 2011 ?
7. x y, , 2 x 3 y = 1 x + 2 y = 3.
8. :
a) P ( X ) = ( X 2 1)(3 X 2 X 2);

) Q( X ) = X 3 X 2 + X 1.

9. aX 2 2 X + b X 2 + aX 1, , X 2 8, X
2. a b.
10. :
x 5
x2 4
0 ( x 5)( x + 1) 0.
< 0 ( x 2 4)( x + 3) < 0.
)
a)
x+3
x +1

11. R :
x2 + 1
x
5
+ 2
= ;
a)
x
x +1 2

x 2 + 2 3x 2 8
= .

3x 2 x 2 + 2 3

12. R R :
x + y = 14,
1 + 1 = 1 ,

) x y 25
a) x y 6
+ = ;
y x 12
2 x 5 = y;

x y 5
= ,
) y x 6
x y = 2.

13. R R :

x 2 y 2 + xy 72 = 0,
a)
x + y 6 = 0;

( x + y ) 2 2( x + y ) = 15,
)
x + xy + y = 11.

x2 + y 2 = 5
14. m
x y = m
a) ;
) ;
) ?
15. , x R :
a) x 2 10 x + 1 > x 2 7 x 1;

) 5 x 2 5 x + 1 > 2 x 2 + 5 x 6.

16. 7 .
, , 60 2 ?

103

. . .

. . .

: 45

A
1. , :
3x 2 y = 3
x 2 xy = 1

2. P( X ) = 3 X 2 X + 2.

2
) , 1
a) P(X).

P(X).
3. f : D R, f ( x) =
a) D f .

x2 + x
.
x2 1

) , x f
.
4. 3 4 44 ,
6 3 63 .
?

1
2
3

x y + xy = 3,
1. R R 2
2
xy x y = 2.
2. f : D R, f ( x) =
a) D f .
) f .

x 2 10 x + 25 1
+ .
x 5
x

3. A B, 600 ,

. 6
60 .
A
1 30 B,
A B.
.

x 0,

4. x 2 1
3x 2 +
< 0.
a) ,
.
) R .

104

2
2

II. C

II.
:
2
2
2 x + 2 y xy = 0, x + y = 1,
x + y = 2.
x + y = 5;

()

x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 2, x3 y 3 = 0,
2
2
2
2
x xy + 2 y = 1; x y + xy = 1.

I.
:
2 x + 3 y = 0; x 2 xy + y 2 = 2.

4 0
x 1

1
x 2 x > 0

:
1
>1
x
II. ,
:
2 > 0
x
1
1

<0
x x +1

I.
A( x)
A( x)
> 0,
0 .,
B( x)
B( x)
A(X), B(X) .

()

()

,
, ,

I.
ax + b > 0, a 0
ax + b 0, a 0
ax + b < 0, a 0
ax + b 0, a 0
:
1 3 x < 2
3x > 3
x > 1.
II. ,
:
6 x 4 > 0
2 7 x 0

x 0,3 < 0
2 x 5 0

I.
A( x)
= 0,
B( x)
A(X), B(X) .
:
1
1
2

= 0; x = 3.
x 2x + 1
x
II. ,
x 1 = 5, 1

y
x + x = 5,

1
2
3x + = 0; 2
= 3.
y
x +1

I.
:
x + y + xy = 0; x 2 + y 2 = 1.

ax + b = 0,
ax2 + bx + c = 0

II. ,

I. :
ax + b = 0, a 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
ax3 + bx2 + cx + d = 0, a 0
.
:
3x 1 = 0; 4 x 2 6 x = 0;
x 2 + x 2 + x + 1 = 0.

a1 x + b1 y = c1 ,
a x + b y = c ;
2
2
2

1.
1.

2.
2. ()
3.

( ,
4.
)

5.
3.

6.
7.
4.

()

()

. . .

105

.
.
, ,
,
, ,
.

, , , ,
;
;
, , , ;
, , , ;
/
, , , , .

I . I .
I

1.1. I
.
:
- 12 ,
- 2,2 /,
- 4,2 /.
a) y x .
) ? ?
)
, 10,3 .
) 510 ,
120 ?
106

:
a) y = 2,2 x + 12. (!)
*
) f : N R, f ( x) = 2,2 x + 12 I . (!)
) x = 10,3, y = 2,2 10,3 + 12 = 34,66 ().
*
) g : N R, g ( x) = 4,2 x + 12. x = 120, ,
510 . (!)
. I f : R R,

, f ( x) = ax + b, a, b R, a 0.
I :
1 D( f ) = R.

b
2 f Oy (0, b), Ox , 0 .
a
b
3 : x0 = .
a
b
b

4 a > 0: f ( x) > 0 x , + f ( x ) < 0 x , .

a
a

b
b
a < 0: f ( x) > 0 x , f ( x ) < 0 x , + .
a

5 b = 0: f ( x) = a ( x) = f ( x).
, .
6 : a > 0 R ( x1 < x2
ax1 < ax2 , ax1 + b < ax2 + b, f ( x1 ) < f ( x2 )). a < 0
.
7 f ,
.
8 6, f .
9 f .
10 .
a = tg : a > 0 , Ox ( Ox ) (. 7.1 a)), a < 0 ,
(. 7.1 )).
a)

a>0

y
x+

a
y=

b
O

a<0

y
y=

ax

+b

. 7.1
107

. .

. .

1.2. I . I
. ax + b = 0, a, b R,
(, ).
a 0, I .

I
a1 x + b1 y = c1 ,
a x + b y = c .
2
2
2
(a, b) ,
.
I :
9 ;
9 ;
9 .
. ax + b < 0, ax + b 0, ax + b > 0, ax + b 0,
a 0, a, b R, I .
, I .

R 3 x 6 0.
:
3 x 6 0 3 x 6 x 2.

:
: S = [ 2, + ).

() I
()
().

R :

3( x 1) x 6,
a)
x > 5 x + 4;
3( x 1) x 6,
)
x > 5 x + 4.

:
3( x 1) x 6
3 x 3 x 6
2 x 3 x 1,5,

a)
x
>
5
x
+
4
4
x
4
<

x < 1
x < 1 .
: S = [ 1,5; 1).

3( x 1) x 6
x 1,5,

)
:
x
>
5
x
+
4

x < 1 .
: S = R.
108

1,5

1.3.
F ( x, a ) = 0 , x a.
a x, F ( x, a ) = 0
x a.

R , a :
2
a) ax = 2;
) (a 9) x = a 3.
:
a) 1) a = 0, 0 x = 2, .
, S = .
2
2) a 0, I ax = 2, .
a
2
, S =
a .

2
: S = a = 0; S = a R .
a
2
) (a 9) x = a 3 (a 3)(a + 3) x = a 3.
1) a = 3, 0 x = 0. , S = R.
2) a = 3, 0 x = 6. , S = .
3) a R \ {3}, I ( a 3)(a + 3) x = a 3, x =

1
1
. , S =
.
a+3
a + 3

1 a R \ {3}.
: S = R a = 3; S = a = 3; S =

a + 3

A
1. R :
a) 3,5( x 2) = 8, (24);
) 3 x 2 = 0;

3
+ 6 x = 2, (2)( x 1).
4
2. R R, , :
2 x y = 3,
0,5 x + 2 y = 2,
a)
)

3
x
+
2
y
=

4
;

3 x y = 1.
)

3. R : a) 9( x 2) 3(2 x + 1) > 5 x; ) 4(2 x 1) 3(3x + 2) > 0.

4. f , g : R R, f ( x) =

12 x
+ 1, g ( x) = 2,5 x + 6.
6

a) f g.
) , f ( x) 0; f ( x) < 0; g ( x) 0; g ( x) > 0.
) Gf G g .
) R f ( x) < g ( x).

f ( x) 0,
) R
g ( x ) > 0.

109

. .

. .

1
1
5. R : a) (1 3 x)(2,5 x + 6) = 0; ) 3 x + 10 2 10 x = 0.
3
5

6. :
a) 25 6 500 . 200 , 1,5 .
200 ?
) 35,7 7 .
90 , .
?
7. :
1) :
a) 3 < x < 2;
2) :
a) 1 < y < 2;
8. N : a) Pn 3 An3 = 20 Pn 2 ;

) 1 x < 6;
) 3 < y 5.

) Cn2 2 + Cn3 2 + Cn4 2 = 0.

9. a
(a + 1) x 8 = 0 :
1
) S = {2};
) S = ;
) S =
a) S = {8};
2 ?

10. R , a :
a) ax = x + 2;
) (a 2 1) x = 2a 2 + a 3;
) ax = a;
) 2 ax 1 = x + 3.
11. f , g : R R, f ( x) = 2 x + 5, g ( x) = 1 2 x.
a) , f R , g R.
) x, Gf G g .

ax + 3 y = a
12. a
3 x + ay = 8
?
13. : a) ;
) .
650 .
12 , , 24 / ,
. .
14. N : a) C27n > C25n ;

) C15k 2 > C15k .

15. 12 45% .
, , 40% ?
16. 5% 40%.
, 140 30%?
17. R , a :
2
3
3x + 1
=
;
.
) a 2 =
a)
5 x a ax 1
x +1
18 * . a :
x + (2a 1) y = 2a
(2a + 1) x + (a 2 + 2) y = 2(a 2 + a + 1)

a) ;

110

) ;

) ?

. .

2 II . II .
II
2.1. II
2
. f : R R, f ( x) = ax + bx + c, a, b, c R, a 0,
II .

II :
1 D( f ) = R.
2 D = b 2 4ac < 0, Ox , D 0,

b D
Ox .
2a
3 a > 0. D < 0, f ( x ) > 0 x R. D 0, f ( x) > 0
x ( , x1 ) U ( x2 , + ) f ( x) < 0 x ( x1 , x2 ), x1 x2 .
a < 0. D < 0, f ( x) < 0 x R. D 0, f ( x ) > 0
x ( x1 , x2 ) f ( x) < 0 x ( , x1 ) U ( x2 , + ), x1 x2 .
2
4 b = 0 : f ( x) = a( x) + c = f ( x).
x1, 2 =

, .

b , +
5 a > 0 f

2a

, b . a < 0 f b , +

2a

2a

, (. 5, 2).
2a

6 f ,
() .
b
D
b
7 a > 0, y min = f
= 4a , a < 0, x0 = 2a 2
a

D
(. 5, 2) y max = .
4a
8 f .
9 :
y
y
y
D>0
D<0
D=0
a>0

x1 O

4a

x2 x

O
D>0

a<0

b
2a

b x2
2a

4a

b
2a

4a

x1 O

b
2a

O b

2a

D<0

y
O
x

b
2a

D=0

111

. .

2.2. II
2
. ax + bx + c = 0, a, b, c R, a 0, II ( ), a, b, c .

, II
II , , Ox.
, D = b 2 4ac .
1) D < 0, . , S = .
2) D = 0, : x =

b
.
2a

b
, S =
2 a .

3) D > 0, :

b D b + D
b D
b+
.
,
, x2 =
. , S =
2a
2
2a
a
2a
II ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a, b, c R, a 0, a -

x1 =

:
x 2 + px + q = 0, p, q R.
1 ( )
x1 , x2
(1)
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0,
b
x + x = ,
2
1
a

(2)
c
x1 x2 = .
a

2 ( )
x1 , x2 (2), (1).

x1 , x2
(3)
x 2 + px + q = 0,

x + x = p,

2
1
x1 x2 = q.

(4)

x1 , x2 (4),
(3).

2.3. II
F ( x, a ) = 0 II , x a. a x,
F ( x, a ) = 0 II x a.

R a, a R :

(a 1) x 2 2(2a 1) x + 4a + 3 = 0.
112

:
1) , x 2 ,
I . a = 1.
a = 1 2 x + 7 = 0 x = 3,5.
2) a 1 a,
1
: D = 4( 2a 1) 2 4( a 1)(4a + 3) = 12a + 16 = 0 a = 1 .
3
1
a > 1 , D < 0 .
3
(2a 1) 4 3a
1
,
a < 1 a 1, D > 0 x1 =
a 1
3
(2a 1) + 4 3a
, x2 =
.
a 1
1
:
S = {3,5} a = 1; S = a 1 , + ;
3

2a 1 4 3a 2a 1 + 4 3a
1
S =
,
a (, 1) U 1, 1 3 ;
a
1
a
1

1
S = {5} a = 1 .
3

2.4.
II
y
r
A(a, b)
. ( x a) 2 + ( y b) 2 = r 2
y = ax 2 + bx + c
.
r
O

x
II
2
2
2
x + y =r

k
7.2.
xy = k y =
x

, .
. 7.2

1. , y = 4 x + 3. 3
, y = .
x
, ?
:

. ,
113

. .

. .

y = 4 x + 3,
:
y ,
3
y = x .
y = 4 x + 3,
4 x + 3 = 3 . (!),

x
. ,
.
y
2. ,
4
4
y=
(. 7.3).
y =
x
x
:
, ,
A
,
C
y = x, ,
(a, a). A, x
O a
y = x,
. 7.3

4
.
y
=

x
A1 ( 2, 2), A( 2, 2). , A1 ( 2, 2)
. C : AC = a, ,

(a 2) 2 + (a 2) 2 = a, | a | < 2. a = 4 2 2 . , C ( 4 2 2 , 4 2 2 ) r = 4 2 2 .

2.5.
.

x 2 = 5
x = 7,
. | x 2 | = 5

x 2 = 5
x = 3 .

: S = {3, 7}.

2
2
| f ( x ) | = | g( x ) | f ( x ) = g ( x )

x = 2 ,
. | x + 3 | = | 2 x 1 | ( x + 3) 2 = ( 2 x 1) 2 3 x 2 10 x 8 = 0
3
x = 4.
2
: S = , 4.
3
f ( x ) = g ( x ),
| f ( x ) | = | g ( x ) |
f ( x ) = g ( x ).
2
x x = 4 + 2x
x 2 3x 4 = 0
x = 1,
. | x 2 x | = | 4 + 2 x | 2
2

x = 4.
x x = 4 2 x
x + x + 4 = 0
: S = {1, 4}.
( )
. R 2 x 2 | x | 1 = 0.
114

:
: x R. | x | = t, t 0. x 2 = | x |2 , 2t 2 t 1 = 0,
1
t1 = 1, t 2 = . ,
2
| x | = 1
x = 1,
: S = {1, 1}.
:
1 x = 1.

| x | = 2

R | 2 x 1 | 3 | x + 3 | = 2 x.
:
1) : x R.
2) , :
2 x 1 = 0 x1 = 0,5;
x + 3 = 0 x 2 = 3.
3) ( )
(; 3), [ 3; 0,5), [0,5; + ) :

; +

4) :

0,5

+; +
0,5

5)
.
.
a) x (, 3) 2x 1 < 0, x + 3 0. | 2 x 1 | = ( 2 x 1),
| x + 3 | = ( x + 3) :
(2x 1) + 3(x + 3) = 2x x + 10 = 0 x = 10 (, 3).
, x = 10 .

1
) x 3, 2x 1 0, x + 3 0 :

2
8
1
(2x 1) 3(x + 3) = 2x 7x 8 = 0 x = 3, .
7
2
, x = 8 .
7

10
1
2x 1 3(x + 3) = 2x x = , + .

) x , + 2 x 1 0, x + 3 > 0 :

1
2

10
, x =
.
3
6) ,
.
8
: S = .
7
115

. .

. .

, a |x 2 2x 3| = a .

y=a

4
Gf

:
,

f ( x) = | x 2 2 x 3 | . , 3
1 O 1
Oy, y = 4, 3
. 7.4
.
, a = 4 .

2.6. II
. ax + bx + c > 0, ax + bx + c 0, ax + bx + c < 0,
ax 2 + bx + c 0, a, b, c R, a 0, II
.
2

II .

f: R R, f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a, b, c R, a 0.
2
ax + bx + c > 0, a 0, a D = b2 4ac, x1 =

b+ D
b D
, x2 =
2a,
2a

( D 0) ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0.

,
ax 2 + bx + c > 0, a 0
f ( x) = ax 2 + bx + c, a 0
y

D>0

S = ( , x1 ) U ( x2 , +)

+
O
x1 x2
y

a>0 D=0

b
b
S = , U , +
2a 2a

+
b
2a

+
O

D<0

S = (, +)

+
O

116

+
x

 . .

D>0

S = ( x1 , x2 )

+
x1

a<0 D=0

+
x
O 2 x
b
2a

S =

D<0

S =

. ax 2 + bx + c 0, a 0,
2
ax + bx + c = 0, a 0, ax 2 + bx + c > 0. ,
ax 2 + bx + c 0 a > 0, D > 0 S = ( , x1 ] U [ x2 , + ).
II .

R
x 2 7 x + 12 0.
:
: x R. x 2 7 x + 12 = 0 x1 = 3,
3, x2 = 4. x 2 7 x + 12 : x 2 7 x + 12 = ( x 3)(x 4).
(x 3)(x 4) 0, .
+
+
, :

x
3
4
, x [3, 4].
: S = [3, 4].

2.7.
.
| f ( x ) | g ( x )
f ( x) g ( x),
g ( x) f ( x) g ( x),
f ( x) g ( x).

1
| 3 x 5 | 4 4 3 x 5 4 1 3 x 9 x , 3 .
3
<.
117

 . .

| f ( x ) | g ( x )

f ( x) g ( x),
f ( x) g ( x).

2 x 3
x 1
|2 x| 3

x ( , 1] U [5, + ).
x
2
3

x 5
>.

R ( x 1) 2 4 | x 1 | + 3 0.
:
( x 1) 2 = | x 1 | 2 . | x 1 | = t , t 0.
t 4t + 3 0, t [1, 3], 1 t 3. x, :
| x 1 | 1,
1 | x 1| 3
| x 1 | 3.
:
x 1 1
x 2
| x 1| 1

x ( , 0] U [ 2, + ).
x
1
1

x 0
2

:
| x 1 | 3 3 x 1 3 2 x 4 x [2, 4].
, , : x [ 2, 0] U [ 2, 4].

2
4

: S = [ 2, 0] U [ 2, 4].
.
.

A
1. R :
2
a) x 2 5 x + 6 > 0;
) 3x x + 1 0;

) 2 x 2 x + 4 0;

) 2 x + 7 > 2 x 2 + 8 x + 11.

2. , f : R R () :
5
) f ( x) = 2 x 2 4 x + ;
) f ( x) = x 2 + 3x.
a) f ( x) = 3x 2 4 x + 1;
2
3. f : D R:
1
a) f ( x) = 3 2 x x 2 ;
) f ( x) =
;
3 x2 2
) f ( x) = x 2 + (1 3 ) x 3 .

118

 . .

5. , 20 .
6. A(4, 5), y = 2 x + 3.
7. R :
a) | x 8 | = 2;
) | 3x + 1 | = 5;
) | x + 2 | = | x 3 |;
) 2 | x 1 | = | x 3 | | 4 x |;
) | x 2 5 x + 4 | = 2;
) | x( x 3) | = 4.
8. R :
a) | x 2 | 3;
) 5 | 2 x + 1 | 1;
) x 2 3 | x | 4 0;
) | x | | x 1 | 20;

) | 6( x + 3) | > 4;
) | x 1 | | x 2 | < 6.

9. f : R R :
a) f ( x) = | 2 x 2 3x + 1 |;
) f ( x) = 2 | x | 2 3 | x | + 1.
10. , 72 /, t
h(t ) = 72t 4,9 t 2 ( ).
a) , 5 .
) ?
11. f : D R:
x2
;
a) f ( x) = 2
) f ( x) = x 2 | x | ;
x 5x + 6
1
x 2 3x 4.
) f ( x ) = x 2 + x 9 x 2 ;
) f ( x) =
x+4

12. , :
x 2 8 x 4 y = 6,
x 2 + y 2 = 36,
x 2 4 x 6 y = 20,
) 2
) 2
a)
y + 5 y 5 x = 0;
x + 6 y = 36.
xy = 8;
13. a) , A(2, 0), B (5, 0) Oy.
) y = 2 x 2 x 6 y = x 2 2.
) yx = 2 x 2 + y 2 = 4.
14. R :
a) | x 1 | 3 | x + 4 | = x;

) | 2 x + 1 | 2 x = 3 | x + 2 |;

4. 100 /.
h t
h(t ) = 100t 4,9 t 2 . 10 ?

9
= | 3 x 1 |.
| 3x 1 | 8

15. R :
a) | x 2 9 x + 18 | + x 5;
) | 2 x 3 | > | x 5 | 3 | 2 x |;
) | x 4 | | x + 2 |;
| x | ( 2 | x 1 |)
2
)
) | 2 x x 1 | 0;
) | 1 3x | | x 2 x | > 0.
> 0;
3
( x 1)
16. R , a :
a) | x a | 2 | x 4 | = 2;
) | x + 2 | + | 3x 1 | = a.

119

. .

17. a,
ax 2 + (a 1) x (a 2) > 0 R.
18. a,
(a 1) x 2 + (a + 1) x (a + 1) > 0 x R.
19. a,
x 2 (4a + 1) x + (a + 2)(3a 1) > 0 x < 0.
20. a,
7a 2 + a 2
x+
< 7 a 1 .
x + a +1
21 * . f : (, 1] (, 2], f ( x) = x 2 2 x 3, f 1 .
22. x 2 + y 2 = 9. , , A(1, 0) .
23 * . a,
ax < 1,5

x 2 + 4
R.
6 x 4 48 x 2 + 96 0
24 * . a
x 2 3x + 2 < 0 ax 2 (3a + 1) x + 3 < 0 ?

. .
.

3.1.
.

f : R R, f ( x) = 2 n +1 x , g : R + R + , g ( x) = 2 n x , n N .

f1: R R, f1 ( x) = 3 x, f 2 : R + R + , f 2 ( x) = 4 x , .

f : R R , f ( x ) = 2 n +1 x
1 D( f ) = R.
2 f : x1 = 0.
G f
Oy O(0, 0).

g: R + R + , g ( x ) = 2 n x
1 D ( g ) = R + .
2 g : x1 = 0.
Gg
Oy O(0, 0).

3 f ( x) > 0 x (0, + );

3 g ( x) > 0 x (0, + );
g
.

f ( x) < 0 x (, 0).
4 f :

f ( x) =
120

2 n +1

x =

2 n +1

2 n +1

x = f ( x).

4 g ,
, D(g)
O(0, 0).

5 f R ( 7
).
6 f ,

.
7 f ,
.
8 f .
9 f . f f 1: R R,

5 g R + .
6 g .

7 g .
8 g .
9 g . g g 1 : R + R + ,

, f 1 ( x) = x 2 n +1.

, g 1 ( x) = x 2 n .

10
2 n +1
f : R R, f ( x ) =
x , n N :
y

10
2n
g : R + R + , g ( x) = x , n N:
y

3.2.
. *
*
*

f : R + R + , f ( x) = x , R \ {1}.

*

1 f R + ,
.
*
2 , R + f > 0
< 0.
3 f , .
4 f ,
D( f ) .
5 .
(. 7.5):
a) y
) y
) y
<0

0 < <1

>0

. 7.5
121

. .

. .
1

. , f ( x) = x n g ( x) = n x , n
, , :
D( f ) = R *+ , D( g ) = R.

A
1. f : D R:
a) f ( x) = x 3;

) f ( x) = 3 x + 3.

2. :
a) f : R R, f ( x) = x 5 ;

) f : R R, f ( x) = 5 x .

3. f : R R:
a) f ( x) = x 4 ;

5
) f ( x) = x .

4. f , g : D R:
a) f ( x) = x 4 , g ( x) = x 5 ;
) f ( x) = 3 x , g ( x) = 4 x .
5. f : D R:
x
a) f ( x ) = 2 x x 2 ;
) f ( x ) = 1 x ;
) f ( x ) =
.
x2 + 4
6. ,

f : D R: a) f ( x) = x 2 + 2;

) f ( x) = ( x + 2) 2 ;

) f ( x) = x 3 + 4;

) f ( x) = ( x + 4) 3 .

7. , f : D E ,
:
x
4
) f : R + R + , f ( x) = 4 x ;
) f : R R, f ( x) = 3 .
a) f : R R + , f ( x) = x ;
4
8 * . , f o g f , g : R R:
a) f ( x) = 3 x , g ( x) = x 3 ;

) f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = 3 x .

3.3.
. .
32 . , ,
320 .
:
x 2 , (x 3200) 2 . , 4 x + 4 x 3200 = 320.
.
, .
122

1
2

x x + 1 = 2, x + 4x + 3 = 0 .
,
.
f ( x) = g ( x),

, , , k N* , f 2 k ( x ) = g 2 k ( x )
f ( x) = g ( x).
f ( x) = g ( x) ,
f ( x) = g ( x).
, f ( x) = g ( x) .
3

4 x = x 2.

:
, 4 x = x 2 + 4 x + 4 x 2 + 5 x = 0.
, x1 = 5, x2 = 0. , 5 , 0 (

4 x = x + 2).
, f ( x) = g ( x) x ,
n
n
n N* f ( x) = g ( x) ( f ( x)) = ( g ( x)) .
:
3. n N*

f ( x) = ( g ( x)) 2 n ,
f ( x ) = g ( x )
g ( x) 0,
2 n +1 f ( x ) = g ( x ) f ( x) = ( g ( x)) 2 n +1 .

2n

. 3.

R

1 x 2 = x + 1.

x 1

x + 1 0
x = 1,
1 x2 = x + 1

x = 1 x = 0.
2
2
1
(
1
)
x
x

=
+

x = 0
: S = {1, 0}.
, f ( x) = g ( x) f ( x) = g ( x ) .
, , x0 ,
, x0 . ,
x0 , x0 .

.
123

. .
3
2

. .

x + 1 + 3 3x + 1 = 3 x 1 (1).

:
(1)
3

( x + 1)(3 x + 1) (3 x + 1 + 3 3 x + 1) = ( x + 1) (2), .
(1), (2)

x 1

( x + 1)( x 1)(3 x + 1) = ( x + 1) (3). (3)

( x + 1)(3x + 1)( x 1) + ( x + 1)3 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 0.

x ,
1.
: S = {1}.
(1) (2), .
3 x 1 .

x + 1 + 3 3x + 1

.
, , , ,
.

(, , ) , .
.

R

2 x + 3 = x.

x 0

x 0
x 0
2x + 3 = x
x = 1 x = 3.
2 2
2 x + 3 = x
x 2x 3 = 0
x = 3
: S = {3}.
,
( 3 ).
g ( x) 0 ,
, g ( x) 0,
, .
.

124


R x + 2 x = x 3.
:
x 0

x 3,
: 2 x 0
, ,
x 2.
x 3 0
.
: S = .
,
.

, :
k

f ( x) = g ( x);

f ( x ) k g ( x) = h( x );

f ( x ) k g ( x ) = k h( x ) , k N, k 2.

2 x + 3 = x (. . 124).

x + 1 + 3 x + 1 = 8.

R
:

x + 1 0

x , + .
:
3
1
0
x
+

, :

( x + 1) 2 = (8 3 x + 1) 2 x + 32 = 8 3x + 1.

x 2 128 x + 960 = 0, x1 = 8, x2 = 120.
, .
x1 , x2 . , .
, 8
, 120 .
: S = {8}.
f ( x )2 k g ( x ) = 0, k N*

g ( x) 0;

f ( x) = 0,
g ( x) = 0.

R ( x 2 4 x + 3) 4 x 2 = 0.
:

4 x 2 0
x = 2,

( x 2 4 x + 3) 4 x 2 = 0 x 2 4 x + 3 = 0 x = 1,
x = 2.
4 x 2 = 0

: S = {2, 1, 2}.
125

. .

. .

a)

.

R 3 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 2.
:
: x 2 + 5 x + 1 0.
: 3 x 2 + 15 x + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 2 3( x 2 + 5 x + 1) + 2 x 2 + 5 x + 1 5 = 0.

x 2 + 5 x + 1 = t 0. 3t 2 + 2t 5 = 0,
5
5
t1 = 1, t 2 = . t 2 = < 0, x 2 + 5 x + 1 = 1,
3
3
x1 = 0, x2 = 5.
, .
: S = {5, 0}.

)

.
, .

R 4 77 + x + 4 20 x = 5.
:
77 + x 0
x [ 77, 20].
:
20 x 0

4 77 + x = u ,

(4). u + v = 5.
4
20 x = v.
u v,
77 + x = u 4 ,
(4).

4
20 x = v ,
4
4
u + v = 97.

u + v = 5,

4
4
u + v = 97.
u = 2
u 4 + v 4 = (u 2 + v 2 ) 2 2u 2v 2 = [(u + v) 2 2uv]2 2u 2v 2 ,
v = 3
u = 3,

(!)
v = 2.
,

4 77 + x = 2,
4
20 x = 3;
126

4 77 + x = 3,
4
20 x = 2.

 61, 4.
,
.
: S = {61, 4}.
. ,
.

2 k +1

f ( x ) = g( x ), k N*

k N* ( 3)
f ( x) = ( g ( x))2k +1.

3
2
3
R x + x + x 12 = x.
:
3

x3 + x 2 + x 12 = x x3 + x 2 + x 12 = x3 x 2 + x 12 = 0, x1 = 4, x2 = 3.

: S = {4, 3}.

a)

x 2 3 x + 3 + x 2 3 x + 6 = 3 (5).

:
2
2
(5) ( x) = x 3x + 3 x 3x + 6 ,

x 2 3 x + 3 x 2 + 3 x 6 = 3( x 2 3 x + 3 x 2 3 x + 6 )

x 2 3 x + 3 x 2 3 x + 6 = 1.

(6)

(5) (6), x 2 3 x + 3 = 1.
, x 2 3 x + 3 = 1 x 2 3 x + 2 = 0, x1 = 1, x2 = 2.
1 2 , ,
.
: S = {1, 2}.
. ,
f ( x) g( x) = h( x).
) ( . .)

x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = x 1.

:
: x 1 0 x [1, + ), , x + 2 x 1 = ( x 1 + 1)2 ,

, x 2 x 1 = ( x 1 1) 2 .
127

. .

. .

, :

x + 2 x 1 + x 2 x 1 = x 1

( x 1 + 1) 2 + ( x 1 1) 2 = x 1

| x 1 + 1 | + | x 1 1 | = x 1 x 1 + 1 + | x 1 1 | = x 1.
x 1 = t , t 0. t + 1 + | t 1 | = t 2 .
(, x 1 = t , t 0,
), : x = 5.
: S = {5}.

. ,
. ,
.

A
1. R :
a)

x + 1 = x 5;

x 3 x + 4 x = 2;

) 17 + 2 x 3 x = x + 1;

x 1 x = 7;
2

x + 1 = 2 x + 1;

x 2 + 2 x + 10 = 2 x 1.

2. R :
a) (1 x 2 ) 2 x 5 = 0;

) (3 x 2 x 2) 1 4 x = 0;

) (1 3 x ) x 2 2 x + 1 = 0;

) ( x 2 5 x + 6) 2 x 2 x 3 = 0.

3. , R :

1 2x =

a)

x + 1;

x + 2 = 1 3 x;

4.

0,5 x

= x + 2.

2
3

x 2 = 1 x = 1.

5. R :
a) x = x + 1;
) x + 3 = x 1;
) 5 x + x 6 = x;
) 2 x + 5 3x 5 = 2;
) , . 3.3,
.
6. R :

5 x 1 3x 2 = x 1;

a)
)

x + 6 = x + 7 + 2 x 5;

x 5 = x + 1;

2 x = 1 x 1.

7. R :
a) ( x 3 1) x 2 7 x + 12 = 0;

) ( 2 x 2 x 1) x 2 64 = 0.

8. , R :
a) x 2 + x 2 + 2 x + 8 = 12 2 x;
)

128

x 5 9 x = 1;

) x 5 x + 6 = 0;
)

x + 3 x 16 = 3 x 8.

) x 2 2 x 2 + 1 = 0;

9. R :
a)

x 2 2 x 4 + x 2 + 3 x 1 = 4;

x 2 + 9 x 2 7 = 2.

10. , R :
a) 2 x 1 + x + 3 = 2;
11 * .

12 x + 3 14 + x = 2;

x + 24 + 12 x = 6.

, R :
a)

x + 3 + x + 4 = x + 2 + x + 7;

20 + x
20 x
+
= 6;
x
x

x + 2 x 1 x 2 x 1 = 2;

x + 3 4 x 1 + x + 8 6 x 1 = 1;

9 x + 1 + 3 7 + x + 1 = 4;

) ( x + 4)( x + 1) 3 x 2 + 5 x + 2 = 6.

12 * . R :

4
1
3

= .
x + x2 + x x x2 + x x
13. , :
a) ;
) ;
) ;
) [a, b];
) (a, + ) ( (, a )).
a)

( x + 1) 2 + n ( x 1) 2 = 4 n x 2 1;

14. , 4 1.
15 * . R , a :
a)

(a + x) 2 + 4 3 (a x) 2 = 5 3 a 2 x 2 ;

x + a = a x.

3.4.
. R x 3 x 4 0.
.
,
.
2

, x 3 x 2 2 0, x + x + 1 < 1 .
,
.
. , :
n , f ( x) < g ( x)
n
n
( f ( x)) < ( g ( x)) .
f g M n
, f ( x) < g( x)
( f ( x)) n < ( g ( x)) n M.
f g M n, n N , ,
n
n
f ( x) < g( x) ( f ( x)) > ( g ( x)) M.
129

. .

. .

f ( x ) < g( x )

() , :
g ( x) > 0,

f ( x) < g ( x) f ( x) 0,
f ( x) < g 2 ( x).

f ( x ) > g( x )

, :

g ( x) < 0
g ( x) < 0,
f ( x) 0
f ( x) 0;

f ( x) > g ( x) g ( x) 0

g ( x) 0,
f ( x) 0
f ( x) > g 2 ( x).
f ( x) > g 2 ( x)

. f ( x) 0, .

3 x + 1 > 2 x.

2 x < 0
1
3 x + 1 0
x , 0
1
3 x , 1 .
3 x + 1 > 2 x

3
x

2
0

x [0, 1)
3 x + 1 > 4 x 2
1
: S = , 1.
3

f ( x ) g( x )

,
g ( x) 0,

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) 0,
f ( x) g 2 ( x).

R
:

1 x 2 3 x.

3x 0

1
1 x 3 x 1 x 2 0 x , 1 .
2
1 x 2 3 x 2

1
: S = , 1.
2
130

 . .

f ( x) = g( x),
.

f ( x) < g( x),

f ( x ) g( x )

, :

f ( x) 0
f ( x) 0,
g ( x) < 0

g ( x) < 0;

f ( x) g ( x) f ( x) 0

g ( x) 0,
g ( x) 0
f ( x) g 2 ( x).
f ( x) g 2 ( x)

f ( x) = g ( x),

.
f ( x) > g ( x),
,
:
, ,
() .

2 x + 1 x 2 1.

:
: x [ 2, + ). 2x + 1 1 + x 2.
. ,
2 x 2 x + 2.

x 2 0

x 2
2
x [ 2, + ).
2 x 2 x + 2 x + 2 0
x + 12 0
4( x 2) ( x + 2) 2
, .
: S = [ 2, + ).
R

x + 2 4 x 2 x + 7 6 x 2 > 1.

:
: x [ 2, + ).

x 2 = t , t 0, x = t 2 + 2.

t 2 4t + 4 t 2 6t + 9 > 1 | t 2 | | t 3 | > 1.
| t 2 | | t 3 | > 1

t < 2,
2 t < 3,
t 3,
(t 2) + (t 3) > 1; (t 2) + (t 3) > 1; (t 2) (t 3) > 1.

131

. .

. t ( 2, 3),
t [3, + ).

x , x 2 > 2,

x 2.
, x (6, + ).
: S = (6, + ).

R :

2 x + 3 > 1;

1 x 2;

x 2 3x + 2 5;

3x + 2
1;
1 2x

2. a)

2 x + 10 > 3x 5;

x 2 4 x < x 3;

( x 4)( x + 1) 3( x + 1);

x 3 2 x x;

1. a)

)
3. a)

3x 2 5 x + 8
x2 9

0;

( x 1) x 8
0;
x 2 16

) ( x 4) x 2 3 x 2 16;

x + 3 + x 2 2 x + 4.

5 20 x x 2
1;
x

2x + 1
< 2;
2 x

5. a)

2
2
6. a) 1 2 x + x 4 x 4 x + 1 2;

) | t 1 | +

9t 2 + 6t + 1 2t ;

2
2
7. a) x + x + 11 > 31;

x + 2 > 2.
x 2 5 x + 6 x + 4;

1 + x 3 2 + x.

1 + 3x + 3 1 3x > 2;

) ( x 2 3 x)3 1 x 0.

x + 3 2 + x 4;

4. a)

x 2 3 x 3;

1
1
<
.
2 + x 1 x

2
2
) 2 + x 3 x 6 x + 9 > x ;

) | 1 3 x 2 | | 3 x + 1 3 | 2.

1 x
2x + 1 7

;
2x + 1
1 x 12

x 2 3x + 5 3x + 7 x 2 .

8 * . R , a :
a) x + 4a > 5 ax ;

a + x + a x < 2;

1 x 2 2 x + a.

9. , R :
a)

x + 4 x;

x 2 3x 4 <

x + 1;

3x 2 x 2 > 3 x +

10. , . 3.4.
11. , R:
a) ;
) ;
) ;
) (a, b).

132

3.5.
() ( ,
, .),
.
.

x 1 + y + 7 = 3,
1. R R
x y = 1.
:
x 1 0,
x = 1 + y
:
y + 7 0.
1
10
y + y + 7 = 3, y = . (!) x = .
9
9
10 1

. , . 9 9
10 1
, , , .
9 9

10 1
, .
9 9

: S =

4 x y 4 x + y = 10,
x 2 y 2 = 121.

2. R R
:

x y 0,

: x + y 0, , x 2 y 2 = x y x + y .
x 2 y 2 0.
.
u v = 10,
uv = 11;
4
x y = u,
u v = 10


u 0, v 0. :
2

=
u
v
(
)
121
4 x + y = v,

u v = 10,

uv = 11.
, u 0, v 0, u = 11, v = 1.
, -

4 x y = 11
x = 7 321,
x y = 14 641


x
y
1
+
=
y = 7 320.

x + y = 1

:
4

, .
: S = {(7 321, 7 320)}.

133

. .

. .

3. R x 2 2 x 2 1 2 x = x 2 2 x 2 x 2 1.
:
: 2 x 2 1 0.
( 2 x 2 1 1)( x 2 + 2 x ) = 0. -

2 x 2 1 1 = 0,
2
x + 2 x = 0.
x1 = 1, x2 = 1,
x3 = 00, , x4 = 2. , ,
2, 1, 1 .
: S = {2, 1, 1}.

1. R R :

2 x y = 3,
a)
3 x + 2 y = 1;
y
x

2
+ 1 = 0,
) x
y
2 x + y = 5;

x + y = 2,
)
x 2 y = 1;

) 2 x + y + 1 = x + y + 1,
3 x + 2 y = 4;

3 x + 3 y = 4,
)
xy = 27;

) 4( x + y ) 6 xy = 0,
x + y = 5.

x + y + xy = 14,
a)
2
2
x + y + xy = 84;

3 x 3 y = 3,
) 3 2
x + 3 xy + 3 y 2 = 3;

2. R R :

x y + y x = 6,
) 2
2
x y + y x = 20.

3. R :
x 2 + x 2 16 = 18,
3 x + 7 x + 1 = 2,
a)
) 2
( x 9) x + 1 = 0.
3x + 4 + x 4 = 2 x ;
4. R :
a)

x x
2 x +1 = 3 x;
x +1

) (3 x 1 x 1)( x 2 16 x + 2 x + 1) = 0.

5. , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) .
6. ,
(2, 0).
7. , .
8 * . R , a :
x = a + y ,
x + y = 4a,
x 2 + xy + y 2 = a 2 ,
)
)
a)

2
2
2
x + 2 x y 4 y 3 = 0;
x y = 8a ;
x + xy + y = a.

134

3.6.

() () , .

.
.

R -

x + 1 > 1,

3 x 2 < x.
:

:

x + 1 > 1
x 2 ,
x > 0

3
3x 2 0

x
3x + 2 > 0.

3x 2 < x 2
(!)
,

x , 1 U (2, + ), 2
3

: S = , 1 U (2, + ).
3
2

R -

x 2 4 + 2 x 2 1 0,

x 1
(3 x + 1) 2 x 0.

:
x 2 1 0,
: x 1
,
2 x 0.
:
x [1, 2).

R -

x 4 x + 3 0,

3 x + 1 x + 1.
:
.
: x [0, + ).
x = t , t 0.

+
+
t 2 4t + 3 0,
x
1 3

t [1, 3], 1 t 3.
x, 1 x 3 1 x 9.
,
x [1, 9] (9).
-

x + 1 < 0, x + 1 0,

: 3 x + 1 0; 3 x + 1 ( x + 1) 2 .

.
(!) :

x + 1 0
x 2 x 0 x [0, 1] (10).

1
0

135

. .

. .

(9) (10),
: [0, 9].
: S = [0, 9].

.
x 2 1 = t , t 0. t 2 + 2t 3 0, t [3, 1]. t 0, t [0, 1], 0

R x+3
0,
x 1

2
9 x 18 x + 9 < x + 3.

x2 1 1

x 2 1 0,
2
:
x 1 1.

:
:

x [ 2 , 1] U [1, 2 ].

x + 3 = 0
x 1 0
x+3
0

x 1
x + 3 > 0
x 1 > 0

, :
x [1, 2 ].
(7)
-

(3x + 1)

(3x + 1)

x {3} U (1, + ) (11).

x 1
= 0,
2 x
x 1
> 0.
2 x

9 x 2 18 x + 9 < x + 3

3 | x 1 | < x + 3 x (0, 3) (12).

(11) (12) ,
:
x {3} U (0, + ).

x = 1,
x (1, 2).
,
(8)
x [1, 2) .
(7) (8) , x [1, 2 ).
: S = [1,

: S = {3} U (0, + ).
.
.

2 ).

R :
x + 1 x < 2,
x 2 6 x + 2 > 3,

) x 1
1. a)
x 3 0;
3x + 2 0;

x 3 > 5,

) x 3
x + 4 1;

3 + x 0,

) x 2
x 11 x + 12 0.

( x + 1) x 2 4 0,
4 x 2 4 x + 1 ( x 2 2 x 3) 2,
2. a)
)
x 1 x;
3 2 x 2 x 3 1 x < 0.
3. R :
3x x + 1 > 0,
x2 + 2x + 8
2 x x 1 < 1,
0,

3 x
) 2
) x 2 1.
a)
2
3 x x + x 3 x;
3x + 1
x + 1 x;

136

4. :
a) ,
(1, 2);
) ,
(1, 2).
5. , :
) ;
) ;
) [a, b];

) .

: 45

A
1. f : R R, f ( x) = 2 x 2 x + 3.
a) f .

) R f ( x) 0.

) G f Gg , 2
g : R R, g ( x) = 2 x + 3.
2. R 7

1
1 x
3,2 x
= 0.
4
x2

3. 12 . - 3
, ,
25 . ?

6
.
5 2x
a) R .

) .

1.

5 2x + 1

) f II , 1
.
) f .

2. P( X ) = X 2 (a 3) X + a.
a) a P(X) ? 2
) P(X).

) P(X).

1
1

) a P(X) ?

137

. .

. .

. .

4.1.

l
.
l ,
. ,
K t
K = K0 e( 1)t / l , K0
t 0 = 0, e . f : R R *+ , f (t ) = e t , , .
. f : R R *+ ,
f ( x) = a x , , a R*+ , a 1.
x

1
, f , g : R R*+ , f ( x) = 2 x , g ( x) = , .
3

. a = 1 ,
f ( x) = 1, .

1 D( f ) = R.

2 E ( f ) = R + .
, ,
a x > 0 x. , E ( f ) R *+ .
.

3 2 , .
Oy (0, 1), a0 = 1 a > 0.
4
( 3, 2) ,
R, a > 1, R, 0 < a < 1.
.
: a > a > ( , R, a > 1),

a > a < ( , R, 0 < a < 1),

a = a = ( , R , R + , a 1),
.
5 R.
138

1
6 , , f (x) = a = x
a
x0 , f ( x0 ) f ( x0 ).
7 ,
R.
8 ,
R.
9 ( 2) ( 4,
), , .
10 f : R R + , f ( x) = a x , a > 0, a 1, 7.6.
x

0 < a <1

a >1

y
1

Gf

y
1

Gf

. 7.6
y
4

. 7.7
x

1
f1 , f 2: R R , f1 ( x) = 2 , f 2 ( x) = .
2

Gf 2

G f1

*
+

, f1 f 2 .

1. 5

2,5

f : R R + , f ( x) = 5 , ,
3

>5

2,5

3 > 2,5 ,

.
5

1
2. 1: a) ;
5
:
1
a)
5

. 7.7

) ( 2 1) 2 .
x

1
f : R R + , f ( x) = ,
5

1
x0 = 5 > 0. 1, < 1.
5
3

) ( 2 1) 2 f : R R + , f ( x) = ( 2 1) x ,
3
x0 = < 0.
2
3

1, ( 2 1) 2 > 1.
139

. .

. .

4.2.
. 3 2012 . 10%
. ?
:
1 1 + 0,1 = 1,1 (), 2
1,1 + 0,11 = 1,21 = 1,12 () . . x .
: 1,1x = 1 000 000.
.
,
, ,
, 1.
2 x 1

= 5 , 4 4 = 20 .
2 = 8, 5 3
:
x

2x

2x

4. a > 0 a 1, a f ( x ) = a g ( x ) f ( x) = g ( x ) .
. 4.
.
f ( x)
= b, a > 0, a 1, a , b R
a

1) f ( x ) = x. a x = b
. .
a) b 0. a x = b (.
7.6).
) b > 0 b = a , R. a x = b a x = a x = .
. 5 x = 25 5 x = 5 2 x = 2.

: S = {2}.

) b > 0 b a.
b = a log a b . 4 :

a x = b a x = a log a b x = log a b.
: S = {log 3 12}.

. 3 x = 12 3 x = 3log3 12 x = log3 12.

2) a f ( x ) = b,, a > 0, a 1, a, b R.

=a
a
( 4) f ( x) = g ( x).
f ( x)

. 0,2 x

= 0,2 x

: S = {0, 1}.
140

g( x )

, a > 0, a 1, a R , -

x 3 1 = x 2 1 x 3 x 2 = 0 x 2 ( x 1) = 0.

R 12 x + 6 x 4 x 2 x = 0.
:
: x R. , : (12x + 6 x ) (4 x + 2 x ) = 0

(2 x 6 x + 6 x ) (2 2 x + 2 x ) = 0 6 x (2 x + 1) 2 x (2 x + 1) = 0 (2 x + 1)(6 x 2 x ) = 0.
, 6 x 2 x = 0 2 x + 1 = 0, 6 x = 2 x 2 x = 1.
6 x = 2 x x = 0, .
: S = {0}.
f (a x ) = 0
a x = t , f (t ) = 0.

R 9 x 2 3 x = 3.
:
x
x
x 2
x
: x R. 9 2 3 = 3 (3 ) 2 3 3 = 0. 3 x = t , t > 0.
t 2 2t 3 = 0, t1 = 3, t 2 = 1. t1 = 3 > 0.
, 3 x = 3 x = 1.
: S = {1}.
, , , .

R 8 x + 18 x 2 27 x = 0.
:
x

: x R. 8
2x

3x

3
3
3
1 + 2 = 0. = t , t > 0. :
2
2
2

3
2t 3 t 2 1 = 0 (t 1)(2t 2 + t + 1) = 0 t = 1. , = 1 x = 0.
2
: S = {0}.
,

R 4 2 x 1 = 3 x.

:
: x R. 10,
lg 4
(2 x 1) lg 4 = x lg 3, . x =
.
lg16 lg 3

lg 4
.
lg16 lg 3

: S =

141

. .

. .
x

R 36 = 45 .
:
: x R. 10, 6 x lg 3 = 5 x lg 4.
lg lg 4 lg lg 3
, : x lg 6 + lg lg 3 = x lg 5 + lg lg 4 x =
.
lg 6 lg 5

lg lg 4 lg lg 3
.
lg 6 lg 5

: S =

,
.

R 5 x = 4 x + 1.
:
: x R. x = 0. f, f ( x) = 5 x , R, g, g ( x) = 4 x + 1, R,
. , : x = 0.
: S = {0}.
a f ( x ) b g ( x ) = a p b q

x+2
R 5 x 2 x = 40.
:
x+2
2( x 1)

x+2
3
x 1
x x +x 2
3
x
log 5 2
x
x
=
5
2
5
2
5
2

x 1 =
5 2 = 40

x
x 0
x 0
x 0
x = 1,
: S = {1, log 5 4}.

x = log 5 4.

x D f I Dg ,
a f ( x) b g ( x) = a p b q a f ( x) p = b q g ( x)
f ( x) p = [q g ( x)] log a b.

,
, , h( x) f ( x ) = h( x) g ( x ) .
h( x ) f ( x ) = h( x ) g ( x ) , h( x) > 0, (-)

h( x) > 0,

h( x ) = 1,
h( x) 1,
x D ( f ) I D ( g ).
f ( x) = g ( x);

( x + 1) x

: S = {0, 2}.
142

x + 1 > 0,

x + 1 = 1,
= ( x + 1) x x + 1 1,
x R .
x 2 2 = x;

 . .

A
1. f : R R :
x
2
a) f ( x) = 4 x ;
) f ( x) = 1,5 x ;
) f ( x) = ;
) f ( x) = 4 x.
5
2. (a (0, 1) a > 1) , , :
) a 0,5 < a 2 ;
) a 2 , 7 < a 7 .
a) a 2 > a;
3. : a) ( 2 )

) (0,3)

( 2 )1,3 ;

(0,3) 1,8 .

4. x, f : R R 1, :
x
) f ( x) = (0,5) x ;
) f ( x) = 3 .
a) f ( x) = (5 5 ) x ;
R :
x
x
5. a) 1,1 = 1 000 000;
) 4 = 64;
2 x+2
= 81;
) 3

) 7 x = 3 49 ;
x

3 4
6. a) = ;

8. a) 2

+ 3 2

x2

= 77;

x
) 0,2

x 1

25

8

+x

x 1

125
.
64

2
1
1
) (0,5) x = ;

) 4

x +3

47 + 27
x

x +1

4 x +1 16 = 4 x .

x+2
x+4
x+6
x +3
) 3 + 3 5 = 3 5 .

= 4 x 1 ;

) 2 2 x + 3 2 2 + 1 = 0.

) 16 x 4 4 x + 3 = 0;

9. a) 9 x + 3 x = 272;

1
;
25
= 0.

) (0,2) x =

2
)
5

x +1
) 12 = 15;

2 9
x 2 1
x 2 1
1 1
1
= ;
7. a)
8 32
2
x +1

1
) = 8;
2
) 11x +1 = 121;

10. f : R R :
x
) f ( x) = | 3x |;
) f ( x) = 2| | +1.
a) f ( x) = 3|x| ;

( 2 ) 3 , ( 3 ) 0 ,1 , (2 3 ) 3 .

11. , , 1:
5

9
3
;
12. : a)
) 3 4 2 3.
49
7
13. x f , g : D R , f ( x) = ( 2 ) x , g ( x) = (0,25) x 2 ,
?
14. x f : D R , 1, :
x
x
1
;
a) f ( x) =
) f ( x) = 2 2 .
2
R :
x2

4 25
15. a)
5 64

x2

25
) (0,6) x
9

625
;
65536

36 9 x

) 8 x 2 x +1 4 = 0.

+ 3 = 0;

18. a) (2 + 3 ) 2 x +1 + ( 2 3 ) 2 x +1 = 4;
19. a) 4 x + 10 x 2 25 x = 0;

27
=
.
125

) 4 x 3 x +1, 5 + 2 2 x 1 = 3 x + 0, 5.

16. a) 5 2 x + 35 7 x = 35 5 2 x + 7 x ;
17. a) 81x

x 2 12

) 5 + 2 6

) 10 x + 25 x = 4,25 50 x ;

x2

x2

5 2 6 = 10.

) 3 x 4 4 x 10 + x 25 = 0.

143

. .

20. a) 4| x 3| + 4| x +1| = 4 x ;

) | 5 x 1 | + | 5 x 5 | = 2;

x
x
x
21. a) 3 + 4 = 5 ;

) 2 x 3 2 = 7;

22. a) | x 3 | x

3 x

= ( x 3) 4 ;

23. a) 6 ( x + 3) log 6 2 2 x

x 2 x
= 1.
) | x 1 |
x
2

) = 3x 2 + 2 x 1.
5

2 x

= 32;

) ( x 2 x) 8

2 x

) 7 ( x 2 ) log 7 3 3 x

+ 12 8

+3 x

2 x

= ( x 2 x) 8
) 3 x 7

= 27;

2x
x+3
x

+ 12 8

2 x

= 1323.

24. R , a :
a) 625| x +1| 2 25| x +1| + a = 0;

) 3 4 x 2 + 27 a = a 4 x 2 ;

x
x
) a 2 + 2 = 5.

25. , 3.
26. , :
a) ;
) ;

) .

4.3.
. R 2 2 x + 2 < 6 x + 2 32 x + 2.
.
,
, ,
, 1.
, 3 x < 9, 9 x 2 3 x 8 0 .
.
f ( x)
< a g ( x ) , a > 0, a 1, a R
a

5.
5. a > 1, a f ( x ) < a g ( x ) f ( x) < g ( x).
0 < a < 1, a f ( x ) < a g ( x ) f ( x) > g ( x).
4 (. 4.1)

f : R R + , f ( x) = a x , a > 0, a 1.

R 23 x 1 < 4.
:

23 x 1 < 4 23 x 1 < 2 2 3x 1 < 2 x (, 1).

: S = (, 1).

1
R
3
:
1
3

x+2

2 x

1
<
3

2 x

2
x + 2 > 2 x 3x > 2 x , + .
3

: S = , + .
3

144

1
<
3

x+2

a f ( x ) > a g ( x ) , a f ( x ) a g ( x ) , a f ( x ) a g ( x ) , a > 0, a 1, a R.
, , , ,
:

a f ( x ) < a g ( x ) , a f ( x ) a g ( x ) , a f ( x ) > a g ( x ) , a f ( x ) a g ( x ) , a > 0, a 1, a R.

,
, h( x) f ( x ) < h( x) g ( x ) .
a) h( x ) f ( x ) < h( x ) g ( x )
0 < h( x) < 1, h( x ) > 1,
f ( x) > g ( x); f ( x) < g ( x ).

f ( x)
h( x ) g ( x )
) h( x )

h( x ) > 1,
f ( x) g ( x);

0 < h( x) < 1,
f ( x) g ( x);

h( x ) = 1,
x D ( f ) I D ( g ).

) :
h( x ) f ( x ) = h( x ) g ( x ) ,
h( x ) f ( x ) h( x ) g ( x )
f ( x)
> h( x ) g ( x ) .
h( x )
>, .

, h( x ) > 0.

R ( x 1) x ( x 1) 2 x +1 , x 1 > 0.
:
h( x) = x 1, f ( x) = x, g ( x ) = 2 x + 1, D( f ) = R, D( g ) = R.

0 < x 1 < 1
x 2 x + 1

x (1, 2)
x 1 > 1
x
x (1, 2].
( x 1) x ( x 1) 2 x +1
x 2 x + 1
x = 2

x 1 = 1

x R
: S = (1, 2].

R :
x+4
1
1
;
) <
1. a) 6 x 3 > 36;
125
5
) 0,3 x + 5 < 4;

x
x
x2 3
) 2 5 0,01 (10 ) ;

x
) 5

+x

> 1;

x
) 2

x +8

> 0;

x+2
x +3
x+4
x +1
x +3
) 2 2 2 > 5 5 .

145

. .

. .

1
)
5

2. a) 25 x 5 x 20 0;
3. a) 1000 0,3

x +1 1

2 x +1

1
> + 10;
5

) (lg 4) 2 x 5 < (log 4 10) 2 x ;

27;

) 3 x + 2 5 x + 2 > 15 (2252 x 1 ) 3 ;

) 0,6 x 3 < 5 36 3 x.

4. a) . 4.3;

13 x 2

4
7

5. a) 1 < 5| x

x|

4

7

x 2 + 36

1
1
;
<
0,4 x + 5 0,4 x +1 1

49

16

9 x 3 x + 2 3 x 9;

6 x 2

) 4

x +1, 5

+6

>9

x +1

) | 3 x 2 | | 3 x 1 | | 3 x + 1 | 5;

< 25;

) 2 2 + x 2 2 x > 15;

) 2 2 x +1 5 2 x + 2 > 0;

) 8 x + 18 x 2 33 x 0;
)

) 0,49 x +1 5 0,7 x +1 14 0.

) 64x 7 8 x + 12 0.

) 6 2| x| 2 18| x| 8 32| x| > 0.

6. R :
a) ( 2 x 2 3 x + 8) x

x2

1;

) (3 x 1) x

< (3 x 1) 3 x ;

2
| x| 1
2
3| x 1| 1
.
) | 2 x 7 | | 2 x 7 |

7. , :
a) ;
) ;
) [a, b];
) (c, + ) (, d );
) .
8. , (3, 2].
9 * . R , :
ax
1 + ax
) x
a) a 2 2 4 x +1 a 2 x +1 > 0;
>
.
a 1 1 + 2a x

.
.

5.1.
, a R*+ \ {1} .
. ,
:

y = log a x a y = x, x > 0, a > 0, a 1.

. f : R *+ R,
f ( x) = log a x,
x, a R*+ , a 1.
, f1 , f 2 : R *+ R, f1 ( x ) = log 3 x, f 2 ( x) = log
.
146

x, -

 .
1 D( f ) = R *+ , D( f )
.
2 E ( f ) = R .
3 0 x0 = 1,
log a x = 0 x0 = 1. Oy, 0 R + .
4 () R+ ,
a (1, + ) ( a (0, 1)).
, a > 1 x1 > x2 ,
( 3, . 3.1), a loga x1 > a loga x2 .
() R, a > 1
(0 < a < 1) , : log a x1 > log a x2 (log a x1 < log a x2 ).
5 , a > 1
x (1, + ) x (0, 1).
0 < a < 1,
x (0, 1) x (1, + ).
, a > 1 , , :
log a x > 0 log a x > log a 1 x > 1.
.
6 R+ , , .
7 , R*+ .
8 ,
R*+ .
9 , , . .
10 f : R *+ R, f ( x) = log a x, a > 0, a 1, 7.8.
Gf
y
y
0 < a <1

a >1

Gf

. 7.8

.
( , , a R *+ , a 1):
log a > log a > , a > 1,

log a > log a < , 0 < a < 1,

log a = log a = ,
.
147

. .

. .

1
f1: R R + , f1 ( x) = 2 x ; f 2 : R R + , f 2 ( x) = .
2

a) :

g1: R *+ R, g 1 ( x) = f11 ( x) = log 2 x , g 2 : R *+ R, g 2 ( x) = f 21 ( x) = log 1 ( x).

2

) f1 , f 2 , g1 , g 2 .
:
a)
g1 g2:
g1 , g 2 7.9.

1
8

1
4

1
2

g1 ( x) = log 2 x

3 2

g 2 ( x) = log 1 x

1 2 3

) f1 , f 2 , g1 , g 2 7.10.
, f1 g1 , f 2 g 2
I III .
y
y
3
G f1
Gf 2
G
2

y = log 2 x

g1

1
O

G g1

x = 2y

1
6

7 x

Gg 2

2
Gg 2

. 7.9

. 7.10

:
9 : pH .
9 : .
9 : .
9 : ; .
9 : ; .

: a) log

2 log 9 7;

) log 1 3 log 7 5.
2

:
a) ,
:
1
log 3 2 = 2 log 3 2 = log 3 4,
log 9 7 = log 3 7 = log 3 7 .
2
148

 1 4 > 7 ,
log 3 4 > log 3 7 . , log

2 > log 9 7.

) 5 log 1 3 < 0 , log 7 5 > 0.

2

, log 1 3 < log 7 5.

2

A
1. f : R + R :
) f ( x) = log 0,1 x;

a) f ( x ) = log 5 x;

2. 0, 1:
a) log 3 2;
) log 3 0,2;

) f ( x) = lg x;
) log 1 0,5;

) f ( x) = ln x.
) log

0,2.

3. , :
1
1
1
5 1;
) 3
) log 5 log 5 .
a) ( 3 ) 3 8116 ;
3
10
5
4. , , ,
, :
x

1
) f ( x) = ;

a) f ( x) = 5 x ;

) f ( x) = log1,3 x.

5. , 1:

log1,1 0,5, log 2 3 1,01, log123 120.

6. log 3 6 log 3 5.
7. x f , g : D R , f ( x) = log 3 ( x 1), g ( x) = log 3 x, ?
8. , f , :
a) f : R R + , f ( x) = 2 x 3 ;

) f : ( 2, + ) R, f ( x) = log 3 ( x 2).

9. x f : D R 1, :
a) f ( x) = log 0, 2 x;
) f ( x) = lg( x 3).
10. R \ D( f ), f :
) f ( x ) = ( x 2) 3 ;

a) f ( x) = lg{x};

) f ( x) = lg( 2 x + 1) .

11. , :
a) 2 log 3 8;

) 3 ( 13 ) 0 ,1 ;

) 5 3 17 0 , 3 ;

) 30,1 log 9 7.

12. , , ,
, :
a) f ( x) = ( 3 ) x 1 ;
) f ( x) = ( 0,3 )| x 1| ;
) f ( x) = | log 2 ( x 1) | .
13. D( f ) f : D R:
a) f ( x) = log| x| ( x + 2);

) f ( x) = lg

4 3 lg x lg 2 x
;
lg x

) f ( x) = lg | 9 x 2 | + x 2 1.

149

. .

. .

5.2.
, / .
2
, log3 (3x 1) = 2, log x 1 ( x 3x + 2) = 1
.

. log a f ( x ) + log a g ( x)
log a ( f ( x ) g ( x )), , log a f ( x ) + log a g ( x ).
, log a f ( x ) + log a g ( x)

f ( x) > 0,
log a ( f ( x ) g ( x ))
g ( x) > 0,
f ( x) > 0, f ( x) < 0,

g ( x ) > 0; g ( x) < 0.
.
log a f ( x ) log a g ( x )
f ( x)
log a
.
g ( x)
.
log a f ( x ) = b, a > 0, a 1, b R

log a x = b .
a) , x = a b .

log 3 x = 2 x = 32 = 9.
: S = {9}.
) log a x = b . b
a b = b log a a = log a a b . log a x = log a a b x = a b .

log 4 x = 2 log 4 x = log 4 16 x = 16.

: S = {16}.
log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x )
:
6. a > 0, a 1, log a f ( x) = log a g ( x )

f ( x) = g ( x)
f ( x) = g ( x),


f ( x) > 0
g ( x ) > 0.

150

 . .

4
R log 2 ( x 1) = log 4 ( x + 2) log 2 3x.

x 1 > 0

: ( x + 2) 4 > 0 x > 1. ,
3x > 0

log 2 ( x 1) + log 2 3x = log 4 ( x + 2) 4 log 2 3x( x 1) = log 2 ( x + 2) 2 2 x 2 7 x 4 = 0,

1
x1 = 4 , x2 = . ,
2
4 .
: S = {4}.
f (log a x ) = 0
. log a x = t
log a x = ti , ti f(t) = 0.

R log32 ( x + 1) + log3 ( x + 1) 12 = 0.
:
: x + 1 > 0 x ( 1, + ). log 3 ( x + 1) = t ,
t 2 + t 12 = 0, t1 = 3, t 2 = 4.
x = 26 ,
log ( x + 1) = 3,
3

80
log3 ( x + 1) = 4,
x = 81 .
, .
80

: S = , 26 .
81

log a ( x ) f ( x ) = log a ( x ) g ( x )

f ( x) > 0
a ( x ) > 0


a ( x) 1

f ( x) = g ( x)

R log5 ( x 2 + 1) = log5 ( x + 3).

:
x2 + 1 = x + 3
x = 1,
log 5 ( x 2 + 1) = log 5 ( x + 3) 2
x2 x 2 = 0
x = 2.
x + 1 > 0
: S = {1, 2}.

g ( x) > 0,
a ( x) > 0,
a ( x) 1,

f ( x) = g ( x).
151

. .

2
R log x +1 ( x 1) = log x +1 (3x 1).
:

3 x 1 > 0
x > 1
x > 1
x + 1 > 0

3
2

= x = 3.
log x +1 ( x 1) = log x +1 (3x 1)
3
x 0
x +1 1
2
x 3 x = 0
2
x 1 = 3 x 1
x = 3
: S = {3}.
,
.
a) ,

R log 4 x + log 3 x = 2.
:
: x > 0. , :

lg x lg x
+
= 2 x = 10
lg 4 lg 3

2 lg 4 lg 3
lg12

2 lg 4 lg 3
: S =
10 lg12 .

) , ,

. log x +1 5 + log 5 ( x + 1) = 2.
:
: x ( 1, 0) U (0, + ). log x +1 5 =

1
, :
log 5 ( x + 1)

1
+ log 5 ( x + 1) = 2 log 5 ( x + 1) = 1 x = 4.
log 5 ( x + 1)
: S = {4}.
) , ,
,

*
log x
log x
R + x 4 + 4 4 = 8.

:
2

: x (0, + ). x log 4 x = ( 4 log 4 x ) log 4 x = 4 log 4 x , x log 4 x = 4 log 4 x

2

, 2 4 log 4 x = 8, x1 = 4 ,
1
x2 = .
4
1
: S = , 4 .
4
152

 , ,
, .

R log 6 ( x + 2) = 13 3 x.
:
: x (2, + ). x = 4. f, f ( x ) = log 6 ( x + 2), , g,
g ( x) = 13 3 x, , . , : x = 4.
: S = {4}.
.
:
a) , log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x )
f ( x) = g ( x );
) ;
) , f ( x) = g ( x) log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x ).

A
R :
1. a) log 2 x = 4;
) log 1 x = 0;
) log0,3 x = 1;

) log

) log100 x = 1;

x = 2;

) log 8 x = 3.

2
) log 2 ( x 4) = 2;

2. a) log 0,1 (3x 1) = 1;

2
3. a) log 3 ( x + 2) = log 3 x ;

) log 2 ( x 2 3 x) = 6.

) log 0 ,1 ( x 2 x 1) = log 0,1 ( x + 4);

4. a) 3(lg( x 1) 2) = lg 5 lg( x 1);

) log 5 ( x + 1) = log 5 (2 x ).

) log 1 x 2 lg 4 = log 1 x + lg 25.

2

5. a) lg(35 x ) = 3 lg(5 x);

3

) log ( x + 2) 3 log3 ( x + 2) 4 = 0;
2
3

) 12 lg 2 x = lg x.

6. R :
a) log 5 (3 x 11) + log 5 ( x 27 ) = 3 + log 5 8;

) log x 2 + log 2 x = 2,5;

x2
) log 9 x + log 3
= 8;
9

) 2 log 4 x 2 log 24 ( x) = 4;

2
1
3

) x

log x 2 x

= 4, x > 0;

) log 4 ( x + 12) log x 2 = 1;

) x

1+ log 3 x
2

= 9 x , x > 0;
2

) x lg x 4 = 100, x > 0;
) 2 log x 3 + log 3 x 3 + 3 log 9 x 3 = 0;
) x

= x x , x > 0;

) 3log 2 x 5log 4 x = 2 025.

153

. .

. .

7. R :
x
) log 4 (17 x 1) = 2 ;
a) log 1 (2 x + 2) = 3 x;

) 1 2 x = lg

8. R :
2
2
a) log 2 ( x x) 2 log 2 ( x + 2) = 2;

x
.
2 000

) log 3 (3 x 8) = | 2 x | .

9. , 0 2.
10. , R:
a) ;
) ;
) .
11 *. R , a :
log x
2
a) x a = a x, a > 0, x > 0;
) a 2 lg x lg( 6 x ) = 1;
) lg 2 x + lg(2 x) = lg lg a.

5.3.
( x 2 3 x + 2 )

< 1.
. R 0,5 0 ,1
:
: x 2 3 x + 2 > 0. , a f ( x ) < 1, a = 0,5 < 1,
log 0 ,1 ( x 2 3 x + 2) > 0, .
log

,
/
.
, log 5 x < 2, log 0 , 2 (3 x 1) 0, lg 2 x lg x 6 0,

0, log x +1 ( x 3) > log x +1 x .

.
log a f ( x ) > log a g ( x ), a > 0, a 1, a R
7.
7. a > 1, log a f ( x) > log a g ( x ) (1)

g ( x) > 0,

f ( x) > g ( x).

f ( x) > 0,
0 < a < 1, (1)
f ( x) < g ( x).

. 7.

R log 2 (3 x 1) > log 2 (5 x).

:
5 x > 0
x < 5
log2 (3x 1) > log2 (5 x)

x (1,5; 5).
3x 1 > 5 x x > 1,5
: S = (1,5; 5).
154

 :
log a f ( x ) log a g ( x ), log a f ( x ) < log a g ( x ), log a f ( x ) log a g ( x ),
a > 0, a 1, a R.

. .

(2)

, , (1) (2).
log h( x ) f ( x ) log h( x ) g ( x )
:
h( x) > 1,
0 < h( x) < 1,

>
g
(
x
)
0
,

f ( x) > 0,
f ( x ) g ( x); f ( x) g ( x).

R log x +1 ( 2 x + 1) log x +1 ( x 1).

:

x + 1 > 1
x 1 > 0

2x + 1 x 1
x > 1.
log x +1 (2 x + 1) log x +1 ( x 1)
0 < x + 1 < 1

2 x + 1 > 0

2 x + 1 x 1
: S = (1, + ).
:
log h ( x ) f ( x) > log h ( x ) g ( x), log h ( x ) f ( x) < log h ( x ) g ( x), log h ( x ) f ( x) log h ( x ) g ( x).

R*+ x 2 lg x > 100.

:
: x (0, + ). , 10 :

lg x 2 lg x > lg100 2 lg 2 x > 2.

, lg 2 x > 1 (lg x 1)(lg x + 1) > 0. lg x ( , 1) U (1, + )

1
lg x < 1 0 < x < ,
1

, , x 0, U (10, + ).
10
10
lg x > 1
x > 10.
1
: S = 0, U (10, + ).
10
155

 . .

. (<, , >, )
, a > 1;
(<, , >, ) ,
0 < a < 1.

R :
1. a) log 2 (1 x ) < 0;
) log 1 ( x 2 7) > 2;

2
) lg( x + 1) 1;

) ln(3 2 x) 0;

) log 0,1 ( x 2 3 x + 2) > 0;

) log 3 ( x 2 2 x) 2.

2. a) log 4 ( x 2 + 1) log 4 (3x + 1);

) log 2 (2 x) log 2 (5 x 8);

3

10

) lg(2 x 4) + lg 3 x < lg( x + 1).

3. a) log 2 ( x 3) log 2 2 x 1;

4. a) lg 2 (2 x + 3) 12 lg(2 x + 3) + 20 0;

) 2 log 21 6 x 5 log 1 6 x + 3 > 0;

5

1
1
)
+
< 2;
1 + log3 x 1 log3 x
5. a) log

x 1
2 x +1

) log ( x 1) log 0 ,5 ( x 1) 5 0.
2
2

) log x ( x 3 x 2 + x + 2) 3;

0,5 > 1;

x 2 1
) log 0, 3 lg
0;
x+3
) log 2 ( x 1) log 2 ( x + 1) + log x +1 2 0;
ln 6 ln(10 x )
< 0;
ln( x + 2)
2

) lg(2 x + 1) > log 1 x.

log 4 ( 2 3 x)
< 0;
x4

) log x 2 log 2 x 2 log 2 4 x 1;

x 1

) log 3 (log 2 ( 2 log 4 x)) > 1;

) x log 2 x + 16 x log 2 x > 17, x > 0;

6. a) log 3 | x + 5 | log 1 | x 1 | log 3 x;

) log x 2 1 3 x log x 2 1 (4 x).

) log| x 1| ( x 4) 2;

log 0, 2 | x + 1 |
> 0;
x2 9x

) log | x| 20 9 x > 1.

7. , [0, + ).
8 * . R , :
a) log a (1 x 2 ) 1;

log x
) x a > a, x > 0;

) log a ( x a ) > log 1 ( x + 1).

a

9*.

( a + 1) 2
4a + 4 2
2a
log 2
x + 2 log 2
x + log 2
> 0.

a
a +1
4a 2

a, x.
( , 2012)

156

5.4.

()
.
, () ,
, ,
().

2 x 32 y = 12,
1. R R 2 y x
2 3 = 18.
:
: ( x, y ) R R. , :

2 x + 2 y 3 x + 2 y = 6 3 6 x + 2 y = 6 3 x + 2 y = 3.
(
x2 y

2
2
2

= x 2 y = 1.
3
3
3
, -

R), : 2 x 2 y 32 y x =

x + 2 y = 3,
1

x 2 y = 1, 2, 2 .

, , 2,
2
.

: S = 2,

1
.
2

2. R (16 4 2 x 1 12 4 x 1 1) lg(3x 3 18 x 2 + 1) = 0.
:
: 3 x 3 18 x 2 + 1 > 0.

16 4 2 x 1 12 4 x 1 1 = 0,

3
2
lg(3 x 18 x + 1) = 0.
: 16 4 2 x 1 12 4 x 1 1 = 0 4 4 2 x 3 4 x 1 = 0 x1 = 0. (!)
: lg(3x3 18x 2 + 1) = 0 3x3 18x 2 + 1 = 1 3x 3 18x 2 = 0,
x2 = 0, x3 = 6. 0 6 3 x 3 18 x 2 + 1 > 0,
, . ,
, 0 6.
: S = {0, 6}.
157

. .

 . .

A
1. R R :

5 x 2 2 y = 77,
) x
5 2 2 y = 7;

16 x = 48 y,
) x
4 = 3 y;

lg x + lg y = lg10,
) 2
2
x + y = 16;

log 2 y + log 32 x = 1,
) 3
2 log 3 y log 3 x = 3;

1
2 log 1
2 lg( x y )
5
3
=3
,
) 10
lg( x y ) = lg 40 lg( x + y );

3 y 3 x = 81,
)
2
ln( y + x) = ln x + 2 ln 3;

log x + log x y = 2,
) 2y
2 x y = 3;

log ( y x ) = 4,
) x 2 y 2
3 + 2 3 = 171.

y
x
a) 3 + 3 = 12,

x + y = 3;

2. R :
log (5 x) 1 log (35 x 3 ) = 0,
lg 2 ( x + 1) 9 lg( x + 1) 10 = 0,
3
3 3
a) 2 x
)
x +1
x lg x = 10;
2 + 2 + 24 = 0;

4 x + 10 x = 2 25 x ,
)
) (5 2 x 2 5 x )(1 + 3 log 1 x) = 0.
2
2
log 3 (7 2 x) log 3 ( x 3 x 5) = 0;

3. R R :

xy + xy
= 32,
a) 4
log 3 ( x y ) = 1 log 3 ( x + y );

y log 3 x = 1,
) y
12
x = 3 , x > 0;

x x 2 y = 25,
)
4( x 2 y ) + log 5 x = 9, x > 0;

3( 2 log y 2 x log 1 y ) = 10,

x y 2 7 y +12 = 1, x > 0,
x
)
)
xy = 81;
| x + y | = 8;

log | x + y | = 1,
) | xy|
2(log 4 | xy |) log | xy| | x y | = 1;

lg y lg( x y ) = lg x lg( x + y ),
)
lg x lg( x y ) = lg y lg( x + y ).

x 2 y 2 1 = 5,
) y 2 + 2
x
= 125, x > 0;

4. R :
a) x 2 log 22 x + 2 x log 2 x = x 2 log 2 x + 2 x log 22 x;
1+ 2 x

) 5

1+ x

+6

= 30 + 150 ;
x

) 3 x 8 x + 3 x 18 x = 2 x 27

x+

) x log 5 x + x 3 log 5 x = 5

1
3

log 5 ( 2 x )

5. ,
R R:
a) ;
) ;
) .
6. () , (0, 2).
7 * . R R , :

log x + log y = 5 ,
x
a)
2
y
2
x + y = a + a;

158

lg 2 x + lg 2 y = 5 lg 2 a 2 ,
)
2
xy = a 2 , a > 0;

32 x + y + 3 x + 3 y = 3,

) y 1 3 x + 3 y
= 3a 2 x.
3 + 3

 . .

A
1. f : R R:
a) f ( x) = ( 2 3 ) x + 5 ;

) f ( x) = ( 3 2) x 7;

) f ( x ) =

2
3
x .
17
53

1) .
2) , f .
3) G f .
2. 500 . 80 .
a) ,
.
) 1900 , ?
3. 20C, 2 90C,
10 370C.
a) ,
, .
) 3,5 .
4. 1 (): 41 $ 100 ; 51,8 $ 160 ; 63,5 $ 225 .
a) , .
) , 200 ?
5. f : D R:
1

a) f ( x) = ( x 1) 3 + ( x + 3) 2 ;

) f ( x) = x 2 5 x + 6 .

6. , f : D R ,
:
4
1
2
;
) f ( x) =
) f ( x ) = log 6 ( x + 2);
) f ( x) = x .
a) f ( x) = x 2 + x 6;
2 x
3
5
7.
h(t ) = t 2 0,5t + 1,5 , h , t , t [0; 1,5].
a) t, .
) ?
8. .
3 (1 = 2,54 ) 3
(1 = 30 ). , ,
I , (, )
. ?
9. , , :
a)

) 3

720

2
7

3
2

4 7;

722;

91 5 91,2 ;

) log 3 log 3 3,1;

) ( 2 1)15 1;
) log 0,1 log 0 ,1 2 .

159

. .

10. , :
a)

17
;
5

) (1,7)

5
3

1 5
( 2 ) 3 ;
)
2

5
3

( 3) ;

) log 3 17 log 3 5.

) log 0 , 9 ( 2 3 ) log 0 , 9 13 2 ;

11. R :
) 15 x = 3 x 5 2 ;

a) ( 3 ) x = 1;
) log 2 3 x = log 32 21;

) log 3 (| x | +2) = 2;
) x

x + 2 = 0,5 3;

+4

= 2.

12. , :
1
1
;
) f ( x ) =
a) f ( x ) = 3 x +
x;
2
3
x 5x 6
( x 2) 2

) f ( x) = ( x + 1) 3 .

13. {1, 3 , 3 2} ,
f , x:
3

) f ( x) = x 5 .

a) f ( x ) = 5 x 3 ;

R3

R2

14. , :

R = 2,25 , R1 = 3 , R2 = 4 .

R1

R3 .

y
5
15. ,
II

3
1
2
O

f ( x) = ax + bx + 1.

17. ,
. , II , ABC.

16. :
5
y = x 2 + 20.
36
a) ?
)
?

y
B

18

A
12

40

18 * . , f , , :
a) f : R R, f ( x) = 3x + 2;
) f : [2, ) [1, ), f ( x) = x 2 4 x + 3.

160

 . .

20 * . x

| log 9 x 2 x log
log 3

x | + || 1 x | | log 3 x || ( x 1) log 27 x x .

9x
. ( , 2010)
3x

II

: 45

A
1. : 2 x 2 + 1 = 0 3 5 x + 15 = 0.

2. , 52 . 8 3. .

x
3. R
+ x 2 (100lg( x 1) 2) = 0.
x 1

4 log 4 ( x y ) + log 2 ( x + y ) = 6,
4. R R
x y = 2.

: 90

1. ( . ) 10 2

x + 2, 0 x 2
2
2 x + 20 x 32, 2 < x 10.

: f ( x) =

a) .
) :
1) 10 ;
2) , ;
3) ;
4) .
2. , , 1
y = 3 x + 6 .
xy + xy
= 32,
3. R R 4
2
log 3 ( x y ) = 1 log 3 ( x + 1).
4. R 9 2 x
| x|

x 2 1

4 32 x +1

x 2 1

+ 27 0.

19 * . f : D R:
a) f ( x) = | 2 x | + m;
) f ( x) = (m + 1) x + m 2.

| x|

5. R 36 2 6 + a = 0, a - 3
.

161

162

f : R R, f ( x) = 2 n +1 x
g : R + R + , g ( x) = 2 n x

ax + b > c
a x 2 + b x + c < 0
1
1
2
x( x 1) 0
x > 0 .
x + 4

ax + b > 0 ( <, , )
ax 2 + bx + c > 0, a 0
( <, , )
A( x)
> 0 ( <, , )
B( x)
,
ax + by = c
a x 2 + b xy + c y 2 = 0
1
1
1

ax + b = 0
ax 2 + bx + c = 0, a 0
A( x)
= 0, A(X), B(X)
B( x)

f ( x ) = g ( x), k N*

= b, a > 0, a 1, a, b R

f ( x)

< h( x )
g ( x)

64 x + 3 8 x 4 < 0
.

|x|
1 5 < 25

x 1 x
.

x x > x + 2

log 3 ( x 1) > log 9 x

.
x

ln x 1 0

ln 2 x ln x = 0
lg( x + 1) = lg( x 2 4)

,
lg x + lg y = 0
2 lg x 3 lg y = 1

log a f ( x ) > log a g ( x )

logh ( x ) f ( x) logh ( x ) g ( x) .

log a f ( x ) = b, a > 0,
a 1, a, b R
log a f ( x ) = log a g ( x)
f (log a x) = 0
loga ( x ) f ( x) = loga ( x ) g ( x) .

x, a R *+ , a 1

f : R *+ R, f ( x ) = log a x,

(, , ) /

3 9 x + 3 x = 0
5 x 5 x 1 = 1

,
4 x 2 x = y
x
8 + 2 y = 0

f (a ) > 0 .

h( x )

a f ( x)

< a g ( x ) , a > 0, a 1, a R

h( x) f ( x ) = h( x) g ( x ) .

f (a ) = 0

a f ( x ) = a g ( x ) , a > 0, a 1, a R

f ( x)

, a R+ , a 1

,
x 1 x = 5

3 x = x

f ( x) + g ( x ) h( x ) .

f ( x) > g ( x)

f ( x) < g ( x)

f ( x) + g ( x) = h( x) .

2 k +1

f ( x ) 2 k g ( x) = 0, k N*

f ( x) = g ( x)

f : R R + , f ( x) = a x , a

. .

g: R R, g ( x) = ax + bx + c,
h: R + R + , h( x ) = x ,
c, a 0, a, b, c R
, R \ {1}

f : R R, f ( x) = ax + b,
, a 0, a, b R

I
II

D(f)

2x + 3y = 0
x 2 xy + y 2 = 0
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 = 2
.
3
3
x + y = 1

2 x + 2 y xy = 0 .
x + y = 5

x2 + y2 = 1

x + y + xy = 0

x + y = 2
lg x + lg y = 1 .

log 2 x 1 > log 2 x

2 4x = 0

,
,

(,

7
. .

;
;
* ;

;
* ,
;
.

1.1. .

, ...

,
. , ,
.
:
( ).
, ,
,
.

45

90 B

,
. :
.
(1), 1
1
,
.

90
60
1
1 (1),
1 (1).
60
, 1 = 60, 1 = 60.
163

180 ( ,
); 360.

,
, , , .
. l r.
() ,
l
, : =
(1).
r
(1) l = r, = 1 .
( )
, ,
(. 8.1).

() 2 .

B
l=r
1

, 2r ,
2r
= 2 , 3,1416.
=
r
,
. 8.1

.

2
. , () .

180
a , a . :
=
a=
,

180
.

45
= .
180
4
180 1 180

571744.
1 a =

3,1416


.
. ,
30 . ,
, 360.
,
.
45 =

164

45

y

K1 M
( ) (
90

).
0
27

(. 8.2).
1
, AOM
O
A x
( A, M ) [OA, 1
.
AOM
[Ox, 1
, (
. 8.2
AOM) [OM. AOM ( ,
A)
[OA .
[OM Ox *
(0 < < 2 ). [OM n (n N )
( ) , + 2n ( 2n). 8.2 [OK

[OA : 90 , 450
2

5 , 270 3 . , ,

2
2

, [OK [OA,
0

: a = 90 + n 360, n Z ( =

+ 2 n, n Z).
2

.
.
, , [OM
[Ox, M (. 8.2). ,
AOM I, II, III IV , M I, II,
III IV .
( )
. , ,
, . . , .

1.2. , , ,
, ,
. ,
, .
:
: AB , d , A AB (. 8.3). A1 (A1 ) (165

AB) [A1B1],
. d O ,
O, B1, B .
, OA 1 B 1 OAB ,
AB
AB
OA
AB = 1 1 OA. =
,
OA1
A1 B1 OA1
OA1,

B
B1

d
A

A1

. 8.3

A1B1, OA, AB.

, () OA 1B1, OAB
AB
(. 8.3) 1 1 , AB ,
OA1 OA
, , , . :
AB
OA
AB
OA
sin =
, cos =
, tg =
, ctg =
.
y
OB
OB
OA
AB
M2
T2
:
M1
T1

. [OM1, [OM2 (M1 O,

x
x
x1
x
y1
y
M2 O), 1 = 2 ,
= 2 ,
= 2 ,
y1 y 2 OM 1 OM 2 OM 1 OM 2

M1(x1, y1), M2(x2, y2) , xOy y1 y 2 0 (. 8.4).

K2 K1

. 8.4

. , [OM [Ox ( M (x, y)

) (. 8.5).
y
M (x, y)

. 8.5

166

B A(1, 0)

M ( sin = y ).

M ( cos = x).

M (
y sin

tg = =
, + k , k Z ).
x cos
2

M (

ctg =

x cos
=
, k , k Z ).
y sin

. , , .
. :
f : R R, f ( x) = sin x;
f : R R, f ( x) = cos x;

f : R \ + k k Z R, f ( x) = tg x;
2

f : R \ {k k Z} R, f ( x) = ctg x.
. :
1

;
f : R \ + k k Z R, f ( x) = sec x =
2
cos
x

1
f : R \ {k k Z} R, f ( x) = cosec x =
.
sin x
, , , , sin, cos, tg, ctg, sec cosec .

sin, cos, tg, ctg

3
y
: 0,
, .
1
4
3
C
C1
:
M1(x1, y1)

3
0,
, [OA, [OC, [OD
1 l 1
3
4
1
O D1 P1 A(1, 0) x
(. 8.6).

COC1 DOD1 ,
3
4
OC1C OD1 D OC1 = CC1 =

2
3
1
, OD1 = . , DD1 =
2
2
2

. 8.6

, D , .
,
: A(1, 0), C
2
2 2
2
, , :

3
2
3
2
3
3
=
, cos
=
, tg
= ctg
= 1;
4
2
4
2
4
4
1

3
sin =
, cos = , tg = 3 ,
3
2
3
2

sin 0 = 0, cos 0 = 1, tg 0 = 0, ctg 0 .

sin

ctg =
;
3
3

167

(. 1).
1

2
3
5

6
4
3
2
3
4
6
6
4
3
2
() 0 30 45 60 90 120 135 150 180 30 45 60 90
() 0

sin

1
2

cos

tg

3
2
3
3

ctg

2
2
2
2

3
2
1
2

3
3

1
0

1
2
0 1 2 3
2
2
2
2
2
1
2
3 1
3
2

2
2
2
2
2
3 0
3 1

3 1
3
3
3
3
2
1

3
3

3
3

1
0

1.3.
I. f : RR, f (x) = sin x
1 . D(sin) = R, R M , [OM
[Ox.
2 . E(sin) = [1, 1]. E(sin) [1, 1] ,
| sin | = | y M | 1 R.
y
1
[1, 1] E(sin) ,
.
a [1, 1] Oy K(0, ) (. 8.7). , Ox

1
P 1 x
K, B
A
O
, M. K(0, a)
, ,
M
[OM, sin = a, a 1
. , E(sin) = [1, 1].
. 8.7
3 sin t = 0,
y = 0. , Ox. 8.7 A B. , [OA, 0 + 2 k , k Z,
, [OB, + 2 m, m Z.
{k | k Z}. , x {k | k Z}.
Oy sin0 = 0, Oy (0, 0).
168

4 . ,
sin( + 2 ) = sin( 2 ) = sin, , 2 .
, T = 2 . , T = 2
( ).
, T1, T1 > 0. sin x = sin( x + T1 ), x R.
, x = 0 0 = sin0 = sinT1. T1
, T1 = k , k Z.
k , k Z, , 2, T1 = .
, , sin x = sin( x + ), x R. x R. , x =

sin = 1 sin + = 1.
2
2
2

, . , 2.
. , 2.
5 . ,
Ox, , , ( 2k , + 2k ), k Z. I II
(. 8.8 )). (2k , 2k ), k Z, III IV
, (. 8.8 )).
6 . [OM , [OM
(. 8.8 )), M , M , ,
Ox. R
sin( ) = y M = y M = sin .
, .
y
y
a)
)
M

+
O

. 8.8
7 . 2 ,

+ 2k , + 2k , k Z, 1
2

3
1, + 2k ,
+ 2k , k Z,
2
2

1 1.
169

8 . ,

+ 2k , k Z,
2

y max = f + 2k = 1, 3 + 2kk,, k Z, 2
2

3 + 2k = 1.
y min = f

9 [0, 2] , , 2 6,28 (. 8.9).

y
6

5 4 3

7
8

9
10

2
1

0 0 1 2 = 6
4
15
2

11 12 13

f ( x) = sin x

12 = 3
2

15

3
2

14

. 8.9
,
[0, 2], [2, 4], [2, 0], . .

II. f : R R, f (x) = cos x

.
1 D(cos) = R.
2 E(cos) = [1, 1].

3 x + k | k Z ,
2

Oy (0, 1).
4 ; 2.
5
: ,

IV I ( + 2k , + 2k , k Z), 2
2

3
, II III ( + 2k ,
+ 2k , k Z).
2
2

6 , , [OM [OM
, M , M Ox . , cos( ) = cos , R.

7 [ + 2k, 2 + 2k ],
k Z , 1 1 ( III, IV),
[2k , + 2k ], k Z , 1 1 ( I, II).
8 2k , k Z, y max = f ( 2k ) = 1, + 2k , k Z,
y min = f ( + 2k ) = 1.
170

f ( x) = cos x

2
3
2

5
2

7
2

. 8.10

III. f : D R, f (x) = tg x

1 D (tg) = R \
2 + k k Z .

2 E(tg) = R. a R ,
MP AB a
tg = a, tg =
=
= = a,
OP OA 1

, (. 8.11).
2 2
[OM
AB A(1, 0)
tg . AB .

3
: x {k | k Z}.

B(1, a)

1 M

9 8.10.
y

O P

A x

. 8.11

sin( + ) sin
=
= tg ,
cos( + ) cos
. , .

4 D(tg) tg( + ) =

5 I III , , II
IV , .
y
6 , D(tg) :
sin( ) sin
=
= tg .
tg( ) =
cos( ) cos
3

1
32
2
2
7 x
O

+ k , + k , k Z
2
2

(. 8.12).
8 .
. 8.12
171

9 8.12.

+ k , k Z,
2
f ( x ) = tg x.
. y =

IV. f : D R, f (x) = ctg x

1 D(ctg) = R \ {k k Z}.
2 E(ctg) = R ( . 8.13).
B(a, 1) ctg , a = ctg .
AB .

y
B(a, 1)

A
P

x + k | k Z .
2

4 .

M
1

. 8.13

5
I III II
IV .

6 :
ctg ( x) = ctg x, x D (ctg).
7
(k, + k), k Z (. 8.14).

O
2

8 .
9 8.14.
,
.

. 8.14

1. a = cos

5
4
2
2
ctg .
tg cos
sin
3
3
3
4
5

2
,
I , 2 II
5
4
3
4
5
III ,
IV .
,
3
3

4
5
2
2
cos
> 0, sin
> 0, tg > 0, cos
< 0, ctg
< 0, a .
3
3
3
4
5
,

172

cos10 cos 9
.
2.
2 sin 2
:
0 < 9 < 10 < 180, [0, 180] , cos 9 > cos 10 . , cos10 cos 9 < 0, . , sin2 < 1. ,
.

1.4.
R, M(cos, sin) . (0, 0), OM
( ) :

1 = (cos 0) 2 + (sin 0) 2 = cos 2 + sin 2 .

:

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1, R .

(2)

(. ), :

tg ctg = 1 tg =

1
1
, ctg =
, k , k Z.
ctg
tg
2

(2) sin2, cos2, :

1 + ctg 2 =

1
1
, k , k Z; 1 + tg 2 =
, + k , k Z .
2
2
2
sin
cos

A
1. :
a) 45, 20, 110;

) 60, 78, 270;

) 120, 31, 180;

) 150, 218, 90.

2. :

3
a) , , ;
3 2
4

2
, , ;
)
7
4 2
3. :
a) sin 90 + cos 270 sin 2 15;
) 5tg 2

2ctg + sin 2 ;
4
6

3
,
, 2 ;
6 5

3
.
) , ,
4 18 2
)

+ ctg ;
6
3
3

+ 0,5tg + ctg 2 .
) 4sin
2
6
2
) tg cos 2

173

4. , :

2
1
?

3
3
5. ,
:
3
2
3
7
2 3
3
a)
;
;
) ;
)

) 5 2 5 + 2 ?
2
3
7
3
3
2
a)

1
3

;
2
2

7
24
;

25
25

) 0,3 0,9;

6. :
a) cos 2 cos 4 + sin 4 + tg cos ;
4
4
+
5;
)
1 + tg 2 1 + ctg 2

) sin sin 3 cos + cos3 ;

) ( tg + ctg )(1 sin )(1 + sin ).

7. ,
: a) 4 4 3 ;

) 1

3 .

8. , 2 ,
9.
(
1,7 ),
1?

2 .

10. f : D R:
x
1
a) f ( x) = ctg ;
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) = tg x ctg x.
;
2
tg 2 x

5
5
cos(10) ctg
3
4
x
12. f : D R, f (x) = sin x cos x tg . :
2


2 ;
a) f ;
) f ;
) f

3
2

3
11. cos110 sin

5 .
) f

13. ,
:

sin 1 sin
tg100 tg160
tg 111 tg 105
3 .
a)
)
)
;
;
sin(10) sin(20)
sin 15 cos10
5
tg
tg 2
6
14. , :
) f ( x) = sin 2 x + 2;
) f ( x) = sin 2 x + sin 3 x.
a) f ( x) = sin x + cos x;
15 * . , :
1
4
;
.
a) f ( x) = 3 cos x;
) f ( x) =
) f ( x) =
sin x
cos x
16 * . , :

a) f ( x) = cos x ;
2

174

) f ( x) = 3 sin 2 x;

) f ( x) = | cos x |;

) f ( x) =

1
| sin x | .
2

C(cos(), sin())

2.1.
a) , , [0, 2 ),
m (AOM 2 ) = , m(AOM1 ) = ,
A(1, 0), M1 (cos , sin ),
M 2 (cos , sin ) (. 8.15).
cos( ).
C,
le AM2C = le ACM1 le AM2 .

2
M2(cos, sin)

A(1, 0)
x

M1(cos, sin)

. 8.15

, m(AOC ) = .

AM 2 C M2 CM1 ,
, AC = M1 M 2 . A(1, 0), M 2 (cos , sin ),
C (cos( ), sin ( )), M1 (cos , sin )
, :

AC 2 = (cos( ) 1) 2 + (sin( ) 0) 2 =
= cos2 ( ) 2 cos( ) + 1 + sin 2 ( ) = 2 2 cos( );

(1)

M1 M 2 = (cos cos ) + (sin sin ) = cos 2 cos cos + cos + sin

(2)
2 sin sin + sin 2 = 2 2(cos cos + sin sin ).
(1) (2) : cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin .
(3)
2

) > , , [0, 2 ). ,
cos( ) = cos( ). (3) cos( ) cos( ), :

cos( ) = cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin = cos cos + sin sin .
, * , * (
) * = + 2k ,, * = + 2n , k , n Z,
, [0, 2 ). , , :
cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin , , R.

(4)

cos( + ) = cos[ ( )] = cos cos( ) + sin sin( ), , :

cos( + ) = cos cos sin sin , , R.

(5)

cos t = cos cos t + sin sin t = sin t. , cos t = sin t.

2
2
2
2
175

t ,
2

sin t = cos t = cos t.

2
2
2

sin( ) (5) ,
, :

sin( ) = cos ( ) = cos + =

2
2

= cos cos sin sin = sin cos cos sin .

2

,
sin( ) = sin cos cos sin , R.

(6)

(6) , (!) :

sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin , R.

(7)

sin

7
.
12

sin

7
3 2 1 2 1

= sin + = sin cos + cos sin =

+
= ( 6 + 2 ).
12
3
4
3
4
2 2
2 2
4
3 4

tg ( + ) =

tg + tg
,
1 tg tg

tg ( ) =

tg tg
1 + tg tg

(8)

, R, , 1 tg tg 0.
. (4)(7), (8).

2.2.
, , ,

k + , k Z, 0 < . , . 2.1.,
2
2

.
=

sin( + ) = sin cos + cos sin = 1 sin = sin .

176

. sin ( tg) cos

( ctg), .

, :
1) =

k , k Z,
2

a k a k ;

2) ,

k , 0, (
2
2
a ).

sin 1020 .
:

sin 1020 = sin(90 11 + 30 ) = cos 30 =

3
, k = 11
2

1020 IV ,
.

2.3. ,
()
(5) (7), = , :

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2 , sin 2 = 2 sin cos ,

(9)

().
(8), = tg, tg2 ,
:

tg 2 =

2 tg
( 2n + 1)
( 2n + 1)
,
,
, n Z.
2
4
1 tg 2

(10)

sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin 3 , cos 3 = 4 cos3 3 cos .

sin + = sin cos + cos sin = cos ;

2
2
2

cos + = cos cos sin sin = sin .

2
2
2

sin +
2

cos
7
=
= tg .
tg
+ = tg 3 + + = tg + =

sin
2
2
2
cos +

(11)
177

. (10) (11).
, .

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2

cos 2 = 2 cos 2 1
cos 2 =

cos 2 = 1 2 sin 2

1 + cos 2
2

sin 2 =

1 cos 2
2

(12)

(12), . ,

1 + cos 12 1 1
1 1

=
= + cos = + cos =
cos
24
2
2 2
12 2 2
3 4

1 1
1 11 2
3 2 1 1
= + cos cos + sin sin = +
+

= + ( 2 + 6 ).
2 2
3
4
3
4 2 22 2
2 2 2 8
2

2.4.
+

+
+
+

+
cos
= sin
+ sin
2
2
2
2
2
2

+

+

+

+

sin
cos
sin
cos
.
+ cos
+ sin
cos
= 2 sin
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
sin + sin = sin

sin + sin = 2 sin

+

cos
, R.
2
2

sin
2
2
+

cos
cos + cos = 2 cos
2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin
sin
,
2
2
, R.
sin sin = 2 cos

(13)

. (13).

3

x .
sin x + + cos
4
4

:
3
2

sin x + + cos
sin x = 2 sin x.
x = sin x + + sin x = 2 sin x cos = 2
4
4
4
4
4
2

178

 (13), (. 1).

< . A = sin 2 sin 1 :

2 1 2 2
1
+ 2
2 1 2 + 1
cos 1
A = 2 sin 2
.
, ,
0, ,
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2 1
1 + 2
> 0, cos
> 0, A > 0. , sin 2 > sin 1 ,
sin
2
2
.
, ,

, ,
(. 1). (!)

A
1. :
a) 3 cos 0 2 sin

+ 6 tg ;
2

) tg 60 cos 60 4 sin 90 cos 45;

) sin 270 +

1
ctg90 2 cos 0;
2

1
) cos 60 + tg 30 sin 30.
3

2. :

+ cos + cos + cos ;

4
3
2
3. sin , cos , tg , ctg , :

4
a) cos = 0, ;
5
2
1

) sin = 0, ;
3
2
a) E = cos

) E = ctg

+ ctg + ctg + ctg .

6
4
3
2

) ctg = 1,5 I ;

) tg = 2 0, .
2

4. :
a) cos( ), cos( + ), sin( ), sin( + ), sin 2 , cos 2 , tg 2 ,

4
3

cos = , 0, , sin = , 0, ;
5
2
4

2
) tg( + ), tg ( ), tg 2 , tg 2 , cos =

, 0, .
2
5. :
a) sin 50 cos 40 + cos 50 sin 40;
) sin 110 cos 70 cos110 sin(70);

15
1

, 0, , cos = ,
17
4
2

4
4

cos + sin
sin ;
15
10
15
10

) cos cos sin sin .

7
10
7
10
) cos

6. , , :
3
4
40
8
) sin =
a) sin = , cos = ;
, cos = ;
5
5
41
41
4
) tg = , ctg = 1,25;
) tg = 5 2, ctg = 5 + 2.
5

179

7. :
a) cos 2 + 2 sin 2 1;
) tg 2 (sin 2 1);

) 2 sin cos ctg2 ;

sin
1 cos
+
;
)
1 cos
sin

) sin 2 2 + cos2 2 + ctg 2 2 ;

cos 2 + sin 2 + 1
.
)
cos

8. , :
) sin 2 cos 2 ;
) cos 2 + cos 2 .
a) sin 2 cos 2 ;

9. sin cos, sin + cos = 0,6, R.

10. tg 2 + ctg 2 , tg + ctg = 2,5, R \

n Z.
2

11. , , R :
a) sin( + ) sin( ) = sin 2 sin 2 ;
) cos( + ) cos( ) = cos2 sin 2 ;
) cos( + ) cos( ) = cos 2 sin 2 ;
) (sin + sin )(sin sin ) = (cos + cos )(cos cos ).
12. :

a) cos = sin + ; ) ctg + = tg .

4

13. , :

a) sin 3 (1 + ctg ) sin = cos cos3 (1 + tg ) R \

n Z ;
2

1 + cos
1 cos
2

=
)
0, ;
1 cos
1 + cos tg
2
n
sin + 2 sin 2 + sin 3
1
, n Z;
)
+
=
4 2
cos + 2 cos 2 + cos 3 ctg 2
)

cos cos 3 + cos 5 cos 7

1
+ n, n Z.
=
2
sin + sin 3 + sin 5 + sin 7 ctg

14. :
sin + tg
3
1
a)
, cos = < < ; ) cos 2 sin 2 , sin 2 cos 2 = 0,8;
ctg
2
3
sin cos
1
, tg = ;
)
) tg ( + + ), tg = 2, tg = 1, tg = 1.
sin + cos
2 3
15. :
cos 4 ( )
a)
;
3
3
+ sin 4 +
cos 4
1

2
2

ctg + tg
ctg tg

, 0 < <

16. :
a) sin 2 sin 2 = sin 2 ( + ) sin 2 ( ), , R;

sin 4 + cos 4 1 2
= , R;
sin 6 + cos 6 1 3
sin
)
= tg + tg , , , ;
cos cos
)

) tg + tg + tg = tg tg tg , , , .

180

, .
2
4

17. , , ABC:
) cos B + cos C = sin B + sin C , ;
) sin B + cos B = sin C + cos C , ;
A
B
B
A
) sin cos = sin cos , ;
2
2
2
2
3
) cos A + cos B cos( A + B ) = , .
2
18. , , a
, P .
19. :
a) ;
) , .
20. .

3.1.
(. 2) ,
,
.
( ) ,
.
, , . . ,
:

f1: , [1, 1], f1 ( x) = sin x;
2 2

f 2 : [0, ] [ 1, 1], f 2 ( x ) = cos x;

f 3 : , R, f 3 ( x) = tg x; f 4: (0, ) R, f 4 ( x ) = ctg x.
2 2
. arcsin,
arccos, arctg, arcctg : , , , .
.

arcsin: [1, 1] , , g1 ( x) = arcsin x;
2 2
arccos: [1, 1] [0, ], g 2 ( x ) = arccos x;

arctg: R , , g 3 ( x) = arctg x;
2 2
arcctg: R (0, ), g 4 ( x ) = arcctg x,

.
181

, :

arcsin x = y sin y = x, x [1, 1], y , ;
2 2
arccos x = y cos y = x, x [1, 1], y [0, ];

(1)
(2)

arctg x = y tg y = x, x R, y , ;
2 2
arcctg x = y ctg y = x, x R, y (0, ).

(3)
(4)

1
1
= , , sin = ;
6 2 2
2 6
6 2
1
2
2
1
2
arccos =
,
[0, ] cos
= .
3
2
3
2 3

arcsin

, , , ,
(. 1) ,
(. 2, 3).
2

x
arcsin x
arccos x

3
2

3
5
6

2
2

4
3
4

1
2

6
2
3

0
0

1
2

2
2

3
2

2
0
3

x
arctg x
arcctg x

3
5
6

4
3
4

3
3

6
2
3

0
0

3
3

, :

arcsin( x) = arcsin x, x R;
arccos( x) = arccos x, x R;

arctg( x) = arctg x, x R;
arcctg( x) = arcctg x, x R.

(1)(4) () (5)(9):

sin(arcsin x) = x, x [ 1, 1]; arcsin(sin x) = x, x , .
2 2
cos(arccos x) = x, x [ 1, 1]; arccos(cos x) = x, x [0, ].
182

(5)
(6)


tg(arctg x) = x, x R; arctg(tg x) = x, x , .
2 2
ctg(arcctg x) = x, x R; arcctg(ctg x) = x, x (0, ).

sin(arccos x) = 1 x 2 , x [1, 1];

cos(arcsin x) = 1 x 2 , x [1, 1];

arcsin x + arccos x = , x [1, 1].

2

(7)
(8)

(9)

f , h : D R, f ( x) = arccos(2 x 1),
x3
), h( x) = arctg
.
2x 2
:
1 2 x 1 1, 0 x 1.
, D ( f ) = [0, 1].
, , x 3
2x 2
. , D ( h) = ( , 1) U (1, + ).
I III .
arcsin, arccos, arctg arcctg .

3.2.
. 2
. CDB CDB (. 8.16).
D
:
AB = a, m(CDE ) = , DEBC .

a2 3
a
1
A . =
A . = P. DE. CE = ,
4
2
2
B
CED ( m(E ) = 90) :
A
E
a
DE
= ctg , DE = CE ctg = ctg .
2
CE
2
C
a
A . = 3A . , 3a ctg = 2 a 3 ctg = 3 .
. 8.16
2
4
3
,
ctg =

3 .
,
3

( ) ,
CDE , m(CDE ) = arcctg
, m(CDB ) = 2 m(CDE ) = 120.

3
= = 60.
3
3
: 120.
183

. , , .

. sin x = a, cos x = a, tg x = a,
ctg x = a, a R, .
. :
1) ;
2) .
sin x = a
: x R.
y
. y = a, a > 1
y = a
B2(0, 1) y = a, a = 1
(. 8.17).
sin x = a M1
a y = a, 1< a <1
( M2
arcsin a
), arcsin a A (1, 0)
1
Ox ([OM1 , [OM 2 A (1, 0)
O
2
. .),
a. , | a | > 1 sin x = a .
y = a, a = 1
a = 1, B1(0, 1)
1 (
y = a, a < 1
y = 1) B2(0, 1). . 8.17
,

sin x = 1 x0 = . 2
sin x = 1:

+ 2n, n Z.
(10)
2
a = 1 ( B 1(0, 1))
sin x = 1:

x = + 2n, n Z.
(11)
2
a = 0, A1(1, 0) A2(1, 0) 0.
, sinx = 0 x1 = 0 x2 = .
x=

,
sin x = 0 : x = 0 + 2n, n Z, x = + 2n, n Z, :
(12)
x = n, n Z.
184

 a ( 1, 0) U (0, 1), y = a , M1 M2, (. 8.17).

. , sin x = a
x1 = arcsin a, x2 = arcsin a.
, sin x = a a ( 1, 0) U (0, 1) :

x = arcsin a + 2n, n Z,
x = arcsin a + 2n, n Z.
:

x = (1) k arcsin a + k , k Z.

(13)

a = 1, a = 1, a = 0 (13) (10)(12).
, (13)
sin x = a, a [1, 1].
, sin x = a, a [ 1, 1], :

S = {( 1) k arcsin a + k k Z}.

R sin x =

3
.
2

:
(13) :

x = (1) k arcsin
: S = {( 1) k

3
+ k , k Z, x = (1) k + k , k Z.
2
3

+ k k Z}.
3

. sin x = a, a [1, 1], R

,
f ( x) = sin x g(x) = a (. 8.18).
y
1
2

arcsin a

g(x) = a

arcsin a

2 + arcsina

f(x) = sin x

. 8.18

!
()

, arcsin a , arcsin( a ) = arcsin a.

2 2

185

cos x = a

y
D2

S = { arccos a + 2k k Z}.

x
x = a, a >1

x = a, a = 1

x = a, a = 1

sa
cco
ar

x = a; |a| < 1

: x R. N2
x = a (. 8.19).
cos x = a
,
arccosa
[Ox ([ON 1 , [ON 2 ,
C1
C2
, [OD1 , [OD2 . .), O
a. | a | > 1 cos x = a
.
sin x = a,
N1
D1
8.19 , . 8.19
cos x = a, a [1, 1]:
x = arccos a + 2n, n Z.
, cos x = a, a [1, 1], :
x = a, a < 1

(14)

. (14).

1
R cos x = .
2
:
(14) :
1
1
x = arccos + 2k , k Z x = arccos + 2k , k Z,
2
2

x = + 2k , k Z, , x =
+ 2k , k Z.
3
3

2 + 2k k Z .
: S =

. cos x = a, a [1, 1], R

,
f ( x) = cos x g ( x ) = a (. 8.20).
y
f ( x ) = cos x
1

3
3
5
5

2
2
2
2
2
2
O
2
x
arccos a
arccos
a
(
x
)
=
a
g
1
. 8.20

!
()

, arccos a [0, ] arccos( a ) = arccos a.

186

 tg x = a

y
: x R \ + k k Z .
2

T
E ( tg ) = R, tg x = a
P
a R.
a>0
tg x = a,

A1T
+
A1 x
O
A2
(. 8.21). a
T (1, ) a. OT P1
(P P1). ,
+ , a,
. 8.21

, = arctg a.
2
2

tg x = a x1 = arctg a. sin x = a, cos x = a, 8.21

, tg x = a, a R:
x = arctg a + n, n Z.
a = 0 tg x = 0:
x = n, n Z.
, tg x = a, a R, :

S = {arctg a + n n Z}.

(15)

R tg x = 3.
:
(15) x = arctg ( 3 ) + n , n Z x = arctg 3 + n , n Z ,

+ n , n Z .
3

: S = + n n Z .
3

x=

. ,
tg x = a, a R,

R \ + k | k Z
2

,
f ( x ) = tg x g ( x ) = a
(. 8.22).

3
2

2
O arctg a

g(x) = a

3
2

. 8.22
187

!
()

, arctg a , arctg ( a ) = arctg a.
2 2

ctg x = a
: x R \ {k k Z}. E (ctg) = R,
ctg x = a a R.
ctg x = a, A1T
(. 8.23).
tg x = a,
ctg x = a, a R,
:
x = arcctg a + n, n Z.
a = 0
ctg x = 0 :

x = + n, n Z.
2

y
A1

a>0
P

P1
A2

. 8.23

, ctg x = a, a R, :

S = {arcctg a + n n Z}.

(16)

. (16).
. ctg x = a, a R, R \ {k | k Z} , f ( x) = ctg x g(x) = a. (!)

!
()

, arcctg a (0, ) arcctg ( a ) = arcctg a.

R ctg x = 3.
:
(16), x = arcctg( 3 ) + n, n Z x = arcctg 3 + n, n Z .
5
+ n, n Z .
, x =
6
5

: S =
6 + n n Z .

188


f(sinx) = 0, f(cosx) = 0, f(tgx) = 0, f(ctgx) = 0
,
, ,
,
.

2

R cos x + 2 sin x + 2 = 0.
:
: x R. cos 2 x = 1 sin 2 x, sin 2 x 2 sin x 3 = 0.
sin x = t , | t | 1. II t 2 2t 3 = 0, t1 = 1, t2 = 3. sin t = 3
.

sin x = 1 x = + 2k , k Z.
2

: S = + 2k k Z .
2

.
(17)
an sin n x + an 1 sin n 1 x cos x + ... + a1 sin x cos n 1 x + a0 cos n x = 0
n- ,
n N , sin x cos x.
n
(17) cos x an 0
n
( sin x a0 0 ), cos x ( sin x) .
n
n 1
an tg x + an 1 tg x + ... + a1 tg x + a0 = 0,
tg x = t :

an t n + an 1t n 1 + ... + a1t + a0 = 0.
, an 0 ( a0 0), , cos = 0
(sin = 0), , , ,
x , an sin n = 0 (a0 cos n = 0) sin = 0 (cos = 0).

,
0. , (17)
cosn x ( sinn x) .

R cos 2 x sin x cos x + 4 sin 2 x = 2.
:
: x R. 2 = 2 1 = 2 (cos2 x + sin 2 x),
cos 2 x + sin x cos x 2 sin 2 x = 0.
cos2 x tg 2 x + tg x 2 = 0.

189

2
tg x = t. t + t 2 = 0,
t1 = 2, t 2 = 1. x, tg x = 2; tg x = 1,

S1 = {arctg 2 + k k Z} S 2 = + n n Z .
4

: S = {arctg 2 + k k Z} U + n n Z .
4

(
),
, .
.

R cos 2 x 3 sin x cos x = 0.
:
cos x .
,
cos x = 0,
cos x(cos x 3 sin x) = 0,
cos x 3 sin x = 0.

1
S1 = + k k Z , S 2 = arctg + n n Z .
3
2

: S = + k k Z U arctg + n n Z .
2
3

. cos2 x,
x =

+ k , k Z ( cos x = 0 ).
2

*
a sin x + b cos x = c , a, b R

x
x
x
x
x
x
sin x = sin 2 = 2 sin cos , cos x = cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
1 = sin 2 + cos 2 , a sin x + b cos x = c 2
2

x
x
x
x
x
x
2a sin cos + b cos 2 sin 2 = c cos 2 + sin 2
2
2
2
2
2
2

x
x
2 x
2 x
2 x
2 x
2a sin cos + b cos b sin c cos c sin
=0
2
2
2
2
2
2
190

x
x
x
x
(b c) cos + 2a sin cos (b + c) sin 2 = 0 (18).
2
2
2
2
b + c = 0, (18)
, .
x
b + c 0, , (18) cos 2 0, 2
x
x
(b + c) tg 2 2a tg (b c ) = 0 (19).
2
2
x
tg = t. (19)
2
(b + c)t 2 2at (b c) = 0,
2

a a2 + b2 c2
a + a2 + b2 c2
, t2 =
.
b+c
b+c
x
x
tg = t1 , tg = t 2 .
2
2

t1 =

. a sin x + b cos x = c ,
a 2 + b 2 c 2 . b = c
tg t = a, b = c .
c = 0 I .

R 2 sin x + 3 cos x = 1.
:
2
2
2
: x R. ( , 2 + 3 1 )
x
x
x
x
x
x
: 4 sin cos + 3 cos 2 3 sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 = 0
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
x
2 sin 2 2 sin cos cos 2 = 0.
2
2
2
2
x
x
x
cos 2 0, 2tg 2 2tg 1 = 0. 2
2
2
x
tg = t 2t 2 2t 1 = 0,
2

1 3
1+ 3
. x, , t2 =
2
2
x 1 3
x 1+ 3
, :
; tg =
tg =
2
2
2
2
t1 =

1 3
1+ 3
S1 = 2arctg
+ 2k k Z , S 2 = 2arctg
+ 2n n Z .
2
2

: S = 2arctg

1 3
1+ 3
+ 2n n Z .
+ 2k k Z U 2arctg
2
2

191

a sin x + b cos x = c (20) a, a R* , c
b
sin x + cos x =
(21).
a
a
b

b
= tg , = arctg , .
a
a 2 2
b
. = tg (21), :
a
c
sin
c
sin x cos + sin cos x c
=
cos x =
sin x + tg cos x = sin x +
a
cos
a
cos
a
sin( x + ) c
c
c

= sin( x + ) = cos .
a
a
a
cos
(20).

R

3 sin x + cos x = 3.

:
: x R.

3 ,

1
b
1

. , = , .
cos x = 1. = tg =
a
6
2 2
3
3

k
+ k , k Z.
sin x + =
, x = ( 1)
3 6
6 2

k
: S =
(1) 3 6 + k k Z .

sin x +

a sin x + b cos x = c, a, b R* . , sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1
x R, , sin x = u , cos x = v,

u 2 + v 2 = 1,
au + bv = c.

, .

,
,
: ,
. .
.

R 3(sin x + cos x) 4 sin x cos x = 0

, , .
2

192

:
t 2 1
: x R. sin x + cos x = t . sin x cos x =

2
2
2t 3t 2 = 0,
1
t1 = , t 2 = 2. x, 2
1
: sin x + cos x = 2; sin x + cos x = .
2
R.

2

2
+ k , k Z.
sin x + =
, x = (1) k +1 arcsin
4
4
4
4

, , , :
2

2
+ 2n, n Z.
4
4

2
x , , arcsin
+ 2n

2
4
4
2
3
2
3
2

+ arcsin
2n
+ arcsin
, n Z.
4
4
4
4
3 1
2
3 1
2
arcsin
n +
arcsin
, n Z.
, +
8 2
4
8 2
4

2
, , n = 0.
arcsin
4 9

1) k = 2n, n Z. x = arcsin

2
2
, + 2 0, x = arcsin
4
4
4
4

, .

2
2
2) k = 2n + 1, n Z. x = arcsin
+ (2n + 1), n Z
4
4
2 3
x = arcsin
+
+ 2n, n Z .
4
4

2 3

x , , arcsin
+
+ 2n , n Z .
2
4
4
2

2
, , n .
arcsin
4
9

x = arcsin

,
, .

: S = arcsin

2
.
4
4

. ,

f (sin x cos x, sin x cos x) = 0.
193

R :
1. a) sin 2 x = 2 ;

) sin x =

3
;
2

) sin 3 x + = 1;
4

2. a) cos 2 x = 1;
3

) cos x =

3
;
2

) cos 5 x =

3. a) tg x =
4. a) cos 2

1
;
3

5x 1
= ;
2 4

2
) 1 cos (3 x 2) = cos

) tg 2 x = 25;

;
3

1
x
) sin = .
3 6 2

1
) cos 3 x = .
4

5
;
2

) tg 3 x = 1;
4

x
) tg = 3.
6 5

1
2
) sin x = ;
4 2

2
) tg 3 x + = 3;
6

) sin x cos x = 2 sin 6 x;

2 (sin x + cos x) = 2 cos 3x.

) cos 2 x 5 cos x + 6 = 0;

5. a) 2 sin 2 x sin x 1 = 0;
2
) tg x 7 tg x + 12 = 0;

) 2 cos 2 5 x + sin 5 x + 1 = 0.

x
x
+ cos = 0;
3
3
) sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x = sin 2 x;

) 4 sin x 3 cos x = 0;

1
;
2
) 5 sin x + cos x = 5;

) sin 2 x 3 cos 2 x = 2 ;

6. a) sin

) 4 sin 2 x + sin 2 x = 3.

7. a) cos x + sin x =

) cos x sin x = 2 sin 3 x.

) sin 2 x = 1 2 (cos x sin x);

8. a) cos 2 x = sin x cos x;

2

) 2 sin x + 5 sin x cos x + 5 cos x = 1;

) sin 4 2 x cos 4 2 x = 1;

) sin 3 x + cos 3 x = 1;

* ) sin x sin 3x cos 5 x = 1;

) tg x + ctg x = 2 (sin x + cos x);

) sin

x
x
5x
cos = 2 sin ;
3
3
2

) tg x + tg x + tg x + = 0;
6
6

1 tg 2 x
)
= 1 sin 4 x.
1 + tg 2 x

9. , :
3
a) 1 sin 2 x + sin x cos x = 0,
x ;
4
*) 2 sin 5 x sin

3
x

x = cos , x , ;
2
2
4 4

) sin 2 x 3 sin x + 2 = 0, x , ;
2
) 2 cos2 x 7 cos x + 2 = 0, x (0, ).
10. 7 4 . ( ) .

194

11. , , a = 10 , b = 4 , c = 2 ,
, d = 8 ( ). ,
a b.
12.
2 . ,
.
13. . , .
14. , l m, ,
, b. .
15. :
a) ;
) a sin x + b cos x = c, a, b R * ;
) .
16 * . R , a :
a) a sin 2 x + sin x 1 = 0;

) (a + 1) sin 2 x 2 sin x + a 1 = 0;

) (2a + 1) tg 2 x tg 2 x a = 0;

3 cos x sin x = 3a 1.

4
4.1.
. , , .
, (, , .)
/ ( , ).
, , .

() .

4.2.
. sin x > a, sin x < a, sin x a, sin x a, cos x > a,
cos x < a, cos x a, cos x a, tg x > a, tg x < a, tg x a, tg x a, ctg x > a,
, ctg x < a, ctg x a, ctg x a (a R) .
( ) :
1) ;
2) .
195

.
y

1N

3
.
R sin t >
2

:
: t R. [0, 2 ] 2. -

3
P1 y = 2

P2
t2
1

t1
x

3
(. 8.24).
y =
2

, ,
P1 P2 , t
t1 < t < t 2 .
P1OP2 .
P1 t1 = arcsin

. 8.24

3
= , P2
2
3

2
3
= =
. , , 2
3
3

2
[0, 2 ] 2 , < t < .
3
3
2, t 2 = arcsin

,
2k , k Z.

+ 2k .
: S = U + 2k ,
3
k Z 3

(1)
sin t > a

1) a 1 (1) .
2) a < 1 (1) t R.
3) 1 a < 1, = arcsin a. , t,
arcsin a + 2k < t < arcsin a + 2k , k Z , (1)
(. 8.25).
, (1) :

1N

P2

P1

y=a

t2
1

O
t1

. 8.25

S = U (arcsin a + 2k , arcsin a + 2k ).
k Z

sin t < a (2)

1) a > 1 (2) t R.
2) a 1 (2) .
196

3) 1 < a 1, t = z , (2)
sin t > a. (2)
t, arcsin a + 2k < t < arcsin a + 2k , k Z, (2) :

S = U ( arcsin a + 2k , arcsin a + 2k ) .
k Z

sin t a

(3)

1) a 1 (3) t R.
2) a > 1 (3) .
3) 1 < a 1 (3) t,
arcsin a + 2k t arcsin a + 2k , k Z,

S = U [arcsin a + 2k , arcsin a + 2k ].
k Z

sin t a
(4)
1) a 1 (4)
t R.
2) a < 1 (4) .
3) 1 a < 1 (. 8.26) (4) t,
arcsin a + 2k t arcsin a + 2k , k Z,

P2

P1 y = a

t2
1

t1

S = U [ arcsin a + 2k , arcsin a + 2k ].

1 N

k Z

. 8.26
. 2 (
) ( ).
.
cos t > a
(5)

y
1

P2

R cos t >

1
.
2

t2 M
t1

:
: t R.
[ , ] 2.
1
x =
(. 8.27).
2

1
, P1 NP2 .
2

N
1 x

P1
1
x=
2

. 8.27
197

1
1
1
1
P1 , arccos , P2 , arccos . , [ , ]
2
2
2
2
1
1

P1 NP2 , arccos < t < arccos , < t < . ,

2
2
3
3

<
t
<
,
[ , ] 2 , t,
3
3
.
2,
,
2k , k Z. , -

+ 2k < t < + 2k , k Z.
3
3

: S = U + 2k , + 2k .
3
3
k Z

t,

cos t > a. , :
1) a 1 (5) ;
P2
2) a < 1 (5) t R;
3) 1 a < 1 (. 8.28) M
(5) t,
1
arccos a + 2k < t < arccos a + 2k , k Z.
, (5)
P1
:

S = U ( arccos a + 2k , arccos a + 2k ).
k Z

t2
O

t1

x=a

. 8.28
cos t < a

(6)

1) a > 1 (6) t R.
2) a 1 (6) .
3) 1 < a 1 (6) t,
arccos a + 2k < t < 2 arccos a + 2k , k Z,

S = U (arccos a + 2k , 2 arccos a + 2k ).
k Z

cos t a

(7)

1) a 1 (7) t R.
2) a > 1 (7) .
3) 1 < a 1 (7) t,

arccos a + 2k t arccos a + 2k , k Z,

S = U [ arccosa + 2k , arccosa + 2k ].
kZ

198

1 x

1) a 1 (8)
t R.
2) a < 1 (8) .
3) 1 a < 1 (. 8.29) (8) t,
arccos a + 2k t 2 arccos a + 2k , k Z,

S = U [arccos a + 2k , 2 arccos a + 2k ].
k Z

tg t > a, a R
(9)

x=a
P2

cos t a
(8)

t1

M t2

1 x

P1

. 8.29

R tg t >
:

3
.
3

: t R \ + k k Z .
2

. ,

, arctg a , ,
2 2

, .
2 2

AT (. 8.30). t
, T,

3
.
tg t ,
3
T (NT. , (NT, P1 P2 . t1 < t < t 2 ( P1 P2
).

3
<t < <t < .
, arctg
6
2
3
2
, ,

+ k < t < + k , k Z .
6
2

: S = U + k ,
+ k .
2
k Z 6

P2

t2

t1

P1

. 8.30

B
P1
t2
t1

tgt
A
x

t,

8.31, , P1
DAB : P1 B DAP1 .

2
. 8.31

199

P1 B ( P1 B ) tg t > a.
(9) t, arctg a + k < t <

S = U arctg a + k , + k .
2
k Z

+ k , k Z,
2

tg t < a , a R
(10)
DAP1 (. 8.31, D P1 ) tg t < a. (10) t,

+ k < t < arctg a + k , k Z,

2

S = U + k , arctg a + k .
2
k Z

(11)

tg t a, a R ,
t, arctg a + k t <

+ k , k Z,
2

+ k .
S = U arctg a + k ,
2
k Z

(12)

tg t a, a R ,
t,

+ k < t arctg a + k , k Z,
2

S = U + k , arctg a + k .
2
k Z

(13)

. (11) (13).

ctg t > a, a R (. 8.32)

A
P1

t, k < t < arcctg a + k , k Z,

S = U (k , arcctg a + k ).
k Z

(14)

arcctga
A

ctg t < a, a R ,
t, arcctg a + k < t < + k , k Z,

S = U (arcctg a + k , + k ).
k Z

(15)
. 8.32

ctg t a, a R ,
t, k < t arcctg a + k , k Z,

S = U (k , arcctg a + k ].
k Z

200

(16)

 ctg t a, a R ,
t, arcctg a + k t < + k , k Z,

S = U [arcctg a + k , + k ).

(17)

k Z

. (14)(17).

R sin x +

1
.
4 2

1
1
2

: x R. x + = t. | sin t | sin t 2
4
2
4

1
1
1
2
2 sin t 1 cos 2t cos 2t + 2k 2t + 2k , k Z
2
3
3
2
2

+ k t + k , k Z.
6
6

5
x, :
+ k x + k , k Z.
12
12

5
: S = U
+ k , + k .
12
12
k Z

1. R :
3
2
3
;
) sin x
) sin x <
a) sin x <
;
;
2
2
2
) cos x

3
;
2

) tg x 2;
) ctg x > 3;

) sin x < 2;

) cos x <

1
;
2

3
;
3
3
;
) tg x 1;
) ctg x < 1;
) ctg x 3;
) ctg x >
3
) 2 cos 2 x + cos x 0;
) sin 2 x 5 sin x 0;
) tg 2 x + 2tg x 3 > 0.
3
;
2

) cos x <

2
x
2. a) sin
;
2
6
2

) tg 3x < 3;
3

3. a) sin x cos x < 2 ;

) cos x 4;

) cos 3x

) tg x > 3;

2
;
2

) cos 2 x > 1;
4

) sin 2 x cos x + sin x cos 2 x <

3 sin 2 x + cos 2 x 1;

3
;
2

*) cos 2 x + | cos x | > 0;

) tg x <

) ctg 5 x > 1;
) ctg x + 0.
3 4
) sin 5 x + cos 5 x > 1;
* ) sin 2 x cos 2 x < 3 sin x 2.

1
.
2
1
5. sin 2 x + sin 2 2 x = sin 2 3 x, cos x .
2
6. , .
4. 2 cos 2 x 4 cos x 1 = 0, | sin x |

201

A
1. :
3
cos180 + cos 2 15;
a) sin
2

) ctg90 sin

2. cos 2 , , : a) cos = 0,6;

+ sin 2 .
17
6
) sin = 0,4.

3. :
3 cos(57)
a)
;
sin( 33)

) cos sin( ).
2

4. , , 15.
, 1,2 .
5. 20 , 60. , .
4
3

6. : sin
, cos , tg , ctg .
6
2
6
4
7. :
5
0 < < 90. cos(90 + ).
a) cos =
13

) sin = 0,28 0 < < . sin 2 .

2

4
) tg = 0 < < . sin .
2
3
) tg = 3, tg( + ) = 1. tg .

1
, tg ( + ) = 3. ctg .
2
8. :
a) ( tg cos ) 2 + (ctg sin ) 2 cos 2 ;
) sin 4 + sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 + cos .
) ctg =

9. :
1
1
;
)
a)
.
1

(
tg
20
tg
70) 4

( tg 40tg50) 3
10. . ().
a) ?
) ?

11. 72 .
,
: 1 ; 30 ; 144 ; 300 .

202


12. a = ( x1 , y1 ), b = ( x2 , y 2 ).
a, b a b = x1 x2 + y1 y 2 , a, b :

a b = | a | | b | cos , , .
a) , a b a b = 0.
*) , :
1) a b = b a;

2) ( k a ) b = k ( a b);

3) a (b + c ) = a b + a c;

4) | a | = a a .

) a b, | a | = 3, | b | = 2, (a, b) = 120.
) a b, a = (1, 2), b = (1, 5).
13. ABCD , 6, m(BAD) = 60.
a b ( a = DB , b = DC ).
14. ABCD , 5.
a b ( a = AC , b = AB ).

15. a, b, | a | = 2 , | b | = 3 , (a, b) = 105.

k, a + k b b.
5
cos10.
16. 1 a , a = cos110 sin
3
17. , , :

cos1 cos
ctg10 + ctg (70)
3 .
a)
)
;
5
cos10 + cos160
ctg
ctg 2
6
18. f : D R:
a) f ( x) = (sin x + cos x) 2 ;

) f ( x ) = sin 3 x tgx.

19. :

3
1
) arctg
a) arccos ;
;
3
2

20. , tg + ctg = m. : a) tg 2 + ctg 2 ;

) arcctg( 3 ).
) tg 3 + ctg 3 .

21. :
a) sin( 287 ) cos + cos(287 ) sin < 0;
) cos(149 + ) cos + sin(149 + ) sin > 0 ?
22. , sin 17 + cos 253 + ctg315.
23. :
a) cos2 + cos2 + cos2 + 2 cos cos cos , , ,
;
) ctg

+ ctg + ctg ctg ctg ctg , , ,

2
2
2
2
2
2

203

24. 6 , R sin x + cos x = 1.

25. log2 sin x 2 log2 cos x = 1, [350, 2].
3

sin 2 x

+ cos x sin 2 x 2 sin x = 2.

26. R log cos x
2

1
1
27. , 1 +
1 +
sin cos

> 5, .

28. , 3 sin 2 2 sin 2 1.

29. f g, f ( x) = g ( x), :
a) f : R R, f ( x) = cos x, g : R R, g ( x) = 1 x;
) f : R R, f ( x) = sin x, g : R R, g ( x) = x.
30. , , 4 ,
. .
31 * . .
a) m .
1
1
.
) m =
2 tg + 3ctg
1
) , m = .
8
) , m .
) m.
32. f : D R :
cos x
sin x
a) f ( x) =
) f ( x) =
;
.
1 sin 2 x
1 cos 2 x
33. ABCD , AB = BC , CD = 2 AB,
m(ABC ) = m(BCD) = 120.
a) , ABD .
) ADB.
) , A, M, N , M N BD CD
.
) , CD , AMD.
) ABCD AB = a.
) , AC BD.
34 * . :
a) cos(arctg(3));

) sin(arccos 0,6).

35 * . R :
a) |sin x 3 cos x | = 3 sin x + cos x 3;

) log3 (2 sin x sin 2 x) + log1 (5 cos x + 4 sin 2 x) = 0.

3

36 * . R :
a)

204

5 sin 2 x 1 + 8 sin x cos x = 0;

10 cos x 4 cos x cos 2 x = 0.

: 45

A
1

1. .
= 272
A I .

B II .

C III .

2. cos 60 + 2 sin 30 +

D IV .

1 2
tg 60 ctg 45.
2

1
2

3. 0, , 0, . , sin = , sin = , :
2
3
2
2

sin 2 , cos 2 , sin( + ), cos( ), tg ( + ), tg ( ).

4.

tg + tg tg tg
+
.
tg ( + ) tg ( )

2
2

5. sin 2 cos 2 .
8
8

6. 5 3 , ,
2
, 2 . ,
.


: 90

1. :
sin x + cos x = a, sin 3 x + cos3 x = 1,5a 2 0,5a 3 .

2. sin = 0,6, 90 < < 180. sin 2a, cos 2a, tg 2a, ctg 2a.

3. , (sin x + 3 cos x) sin 4 x = 2 - 3

R.
4. 2ctg 2 x ctg x = sin 2 x + 3 sin x, cos 2 x 0.
5. f : D R, f ( x ) = tg 2 x . x, 0 < x <

, 1
2

f .

2
6. , ABC
R+r
cos A + cos B + cos C =
,
R
R , , r , .

205

206

sin

1 cos

=
2
2

1 + cos

cos =
2
2

cos2 =

1 + cos 2
2
1

cos
2
sin 2 =
2

cos 2 = 2 cos 1

cos + cos = 2 cos

tg

+

cos
2
2
+

cos cos = 2 sin
sin
2
2

cos cos =
1
= [cos( + ) + cos( )]
2

tg

tg

1 cos
=
2
sin

1 cos

=
2
1 + cos

2 tg
2
sin =

1 + tg 2
2
2
1 tg
2
cos =
2
1 + tg
2

cos 2 = 1 2 sin
2

cos 2 = cos 2 sin 2

ctg 2 1
2ctg

2 tg
1 tg 2
ctg 2 =

tg 2 =

cos 3 = 4 cos 3 3 cos

sin 3 = 3 sin 4 sin 3

sin 2 = 2 sin cos

sin( + ) = sin[ ( )] =
= sin cos + cos sin
=

sin( ) = cos ( ) =
2

= sin cos sin cos

1
sin

1
cos

cosec =

sec =

cos( ) = cos cos + sin sin

cos
sin

tg ctg = 1

cos( + ) = cos[ ( )] =
= cos cos sin sin
=

sin
=
2 1 + cos

1
sin 2

ctg =

ctg 2 + 1 =

1
cos 2

sin sin =
1
= [cos( ) cos( + )]
2

tg 2 + 1 =

tg =

sin 2 + cos 2 = 1

sin
cos

:
:

sin cos

sin = cos ; sin + = cos

2

cos = sin ; cos + = sin

2

tg
+ = ctg ; cos ( + ) = cos
2

cos
= sin ; sin ( ) = sin
2

ctg ctg 1
ctg + ctg

tg + tg
1 tg tg

ctg ( ) = ctg [ + ( ) ]

ctg ( + ) =

tg ( + ) =

tg ( ) = tg [ + ( )]

+

sin
2
2

+

cos
2
2
sin sin = 2 cos

sin + sin = 2 sin

1
[sin( + ) + sin( )]
2

2
O
1
2

f ( x ) = sinx
1o sin x = 0
x = k , k Z;
2o ;
3o : 2;
4o
+ 2k, + 2k, kZ ;
2

2

+ 2k, 3 + 2k, kZ.
2

5o xmax= + 2k, k Z,
2
y max = 1;

xmin = + 2k , k Z ,
2
y min = 1.

O
1
2
2

f ( x ) = cosx
1o cos x = 0

x = + k , k Z;
2
2o ;
3o
2 ;
4o
[ + 2k, 2k ], k Z;

[2k, + 2k ], k Z,
5o xmax = 2k , k Z ,
y max = 1;
xmin = + 2k , k Z,
y min = 1.

2o ;
3o
;
4o
+k, +k , kZ;

2
2

o
5 .

f ( x ) = tg x
1o tg x = 0
x = k , k Z;

5 .

(k, + k ), k Z;

3o
;
4o

f ( x ) = ctg x
1o ctg x = 0

x = + k ;
2
2o ;
2

O 1 x
2
1

y = sin x

O
2

tg x
arc
y=

x
y = ctg x

O
2

O y=
cos
1
y = arc
ctg x

207

arcsin ( a) = arcsin a;
arccos ( a) = arccos a;
arctg ( a ) = arctg a;
arcctg ( a) = arcctg a;

arcsin a + arccos a = , a [1, 1];

2

arctg a + arcctg a = , a R.
2

y=

arc
sin
x

tg
x

sx
co
arc

y=

y=

sin, cos: R R;
y
arcsin: [1, 1] , , arcsin a = t sin t = a;
2 2

tg : R \ + k | k Z R;

arccos
:
[
1
,
1
]
[0, ], arccos a = t cos t = a;
2

ctg : R \ {k | k Z} R;

arctg: R , , arctg a = t tg t = a;
cos = x; sin = y;
2 2
x
O
y ctg = x ;
R
arcctg
:
(0, ), arcctg a = t ctg t = a.

tg = ;
y
x
y
M(x, y)
1
1
y

sec = ; cosec = .

208

f (sin x) = 0,
t = sin x;
f ( tg x) = 0,
t = tgx;

f (cos x) = 0,
t = cos x;
f (ctg x) = 0,
t = ctgx.

= 2n, n Z
sin = sin
+ = + 2k , k Z ;
= + 2n, n Z

cos = cos
= + 2k , k Z ;
= 2n, n Z ;

tg = tg

2 + n, 2 + k

au + bv = c,
u = sin x,
2
2
v = cos x.

u + v = 1,

2)
;
3) ;
4)

ctg x = a, a R, x = arcctg a + n, n Z

tg x = a, a R, x = arctg a + n, n Z

a2 + b2

cos x = a, (| a | 1), x = arccos a + 2n, n Z

an cos x +
+ an 1 cos n 1 x sin x +
+ ... + a1 cos x sin n 1 x +
+ a0 sin n x = 0 |: cos n x 0
n

1)
c
b
, tg = ;
: sin( x + ) =

sin x = a, (| a | 1), x = (1) n arcsin a + n , n Z

a sin x + b cos x = c :

U (arcsin a + 2n, arcsin a + 2n)

U ( arcsin a + 2n, arcsin a + 2n)

sin x < a

U arctg a + n,

+ n
2

U [ arcsin a + 2n, arcsin a + 2n]

U [ arccos a + 2n, arccos a + 2n]

sin x a
cos x a

+ n
2

U (n, arcctg a + n]
U [arcctg a + n, + n)

ctg x a
ctg x a

nZ

nZ

nZ

+ n, arctg a + n
2

U arctg a + n,
nZ

nZ

U [arccos a + 2n, 2 arccos a + 2n]

nZ

nZ

nZ

tg x a

tg x a

cos x a

U [arcsin a + 2n, arcsin a + 2n]

sin x a

nZ

U (arcctg a + n, + n )

nZ

nZ

+ n, arctg a + n
2

U (n, arcctg a + n )

nZ

ctg x < a

ctg x > a

tg x < a

tg x > a

nZ

cos x < a U (arccos a + 2n, 2 arccos a + 2n)

nZ

cos x > a U ( arccos a + 2n, arccos a + 2n)

nZ

nZ

sin x > a

.
:

t = sin x
(t = cos x .)

f (sin x) 0,
f (cos x) < 0,
f ( tg x) 0,
f (ctg x) 0 .

, ,
;
.

1
V-IX
, , , .
.
() .
, ()
.
,
,
, .
, , . .
, .
,
, .
. ,

, ,
.
,
180, ,
, .
209

,
,
, .
.
, , ,

.
, , ,
!
,
B C, D E ,
[ BC ] [ DE ] (. 9.1 a)). , , BD CE .
,
B C
(. 9.1 )).

a)

B
A
D

E
F

. 9.1

. . ,
, , ,
,
. ,
, , ,
.
. ,
A d :
A d , d A, d
A. , A B AB AB
AB A B, AB
A B, AB A B.
() : , ,
( ), , .
: (), ,
.
,
.
. ,
.
. (1862
1943), :
1) () ();
2) ();
210

3) (M) () ;
4) ,
( ) ();
5) ().

()
1 , .
2 , , ,
.
(. 9.2 )). A
B , AB (. 9.2 )).
9.2 ) : a, A B,
( A a, B a ), C D, a (C a, D a).
)
a)
)
A

. 9.2

, .
.
1 , ,
.
A, B, C, a (. 9.3). 1) 4)
.
1) C A B.
A
B
C
a
2) C A B.
. 9.3
3) A B C.
4) A C B.
2 A B, ,
, C, B A C.
3
, ,
,
, , , ([AC]), ,
,
([AB]),
(. 9.4).

B
A

. 9.4

211

M 1 , .
, .
, .
AB AB.
(, , , ...),
, .
M 2
(), 0 180.
180, 0.
,
, .
1 p ,
p.
2 , 0 < < 180, , , , .

,

( ). ABC
[A1M . , A1M, , ABC, A1, , B1, [A1M, , C1,
.
( ). ,
, , .
.

, ,
() .
,
, .
, ,
. .
212

 ,
.
, , (
) : P, Q, P Q
, (. 2).
,
.
,
, .

:
ABC ,
180.
AD || BC (. 9.5).
D
E
A
S = m(1) + m(2) + m(3),
5
4
1
2 5 ( ),
3 4 ( ),
, S = m(1) + m(4) + m(5).
2
3
m(1) + m(4) + m(5) = 180, EAD B
C
. 9.5
. , S = 180.

( 2).
() M2.
: , ,
, , .
: , , .
.
: P, Q (1).
(1) ,
: Q, P (2).
:
1) ,
2) , ,
3) .
,
. ,
, (. 2).

,

, .
213

, :
, .
B
.
A
9.6 ABCD
AC BD, ABCD
!

C
. 9.6
,
,
.

, .

,
: , , ,
, .
.
: ,
. : ,
. .
,
, . (. 2).

. , ,
, .
. a || b, c a, c I a = {P} (. 9.7).
. c b.
. .
, c || b, P a c, b. .
, c b , .

214

c
P

. 9.7

 , , .
(. 9.8) :
1 2
4 3
(1, 5), (4, 8), (2, 6), (3, 7) ;

(4, 6), (3, 5)

;
(1, 7), (2, 8) ;
(4, 5), (3, 6) ;
(1, 8), (2, 7) .

5 6
8 7

. 9.8

1. (. 9.9):
1) ;
2) ;
3) ;
4) 180 ;
5) 180 ,
c
a
,
; 180
.

. 9.9

2. ,

, (. 9.10).

3. ,
,
(. 9.11).

4. ,
,
, 180 (. 9.12).

. 9.10
c

. 9.11
c

. 9.12

5. , a b
c, , a || b.
6 ( ). , , ,
, 180,
, .
215

, , 2.
AB CD
C
D
F
EF G
CFE FEB
(. 9.13). , AB CD
A
E
B
.
. 9.13
. , AB CD .
G. , E, F, G
EFG, CFE BEF,
. ,
, . , AB
CD , , .
, AB CD , ,
CFE FEB, EF,
.
N
D
C
F
. ,
CFE FEB , ,
M
m(CFE ) > m(FEB) (. 9.14). E
A
B
, F
MN , CD , ,
. 9.14
m(MFE ) = m(FEB ). , MN AB , EF
(MFE BEF ). ,
F (CD MN), AB. .
, CFE BEF .
. 1. , ,
, .
2. , , .
3. , , .
. 1, 36.

A
1. :
a) ;
) ;

) ;
) .

2. :
a) [ A1 A2 ], [ A2 A3 ], ..., [ An 1 An ] ;
) , .
, .

216

3. :
a) .
) , .
) , .
) , , .
4. , .
?
a) .
) , , .
) 180.
) , .
C
N

b
5. ABC
LMN .
a || AB, b || MN . ,
CDE LQP .

Q
L

A
b
6. ABC LMN.
a || BC , b || LN .
, ADE
PMQ .

a
7. a b , c ,
[AC [BC . , AC BC .

C
b
c

B
A

a
8. a b ,
c , [AC . , [ AB ] [ BC ].

b
c

9. a b , M AB, CD ,
M. , M CD.

C
C

A
M

b
B

c
217

10. P . :
1) P ;
2) P ;
3) P ;
4) P .
a) , 1)
2), 3) 4).
) , ,
.
11. a b, P, A. :
a) a I b, a I P , b U P;
) ( a I b) U P , { A} I ( a U b).
12. D1 D2 . D1 U D2
? D1 I D2 ?
13. T1 T2 .
, :
a) T1 I T2 ;
) T1 U T2 ;
) T1 U T2 ?
14. , :
a) ;
) , ,
180;

) BOD, [OB AOC,

[OD AOB,
DOC DOA.

A
) BOD, [OB
AOC, [OD ,
AOC,
DOA DOC.

B
O
C
D

) ,
.

218

. .

. ,
.
, .
AOB A1O1 B1 AOB A1O1 B1 , AB A1B1 [ AB ] [ A1 B1 ].
. ABC A1B1C1 ,
: [ AB ] [ A1 B1 ], [ BC ] [ B1C1 ], [CA] [C1 A1 ],

BAC B1 A1C1 , ACB A1C1 B1 , CBA C1 B1 A1 .

: ABC A1 B1C1 .
, , ABC A1 B1C1 , ABC A1C1 B1 ,
.
, , , .
.
I ().
a)
B
C1
ABC A1B1C1
A1
[ AB ] [ A1 B1 ], [ AC ] [ A1C1 ]
C
BAC B1 A1C1 , ABC A1 B1C1
A
B1
(. 9.15 a)).
C1
)
C
II ().
A1
ABC A B C
1

[ AB ] [ A1 B1 ] , BAC B1 A1C1 ,
, ABC A1 B1C1 , ABC A1 B1C1
(. 9.15 )).

B
A

B1

. 9.15

. ,
.
7. .
. , ,
.
III (). ABC A1B1C1
[ AB ] [ A1 B1 ], [ BC ] [ B1C1 ], [CA] [C1 A1 ], ABC A1 B1C1 .
B

:
ABC A1 B1C1
(. 9.16). A1 B1C 2 ,
A1 B1C 2 ABC (1).

C1
B1

A1

A
C

. 9.16

C2
219

(1) A1 B1C1 ABC . , [C1 A1 ] [CA] [C 2 A1 ],

[C1 B1 ] [CB ] [C 2 B1 ] .
C1 C2, C 2 A1C1 C2 B1C1 ,
A1C1C2 A1C2C1 C2 C1 B1 C1C 2 B1 .
, A1C1 B1 A1C 2 B1 I () ,
A1 B1C1 A1 B1C 2 . A1 B1C 2 ABC , ABC A1 B1C1 .
. I II .
, ,
.
8 ( )
,
.
:
, FCB B
E
ABC ABC
D
(. 9.17). BC D
, [ BD ] [ DC ], [AD
F
E , D
A
C
A E [ AD ] [ DE ] . A E
, BC,
. 9.17
A , [DE, ,
E FCB.
M2, , m(FCB ) > m(ECD ).
I () ,
ABD ECD , , m(ABC ) = m(ECD ) < m(FCB ).
, m (FCB ) > m (BAC ).
, :
9

A
:
m(A) < 90,
m(B) < 90,
, m(C ) < 90.
220

:
m(C ) = 90.

A
:
m(A) > 90.

:
AB AC ,
AB BC ,
, AC BC.

:
AC = BC ,
, AC AB.

:
AB = AC = BC .

1. .
, 40 .
:
c
ABC 80 , , AB + AC + BC = 80 .
m BC = 16 c.
AC = AB = 2BC, : 5 BC = 80 c
AC = AB = 2 BC = 32 .
: 16 , 32 , 32 .
2. , , (. 9.18).
:
ABC , BB1
CC1 . BCC1 BCB1
BC c BB1 CC1 , .
BCC1 CBB1 C1 BC B1CB ,
ABC ACB. , ABC , . . .
3. , ,
, .
:
, c A,
B, C,
D (. 9.19).
ABD ACD ,
A
AD .
, [ AC ] [ AB], . . .

C1

B1

. 9.18

C
D

. 9.19
221

4. ABC, a, b, ma (
) (. 9.20).
A
:
- b

ma
(
- ) . B
C
a
a
M
,
2
2
.
. 9.20

:
1) , ;
2) ;
3) , ;
4) ( , , ).
. , ABC [AM] .
, AMC ,
a
: AC = b, CM =
AM = ma . B [CM
2
a
, CM = MB = .
2
a
. ACM , AC = b, CM = , AM = ma .
2
[CM B , M CB. , CB = a.
. ABC , [AM]
ma , AC BC b a , ,
ABC .
. ABC ,
A. , ,
a
b, , ma .
2

A
1. AB CD . AC,
BD = 12 .
2. AB. B
, A 8 .
3. 100 ,
40 . .

222

4. 20 40 .
5. 44 . ,
4 .
6. 56 . ,
2 .

7. AB AC
ABC AD AE.
BF , CF = 3 . (. CDA BEA CFB ).

E
F

L
B

8. AB BC
ABC, ABLM
BCNP. , LBC ABP .

B
P

9. ABC
AD, BE CF, .
DEF , DE = 3 .

D
A

10. , , , .
11. , .
12. , .
13. , , , .
14. . ,
.
15.
B1 C1 , AB1 = AC1 . , :
a) AB1C AC1 B;
) CB1 B BC1C .
16. ABC A1 B1C1 . , :
) AM A1 M 1 ;
) AL A1 L1 .
17. ABC A1 B1C1 AM A1 M 1 . ,
, [ AM ] [ A1 M 1 ],], [ AB ] [ A1 B1 ] [ BC ] [ B1C1 ].

223

18. , ABC A1 B1C1 , [ AC ] [ A1C1 ],

[ AB ] [ A1 B1 ] [ AM ] [ A1 M1 ], [ AM ] [ A1 M1 ] ABC
A1 B1C1 .
19. , ABC A1 B1C1 , [ BC ] [ B1C1 ],
[ AM ] [ A1 M1 ] CMA C1 M1 A1 , [ AM ] [ A1 M1 ] ABC
A1 B1C1 .
20. , ,
, .
21. ,
.
22. ABC A1 B1C1 AM A1 M1 . , [ AM ] [ A1 M1 ],
MAC M1 A1C1 MAB M1 A1 B1 . , ABC A1 B1C1
.
23. ABC A1 B1C1 AL A1 L1 . , [ AB] [ A1 B1 ],
[ AL ] [ A1 L1 ] BAC B1 A1C1 . , ABC A1 B1C1 .
24. ABC
( AB = AC ) . AM, P ,
ABM P1 .
25. 3 : 4 : 5.
, 60 .
26. ABC, :
a) a, b, C ;
) a, B, C ;
) A, a, b (a > b).
27. ABC (a, b , c ),
:
a) a, c;
) a, B;
) c, A.
28. , :
) ;
) ;
) ;
) ;
) , ;
) , ;
) , .
29. ABC, ma ,
, , .
30. ABC, /
:

224

a) a, b, hb ;

) a , ha , ma ;

) a, b, mc ;

) a, b + c, B;

) a, b c, C ;

) a, b + c, A;

) a + b + c, A, B;

) a, b c, B C.

.
(), . . (),

, .
. , , .
9. ,
.
10. ,
.
11. ,
.
12. ,
.
. 912.
13 ( )
a d . a
A1 A2 , A2 A3 , ..., An 1 An ,
d, b (b d)
B1 B2 , B2 B3 , ..., Bn 1 Bn (. 9.21).
a
:
A 1 A2 A
3 Ai
Ai+1 An-1
Bi+1 An
, a,
d
Ci Cn-1
Ai Bi. ,
Bn
Ci
Bn-1
Ai Ai+1Bi+1Ci Bi+1
C2
C1
, B3 Bi
b
B2
[Ci Bi +1 ] [ Ai Ai +1 ].
B1
II (),
. 9.21
,

B1C1 B2 B2 C 2 B3 ... Bi Ci Bi +1 ... Bn 1C n 1 Bn ,

, [ B1 B2 ] [ B2 B3 ] ... [ Bi Bi +1 ] ... [ Bn 1 Bn ].

, .
, .
14. ,
.
225

, . , .
15. ,
.
. 14, 15.

.
, , .
,
.

( , ) .
,
.
.

B
C

1. ,
.

2
(. 9.22).
A
D
. 9.22
:
ABCD , [ AB] [ BC] [CD] AC CD.
BC || AD , m(BCA) = m(CAD) = .
ABC , [ AB] [ BC ], m(BAC ) = . ,
, m(CDA) = m(BAD) = 2 . ACD 3 = 90 = 30.
m(CDA) = m(BAD) = 2 30 = 60, m(ABC ) = m(BCD ) = + 90 = 120.

: 120, 120, 60, 60.

C
2. , ,
, ,
.
:

[CD] [CM] B
A
D M
ABC ( m(C ) = 90,
. 9.23
, M D) (. 9.23).
B AMC , CM = MA = MB.
D , D
. , m(DCM ) = m(ACM ) m(ACD) = , . . .
M D, .
226

3. , ,
.

l2
l1
h
. ABCD ,

AD = a, BAD D
A
a
, m(BAD) = , AB = l1 , CD = l2
(. 9.24).
. 9.24
, BAD
. C
[BL, AD,
C ( D, l2 ) D CD = l2 . , C
[ BL C ( D , l 2 ).
. BAD, [ BL || AD ( L D
, AB)
C ( D, l2 ). C ( D, l2 ) [ BL
.
.
. , , C [ BL, C B CD h,
h .
BD > CD > h , ( CD = h,

: ). BD = l12 + a 2 2l1a cos , h = l1 sin ,

l12 + a 2 2l1a cos > l2 l1 sin .

A
1. 16 28 . , .

2. C ABCD AD E.
AE, AB = 18 c AD = 30 .
c
3. 50. .
4. : 30 40.
.
5. , , , 80. .
6. , ,
, 20. .
7. 30.
.
227

8. , ,
8 32 . .

9. 3 : 2, 70 .
.
10. d M N, 12 28 . MN d.

11. A ABCD BC E. ,
ABE .
12. , , ,
.
13. , ,
, .
14.
. , .
15. a b (a > b). , ,
,
1
1
( a + b) (a b).
2
2
16. d1 d 2 . ,
.
17. , ,
. ,
40 56 .
18. , .
19. , .
20. , ,
.
21. .
22. .
23. .
24. ABCD , A D,
AD = a, BC = b (a > b).
25. .
26. , .

228

.
.

. k
. k
( k) ,
, A, B
AB = kAB.
AB = k AB , A B, A B.
16. 1. k1 k 2
k1k 2 .
2. , k,
1
.
k
:
1. A B k1
A B , , ,
k 2 A B . AB = k1 AB
AB = k 2 AB . , AB = k1k 2 AB, , A B A B , k1k 2 .
2. k A B
A B A B = kAB . 1
, AB = AB , , A B
k
1
A B , .
k
,
, .
(k = 1).
. ABC ABC ,
AB
BC
CA
=
=
= k A A, B B , C C .
AB BC C A
: ABC ~ A1 B1C1 .
, .
17 ( ). ,
, , ,
, (. 9.25).
229

18 ( ).
ABC B1 ,
BC , C . ,
AB, B1
AC A1, ABC ~ A1 B1C
(. 9.25).

B1

C
A

A1

. 9.25
, , :
I .
, .
II . , , , , .
III . , .
19 ( )
ABC A BC. [ AA
BAC
BA AB
=
,
(. 9.26).
AC AC
20. XOY n, n N , n > 1,
A1B1, A2B2, , An Bn, ,
, :
A A
OA1 A1 A2 A2 A3
=
=
= ... = n 1 n (. 9.27).
OB1 B1 B2 B2 B3
Bn 1 Bn
*

21. a b n, n N , n > 2,
, O, O a, O b,
:
A A
A1 A2 A2 A3
=
= ... = n 1 n (. 9.28).
B1 B2 B2 B3
Bn 1 Bn
A
A1
O
C

A3

A2
B1

An

X
O
A1

An
A2 A3

B2

. 9.26
. 1921.
230

An1

B3

Bn1

. 9.27

Bn Y

...

b
B1

B2

B3

. 9.28

Bn


ABC , ,
. ,

BC = a, AC = b, AB = c (. 9.29).
B

:
AMLN ,
M
. AL .
MBL ABC ,
AC : ML = BC : BL = ( BL + LC ) : BL = 1 + LC : BL (1). A
, LC : BL = AC : AB = b : c (2).
(1) (2) :
b
b
bc
.
= 1 + ML =
ML
c
b+c
bc
:
.
b+c

. 9.29

A
1. 18 6 ,
6 .
, , .

2. ABC A1 B1C1 , AB = 12 , A1 B1 = 3 ,
, AC = 16 , B1C1 = 2 .
3. CD ABC (m(C ) = 90)
AD = 18 BD = 32 . ABC.
4. ABC, AD = 10 BC = 15 ,
, BC, AB BC.
.
5. AB CD ABCD E. AED, AB = 10 , BC = 20 ,
CD = 12 , AD = 30 .
6. 10,8 1,8 . 1,2 .
.

231

7. A A1 ABC ([ AB] [ AC]) A1 B1C1 ([ A1 B1 ] [ A1C1 ])

. , ABC ~ A1 B1C1 .
8. ABC, m(C ) = 90 [CD] .
, :
a) ABC ~ ACD;
) ABC ~ CBD;
) ACD ~ CBD.
9. [AM] [ A1 M1 ] ABC A1 B1C1 .
, A1 M1 : AM = A1 B1 : AB.
10. ABC A1 B1C1 , [AL] [ A1 L1 ] . , A1 L1 : AL = A1 B1 : AB.
11. ABCD E . ,
AE BE = CE DE , BC || AD.
12. , H AA1 , BB1 , CC1 ABC, AH HA1 = BH HB1 = CH HC1 .
13. , : , .
14. ABC ( AB < BC ) , [BL] [BM]
, . , BL < BM .
15. ABCD M ,
AM CM = BM MD. , ADB ACB.
16. 2 : 4 : 5. ,
, 66 .
17. ABC A1 B1C1 , AB = 32 , BC = 40 ,
, A1 B1 = 24 , AC A1C1 = 12 . .
18. ABC, M AB, N BC MN || AC. ,
AB = 32 , AC = 40 MN = 30 .
19. AB CD ABCD O.
AOD, , BC = 14 ,
, AD = 42 6 .
20. ABC, A, b, b : c = m : n.
21. ABC, A, C b + hb .
22. ABC , AB,
AC BC.
23. , , , , .

232

, , .
22. [MN]
ABC (M AB, N
BC), [MN] || [AC] 2MN = AC (. 9.30).

M
N

:
A
M AB (. 9.30).
P
, AC . C
.
9.30
13 BC ,
N. [MN] || [AC].
N , AB,
AC P, . , AC = AP + PC = 2AP.
AMNP , , MN = AP
.
, 2 MN = AC.

,
, .
23. ,
1 : 2, .
. 23.

.
, .
(
), ,
, . ,
. ,
.
, , .
24. .
. 24.

.
, . , . ,
. , .
233

,
,
.
25.
, .
, , .
, , ,
,
.

1. AC ABC 10 ,
13 .
.
B
:
BD ABC , G
O BD (. 9.31).
BD = BC 2 CD2 = 132 52 = 12 ().
1
GD = BD = 4 .
3
[AO] ABD,
OD AD 5

=
= .
OB AB 13
10
OB = BD OD = 12 OD, OD =
.
3
10 2
, OG = 4
= ().
3 3

G
O
A

. 9.31

2. ABC AA1 BB1 (. 9.32).

A1 B1C , m(A) = , m(B ) = , + 90.
:
B
BB1C AA1C
A1
C,

BC AC
=
.
B1C A1C
ABC A1 B1C
C

, ,

A
B1

. 9.32
,
.
, m (CA1 B1 ) = m (CAB ) = , m (CB1 A1 ) = m(CBA) = .
234

 , : ,
, .
3. ABC
( AB = AC , . 9.33). , AA1 = 6 ,
CC1 = 9,6 .
:
A1C = A1 B = x, AB = AC = y.

CC1 B AA1 B :
B
CC1 CB
2 x 9,6
5
=

=
. y = x.
AA1 AB
y
6
4

C1

A
y

x
A1

. 9.33

AA1C x 2 + 36 = y 2 .
y = 5 x,

x = 8, y = 10.
4
x 2 + 36 = y 2 ,
, AB = AC = 10 , BC = 16 .

A
1. 6 8 , . .
2. 12 , 6 8 . , .
3. 4 2 ,
120. .
4. 10 6 , , ,
120. , .
5. , , ,
30 40 . .
6. . ,
4,5 6 .
7. , ,
5 . .
8. ,
3 4 .
9. 36 .
, .
, .

235

10.
.

52

73 .

11. 9 12 .
.
12. , ,
. .
13. , ,
5
.

10 .

14. 5 , 6 7 . ,
, .
.
15. ,
18 24 .
16. R ,
. ,
.
17. [ AA1 ] [ BB1 ] ABC. ,
AC = 6 , B1C = 4 , A1C = 3 .

: 45

A
1. , , - 2
4 3 . ,
1:10 000, .

C
A

E
S

D
B

3. 125 . ,
, .
4. ABC m(A) = 90, [ BD ]
B ( D AC ). , CD = 5 , AD = 4 , .
5. ,
. AB, CD, EF.

236

2.
[VA] 5 .
[CD], 1 ([AC]) .
,
([VS]) 4 .

2
10

F 2

2
3


1. CN
, CD 1
= ,
. , AB = d ,
DB 3
DN = NB.

2. , 2
. .
3. , r 3
5r 40r (
() () ).
5r
5r
4. 3

O1

40r

a)

O2

O3

40r

240 .
80

190 220 .
?

6.1.
C

ABC
C, CD (. 9.34).
ACB, CDB, ADC
:
a
b
= sin (1),
= cos (2);
c
c
ac
ac
= sin (3),
= tg (4);
a
hc
hc
bc
= cos (5),
= tg (6).
b
bc

hc
ac

bc

. 9.34

(1) (3), (2) (5), (4) (6), :

a ac
= , a 2 = c ac (7);
c a
b bc
= , b 2 = c bc (8);
c b
ac hc
= , hc2 = ac bc .
hc bc
237

(7) (8), : a 2 + b 2 = c(ac + bc ).

ac + bc = c, a 2 + b 2 = c 2 .
, :
26 ( ).

.

2
2
9.35 AC = BC CD, AB = BC BD.

27 ( ). ,
,
.

. 9.35

9.35 AD 2 = CD BD.

28 ( ).
.

9.35 BC 2 = AC 2 + AB 2 .
C

1. 60 ,
2 11 .
(. 9.36).

B 30
M

:
MA = 11 , MB = 2 . OB AOB . MBC m(C) = 30, CM = 4 .
60
O
OAC :
A
15
. 9.36
().
OA = AC tg30 =
3
OAM :

OM = OA 2 + AM 2 = 75 + 121 = 14 ().
: OM = 14 .
A

2. ABC,
[AD] , , E F D
AB AC . ,
BD CD = CF AF + BE AE (. 9.37).

F
E
B

. 9.37
238

AEDF . , AD 2 = ED 2 + FD 2 (9).
ABC, ADB, ADC, :

AD 2 = BD CD , ED 2 = AE BE , DF 2 = CF AF .
(10) (9) . . .
3. r , ABC, a, b c (. 9.38).

(10)

:
O , ABC, E, F, G . EOGC r,
GB = a r = FB, AE = b r = AF , ( )
, .
AF + FB = AB = c.
a+bc
c = a r + b r r =
.
2

br
c
b
F
O

E
r

r G

ar

r
ar B
a

. 9.38

4. a b
.
,
.
(. 9.39).

[AM] A, CK AM .
c = a 2 + b 2 .
b
ABC = cos 2 .
c

K
C

b
1
1
cos
2

c , sin = 1 1 b .
sin 2 =
=
c
2
2
2

CKA , CK = b sin =

M a

. 9.39

b
b
1
.
2
2
a + b2

, ,
:

a
a
1
.
2
2
a + b2

a
a
b
b

1
.
1
2
2
2
2
2
a + b2
a +b
239

5.
a b.
(. 9.40).

C
b 45 45
E

l CD.
DE AC DE = x.
-

l
D

. 9.40

DEC , l = x 2 .
, AED ~ ACB, :
, l =

ab
AE ED
bx x
.
=

= x=
a+b
AC BC
b
a

ab 2
.
a+b

A
1. 60 ,
. .

7 2 7

2. 9 12 .
, .
3. , ,
. .
4. , , 4 9 . .
5. 8 12 . .
6. , ,
5 12 . .
7. , ,
3 9 . .

B
8. 6 8 .
, , ,
.
9. , , 15 ,
, , 6 . .
10. ABC [CD] . ,
AD = m BD = n. , C.

240

11. ABC CD, ,

, ADC BDC. , ,
r1 r2 . , ABC.
12. ,
15, , , 4 .
(. , .)
13.
4 5 . .
14. , , , 3 4 .
.
15. ABC, m(A) = 90 AC = 1 . , E
F BC AB , AE CF ,
.
16. D CD, ABC,
AC BC m n .
.

6.2.

ABC ,
CD = h ,
C (. 9.41)
ADC BDC
h
h
= sin = sin .
b
a
h = b sin h = a sin . ,

b sin = a sin ,

. 9.41

b
a
=
.
sin sin

b
c

=
sin sin
a
b
c
a
c
=
=
.
=
. , :
sin sin sin
sin sin
, ,
, A B, ,

.
. .

241

29 ( ). :

a
b
c
(. 9.42).
=
=
sin sin sin
ABC , CD = h
, C (. 9.43).

B,
Ox [BA. ,
(x, y), (0, 0) (c, 0) . ACD :

. 9.42
y
C(x, y)

B(0, 0)

AD = b cos(180 ) = b cos ,

A(c, 0) D

. 9.43

CD = b sin(180 ) = b sin .
, x = BA + AD = c b cos , y = b sin . :
a 2 = BC 2 = (c b cos ) 2 + (b sin ) 2 = c 2 2bc cos + b 2 cos 2 + b 2 sin 2 =
= c 2 + b 2 2cb cos .
CDB : x = BD = a cos , y = CD = a sin

b 2 = AC 2 = (a cos c) 2 + (a sin ) 2 = a 2 cos 2 2ac cos + c 2 + a 2 sin 2 =

= a 2 + c 2 2ac cos .
, , c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos .
,

30 ( ).
:

a 2 = b 2 + c 2 2bc cos(A);
b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2ac cos(B);
c 2 = a 2 + b 2 2ab cos(C ) (. 9.44).

, :
a) a 2 > b 2 + c 2 , , a, ;
) a 2 < b 2 + c 2 , , a, ;
2
2
2
) a = b + c , , a, .
242

. 9.44

, > 90 (. 9.43)
AD = b cos , a 2 = b 2 + c 2 + 2c AD (11).
< 90
BD = a cos , b 2 = a 2 + c 2 2c BD (12).
(11), (12)
31 ( ). /
.

1. ,

a
b
c
=
=
= 2 R, R ,
sin sin sin
ABC (. 9.45).
A

,
D
2R.
. 9.45
, , A .
BD , ABC.
BDC BAC .
BC
a
BCD ,
= BD,
= 2 R, . . .
sin
sin
2. R = 6 3 15 60 (. 9.46).
.

B
c
A

60

15

:

, :

a = 2 R sin 60,
b = 2R sin(180 75) = 2 R sin 75,
c = 2 R sin 15.
,

. 9.46

PABC = 2R (sin 60 + sin 75 + sin 15) = 2R(sin 60 + 2 sin 45 cos 30) = 2

3
2 3
) = 2 R
= R( 3 + 6 ) = ( 6 3 )( 6 + 3 ) = 3.
+ 2

2 2
2
:

PABC = 3.
243

3. ,
.
:
ABCD ,
m(A) = (. 9.47).

180

. 9.47

m(B) = 180 .
ABD ABC:

BD 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 2 AB AD cos ,

AC 2 = AB 2 + BC 2 2 AB BC cos(180 ).
(, cos(180 ) = cos ),
BD 2 + AC 2 = AB 2 + AD 2 + AB 2 + BC 2 , BD 2 + AC 2 = 2( AB 2 + AD 2 ), . . .

1.
.

7 , 2 .

2. 10 , 60, 15. .
3. 2 3 ,
.

15
.
4

4. , ,
5 10 . .
5. 4 , 5 6 .
.
6. 3 , , ,
120, , , 7 . .
7. ABC, BC = a, AC = b, AB = c. , , C.
8. , ,
. ,
5 .
9. .
, 7 120.
10. a, ,
, . .
11. ABC , 14 2 , AC = 7 , BC = 5
. , .

244

a)
R

R, R > 0,
,
R .
C (O, R) (. 9.48 a)).

6.3.

)
R, R > 0,

,
R.
D(O, R) (. 9.48 )).

. 9.48

,
/ R , /
C (O, R).

9.49. :
d>R

C (O, R) d<R

d=R

O
R

a
A

a)

a
A

R
M

a
A M

)
N

. 9.49
, a C (O, R) M, ,
(. 9.49 )):
1) M ;
2) a OM M;
3) O a R (d = R).

245

9.50.
C (O1 , r ) C (O2 , R ) :
M

M
r

O1

O2

r
O1

r
O1

O2

R
O2

a)

)
M

)
M N
R

r
O2 O1

O1 = O2

O1 O2

)
M

)
. 9.50

) I ,
II

32. ,
,
([ AT1 ] [ AT2 ]). , ,
(. 9.51).

T1

O
T2

. 32.

. 9.51

33 ( ). , M, A B, AM MB
(. 9.52).
:

a)

1) ,
M M
, D
A
C
(. 9.52 a)),
(. 9.52 )).
C
. 9.52
M
: A B, C D. D ,
ADM ~ CBM . ,
AD AM DM
=
=
AM MB = MC DM .
BC MC MB
246

AM

2) M (. 9.53),
, M
, .
AM MB = MM AB = 0 AB = 0.

AM MB
.

. 9.53

1. I ,
ABC , L
, ABC.
, BL = IL = LC (. 9.54).
:

I
B

AL , e BL e LC (13)
C
BL = LC (13). , LBI BIL.
, LBI LBD ,
L
LBD ,
. 9.54
m( e LCD ) m(e LC ) + m ( e CD )
m(LBD ) =
=
. (14)
2
2
I BIL ,
m ( e BL ) + m ( e AD )
ABC, , m(BIL ) =
(15).
2
BD ABC, e AD e DC (16).
(13)(16) , m(LBI ) = m(BIL). , BIL
BL = LI .
(13) BL = IL = LC , . . .
2. ABC, ha , la ma ,
(. 9.55).

. , ABC [AD], [AL] [AM] ,

N O
, A.
B
C
D L M
, ADL
ADM .
BC
E
AL . 9.55
, ABC.
,
AE BC.
C (O, OA) DM.
247

. ADL ADM , AD = ha ,
, AL = la , AM = ma . , DM,
AL. , , ,
ABC. ,
C (O, OA) DM
.
. , ,
AD = ha , AL = la , AM = ma .
. ,
. AD || ME ,
DM. ,
, ,
.

A
1. 15 25 .
.
2. 18 30 .
.
3. A, B, C 18 . AC, ABC 30.
4. A, B, C D . ACD, ,
m(ABD) = 50.
5. AC BD E. , AC = 20 , BE = 6
AE : EC = 2 : 3. ED.
6. , AD BC . , m(ABC ) = 40,
m(ACD ) = 100, CAD.

7. , , ,
.
8. A B. A ,
C D. , CBD
, A.
9. , , , , , ,
, .

248

10. A ,
C B, D E.
, A, B, C A, D, E DE || BC.
11. A, ,
B C. BC, ABC,
, AB AC B1 C1 .
, AB1C1 2AB,
BC.
12. ABC , [ AA1 ] [ BB1 ] O ,
. , :
) AB1 A1 B ;
) OC A1 B1 .
13. A.
B C. , ABC .
14. [ AA1 ] ABC O ,
. , BAA1 OAC .
15. A B. C, AB,
AB, D E.
, CE CD .
16. R r .
, .
17. a b (b > a ),
90. ,
.
18. R r . ,
.
19. A B . ,
m(AMB) = . ( , AB .)
20. ABC a , ha , A.
21. ABC a , ha , R , R ,
.
22. ABC, , P, L M
,
, , ,
ABC.
23. ABC a, A r, r , .
24. ABC a, b, R, R ,
.

249

A1
. A1 A2 A3 ...An
[ A1 A2 ], [ A2 A3 ], ..., [ An1 An ],
Ai , Ai +1 , Ai + 2 - A2
i {1, 2, 3, ..., n 2} (. 9.56).

A3

An 1
An

An 2

. 9.56

A1 , A2 , A3 , ..., An , [ A1 A2 ],
[ A2 A3 ], ..., [ An 1 An ] . ,
, .
,
A2
(. 9.57).
A3
A1 , An 1 An , A1 , A2 An
A6
A1 A2 A3 ... An ,
A1
[ A1 An ] ,
A4
A5
A1 A2 A3 ... An . , 9.58
. 9.57
A1 A2 ... A6 A7 .


E2
A2
: , A3

E1
A1
. ([ E1 E 2 ]),
A4
,

A
, ,
5
,
A7
A6
(. 9.58).
. 9.58

. ,
.

, , , (. 9.59 a), )).

(. 9.59 ), )).
a)

. 9.59
250


.

, .

, . , , .
,
.
: , ,
.
.
, .

An 1

A3
.
An
n- n 3 , -
A2
n 2 (. 9.60).
A1
180,
. 9.60
S n -
180( n 2), S n = 180( n 2).
, n -

n =

180( n 2)
.
n

. , .
.
,
.
.
34. A1 A2 A3 ... An -,
(. 9.61 a))
(. 9.61 )).
:
1) , A1 A2 A3 . ,
A4
. ,

a)
An

An

A4
A1

1B

2 3

A2

A4
A1

A3

. 9.61

A2

A3

251

OA1 A2 OA2 A3 ( ) ,

m(1) = m(2) = m(3) = m(4) = m(5) =

n
.
2

, OA3 A4 OA2 A3 ( ),
OA4 = OA3 = OA2 = OA1 . , A4 ,
A1 , A2 , A3 . , C (O , OA1 ) - A1 A2 A3 ... An .
2) 1) , - A1 A2 A3 ... An
C (O , OA1 ). ,
, - O
OB, OBA1 A2 (. 9.61 )).
, - A1 A2 A3 ... An C (O, OB ).
. , -,
, - (. 9.62).
( ,
) .
E
,
D
,
, ,
,
O
. AOB,
A
n
-,
C
A B -,
F
-
(. 9.62).
B
360
. 9.62
n =
, n
n
-.

B

, , ,
, ,
(. 9.63).
35. , ,
, .
1
m(ABC ) = m(e AC ) (. 9.63).
2

A
C

. 9.63

36. ,
180 (. 9.64 a)).
37. ,
, , , (. 9.64 )).

252

 38. ,

(. 9.64 )).
a)

B
A

C
B

C
O

O
D

A
D

. 9.64

39. , : AB + CD = AD + BC (. 9.65).

O
D

. 3539.
A

. 9.65

1. an - R , .
:
AOB m (AOD ) =

n 180
=
(. 9.66).
n
2

: an = 2 R sin

180
. ,
n
a3 = 2 R sin 60 = R 3 , a4 = 2 R sin 45 = R 2 , a6 = 2 R sin 30 = R.

an = AB = 2 AD = 2 R sin

. 9.66

180
.
n

2. an - r , .
:
OCE m( EOC ) =

an = CF = 2CE = 2r tg

n 180
=
(. 9.67).
2
n

180
. ,
n

a3 = 2r tg60 = 2r 3 , a4 = 2r tg45 = 2r , a6 = 2r tg30 =

: an = 2r tg

180
.
n

O
r
C

. 9.67

2r 2r 3
=
.
3
3

253

3. ,
: ) 9; ) 40?
:
180( n 2)
- n =
,
n
360
360
n = 180
180 n =
.
n
n
180 n -.
360
360
: )
)
= 9 n = 40;
= 40 n = 9.
n
n
: ) n = 40 ;
) n = 9.

A
1. ,
: a) 150; ) 160?
2. ,
: ) 36; ) 24?
3. , ,
.
4. , , .
, .

5. - an . R r
an n.
6. 1 -. Pn
n {3, 4, 6, 8, 12}.
7. 1 ,
.
.
8. , 4 , ,
. , .
9. , , .

.
, .
:
1 ;
2 , ;
3 , , , .
254

 , ,
( . 9.68)
: A = a b.

a
b
. 9.68

1.

h a

A = a2 = 1 d 2

d2

c
A

A = bh = ab sin = 1 d1d 2 sin

A = 1 bh = 1 bc sin = pr = abc =

4R

= p( p a)( p b)( p c) ,
a
+
b+c
R raza

raza
\n ABC,, r
p =cercului \nscris
2
C cercului circumscris
, ABC , R , ABC .

A = a+bh

b
d2 d
1

A = 1 d1d 2 sin
2

A = ar n = pr , p = an , p -

2
2
, n n-, r , n-.

r
a
O R

A = R 2
A = 1 R 2 ( )
2

A = R 2

360

( )

255

1. , ,
m n. (. 9.69).
:

( r + m) 2 + ( r + n ) 2 = ( m + n ) 2
2r 2 + 2r (m + n) + m 2 + n 2 = m 2 + n 2 + 2mn
r 2 + r (m + n) = mn.
1
1
A ABC = AC BC = (r + m)(r + n) =
2
2
1
1 2
= (r + r (m + n) + mn) = (mn + mn) = mn (..).
2
2
2. ,
(
) .

B
n
n

r
r
C

m
r

. 9.69
B

:
A1
C1
1, 2, 3,

M
4, 5, 6 (. 9.70).
1 2 ,
A
C
B1
AB1 = B1C , , M ( ).
. 9.70
,
3 4, 5 6 .
, , 3 6 .

AM CM 2
=
= AM MC1 = CM MA1 .
MA1 MC1 1
AMC1 CMA1 .
1
1
A AMC1 = AM MC1 sin = CM MA1 sin = A CMA1 .
2
2

, 1 4 , ,
.
B
3. ABC , AC = 20 . , , , 24
18 , ABC (. 9.71).
A1
C1
M
:
AA1 = 18 , CC1 = 24 , M
. :
A
2
2
C
AM = AA1 = 12 ( ), CM = CC1 = 16 ( ).
3
3
. 9.71
AMC ,
A AMC = 1 12 16 = 96 ( 2 ). A ABC = 3A AMC = 3 96 = 288 ( 2 ) (. 2).
2
256

:
AOD ~ COB,

4. ABCD ( AD || BC ) . , , AOD BOC

A1 A 2 (. 9.72).

A2
O

A1
D

. 9.72

A2
BC CO OB
(
=
=
=
A1
AD AO OD

A2
).
A1

m(AOB ) = .

1
1
AO OB sin = CO OD sin = A COD .
2
2
A2
1
1
= AO OB sin = AO
OD sin =
A1
2
2

CO OD = AO OB A AOB =
OB =

A2
OD A AOB
A1

A2 1
A2
AO OD sin(180 ) =
A = A1A 2 .
A1 2
A1 1
,

A ABCD = A1 + A 2 + 2 A1A 2 = ( A1 + A 2 ) 2 .

A
1. 3 : 4,
50 . .
2. , ,
5 12 . .
3. 4 4 3 .
4. 8 15 . .
5. 72 . 5 : 7,
30. .
6. ,
12 . .
7. AB AC , AB = AC = 2 3
m(BAC ) = 60. , .

8. , a, d.
9. .
, 22 , 6 .

257

10. ABC, AB = 5 , AC = 3 , BC = 4
[AD] . ACD ADB.
11. , 10 , ,
2 : 3. ,
.
12. ABCD, B,
AD . 24 , ABD
18 . .
13. ABCD a b.
EFGH, E, F, G H AB, BC, CD DA
.
14. BC ABCD. AM
BD E. ABE AED,
BEM 1.
15. d . .
16. , ,
1 2 . .

A
1. 112 , 113 .
.
2. ,
3. .
3.
4 5 . .
4. 4 , ,
, 3 . .
5.
, .
6. 17 ,
. .
7. , , .
.
8. 12
.
6 . .
9. , 30, , .
.

258

10. .
.
.
11. 5 12 ,
12,5 . .
12. AB CD ABCD E. ,
AB = 2 , BE = 4 , EC = 6 . CD.
13. 90.
20 , 4 .
.
14. 7 ,
4 . .
15. 13 5 .
.
16. , 7 , .
A, B, C D , AB = BC = CD. AB.
17. , 8 ,
10 , .
.

18. ABC 9 6 . CD.

MD.
19. ABC, BC = 8 , AB = 10 . AC
D , C A D. DB, DB = DA.
20. , , 20 , ,
, 24 . .
21. ,
,
3 4 . .
22. r,
, , R.
.
23. ABC CD ,
: BCD ACD.
4 3 . ,
ABC.
24. ABC . , ,
AB BC D , BD : DC = 2 : 3. ,
AC : BC = 12 : 5.
BC.

259

25. 1,5 ,
25

.
8
, .
26. ABC . ,
CD , ,
. .
27. 1 BB1 ABC (CA = CB) . , B,
3
, B11, .
4
CB : AB.
28. , ,
.
( ).
29. a b ( a > b). ,
.
30. a b. , ,
. ,
.
31. r R .
, . .
32. ,
3 1

.
2
33 * . ABC BB1 ( B1 AC )
.
ABC.
34 * . A .
,
.
35 * . ,
, .
36. 18 :
a) 1 ;
) 24 . ( 3,14.)
37. 30 :
a) 1 ;
) 12 ;
) 24 . ( 3,14.)
38. 240 . 300 . ? ( 3,14.)
39. 1,2 . ,
100 , 50
.
. ( 3,14.)

260

 II

: 45

A
1. 5 . 1
44 2 . .

2. A(2, 1), B(5, 3), C(2, 4) . 2

, .
3. ABC , BC = ( 6 + 2 ) ,
m(ACB ) = 30. ABC.

m(ABC ) = 45,

4. AB CD. - 1
DAC, ABC ACD 50 40 .
5. , 2
37,5 , 51 ,
.

6. 30 6 . 2
.

1. ABCD, AD = 3 , AB = 4 , m(DAB) = 60. 1

AB CB
ABE CBF. DEF.
2. 12 A, B, C , 2
1 : 2 : 3. ABC.
3. , 2
5
.
1.
13
.

4. , , 1
, .
5. 4 6 . , 2
, , .
6. R , 2
. 90, 60. , .

261

262

hb

b1

B1

mb

hc

mc

A1

a1

AA1 , BB1 , CC1

1
A1G = ma
3
2
GA = ma
3
C 4m 2 = 2(b 2 + c 2 ) a 2
a

a2 + b2 = c2
a 2 = ca1
b 2 = cb1
hc2 = a1b1

DCE DAB

E 0 = m(BAD) + m(BCD)
ABD ACD

m(ABC ) + m(CDA) = 180 = m

ma

C1

p ( p a )( p b)( p c) ,

a
d2

d1

C
D

1
A = d1d 2 sin
2

a E
a+b
a b
, ED =
AE =
2
2

BC + AD = CD + AB

d2

b
a +b
A=
h
2
B

d1

D
1
A = bh = ab sin = d1d 2 sin
2
d12 + d 22 = 2(a 2 + b 2 )

1
1
A = bhb = bc sin =
2
2
2p = a +b + c

M
a

a O

O R

B
D

m(AMD) =
m( A D ) + m( e C B )
)= e
2

B
C

1
m( AC )
2 e

c 2 = ab

D
m (AMD ) =
m( A D ) m(e BC )
)= e
2

m(ABC ) =

AM MB = CM MD =
D = R2 a2

A = R 2

1
A . = R 2 ; A . = R 2
2
360

D
AM MB = CM MD = a
D = a 2 R 2 = MT 2
A

C
T

M A

1. .
23
13
11
; ) ;
; )
99
9
9
23
23 ) 271 3. a) ; ), ), ) . 4. a) ; ) ; ) .
)
; )
.
;
99
990
18
5. a) 1,73 1,74; ) 2,64 2,65; ) 0,31 0,32; ) 2,73 2,74; ) 1,64 1,65. 6. a) 3,257129 < 3,258129;
3
3 1
5
;
<
) 7,123465 > 8,123466. 7. 0,627115. 8. a) 0,428571 <
; ) 3 < 5 ; )
3
2
3
) 3 + 1 > 10 1. 9. a) ; ), ) . 10. a) S = {3, 1}; ) S = . 11. a) S = (6, + );
5
109

10 C. 13. a) 3a ; ) 58,09 3 .
) , . 12. a) 8C; )
9
11

A. 1. a) 0,75; ) 0,2(6); ) 0,6; ) 0,125; ) 0,08; ) 0,008; ) 0,1(6); ) 0,(1). 2. a)

. 14. a)

11 + 4 6 > 6 + 5 7 ; )

17. a) ; ) ; ) . 18.

19 + 8 3 > 14 + 6 5 . 15. a) 5; ) 28 2 . 16. 4 3.

2,4 1,55 (A). 19. 9 1,8 10 . 20. a) ;

), ) ; ) . 22. ). 23. 40 . 25*.

.

26*.

0,393273223223. .

ab < 0.

A. 1. C. 2. C. 3. 3,162 3,163. 4. 5 3 < 4 5. 5.

3 1
.
5 +1

. 1. C. 2. B. 3. B. 4. 0,267 0,268. 5. 1,9; 2 + ; ,

3
5

. 6.

a+b
, ab 0, a b. 7. .
ba

5 + 2

2.
1. A. 1. a) ; ) . 2. a) N; ) A; ) ; ) {6, 7, 8, ...}. 3. cardB ( A) = 32. 4. a) ,
3, 2, 1; ) , 0, 1. 5. a) N, Z, Q, R; ) R, R \ Q; ) N, Z, Q, R.
6. a) A B = {(2, 1), (2, 3), (4, 1), (4, 3), (6, 1), (6, 3)}; ) {(a, x), (a, y ), (a, z ), (b, x), (b, y ),
(b, z), (c, x), (c, y), (c, z)}. . 7. a) A B, A U B = (, 1], A I B = {3}; ) A B, A U B = (1, ),
A I B = .

1. . 8. . 9. a) ( 6, 1) U (3, 6); ) (, 6] U [6, + ). 10. cardA = 5, cardB ( A) = 32.

11. a) ; ) {3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9}. 12. a) R, R \ Q; ) R, R \ Q;
) Z, Q, R, Z \ N. 14*. a) R \ {2}; ) R . 15*. a) ; ) .

2. A. 1. a) ; ) ; ) . 2. a), ) , ), ) . 4.
ABCD , .

2. . 5. a) ; ) . 6. a), ), ) ; ) . 7. a) ABC ,
ABC ,
; ) ABC
, ABC ,
60 . 10. a + b , a,
b . 11*. a), ) .

A. 1. a), ), ), ) ; ), ), ), ) . 3. a) a 14 , a
7 ; a 7, 14 ;

263

) , ; ,
. 4. a) ; ) . 5. A U B = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 9}, A I B = {1, 3}, A \ B = {2, 4},
B \ A = {5, 9}, A B = {(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (1, 9), ( 2, 1), ( 2, 3), ..., ( 4, 5), ( 4, 9)}. 6. 4 .

. 7. A U B = (3, + ); A I B = {5}. 8. a) S1 U S 2 = {1, 6}; ) S1 I S 2 = {6}; ) S1 \ S 2 = {1};

) S 2 \ S1 = ; ) S1 S 2 = {( 1, 6), (6, 6)}. 9. 32 : , {2}, {1}, {0}, {1}, {2},

{2, 1}, ..., {2, 1, 0, 1, 2}. 10*. a), ) ; ) .

A. 1. . 2. ) p q , p q , non p , non q . 3. a)
, ; ) , . 4. a) M 3 ; ) M 1 . 5. a) ; ) .
. 1. . 2. ) p q ; p q ; non p ; non q .
3. a) , ; )
, . 4. a) S1 U S 2 = {1, 3};
) S1 I S 2 = {1}; ) S 2 \ S1 = {3}; ) S1 \ S 2 = {3}.

3. . .
90
; ) 2 3, 0,26 2 3 0,27; ) 3 2, 0,27 3 2 0,26.
161
2. a) 2 | a | 4 2b 3 ; ) 5ab b ; ) | x + 3 |; ) xy 2 ; ) 13 yx x ; ) ab 4 8ab 2 . 3. a) 3b 2 ;

1. A. 1. a) 0,05; ) 288; )

2a 5 ; ) 3a 2 ; ) 3 y 2 ,
2
;
y > 0; 3 y 2 , y < 0; ) 2x ; ) 3 2 x 4 y ; ) 4 x 5 . 4. a) 34; ) 8 3 ; )
5
3
3
3
3
2 5+ 7
x
25 + 10 + 4
; )
)
6x ; ) 8 (9 + 4 5 ). 5. a)
; )
; ) 13 18 ;
xy
13
3
1
) ( 4 + 3 2 2 7 14 ).
4
9
13;
1. . 6. a) 1; ) 13 ; ) 3; ) 5; ) 6 5 + 1, 1,213 6 5 + 1 1,214. 7. a)
2
12
x , x > 2,
a
25
1
)
) 3
; ) 4 p 4 p 2 1; )
; ) 2 , a x > 0;
3
x
108
a+ b
x , 0 < x < 2;
) 2 x ; )

2 x ,

7c 2 a , c 0; 7c 2 a , c > 0; )

a < x; )

10*. 7.

2. A. 1. a)
)

2 x 3 y ; )

3 + 5 1. . 2 5 6 = ( 5 1) 2 ; ) 1+ 2 3. 9. 5 .
4

x +2
; ) 4 a 2;
2 x
3

10 20
3
.
; ) 3 2 . 3. a) 1; ), ) 1. 4. 12%. 5.
16 2

125
7
5
; ) 0; ) ; ) 9. 2. a)
; ) 105 ; )
2
3
2

b+a
; ) 16a 2 ; ) 36 4
ba

6. 15 7 .

1
; )
a +3 b

x + 3y
m3
b3
1
3
1
,
; ) 1; )
2. . 7. a) 5; ) ; ) 7 200; ) 515. 8. a) + ; )
; )
x y
a b
2
4
m3 2
x
m > 1,
(m 2 + m3 2 + 3 4 ), m 1, m 0; ) 7 5 ; ) 3 3 5 20 3 . 9. a), ) 1;

2
;
m

), ) 1.

264

3. A. 1. a) 9; ) 2; ) 1; ) 2; ) 144. 2. 1 . 3. 3a + ab. 4. 16. 6. 1 < log 2 3 < log 2 5.

2

3. . 8. a) log 2 | a |; ) 4 log a | b |; ) log a b; ) 3; ) 3 2 log a b, 3 log a b 0; 3,

3 log a b < 0; ) a + 1; ) log 2n p; *) 0. 9. x = 4 5. 11. a) 3 (1 a b); )

1 + ab
. .
a (8 5b)

. 13*. 5. 14*. 0.

5
A. 1. a) 4; ) 2; ) 2,35; ) 7 200. 2. a), ), ) ; ), ), ), ) . 3. a) 2; ) 2 4 . 4. a) 2x; ) 1.

10
x y
1
1
516 < . 6. a) 6 3; ) 2
; ) (3 9 3 15 + 3 25 );
2
x y
5
1
) (1 + 2 2 + 5 + 10 ). 7. 2 .
6
. 10. a) ; ) . 11. a) 7 ; ) 6; )
a + 3 b ; ) log6 (a 3 2) 2 . 12. a) ;
4
3(1 a )
. 15*. n = 3.
) ; ) ; ) . 13. a R . 14*.
a

5. a)

35 > 7 35; )

4
2
1

49 3 > 4 3 > 16 4 .
A. 1. B. 2. 3 7 < 7 3. 3. 8. 4. x 1. 5. a) ; ) . 6.

7. 7 2 ( 7 5 ). 8. B. 9. 36. 10. a, b R *+ \ {1}, ab (a b) 2 .

16

9
. 1. A. 2. ( 4 ) > ( 2 ) . 3. 1. 4. y x . 5. a), ) . 6.
4
7. ( 4 13 + 4 9 ) ( 13 + 9 ). 8. B. 9. 10 1. 10. a R*+ , a 2 + a + 1.
3

1
3

1
4

0 ,1

49

3 6
4
< <
2
9

0 , 2

4. .
1. A. 3. a) S = {4}; ) S = {25}; ) S = {6}. 4. a) S = {3, 4, 5, 6}; ) S = {2, 3, 4}; ) S = {4, 5, 6, 7}.
7
; ) 336; ) 576; ) 12; )
144
. 7. a) S = {2}; ) S = {4}; ) S = {6, 11}. 9. 4 368. 10. 306 . 11. 20. 12. 40 320.
13. 210. 14. a) 720 . 15. 5 040. 16. 56. 17. 8 008. 18. a) 0,16; ) 0,31.
5. a) A36 . 6. a) 5; ) 25 200; )

1. . 21. a) S = {5}; ) S = ; ) S = {2}. 22. a) n [6, + ), n N; ) n [0, 9], n N;

) n [1, 4], n N. 24. a) x = 6, y [0, 10], y N; ) x = 12, y [0, 12], y N. 27. a) 6! 5! = 600;
) 5! = 120; ) 5! = 120; ) 5! 4! = 96; ) 4! = 24. 28. C86 A96 = 1 693 440 ().
10
= 2 288 132 (). 30. C73 C93 = 2 940 (). 31. .
29. C21 C23
, 7 1.5.2. 32. C103 C62 .
33. (C31 C104 + C32 C103 ) . 34. a) S = {x x (4, + ), x N}; ) S = {3, 4, 5}; ) S = ;
) S = {x x [ 4, 13], x N}; ) S = {5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10}; ) S = {7, 8, 9, ...}. 38. a) . ( x + 2)!= 6!. ) S = {( 4, 8)}.

2. . 1. ) 6 561a 8 + 17 496a 7b + 20 412a 6b 2 + 13 608a 5b 3 + 5 670a 4b 4 + 1 512a 3b 5 +

+ 2 52a 2b 6 + 24ab 7 + b 8 ; ) a 3 + 6a 2 ab + 15a 2b + 20ab ab + 15ab 2 + 6b 2 ab + b 3 .
1
7
21

2. ) a 3 a 2 5ab 3 a + 10ab 2 10b 3 3 a 2 + 5b 4 3 a b 5 ; ) 3

x x x3 y x 2 y x
35
35
21
7
1

. 4. . x x 2 y y xy 2 x xy 2 y y 3 x y 3 y
. 5. a) T5 = 39 191 040 x 6 ; ) T7 = 5 376 xy 3 x ;
) T10 = 4 330 260 a 2 b 9 . 6. a) 2 25 ; ) 2108 ; ) 2 215 ; ) 2 71. 7. a) 214 ; ) 2 24 ; ) 2 27 ; ) 2 31.

265

8. a) T5 = 29 120 x10 ; ) T9 = 329 472 x 3 x 2 a 4 ; ) T7 = 593 775.

9. a) T9 = 3 294 720 x16 y 32 ;

) T8 = 3 432 x 21y14 . 10. a) T13 = 5 200 300 x13y 36 , T14 = 5 200 300 x12 y 39 ; ) T7 = 1716a 3b 3 a ,

, T8 = 1716a 3b 3 b . 11. a) . x 2 y 2 1;
) . x y 3 1. 12. a) T15 = 3 876 000.
13. T6 = 56 x

1
4.

14. n = 8. 15. T7 = 924 x 9 . 16. 3360.

A. 1. 552 . 2. 91 . 3. 27 907 200.

4. 479 001 600. 5. a) 1 680;

) 4 A73 = 840 (). 6. 20 160. 7. 40 320. 8. a) C125 C31 = 2 376 (); ) 2 376; ) 792;
) 5 544. 9. 0,01 1%. 10. 0,2. 11. a) S = {8}; ) S = {7}; ) S = {8}; ) S = {2}.
2
1
12. a) n = 8; ) n = 9; ) n = 12; ) n = 7. 13. T7 = 54 264. 14. x = 27. 15. P ( A) = ; P ( B ) = ;
15
3
7
P(C ) = .
15
. 16. 7 . 17. a) 5040; ) (n 1)!. 18. . C104 C52 + C103 C53 + C102 C54 + C101 C55 .
19. 261 . 20. a) S = {6, 7, 8, ...}; ) S = {0, 1, 2, 3, ... , 16}; ) S = {8, 9, 10}. 21. a)
; ) 17 . 23. .
. 25*. S = {(2; 1)}. 26*. .
.

A. 2. a) ; ) 32. 3. S = {2}. 4. 12 650.
. 2. . 3. S = {4, 5, 6, 7, ..., 49}. 4. 9 9! . 6. 3 118 752.
5. .
1. A. 1. a) R \ {4}; ) R; ) R \ {2, 2}.
4.
2. a) [2, + ); ) (; 0,25]; ) R * .
3. a), ) ; ) .

3
2
1
0
1
2
3

0
1
2
3
4

1. . 5. a) ( , 1] U (1, + ); ) R \ {2, 2}; ) R \ Z; ) R \ [0, 1). 6. a) Z; ) R * ; ) R \ 1 .

7. a) ( f + g )( x) = | x | + x 1, ( f g )( x) = | x | ( x 1), ( f o g )( x) = | x 1 |;

) ( f + g )( x ) = 3 x + 1 + x 3 + 1, ( f g )( x ) = 3 x + 1( x 3 + 1), ( f o g )( x ) = 3 x 3 + 2 ;
) ( f + g )( x) = x 3 1 + 3 x 1, ( f g )( x) = ( x 3 1) 3 x 1, ( f o g )( x) = x 2.
n

8. a) ( f o f o ... o f )( x ) = x 2 ; ) ( f o f o ... o f )( x ) = x n.
142
4 43
4
142
4 43
4
n

9. a) = f o g , f ( x) = x17 , g ( x) = x10 + 1; ) = f o g , f ( x) = 5 x , g ( x) = x 2 1.
10*. . , A = B = C = R, M = {0}, f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = x 3 .

2. A. 1. a) (, + ) ; ) (, 0), (0, + )
1
1
2. a) y min = f = ;
4
2
4. a) [ 2, 0) U (0, + ); )

2. . 6. a) (, 0)

; ) (, 0) , (0, + ) .
3
) y max = f (0) = 0. 3. 1 a)
2 ; 1 ) ; 1 ) {0}; 2 a) {1, 0}; 2 ) {0}.

(1, 2]; ) {2}. 5. f ( x) = | x | .

; (0, + ) ; ) [n, n + 1), n Z.

3
+
+
f
g
,
f
f
,
f
,
g
o
f , f . 9. a) y max = f (0) = 1;
7.
1
1
1
) y min = f (0) = f (1) = 0, y max = f = . 10. f 2 , 1; f 3 , 2; f 4 , .
5
2 4
11. a) ; ) ; ) , . 13*. a) f = h1 + h2 , h1 ( x) = 2 x 2 + 3,

266

h2 ( x) = x; ); f ( x) = h1 + h2 , h1 (x) = 2, h2 (x) = x. 14. a) f 1: R R, f 1 (x) = x3 + 1; ) f 1: R+ R+ ,

1
2x
.
f 1 ( x) = x 4 ; ) f 1: R R, f 1 ( x) = ( x 1); *) f 1: R \ {1} R \ {2}, f 1 ( x) =
2
x 1
*
15 . a) f ; ) f1 .

9
A. 1. a) D ( f ) = R, E ( f ) = R; ) D( f ) = R* , E ( f ) = R \ {3}; ) D( f ) = R, E ( f ) = , + .
4

2. a) R; ) (, 0), (0, + ); ) , ,
2

3, 7
3

, + . 3. ). 4. a)
4 ,

7
(, 3) U , + ; ) (2, 4) ,
4

26
(, 2) U (4, + ) ; ) , 4 ,
5

, 26 U (4, +) . 5. a) y = f (1) = 1; ) y = f 3 = 9 ;
2

max
min
4
5

) y min = f ( 3) = 9.
. 6. ( f + g )(x) = 5, ( f g )(x) = 2x 1, ( f g )(x) = x 2 + x + 6, ( f o g )(x) = 5 x, ( g o f )(x) = 1 x.
3

7. a), ) ; ) , . 8. a) = f o g , f ( x) = x 2 , g ( x) = x 7 + 2;
1
) = f o g , f ( x) = , g ( x) = x 4 + 3 x 2 + 1.
x

1
1
1
A. 1. C. 2. (1, + ). 3. a) ; ) y max = f = . 4. {3, 4}. 5. A. 6. (4, 5)
2
4
2
, ( , 4), (5, + ) .
. 1. C. 2. h = f 2 o f1 . 3. (0, + ). 4. a) 0; ) y max = f (0) = 1. 5. D. 6. B. 7. (1, 0)
, (, 1), (0, + ) .

6. . . .
1. A. 2. ) P ( X ) ; ) 1 = 1 4,

2 = 1 . 3. a) 1; ) 0,5; ) 3. 4. a) f (t ) = 3 600t + 2 400; ) 15 .

2
2
2

5. ) S =
2 3 ; ) S = R; ) S = {1}; ) S = 0, 2 3 ; ) S = ; ) S = {2, 2}. 6. 210 .

2
7. 52 , 40 . 8. 33 /.
3

1. . 10. 160 , 20%. 11. (2 10 5) /. 13*. a), ) . x1 = 1 .

m

14*. S = {1, 6, 3 2 , 3 + 2 ). 15*. S =

5 , m R .

2. A. 1. a), ) . 2. a) S ={(1, 2)}; ) S ={(1, 3), (3, 1)}; ) S ={( 4, 5), (5, 4)};

3
7 2 7 2
) S = {( 2 , 0), (0, 2 )}. 3. a) S = , , , ; ) S = , 3 1. 4. S = {2, 1, 2, 5}.
3
3
3
3
3

5. 24 /, 18 /. 6. 30 , 20 . 7. 20 , 45 -

. 8. 6 , 12 . 9. S = 0, 3,

3 33 3 + 33
,
.
6
6
267

2. . 10. a) . 13,
; ) S = . 11. a) . : x + y = t , xy = z;
) S = {(2 2 , 2 + 2 ), (2 + 2 , 2 2 ),),((2 2, 2 + 2), (2 + 2, 2 2)}.
12. a) . ; ) S = {(3, 2), (3, 2)};

1
1
10 2 10 10
2 10
) S = 2, , 2, ,
,
,
,
; ) .
2
5
5 5
5
2
; ) S = ; ) . . 15. m CH 3OH = 0,64 g,

m C 2 H 5OH = 0,46 g, WCH 3OH 0,5818, WC 2 H 5OH 0,4182.

a 2 + a + 1 a + 1
, 2 , a R; ) . .
16*. a) S = 2
a + 1 a + 1

3. A. 1. a) S = (14,5; + ); ) S = (; 0); ) S = (; 2,4]; ) S = [0; + ). 2. a) S = (0, 1];

1
) S = (, 0] U , 2 ; ) S = (, 0) U (1, + ); ) S = (, 1) U (0, + ); ) S = [1, 0) U [1, + ).
3

3. . 3. (12 , 40 ). 5. a) S = (, 2] U (1, 0]; ) S = (1, + ); ) S = (8, 1] U 1, 3 .

2
4. A. 1. a) ; ) . 2. a) S = [0, 3]; ) S = [1, 0) U (3, 4]; ) S = ( , 0) U [3, + ).
3 3

1
. 4. a) S = (, 3); ) S = (0, +);
3. a ) S = , U (2,3); ) S = ( 6, 5); ) S = 0,
3
2

) S = ( , 2) U [ 1, 0] U (5, + ). 5. x , + . .
3

+
4. . 6. a) S = {3}. 7. a) S = [ 8, 6,5) U [0, 5); ) S = , 1 5 U 5 1 , + .
2 2

8 + 61
/. 10*. ) S = ( , 3] U ( 4, 5) U (5, + ). 11*. S = (1, 1) U {3} U {2}.
8. 4,
3

A. 1. ) S = 4 9 ; ) S = 1 1 . 2. a) 17, 27; ) 5, 50; ) 200 , 320 . 3. 12 ,
19
14
36 . 5. 18 . 6. 90 000 , 135 000 , 225 000 . 7. x = 1, y = 1.
2
8. a) 1, ; 1 ; ) 1 . 9. a1 = 2, b1 = 2;
3
2
a2 = , b2 = 6. 10. a) ; ) .
3
. 11. a) S = {1}; ) S = {1, 8}. 12. a) S = {(1,5; 2), (10, 15)}; ) S = {(70, 28), (4, 5)};
) S = {(6, 8), (8, 6)}. 13. a) S = {(3 3 2 , 3 + 3 2 ), (3 + 3 2 , 3 3 2 ), ( 2, 4), (4, 2)};
) S = {(2, 3), (3, 2)}. 14. a) m { 10 , 10}; ) m ( 10 , 10 ); ) R \ [ 10 , 10 ].

A. 2. a) 1, 2 . 3. a) D f = R \ {1}; ) x (, 1) U (1, 0] U (1, + ).
3
4. 8 , 5 .

. 1. S = {(1, 2), (2, 1), (1 2 , 1 2 ), (1 + 2 , 1 + 2 )}. 2. a) D f = R \ {0, 5}. 3. 40 /,

50 /.

268

7. . .

1. A. 1. ) S = 6 ; ) S = 53 . 2. a) S = {(2, 1)}; ) S = {(0, 1)}. 3. a) S = , 21 ;
3
136
2

12
9
18
33

) S = (, 10). 4. a) f (18) = 0; g = 0; ) ,
; ) S = , 7 ; ) S = .
5

13 13
1
25 6
5. a) S =
2,4; 3 ; ) S = 8 , 31 . 6. a) 10 ; ) 3 ; 2,1 .

8. a) S = {5}; ) S = .
1. . 10. a) S = a = 1, S = 2 a R \ {1}; ) S = R a = 1, S = a = 1,
a 1
a + 1,5

S =
a R \ {1, 1}; ) S = R a = 0, S = {1} a R . 11. ) x (1, + ).
a +1
12. a (3, 0]. 14. a) S = {7, 8, 9, ...}; ) S = {9, 10, 11, ..., 15}. 15. 1,5 . 16. 40
2 3a
5%, 100 40%. 17. a) S = a = 7,5, S =
2a 15

a R \ {7,5; 5}. 18*. a) a = 1; ) a = 1; ) a.

2. A. 1. a) S = (, 2) U (3, + ); ) S = ; ) S = , 1 + 33 U 33 1 , + ;
4
4

1
1
5 1
5 1

) S = (2, 1).
2. a) , U (1, + ), , 1 ; ) , , , U , + ;
2 2
3

3
2 2

2 3 2 3
) ( , 3) U (0, + ), ( 3, 0). 3. a) [3, 1]; ) ,
, + ;
U

3
3

36
2
2
) (, 1] U [ 3 , + ). 4. 510 . 5. a = b = 5. 6. ( x 4) + ( y 5) = . 7. a) S = {6, 10};
5
5 17

) S = ; ) S = {0,5}; ) S = ; ) S =
, 2, 3. 8. a) S = [1, 5]; ) S = R;
2

11
7
) S = , U , + ; ) S = [4, 4]; ) S = (, 4] U [5, + ).
3 3

3
3
1
1
3
1
9. a) y min = f = f (1) = 0, y max = f = ; ) y min = f = f = , y max = f (0) = 1.
4
4
8
2
4
8

10. a) h(5) = 237,3 ; ) 14,7 . 11. a) R \ {2, 3}; ) ( , 1] U [1, + ); ) [ 3, 1] U [0, 3];

) ( , 4) U ( 4, 1] U [ 4, + ).

2. . 13. a) ( x 3,5)2 + ( y 10)2 = 12,25; ( x 3,5) 2 + ( y + 10 ) 2 = 12,25; ) ;

) ( 2, 2), ( 2, 2). 14. ) . | 3 x 1 | = t , t 0. 15. a), ) . 1
; ) S = (, 1); ) . ; ) S =
2 , 1;

) S = R \ 0, , 1. 16. . . 18. .
3
a 1 > 0 D = 5a 2 + 2a 3 > 0. 20. a [1; 0,2].
21*. f 1: (, 2] (, 1], f 1 ( x) = 1 2 x . 23*. a (6, 6). 24*. a (; 0,5].

3, 3.2. A. 1. a) [3, + ); ) R. 3. a) ; ) .
3, 3.2. .

4. a) ( f + g ): R R, ( f + g )( x) = x 4 + x 5 ; ; ( f g ): R R, ( f g )( x) = x 9 ;

) ( f + g ): R + R, ( f + g )( x) = 3 x + 4 x ; ( f g ): R + R,, ( f g )( x) = 3 x 4 x .

269

D ( f ) = [0, 2], E ( f ) = [0, 1]; ) D( f ) = (, 1], E ( f ) = [0, + ); ) D ( f ) = R + ,

1
, E ( f ) = 0, . 6. a) [0, + ) , (, 0] ; ) (, 2] , [2, + ) ; ) (0, + ) ; ) (4, + ) .
4
1
7. a) f 1: R + R , f 1 ( x) = 4 x ; ) f 1: R + R + , f 1 ( x) = x 2 ; ) f 1: R R, f 1 ( x) = 4 x 3 .
4
8*. a) ( f + g ): R R, ( f + g )( x) = 3 x + x 3 ; ( f g ): R R, ( f g )( x) = 3 x x 3 ; ( f o g ): R R,
5. a)

, ( f o g )( x) = x;

( f + g ): R R, ( f + g )( x) = x 2 + 3 x ; ( f g ): R R, ( f g )( x) = x 2 3 x ;

; ( f o g ): R R, ( f o g )( x) = (3 x ) 2 .

3, 3.3. A. 1. a) S = {8}; ) S = {10}; ) S = {0}; ) S = {0}; ) S = {2}; ) S = {3}.

2 1
1
2. a) S = {2, 5}; ) S =
3 , 4 ; ) S = 3 , 1; ) S = {1; 1,5; 2; 3}. 4. .

3, 3.3. . 5. a) S = ; ) S = 1 (3 + 17 ); ) S = ; ) S = {2}; ) 36 , 4 .

2
1

6. a) S = {2}; ) S = (5 13 13); ) S = {3}; ) S = {1, 2, 10}. 7. a) S = {1, 3, 4};

2
3 5
, 1; ) S = {7 + 1,75}.
) S = {8, 8}. 8. a) S = {4, 2}; ) S = {4, 9}; ) S =
2

47

*
9. ) S = {4, 4}. 10. a) S = {1}. 11 . a) S = ; ) S = {12}; ) S = [5, 10]; ) S = {0};
24
(2 + 3)n + 1 (2 3) n + 1
9
63a a R;

,
) S = {7, 2}. 12*. a) S =
; ) S = 1, . 15*. a) S = 0,

n
n
16
65

(
2
+
3
)

1
(
2

3
)

( a 1) 2
) S = {0} a = 0, S = a ( , 0) U (0, 1), S =
a [1, + ).
4
3, 3.4. . 1. a) a (1, + ); ) S = [3, 1]; ) S = ; ) S = ( , 1] U [2, + );
2 1
5
) S = , ; ) S = (10, + ). 2. a) S = 5, ; ) S = [4; 4,5); ) S = [4, + );
3 5
9

) S = (, 0]; ) S = R. 3. a) S = ( , 3) U (3, + ); ) S = [8, + ); ) S = [0, 1] U [3, + ).

19

73

4. a) S = , + ; ) S = , U [4, + ). 6. a) .
16
8

| 1 x | | 2 x 1 | 2; ) . 2 + x 3 | x 3 | > x 2 ; ) .
| t 1 | + | 3t + 1 | 2t; ) . .
1 x
; ) .
7. a) S = (, 5) U (5, +); ) . t =
2x + 1

t = x 2 3x + 5, t 0. 8*. ) . S = a < 0. : x [0, a 2 ].

a 2 x < 1 a. 1 a > 0 1 a 0,

2
; ) . . y = 1 x

, f ( x) = 2 x + a . : 1)
; 2) ,
; 3) .

5 5

3, 3.5. . 1. a) S = ; ) S = {(1, 1)}; ) S = {(2, 1)}; ) S = , ; ) S = {(1, 27), (27, 1)}.

3 3
2. a) S = {(2, 8), (8, 2)}; ) S = {(8, 1), (1, 8)}. 3. a) S ={1, 3, 4 }; ) S = {1, 17 ,

270

17 , 3}.

4. ) S = {7, 0, 2}. 8*. a) S = a < 0, S = {(9a 2 , a 2 )} a > 0, S = {(0, 0)} a = 0;

) . : x R, y R + . (x +1)2 ( y + 2)2 = 0.
x = 1 ( y + 2). x = y + 1 y y + 1 a = 0.

y ; ) .
: xy 0. ( x + y) xy = a (1).
x + y = a xy (1).
II
2

3, 3.6. . 1. a) S = (7, + ); ) S = [1, + ); ) S = [3, + ); ) S = . 2. a) S = [4, + );

) S = . 3. a) S = R; ) S = (0, + ).

I
A. 1. a) 1,5; 1; ) S = (; 1,5] U [1; + ); ) (0, 3), (1,5; 0). 2. S = {1}. 3. 20 , 30 .
. 1. a) S = [0,5; 2,5); ) x1 = 1, x2 = 2. 2. a) a (, 1] U [9, + ); ) a 2 8a + 9; ) 7;

) a (9, + ).

> ( 2 )1,3 ; ) (0,3) 3 < (0,3) 1,8 .

6
4. a) x (, 0); ) x (0, + ); ) x (0, + ). 5. a) S =
; ) S = {3}; ) S = {3};
lg11 1
2
) S = {2}; ) S =
3 ; ) S = ; ) S = {1}; ) S = . 6. a) S = {8}; ) S = {log12 1,25};

1 43 1 + 43
. 8. a) S = {log 2 28};
) S = {4}. 7. a) S = {0,5; 0,5}; ) S = {2, 1}; ) S =
,
3
3
) S = ; ) S = {2}. 9. a) S = {log3 16}; ) S = {0, log 4 3}; ) S = .
4, 4.2. . 11. ( 3 ) 0 ,1 . 12. a), ) . 13. x = 8 . 14. a) x (, 0);
5
) x (0, + ). 15. a) S = {2, 2}; ) S = {2,5; 3}. 16. a) S = {0}. 17. a) S = ; ) S = {1}.
1
18. a) . ( 2 + 3 ) 2 x +1 = t , (2 3 ) 2 x +1 = ; ) .
t
x2
x2
1
2
2
(5 + 2 6 ) = t , (5 2 6 ) = . 19. a) S = {0}; ) S = {0,5; 0,5}; ) . :
t

4, 4.2. A. 2. a) a > 1; ), ) a (0, 1). 3. a) ( 2 )

x N, x 2. 4 x . 20. a) . ;
2

) S = {0, 2}. . | x 1 | x 2 x = | x 1 |0 . 21. a) S = {2};

) S = {4}; ) S = . . ,
2
. 22. a) . | x 3 | x 3 x = | x 3 |4 ;
2
| x +1|
2
) S =
3 . 24. a) . t = 25 , t > 0. t 2t + a = 0; ) S =

16(a 27)

x
a (, 3] U [27, + ), S = log4
a (3, 27); ) . 2 = t , t > 0.

a
3

at 2 5t + 1 = 0.

4, 4.3. . 1. a) S = (5, + ); ) S = (1, + ); ) S = (, 1) U (0, + ); ) S = R ;

2. a) S = (, 1]; ) S = ( , log 5 10); ) S = (, log 0,7 10].

7
3. a) S = [ 1, 15]; ) S = (3, + ); ) S = , . 4. ) S = (, 1); ) S = (2, + );
13

) S = [0, + ); ) . 2 x = t , t > 0 ; ) . 3x = t , t > 0 ; ) .

) S = ; ) S = [4, + ).

8 x = t , t > 0. 5. a) S = (1, 0) U (0, 1) U (1, 2); ) . 3 x = t , t > 0.

|x|
; ) . 9 . 6. a) S = ( , 1] U [ 2, + );
) . 0 < 3 x 1 < 1 3x 1 > 1; ) .

271

0 < | 2 x 2 7 | < 1, | 2x2 7 | = 1, | 2 x 2 7 | > 1. 9 * . a) S = a = 0. .

2 4 x +1 + a 2 x +1 a 2 < 0 II
2 x +1 , a > 0 a < 0.

5, 5.1. A. 2. a) 0 < log 3 2 < 1; ) log 3 0,2 < 0; ) 0 < log 1 0,5 < 1; ) log 2 0,2 < 0.
3

3. a), ), ) .

3+ 5
. 8. a) f 1: R *+ R, f 1 ( x) = log 2 x + 3;
2
) f 1: R (2, + ), f 1 ( x) = 3 x + 2. 9. a) x (0; 0,2); ) x (13, + ). 10. a) Z; ) R \ (2, + );

5, 5.1. . 6. log 3 6 > log 3 5.

7. x =

) (, 0). 11. a) 2 > log 3 8; ) 3 > ( 13 ) 0 ,1 ; ) 5 3 > 17 0,3 ; ) 30,1 > log 9 7. 12. ) (1, 2)

(2, + ) , , , E ( f ) = R + , y min = f ( 2) = 0.

13. a) (2, + ) \ {0, 1};

) (0, 104 ) U (1, 10); ) ( , 1] U [1, + ) \ {3}.

1
5, 5.2. A. 1. a) S = {16}; ) S = {1}; ) S = {100}; ) S = 3 3 ; ) ; ) S = .

3 41 3 + 41
S =
. 3. a) S = {1, 2};
,
2
2
1
) S = {1 6 , 1 + 6 }; ) S = {1}. 4. a) S = {1 + 10 4 500}; ) S =
4 . 5. a) S = {2, 3};

2
3
4

) S =
1 3 , 79 ; ) S = {10 , 10 }.

2 1
5, 5.2. . 6. ) S = , ; ) S = {33 15 , 33+ 15 }; ) S = {16}; ) S = ;
2 4
3 9
1
3
2 6
2+ 6
, 10 }; ) S = {4}; ) S = ,
) S = {10
; ) S = 3 , 9 ; ) S = {1, 4}; ) S = {4}.
9
3

7. a) x1 0,7, , x2 7; ) S = {2}. . ,
. 8. ) S = {2}. 11*. a) S = a = 1,
2 2 2 + 2
1
,
S = , a 2 a (0, 1) U (1, + ); ) S = a ( , 0] U {1}, S =
2

a
2
a = 10. . a (0, 1) U (1, 10) U (10, + ) II
2 x (2 x) = lg a.
2
2. a) S = 3 ; ) S = {2 2 , 2 2 };
3

5, 5.3. . 1. a) S = (, 0); ) S = [3, 3]; ) S = [1; 1,5); ) S = (4, 7 ) U ( 7 , 4);

3 5 3+ 5

5
. 2. a) S = 1 , 0 U [3, + ); ) S = 1,6; ; ) S = 1 , + .
) S =
, 1 U 2,

3
2
2
2

13 + 193
. 4. ) S = 0, 1 U (3, + ). 5. a) S = (, 2);
3. a) S = ; ) S = 2,
12
3

1
) S = (0, 1) U [ 2, + ); ) S = , ; ) . 2;
3

6
< 0;
) . log x + 2
10 x 2
log 2 x
2
2
= t ; ) . x 1 > 1 0 < x 1 < 1.
) . x
6. a) . , | x + 5 | | x 1 | x;
) S = ( 4, + ); ) . | x | > 1 0 < | x | < 1. 8*. a) . :
1
1 x 2 > 0. 0 < a < 1 a > 1; ) S = a ( , 0] U {1}, S = a,
a

272

1
a (0, 1), S = 0, U (a, + ) a (1, + ); ) . 0 < a < 1
a
a > 1. 9*. a (0, 1).

1
5, 5.4. A. 1. a) S = {(1, 2), (2, 1)}; ) S = {( 2 log 5 9, 1)}; ) S = 2, 5 ; ) S = ;
3

3 3
16 20

9
10
) S = ; ) S = {(7, 3)}; ) S = ,
; ) S = 2 , 2 . 2. a) S = 10 , 10 1 ;

9 9
1

3
) S =
10 , 2, 3, 10 ; ) S = {3, 0}; ) S = { 2 , log 5 2}.

5, 5.4. . 3. a) S = {2, 1}; ) S = , 3 , (27, 4) ; ) S = {(5, 1), (5, 1)};

81

) S = {(5; 1,5), (58 ; 0,5(58 0,25)}; ) S = {(27, 3), (3, 27)}; ) S = {(1, 7), (1, 9), (5, 3), (4, 4)}.
4. a) S = {1, 2}; ) S = {log 6 5, log 5 6}; ) S = {5}.

A. 1. a) 1) x0 = 5 (2 + 3 ), 2) [ x0 , + ); ) 1) x0 = 7( 3 + 2), 2) ( , x0 ); ) 1) x0 = 51 ,

106
2) ( x0 , + ). 2. a) f (t ) = 500 + 80t ; ) 18 . 3. a) f ( x) = 20 + 35 x; ) 142,5C.
4. a) f ( x) = 23 + 0,18 x; ) 59 $. 5. a) [1, +); ) ( , 2) U (3, + ). 6. a) ( , 3) U ( 2, + );
6
) (, 2); ) ( 1, + ); ) , + . 7. a) t = 0,25 c; ) t = 1,5 . 8. f (t ) = 90 7,62t (),
5

11,8 = 11 48 . 9. a), ) ; ), ), ), ) .

. 10. a) ; ), ), ), ) . 11. a) S = ; ) S = { 2};

5 21
) S = ; ) S =
; ) S = . 12. a) (, 1); ) [0, 2) U ( 2, + ); ) (1, + ).
3
5
5
1
1
1
, R = 5.
= +
13. a) x1 = 1, x2 = 36 , x3 = 3 ( 3 2)5 ; ) x1 = 1, x2 = 3 6 . 14. .
RT R1 R2 + R3 3
1
3
( x 40) 2 + 18.
15. f ( x) = x 2 + 2 x + 3. 16. a) 20 . .; ) 24 . . 17. f ( x) =
2
800
1
2
18*. a) f 1 : R R, f 1 ( x) = x + ; ) f 1 : [ 1, + ) [ 2, + ), f 1 ( x) = 2 + 1 + x .
3
3

II
A. 2. 43 , 9 . 3. S = {1 + 2}. 4. S = {(4, 0)}.

5
. 2. ( x + 1) 2 + ( y 3) 2 = 10. 3. S = {(2, 1)}. 4. S = (, 1] U , + U {1}. 5. .

6| x| = t , t 0.

8.
1. A. 1. a) , , 11 ; ) , 13 , 3 . 2. a) 60, 90, 135; ) 30, 108, 360.

4 9 18
3
30 2
3
3
3
3. a) cos 2 15; ) +
; ) 5 2 3; ) 4 +
. 4. a), ) ; ), ) . 5. a) ; ), ), ) .
4 3
6
6. a) sin 2 + sin ; ) sin cos (cos sin ); ) 1; ) ctg . 7. a) 8 , 30, 60; ) 2 , 30, 60.
8. 45, 135. 9. 108 .
1. . 10. a) x 2k , k Z; ) x + k , k Z; ) x k , k Z. 11. . 12. a) 0;
4 4
2

273

1
1
3
; ) ; ) . 13. a), ), ) . 14. a) , ; ) ; ) .
4
4
4
*
15 . a) [ 3, 3]; ) ( , 1] U [1, + ); ) ( , 4] U [ 4, + ).

3
2 1
3+ 4 3
3
3
4
; )
. 3. a) sin = , tg = ,, ctg = ;
2 2. 2. a)
2
2
3
5
4
3
3
1
2 5
5
17
) ctg = , sin =
. 5. a) 1; )
. 6. a) ; ) ;
, cos =
; ) 0; ) cos
2
70
2
5
5
2
; ) 2(cos + sin ). 8. a) 1 sin 2 2 ;
) ; ) . 7. a) sin 2 ; ) sin 2 ; )
sin
2
1
1
) (1 + cos 2 ); ) (1 + 3 cos 2 ).
2
2

2. A. 1. a) 1; ) 3; )

2. . 9. . (sin + cos ) 2 = 0,6 2. 10. .

1

(tg + ctg ) 2 = (2,5)2 . 14. a) 5 ; ) ctg( ); ) . cos = sin .

3
4
2

2
15. a) ctg ; ) ctg . 16. ), ) . + + = .
2
4

3. . 1. a) S = ; ) S = {(1) k +1 + k k Z}; ) S = + 2k k Z .
3
3
12

2. a) S =
6 + n n Z ; ) S = 6 + 2k k Z; ) S = . 3. a) S = 6 + k k Z;

1
2
2
k

+ 5k k Z . 4. a) S =
) S = arctg 25 +
n Z; ) S =
+
k Z;
2
5
6

2
15
2n
2 n
5 2k

) S =
) S =
20 + 5 n Z U 28 + 7 k Z. .
12 + 3 + 6 n Z ;

2 ; ) . 2,

2
.
sin = cos =
4
4
2

2k

k +1
5. a) S =
2 + 2n n Z U (1) 6 + k k Z ; ) S = 10 + 5 k Z .

6. a) S =
4 + 3k k Z ; ) S = {arctg3 + k k Z} U 4 + n n Z.

n
3

n
7. a) S = (1)
+ n n Z; ) S = +
n Z U + k k Z.
6 4

16 2
8

8. a) S = + n n Z U + 2k k Z U { + 2k k Z}; ) . 1 = sin 2 x + cos 2 x;

4
2

) S = +
k Z ; ) . 2 ,
4 2

2
7
, , 0, . 10. = arctg . 11. arcsin .
. 9. a) S =
sin = cos =
2
4
4
7
4
4
4
2
sin sin
(l + m ) b

. 14. 2 arccos
13. arcsin
. 16*. a) S = + 2n n Z a = 0.
2
2
2
lm
2

sin + sin

. a 0 D = 1 + 4a 0 D = 1 + 4a < 0, ,

3a 1
,
| sin x | 1; ) . sin x =
2
3

3a 1
1.
2
274

+ 2n ;
4. . 1. a) S = U
+ 2n,
+ 2n ; ) S = U + 2n,

4
4
3
nZ 3

n Z

5
) S = U
+ 2n, + 2n ; ) S = ; ) S = U + 2n,
+ 2n ;

3
3
3
nZ
n Z 3
5

) S = U + 2n,
+ 2n ; ) S = U 6 + 2n, 6 + 2n ; ) S = R;

6
6
n Z
n Z

+ n ; ) S = U + n, + n ; ) S = U arctg 2 + n, + n ;
) S = U + n,

2
6
2
nZ
n Z 3
n Z

+ n, + n ;
) S = U + n, + n ; ) S = U + n, + n ; ) S = U

4
2
4
nZ
n
Z

n
Z

+ n ; ) S = U (n, arcctg 3 + n ); ) S = U [ + 2n, 2n];

) S = U n,

3
nZ
nZ
n Z

+ n,
+ n .
) S = U + n, arctg 3 + n U
4

2
2
n Z
2n 7 2n
n 3 n

7
2. a) S = U
+
; ) S = U ,
;
,
+
+ 4n, + 4n ; ) S = U +
20 5
nZ 12
3 12
3
nZ 5
6
nZ
6

n n
,
; ) S = R.
) S = U +
3 3
nZ 18
3
n, + n ; ) S = U + 2n , + 2n .

3. a) S = R \
4 + 2n n Z; ) S = nU

5
5
5
3
Z
n Z 10

3
; *) .
2
t = | cos x |; *) . cos 2 x = 1 sin 2 x. 4. . cos 2 x = 2 cos 2 x 1.
2
5. . (sin x sin 3x)(sin x + sin 3x) + sin 2 x = 0,
) . sin 3x <

, .

A. 1. a) 2 + 3 ; ) 1 . 2. a) 0,28; ) 0,68. 3. a) 3; ) 0. 4. 2,4 2 + 3 4,63 . 5. (20 10 3 ) .

4
4
3
2

, cos , tg , sin
. 8. ) cos . 9. a) 1; ) 1. 11. 5; 150; 720; 1500.
4
2
6
3
. 12. ) 3; ) 9. 13. 18. 14. 25. 15. k = 1 2 3 . 16. 1. 17. a) ; ) .
3
5
2

; ) ; )
. 20. . 18. a) , ; ) . 19. a)
3
6
6
( tg + ctg ) 2 = m 2 . a) m 2 = 2m; ) m(m 2 2m 1). 21. a) ; ) . 23. a) 1; ) 0. 25. 330.
1
2

26. S =
4 + 2n n Z. 30. 2 : 1) arccos 2 + 4 ,

2
; 2) arccos 1 2
2 arccos +
2 4
2 4
6. ctg

1
2
, 2 arccos
.
2
4

13
3 3
3 3
13 3
, sin(ADB) =
, tg(ADB) =
, ctg(ADB) =
;
14
14
13
9
10
5a 2 3
5 7
; )
; ) 0,8.
. 34*. a)
) A =
14
10
4
33. ) cos(ADB) =

275

3 20
2 5
3 20
2 5
arcsin
+ 2n n Z U arcsin
+ arccos
+ 2k k Z;
35*. a) S = arcsin
20
5
20
5

*
) S = + 2n n Z . 36 . a) S = + n n Z ; ) S = + 2k k Z .

6
4
3

A. 1. D. 2. 6 2 . 3.
2

6. arcsin

3 1
, ,
2 2

5 + 2 3 2 + 15
,
,
6
6

5 41
.
41

5+2 3
,
15 2

5 2 3
1
. 4. 2. 5. .
2
15 + 2

. 1. . 2. 0,96; 0,28; 3 3 ; 7 . 4. S = {2k k Z}. 5. x , .

7

4 2

24

9.
1. A. 4. a), ), ) ; ) .
1. . 10. a) 1) 2) (), 1) 3) (), 1) 4) (); ) 2) 1) (), 3) 1) (), 4) 1) ().
11. a) a I b = { A}, a I P = a, b U P = P; ) P, {A}.

2. A. 1. 12 . 2. 8 . 3. 30 . 4. 100 . 5. 16 , 12 . 6. 18 , 18 , 20 . 7. 3 .
9. EF = FD = 3 .

2. . 10. . . 11. . .
12. . . 13. . . 14. .
. 15. . . 16. a) . [ AM
[ A1 M1 D D1 , AM = MD A1 M1 = M1 D1 . AMC MBD
( )

( )

A1 M1C1 M1 B1 D1 , ABD A1 B1 D1 ABD A1 B1 D1 ; ) ALC A1 L1C1 .

( )

( )

17. ABM A1 B1 M 1 ABC A1 B1C1 ABC A1 B1C1 . 18. . [ AM

( )

[ A1 M1 D D1 , AM = MD A1 M1 = M1 D1 . ABD A1 B1 D1
( )

BAM B1 A1 M 1 , ADC A1D1C1 MAC M1 A1C1 . , BAC B1 A1C1

( )

( )

ABC A1 B1C1. 19. : AMC A1M 1C1 AC = A1C1 ; AMB A1 M 1 B1

( )

B1 AB = A1 B1 . , ABC A1 B1C1 . 20. . AM D

, AM = MD. BMD AMC BD = AC, ABD AB + BD > AD
AB + AC > 2AM . 21. . 20 , 2 ma < b + c, 2mb < a + c, 2mc < a + b.
a
, ma + mb + mc < P . ma > c ,
2
c
b
1
mb > a , mc > b , ma + mb + mc > P . 22. . . 18.
2
2
2
( )

( )

. ABL A1 B1 L1 ALC A1 L1C1 ALC A1 L1C1 AC = A1C1

( )
2P1 P
C1 ABC A1 B1C1. 24.
. 25. 15 , 20 , 25 . 26. ) .
2
MAN A C [ AM , AC = b. C (C , a ) I [ AN = {B}. ABC
23.

. 28. ) { A} = CM I BN , BCM CBN . 29. . [ AM

D , AM = MD. ACD AD = 2ma , ADC BAM , , ACD
(). B [CM , CM = MB. 30. ) .
ABC BC = a, AD = ha , AM = ma . ADM
a
(). B C C M , DM;
2

276

) . ABC BC = a, AB = c, AC = b. D [ BA ,
AD = AC . , CBD (). A
BD DC; ) . ABC D AC ,
AD = AB = c. BDC (). DC = b c, BC = a, BDD C. ABD
; ) . ABC D [CA , AD = AB = c.
1
m(ADB ) = m(A), , DCB . A
2
CD BD; ) . ABC [ BA
B1 , CB = BB1 , [ AB A1
1
, AC = A1 A. CA1 B1 , m(CA1B1 ) = m(A),
2
1
m(CB1 A1 ) = m(B ) A1 B1 = a + b + c (). A B
2
A1C B1C A1 B1 ; ) . ABC D AC
, AB = AD DC = b c. , 2m(CBD ) = m(B C ), ,
BDC . A ABD.

3. A. 1. 44 . 2. 12 . 3. 50, 130. 4. 70, 110. 5. 40, 50. 6. 20, 70. 7. 75, 105.
8. 24 , 40 . 9. 56 , 84 . 10. 20 .

3. . 11. DAE AEB . 12. .

, , . 13. . CM = 0,5 AB, A BMC
. , m(MAC) = m(ACM) = , m(MBC) = m(MCB) = .
m (A) + m (B) + m (C ) = 180
0 + = 90 m(ACB) = 90. 14. . .
11. 15. . , ,
. 16. d1 + d 2 . 17. 1 : 6. 18. . ,
, . , , , . 19. .
AMNL, MAL . [ AN
Q , AN + NQ = AN + ML. [ AN C , AC = d1 + d 2 . C
, MQ, . 20. .
. 21. . . 24. . ABE,
AE = a b, BAE A, AEB D. [ AE D , AD = a.
C , AD B, ,
BE D . 25. . BED, BE = h, BD = d1
1
m(BED) = 90, [ BM || DE. C A C O, d 2
2
[ BM [DA, O [BD]. 26. . . 25.

4. A. 1. 2 . 2. 36 , 9 . 3. 30 , 40 , 50 . 4. 6 . 5. 30 , 36 . 6. 7,2 .
4. . 7. . 2m(B ) = m(A) = m(A1 ) = 2m(B1 ).
.

9.

ABM ~ A1 B1 M1 A1 B1 : AB = A1 M1 : AM .

10.

( )

ABL ~ A1 B1 L1 A1 B1 : AB = A1 L1 : AL. 11. AE BE = CE DE AE : CE = DE : BE

E ADE ~ CBE DAE BCE BC || AD.
12. . BHA1 ~ AHB1 A
B1 AH : BH = B1 H : A1 H AH A1 H = BH B1 H . . 13. . ABCD

277

( BC || AD), {O} = AC I BD, M BC {N } = AD I MO, 30 AN : ND = BM : MC = 1 AN = ND. , M, O, N .

{O1} = AB I CD , BM : MC = AN : ND, , O1 , M1 , N . 14. . BLM , BLM , BML . BL < BM . 15. BMC ~ AMD.
16. 12 , 24 , 30 . 17. AC = 48 , A1C1 = 36 , B1C1 = 30 . 18. 56 . 19. 9 .
20. . , A, A1 B1 ,
AC1 : AB1 = m : n. [ AC1 AC = b, CD || C1 B1 . {B} = [ AB1 I CD.
21. . A1 B1C1 , B1 A1C1 = A, B1C1 A1 = C [ B1 D1 ]
. [ A1C1 E1 [ A1C1 ] , C1 E1 = B1 D1 . [ A1C1 , E
, A1 E = b + hb , [ ED || B1 E1 , {B} = [ ED I AB1 B1C1 || BC . 22. .
M1 N1 P1Q1 , N1 AB, M1 AC , Q1 AC . {P} = [ AP1 I BC
. 23. . . 21.
5. A. 1. 2 5 . 2. 1 142 , 1 58 , 5 7 . 3. 6 . 4. 45 . 5. 42 ,
3
3
3
7
4 10
3 5
,
. 9. 24 .
56 . 6. 73 , 2 13 , 5 . 7. 5 , 5 3 , 10 . 8.
3
2

5. . 10. 10 . 11. 1 . 12. 30, 60, 90. 13. 3 , 4 , 5 , 1 . 14. 11 : 7. 16. 0,4R. 17. 8 .
I
A. 1. 400 300 . 2. 4,8 . 3. 144,3 . 4. AB = 12 , BC = 15 . 5. AB = 1,5 , CD = 2 ,
EF = 2,5 .
B. 1. d 13 . 2. a( 2 1). 3. 40 , 44 . 4. .
12
6, 6.1. A. 1. 14 3 . 2. 3 , 7,5 . 3. 60, 30. 4. 2 13 3 13 . 5. 24 2 .
3
5
6. 8 , 15 . 7. 15 , 9 .

mn(m + n)
. 11. r12 + r22 . 13. 9 , 12 ,
m2 + n2
n2 + m2 n2 + m2
15 . 14. 5,6 , 4,2 ; r = 2,4 . 15. 2 , 3 . 16.
,
.
n
m
6, 6.2. . 1. 4 . 2. 25 3 2 . 3. 4 10 . 4. arcsin 3 , arcsin 4 . 9 , 15 .
5
5 4
4
1
2
2
2
2( a + b ) c .
6. 5 . 7. mc =
8. 10 , 5 , 5 3 .
9. 3 , 5 , 7 .
2
a 5
. 11. 5 29 .
10.
4
2 2

6, 6.1. . 8. 5 . 9. 18 , 24 , 30 . 10.

6, 6.3. A. 1. 40 . 2. 12 . 3. 18 . 4. 50. 5. 16 . 6. 40.

6, 6.3. . 7. . ,
. 8. . m(CBD) = m(BDA) m(BCA). BDA BCA
, CD . 9. .
,
. 10. . BCA ADE . 11. . T . CC1 = C1T BB1 = B1T , AC1 + C1 B1 + B1 A = AC1 + C1T1 + TB1 + B1 A = A
A = AC1 + C1C + BB1 + B1 A = AC + AB = 2 AB. 12. ) . m(AA1B) = m(AB1B). ) .
) , m (A1 B1C ) = m (CBA). CBA , AC

278

C. , A1 B1 . OC A1 B1 .
13. . A BC. 14. .
1
Rr
. 17. (b a).
. 12 ). 15. . CE 2 = CA CB = CD 2 . 16. 2 arcsin
2
R+r
18. 2 R r . 19. . CB , m(ABC ) = , BD CB. AB BD O. C(O, OB),
, . 20. . M
, BMC A (. 19). ,
BC ( ha ), . 21. .
C (O, R) BC = a. C (O, R)
, BC , ha . 22. .
. 2 . 23. . I ,
1
m(BIC ) = + m(A). 24. . [AC], [BC] C (O, R).
2 2
7. A. 1. a) 12 ; ) 18 . 2. ) 10 ; ) 15 . 3. 0,5R. 4. a 2 .
3
an
an
180
, r = ctg
. 6. 3 3 , 4 2 , 6 , 8 2 2 , 12 2 3 .
7. . 5. R =
180
2
n
2 sin
n
7.

9 2 +2 6 6 3 2
. 8. 2 6 .
6

8. A. 1. 600 2 . 2. 60 2 . 3. 12 2 . 4. 60 2 . 5. 157,5 2 . 6. 144 2 . 7. 4 2 .

2
2
8. . 8. d 4a . 9. 5 35 2 . 10. 9 2 , 15 2 . 11. 20 21 2 . 12. 18 3 2 . 13. ab .

14.

A ABE = 2 (. .), A AED

4
3d 2
. 16. 3,6 2 .
= 4 (. .). 15.
4

A. 1. 840 2. 2. 15. 3. 9 , 12 , 15 . 4. 10 . 5. 2 1. 6. 136 2 . 7. 60, 120.

5
8. 7,5 . 9. 4 : 1. 10. 150. 11. 12 . 12. 3 . 13. 8 . 14. 28 2. 15. 24 . 16. 7 .
17.

114 .

25
. 20. 25 , 25 , 30 . 21. 2,4 , 5,6 , 4,2 , 7 . 22. r (2 R + r ).
3
9a
. 27. 73 : 70. 28. 30, 30, 120 75, 75, 30.
23. 5 . 24. 3 : 4. 25. 5 , 5 , 6 . 26.
4
2
2
2
2
a b
a +b
1 14 Rr R r
. 30.
. 31.
. 32. 30, 60. 33. 5 : 10 : 13. 34.
29.
2
2
3
2
2A . 35.
. 36. a) 9,42 ; ) 226,08 . 37. a) 18,84 ; ) 226,08 ;
) 452,16 . 38. 5 1,44 . 39. 7,536 .

. 18. 0,5 . 19.

II
A. 1. 6 2. 2. . 3 . 3. (2 + 3 2 + 6 ) . 4. 90. 5. 30 ,
15 21 . 6. 288 2.

. 1. 37 3 2. 2. 18 3 2. 3. 84 (. .). 4. . ,
4

. 5. 4 ,

5 41
R2
(7 + 6 + 3 3 ) (. .).
. 6.
12
4
279


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2.

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13
18
24
25

3. . .
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2.
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.... 42
................................. 43
4. .

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2. ....................................
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1. .
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46
57
62
64

66
71
82
82

6. . .
.
1. .
.................. 85
2.
................. 88
3. .
.................. 95

280

4.
.
.................. 99
.. 102
............................... 104
7. .
.
1. I .
I . I .... 106
2. II .
II . II ... 111
3. . .
.
......... 120
I ............................. 137
4. .
.
............. 138
5. .
.
...... 146
.. 159
II ............................ 161
8.
1. ......... 163
2. .................................... 175
3. ..... 181
4. .. 195
.. 202
............................... 205
9.

1. ... 209
2. .
. ...... 219
3. .
............................................. 225
4. .
. ..... 229
5.
....................................... 233
I ............................. 236
6.
.......... 237
7. .
................................. 250
8. ................... 254
............................. 258
II ............................ 261
.................................... 263