LB Engleza IEA

UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE
I MEDICIN VETERINAR A BANATULUI

REGELE MIHAI I AL ROMNIEI DIN TIMIOARA
Facultatea de Management Agricol
Specializarea: Inginerie Economic n Agricultur
Georgeta RA
LIMBI MODERNE
Curs pentru studenii ID
Editura AgroprintTimioara
2014
Refereni tiinifici:
Prof. dr. Liviu SAMBOTIN
Lector. dr. Luminita TURCU
Cuprins
Unitatea de nvare 1 The written message
Unitatea de nvare 2 The graph (I)
10
Unitatea de nvare 3 The graph (II)
14
Unitatea de nvare 4 The graph (III)
18
Unitatea de nvare 5 Summarising
23
Unitatea de nvare 6 Note-taking
28
Unitatea de nvare 7 Expanding
33
Unitatea de nvare 8 Structure and presentation of letters (I)
37
Unitatea de nvare 9 Structure and presentation of letters (II)
42
Unitatea de nvare 10 Structure and presentation of letters (III)
47
Unitatea de nvare 11 Structure and presentation of letters (IV)
52
Unitatea de nvare 12 Content and style of letters (I)
57
Unitatea de nvare 13 Content and style of letters (II)
61
Unitatea de nvare 14 Types of letters (I)
65
Unitatea de nvare 15 Types of letters (II)
70
Unitatea de nvare 16 Other written documents
75
Unitatea de nvare 17 Basic rules of grammar (I)
80
Unitatea de nvare 18 Basic rules of grammar (II)
85
Unitatea de nvare 19 Basic rules of grammar (III)
90
Unitatea de nvare 20 Basic rules of grammar (IV)
95
Unitatea de nvare 21 Basic rules of punctuation (I)
99
Unitatea de nvare 22 Basic rules of punctuation (II)
104
Unitatea de nvare 23 Basic rules of punctuation (III)
109
Unitatea de nvare 24 Basic rules of spelling
114
Bibliografie
Anexa 1
Anexa 2
119
122
124
UNITATEA DE NVARE 1
THE WRITTEN MESSAGE

Cuvinte cheie: business, written message
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint importana mesajului scris i modul cum
trebuie citi acesta pentru eficientizarea comunicrii n cadrul unei
ntreprinderi.
Durata medie de parcurgere a unitii de studiu este de 1 or
Understanding business data means comprehending written
material and / or visual presentations. Those who are more directly
involved in business need to be able to interpret data presented to them in
whatever form and to express the ideas that emerge from their analysis.
The need in business is not simply to understand, but to do so with
speed (as time is expensive in terms of pay for workers, rent for buildings
and interest on bank loans) and accuracy (as inaccuracy leads to mistakes,
miscalculations and losses) if it is to survive.
Very often in business, businesspeople find themselves reading
documents and letters that need some effort before they can be understood.
Getting a clear idea of the message supposes either reading it in a special
way and/or using the questioning approach in addition or as an alternative
to the reading.
Why are written messages so important? Let us have a look at the
following situation: you have to report a certain situation to your manager, so
you may choose to say it on the phone or in a meeting or to write it down on
paper.
Why would you choose to write it down on paper? Here are a few
good reasons why you would like to do so:
- The material needs to be kept for future reference.
- You are too shy to speak to your manager.
- You need proof that you have taken action.
- You want to give an official impression.
- You want to give the impression that you don't really know what
has happened.
- You want to make it more formal.
Before using letters in business, man used them to communicate with
other people (relatives, friends, etc). (After Joseph Chilver, English for
Business: A Functional Approach)
Concepte i noiuni de reinut

accuracy = acuratee, limpezime
approach = abordare
be involved (v.) = a fi implicat()
be kept (v.) = a fi pstrat()
choose (v.) = a alege
comprehend (v.) = a nelege
either or = fie fie , ori , ori , sau sau
emerge (v.) = a aprea, a se ivi
evidence = dovad
expensive = scump()
finding = descoperire
foundation = baz, fundament, fundamentare
have a look at (v.) = a arunca o privire la, a se uita la
interest = dobnd
loan = mprumut
loss = pierdere
miscalculation = calcul greit
mistake = greeal
pay = salariu
preview = vizionare
reason = motiv, raiune
relatives = rude
rent = chirie
shy = timid()
specific = precis()
survive (v.) = a supravieui
take action (v.) = a aciona
ntrebri sau probleme rezolvate

1. Answer the following.
-
What does understanding business data mean?

Can you give examples of written materials?
Can you give examples of visual presentations?
What is the need in business?
Why are speed and accuracy so important in understanding business
data?
How can a businessman or a businesswoman get a clear idea of a
message?
2. Match the following nouns with their definitions.

1. message
a. a communication containing some information, news,

advice, request, or the like, sent by messenger, radio,
telephone, or other means
6
2.
messaging
3.
messenger
b. a person who carries a message or goes on an errand

for another, especially as a matter of duty or business
c. a system or process of transmitting messages,
especially electronically, by computer, telephone,
television cable, etc.
3. Fill in a, an, or the, where needed.

I work as secretary to director of export company. My boss is Mr.
Wood. Were doing lot of business at moment, so Im always up to my
eyes in work. You see, my job isnt just sorting out mail, typing
letters and filing documents. I have many other duties. For example, our
office receives lot of routine correspondence, which I usually deal with. I
also draft important letters and memoranda for Mr. Wood, as well as
organize his diary and work schedule. Weve got large number of
overseas customers, so Im continually sending telexes and cables
abroad. In addition to that, I have to take telephone calls, handle travel and
hotel bookings, and entertain visitors. Oh yes, I forgot to mention, Im
responsible for buying office supplies too. My boss is interested in
business machines. Hes got dictating machine and intercom on his desk.
In corner of office, theres his new toy - micro-computer. Now hes
keen to buy word processor. I suppose Ill have to learn how to use that
soon.
4. Read the text above, and then answer the following question.
- Which of the business machines described in the text are no longer in use
and which of the modern ones are absent?
5. Group the following according to the model. Use a dictionary.
Incorrectly, mistaken, wrong(ly)
misdate
Negation
mislike
misadventure misbehaviour misbelief miscalculation misconception

misease misfire misgovern mishandle misinterpret misjudge
mislead mismanage misplace misquote
6. Give synonyms for the words below, and then use them in sentences of
your own.
buy director documents duty keen mail word processor
7. Give antonyms for the words below, and then use them in sentences of
your own.
buy continually forget important large receive routine take
ntrebri de autoevaluare
1. Read and translate the following Private Letters between Prince George
(when still a boy) and his grandmother, Queen Victoria.
April 1st
Dear Grandmother,
I saw a nice horse in a toyshop yesterday. I should like to buy it but I have
no money. Would you kindly send me some, please, dear grandmamma?
Your affectionate grandson,
George.
April 2nd
Dear Child,
I was very sorry to hear that you cannot keep money. Your father told me
that you spend your pocket money as soon as you get it. You spend too
much on toys. You should learn what things are worth. Be a better boy.
Your affectionate grandmother,
Victoria.
April 3rd
Dear Grandmother,
I was very glad to get your last letter, and I thank you very much for it. I
sold it to a bookseller for five sovereigns. You see, now, I know what things
are worth.
Your affectionate grandson,
George.
2. Same exercise for the following Business Letter.
Satex S.p.A.
Via di Pietro Papa, 00146 Roma
Telefono: Roma 769910
Telefax: (06) 681 5473 Telex: 285136
Mr L. Cran, Chief Buyer
F. Lynch & Co. Ltd.
Nesson House
Newell Street
Birmingham B3 3EL
UNITED KINGDOM
vs. Rif.: Order DR4316

NS. Rif.: D/1140
13 March 20--
Dear Mr Crane,
Thank you for your order (No. DR4316) which we are now making up. We
have all the items in stock and will be advising you in the near future.
Yours sincerely,
D. Causio
3. Read the letters above then answer the questions.

- In what ways can you begin and end a formal letter?
- In what ways can you begin and end an informal letter?
- Where is the sender's address written?
- Where is the address of the company he/she is writing to?
- In what other way can you write the date?
- Where does the sender sign his/her name?
- Where does he/she print his/her name?
- What is the aim of each of the three paragraphs in the letter?
4. Write a Private Letter to a friend, a relative, or a mate of yours to whom
you tell about one of your trips last summer.
5. Write an Official Letter to the director of a public library to thank him for the
kindness of his employees.
6. Write a Business Letter to the manager of a firm dealing fat burners,
vitamins, etc.
UNITATEA DE NVARE 2
THE GRAPH (I)

Cuvinte cheie: business data, graph
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint unul dintre cele mai importante mijloace
grafice de comunicare: graficul.
A formal business report may contain tabular and visual displays,
i.e. numerical information (+ verbal information).
The various types of diagram ('a drawing or plan that outlines and
explains the parts, operation, etc. of something') structural scheme,
functional scheme, map, histogram, organisation chart, graph, table, and
arborescent representation convey information with the help of codes:
- Place code (up vs. down, left vs. right, etc.);
- Shape code (circle, rectangle, square, irregular figure, etc.);
- Dimension code (from a simple dot to the whole area);
- Colour code;
- Value code (from the lightest to the darkest hue);
- Hachure code;
- Orientation code;
- Granulation code (dotted line, thick line, and thin line).
Thus, from a place code point of view (zone vs. linear vs. punctiform
implantation), the following can be distinguished:
- map (zone implantation based on place, colour, value, and
granulation codes);
- histogram or bar chart (geometrical zone implantation generally
based on colour, value, orientation, and hachure codes);
- graph (linear implantation straight or curved lines based on
colour and granulation codes);
- scheme (zone implantation based mainly on arrow orientation
code);
- table (linear implantation based on place code).
Encoding (retaining only defining features and eliminating useless
ones) and decoding (identifying defining features) are socially and culturally
determined. Reading a diagram needs learning how to do it. As a result, we
see in a diagram what we have been taught to see. (After Joseph Chilver,
English for Business: A Functional Approach)
10

area = zon
arrow = sgeat
be taught (v.) = a fi nvat()
chart = schem
convey (v.) = a transmite
curved = curbat()
dark = nchis() (la culoare)
display = expunere
dot = punct
dotted = punctat()
drawing = desen
feature = (trstur) caracteristic
hue = nuan
light = deschis() (la culoare)
map = hart
outline (v.) = a sublinia
shape = form
straight = drept, dreapt
thick = gros, groas
thin = subire
useless = inutil()
whole = ntreg, ntreag

-
Do you use tabular and/or visual displays in your work? When and
where?
Is there any diagram in the classroom? If yes, of what type are they?
Can you tell the codes used in them?
What codes are used in the textbook in front of you?
How is place code used in a newspaper?
How is shape code used in geometry?
How is dimension code used in photography?
How is colour code used in painting?
How is value code used in mapping?
How is hachure code used in soil science?
How is orientation code used in everyday life?
How is granulation code used on any map?
2. Match the following compounds of message with their definitions.

1. message centre
a. a measure of the duration of and distance

covered by local telephone calls, used by
telephone companies as a basis for assessing
11
2. message
switching
3. message unit
service charges
b. an office or other area where incoming and
outgoing messages, mail, etc. are received and
transmitted, as by telephone, computer, or
messenger
c. the process by which data transmissions are
stored until a proper circuit is available so that
they can be forwarded
3. True or false?
True
False
1. A formal business report cannot contain tabular and

visual displays.
2. The various diagrams convey information with the help
of different codes.
3. A granulation code uses dotted lines, thick lines, and
thin lines.
4. A map is a zone implantation based on place, colour,
value and granulation codes.
4. Fill in with the proper nouns from below.
director employees managers staff
John Brown, managing of Blue Company, is unhappy. This morning, three
have come into his office, each telling him the same story. Somehow or
other, the office have heard about the computer systems which will soon
be introduced. The are very upset. The older ones are afraid of modern
technology, and the younger ones do not want to learn new methods of work.
Most of the are certain that they will lose their jobs when the office is
computerised. Some are already looking for jobs with other firms. The are
right in one way. The company will need fewer office when the computer is
installed. This will be in three months' time, but the machine and systems will
be working efficiently only six to nine months later.
5. Group the following according to the model.
'Privation'
disability
'Reversion'
disembark
disabuse disaccord disaccusation disadvantage disaffect

disaffiliate disagree disannul disapproval disarm disconnect
disconsolate discount discredit disembarrass dishonest dislocate
dismount distrust
12
1. Here are 3 graphs. Describe them according to the features mentioned in
the text The Graph (I).
8
25
12
value
16
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
25
16
25
4
12
12 2
16
years
2. Complete the Organisation Chart below with the positions suggested,

starting from the model:
Finance Managing director Marketing Personnel - Product 1
Product 2 Product 3 Production Research and development.
3. Speak about the fall of the ROL between 1996 and 2000, using the graphs
on pages 20 and 21 and the words below.
to decrease to dip to fall to hit the bottom to increase to peak to plunge
to recover to rise to soar to stabilise to stay the same
4. Develop two graphs in which you represent your academic progression or
regression over the last years:
- in your major;
- in English.
13
UNITATEA DE NVARE 3
THE GRAPH (II)

Rezumat
A tabular display is 'an array of verbal or numerical information in
columns and rows'. It is most useful in presenting information about two or
more related variables for example, employee salaries for a certain month.
A visual display is 'a diagram that represents several items of
information in a manner that makes comparison easier or reflects trends
among the items'. Presenting data visually in the form of graphs or diagrams
makes their meaning clear at a glance.
Tabular displays generally have less impact than visual displays,
whose short, medium, or long bars can be easily picked by the eye. On the
other hand, though the data contained in most two-column tables can be
displayed visually, to display the information in a three-column table, several
bar or pie charts would be required. In such a case, the items of information
are easier to compare when they are presented in a table. Also, information
that is to be manipulated is most often displayed in tabular form.
A graph is 'a diagram [chart 'a graphic representation, as by curves, of
a dependent variable, as temperature, price, etc.', plan, or scheme]
representing a system of connections or interrelations among two or more
things by a number of distinctive dots, lines, bars, etc.' In a graph, values are
plotted to scale on a set of axes. Graphs are most effective for presenting
information about a single variable that changes with time (see below), and
they tend to emphasise trends as well as peaks and low points in the value of
the variable.
Several types of graphs are very much in use in nowadays'
management:
two-dimensional graphs,
bar charts, and
pie charts.
They all can 'say' the same things, though they are quite different from
a representational point of view. (After Joseph Chilver, English for
14

array = aranjare
at a glance = dintr-o privire
be to (v.) = a urma s, a trebui s
below = mai jos
effective = eficient()
emphasise (v.) = a accentua, a pune accentul pe
employee = angajat()
item = articol, obiect
less = mai puin()
meaning = neles, sens
peak = punct maxim, vrf
pick (v.) = a alege, a culege, a selecta
plot to scale (v.) = a reprezenta la scar
price = pre
row = rnd, ir
though = cu toate c, dei
trend = curent, tendin

- What is a tabular display?
- How can verbal or numerical information be arrayed?
- Where is it most useful?
- What is a visual display?
- What advantage does it have?
- Why have tabular displays less impact than visual displays?
- Why can short, medium, or long bars be easily picked by the eye?
- When is it better to display information in a table?
- What is a graph?
- What do graphs represent?
- How do graphs represent connection systems or interrelations among two
or more things?
- What do charts usually represent graphically?
- Where are values plotted to scale?
- What are graphs most effective for?
- What do they tend to emphasize?
- What types of graphs are very much in use in nowadays' management?
2. Match the following words with their definitions.
1. display
2. display ad
3. display
advertising
a. (in heraldry, of a bird) represented with wings

and legs spread
b. an act or instance of displaying; exhibition
c. an advertisement, in a newspaper or other
publication, often using special attention15
4. displayed
5. display type
getting devices, as large size, display type, and

illustrations
d. display ads taken collectively
e. type larger than body type, used in headings,
advertisements, etc.
3. Fill in with the proper verbs from below.

did has is should wanted were will
This the busiest time of the year for the company. Every employee
working overtime and continue to do so for the next two months or
more. The office recently taken on two temporary workers, but neither
doing her job well. The director worried. He not tell the office staff about
the plans to install a computer because, for a long time, the management
not sure if they to introduce it. He still not signed the contract with the
supplier of the equipment. Now he beginning to think 'Maybe we forget
about the computer and leave the office as it '
4. Fill in with one of the following nouns, paying attention to their meanings.
to display = to spread something out so that it may be most completely
and favourably seen, to show off ones qualities or feelings
to evince = to show feelings or qualities
to exhibit = to display something in a show, show off ones qualities or
feelings
to manifest = to show feelings or qualities
-
Gardeners always their most showy flowers within the Expo Flora
shows.
He would always surprise at Christmas time.
She never any interest in anything.
Shops goods for sale.
The attack made him his wit.
The face of the frightened boy fear.
5. We form the comparative degree of most adjectives in English by adding

er to the positive degree (A diagram represents several items of information
in a manner that makes comparison easier). If the adjective has more than
two syllables, we generally form the comparative by the use of more. The
comparative form of all adjectives is generally followed by than. Complete the
following by supplying the comparative form of the adjectives in parentheses.
- Ann is (attractive) than her sister.
- Gold is (valuable) than iron.
- Mrs. Smith is much (old) than I expected.
- My elder sons car is (expensive) than my younger sons car.
- New York is (big) than Paris.
- She is (young) than I am.
- The weather yesterday was (warm) than the weather today.
- These exercises are (difficult) than some of the others.
- This avenue is even (wide) than Broadway.
16
This programme is (satisfactory) than the previous one.

This student is (clever) than the other one.
This summer is (hot) than last summer.
6. Complete these sentences in your own words.

- Bucharest is bigger
- He is taller
- I am
- It is warmer
- She is
- The weather is
- This winter is
In
inoculate
Uninability
inattention inbeing inboard incalculable income indefensible

indent indwelling inexpensive infallible infer ingest ingrate
inhabit inharmonic inimitable inject injudicious inhume inland
innate innominate inquiry
8. Make sentences with the other meanings of the words item, peak, and
trend.
What differences are there between the following charts?
30
25
25
20
16
12
15
8
10
5
0
25
25
20
20
12
10
5
0
16
15
12
10
25
25
16
15
17
UNITATEA DE NVARE 4
THE GRAPH (III)

Rezumat
The most common form of visual representation is two-dimensional
graph. It has two axes a horizontal one (noted as x and called an
abscissa), and a vertical one (noted as y and called an ordinate). The x-axis
records one dimension (usually the time dimension), and the y-axis records
another dimension that changes in relation to the time (or other dimensions).
There are two types of two-dimensional graphs: line graphs and bar
graphs. In a line graph, the variable is represented by a broken line (it can
also be a curved one). In a bar graph, the variable is represented by bars
(dotted, striped, hachured, or coloured). In bar charts, each value is
represented as a horizontal or vertical (perpendicular) bar. The longer a bar,
the greater the value is. This type of visual display is useful for presenting
values that are to be compared. The same situation can be represented with
the help of perpendicular bars. Time variable is horizontal, and profit variable
is vertical.
The Gantt chart, a variation of the bar chart, is 'a graphic scheduling
device that displays the tasks to be performed on the vertical axis and
the time required for each task on the horizontal axis'. It is used in
connection with the process of control in a business, as it can provide
an instant visual comparison between expected and actual
performance, forcing the manager to plan the steps required to get a
job done and to specify time requirements for each part of the job.
A pie chart is a circle (pie) whose 360 (degrees) are divided into
slices, each of which represents a different item, proportionally allocated to
the data. The circle represents the whole (for example, total sales). The size
of each slice shows the contribution of that item to the whole: the larger the
slice, the larger the contribution. Pie charts are most effective in displaying
the relative size or importance of various items of information. (After Joseph
Chilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach)

abscissa = abscis
actual = efectiv(), real()
18
axis (pl. axes) = ax

broken = frnt()
device = plan, schem
display (v.) = a expune
expect (v.) = a se atepta
get a job done (v.) = a face o munc / treab
in connection with = n legtur cu
in relation to = n funcie de
ordinate (s.) = ordonat
pie = plcint
provide (v.) = a echipa, a furniza
record (v.) = a nregistra
require (v.) = a cere, a necesita
schedule (v.) = a planifica pentru o anumit dat
scheduling device = dispozitiv de planificare / programare
slice = felie, parte, porie
step = pas
striped = dungat(), vrgat()
task = datorie, sarcin
total sales = volumul total al vnzrilor
whole (s.) = ntreg

-
Which is the most common form of visual representation?

What is an abscissa? An ordinate?
What does the x-axis record? The y-axis?
How many types of two-dimensional graphs are there?
What is the variable represented by in a line graph? In a bar graph?
What is a bar chart?
What is it useful for?
What is the Gantt chart?
What is it used in connection with?
What is a pie chart?
What does the circle represent?
What are pie charts most effective in?

1. graph
2. graphic
3. graphic accent
4. graphic arts
a. a diagram representing a system of connections or

interrelations among two or more things by a
number of distinctive dots, lines, bars, etc.
b. a novel in the form of comic strips
c. a product of the graphic arts, as a drawing or print
d. any mark written above a letter, especially one
19
5. graphic novel
6. graphical
7. graphics
indicating stress in pronunciation, as in Romanian

cele or acle
e. giving a clear and effective picture; vivid
f. the art of drawing, especially as used in
mathematics, engineering, etc.
g. the arts or techniques, as engraving, etching, drypoint, woodcut, and other methods, by which
copies of an original design are printed from a
plate, block, or the like; graphics
3. True or false?
True
False
1. The most uncommon form of visual representation is

two-dimensional graph.
2. The x-axis records one dimension (usually the time
dimension), and the y-axis records another dimension
that changes in relation to the time.
3. There are two types of two-dimensional graphs: line
graphs and bar graphs.
4. In a bar graph, the variable is represented by circles
(dotted, striped, hachured, or coloured).
5. In bar charts, each value is represented as a parallel
or vertical (perpendicular) bar.
6. The Gantt chart, a variation of the pie chart, is a
graphic scheduling device that displays the tasks to
be performed on the vertical axis and the time
required for each task on the horizontal axis'.
7. A pie chart is a circle (pie) whose 360 (degrees) are
divided into slices, each of which represents a
different item, proportionally allocated to the data.
8. Pie charts are most effective in displaying the relative
size or importance of various items of information or
data.
4. Fill in with the proper infinitives from below.
assess attract build carry change create increase launch
Most companies have advertising budgets. They use the money to sales
of their products, new products, and people's attitudes to their
organisations. When a company decides to out an advertising campaign, it
generally contacts an expert in the field the advertising agency. The agency
plans the campaign for its client. For example, it carries out market studies
and provides essential marketing data on which to a campaign. It also
selects the media newspapers, magazines, television, posters, etc. which
will be used for promoting the product. It will advise the client how to the
right brand image and will invent messages or slogans to the public's
attention. The bigger agencies offer a wide range of services, so companies
20
should get a good return on their investment. However, it is often difficult to

accurately for a long time, but some advertisers change agencies
regularly. They believe that, after a while, the agency loses its creative touch.
5. We form the superlative degree of most adjectives by adding est to the
positive degree. If the adjective has more than two syllables we generally
form the superlative with most. The definite article the always precedes the
superlative degree. (The most common form of visual representation is twodimensional graph) Complete the following by supplying the superlative form
of the adjectives in parentheses.
- Bucharest is (large) city in the world today.
- Chinese is (intriguing) language I have tried to learn.
- Georgia was (attractive) girl at the party.
- He is (intelligent) student that I know.
- He wore (pretty) costume at the party.
- January is (cold) month of the year in Romania.
- Mary is (old) girl in our class.
- My mothers dishes are (sophisticated) dishes in our family.
- Our new colleague is (strange) colleague we have ever had.
- She is (ambitious) girl that I have ever known.
- The Golden Gate is (long) bridge in the world at present.
- The New York Times is (important) newspaper in the town.
- The novel which I read was (funny) of all.
- The Pacific is (dangerous) ocean in the world.
- These exercises are (difficult) in the whole textbook.
- This armchair is (comfortable) armchair in the whole office.
- This is (expensive) dictionary which I know.
1. Look at the charts and then answer the questions.
30
25
25
20
16
15
12
10
5
0
1
21
8
25
12
16
25
25
20
16
15
12
10
5
0
What is the difference between the line graph (1), the pie graph (2) and
the pyramid graph (3)?
What kind of line is there in graph 1?
What is the difference between the graphs 2 and 3?
What kind of figures are there in graphs 2 and 3?
2. Make a Gantt chart displaying the tasks to be performed by

you until the end of the semester.
22
UNITATEA DE NVARE 5
SUMMARISING
Cuvinte cheie: information, summarising
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint una dintre modalitile de modificare a
informaiei - rezumatul.
Sometimes, when there is time constraints, information may need to
be reproduced in an abbreviated or summarised form, as only the refined
material is to go forward: this implies that people in business are often
required to distinguish between important and trivial elements in
communications - the essence of the task in the business world.
In practice, summary, brief, digest, and synopsis, all terms for a short
version of a longer work, are often mistaken:
Brief is 'a detailed outline, by heads and subheads, of a
discourse (usually legal) to be completed:
a brief for an argument
Digest is 'an abridgement of an article, book, etc., or an
organised arrangement of material under heads and titles:
a digest of popular novel
Summary is 'a brief statement or restatement of main
points, especially as a conclusion to a work:
the summary of a chapter
Synopsis is 'usually a compressed statement of the plot of
a novel, play, etc.:
a synopsis of Hamlet
Summarising means looking at some hundred or thousand word text
and deciding which strands are vital to its understanding and which parts can
be left out, or glossed over, without seriously reducing the impact. If
information fall into clear-cut compartments of vital and irrelevant, the text is
easy to shorten. The shorter the summary, the greater the loss of detail is.
Whenever a person involved in business is faced with the task of
summarising, that is when there are time constraints, he/she should rely on a
nine-stage method based on the words TRACK DICE (a device for aiding the
memory). To each letter of this mnemonics corresponds a stage to follow.
(After Joseph Chilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach)
23

abridgement = prescurtare, prezentare pe scurt
aid (v.) = a ajuta
be faced with (v.) = a fi confruntat cu
brief (s.) = compendiu, scurt expunere, rezumat
clear-cut = bine definit()
compressed = comprimat()
constraint = constrngere
device = dispozitiv, truc
digest = culegere (de material); publicaie informativ; rezumat;
expunere sumar
gloss over (v.) = a da o interpretare special
go forward (v.) = a pleca mai departe
head = titlu important
imply (v.) = a implica, a nsemna
involved = implicat()
leave out (v.) = a lsa la o parte, a omite
loss = pierdere
mnemonics (sg.) = mnemotehnic
novel = roman
outline = expunere
play = pies de teatru
rely on (v.) = a se baza pe
shorten (v.) = a scurta
strand = poriune
summary = conspect, expunere sumar, rezumat
synopsis (pl. synopses) = expunere sumar, rezumat, sinopsis
trivial = insignifiant(), lipsit() de importan, nesemnificativ()

-
When may information need to be reproduced in a summarised form?

What does it imply?
What is a summary? A brief? A digest? A synopsis?
What does summarising mean?
How many kinds of information are there?
What should someone involved in business rely on when faced with the
task of summarising?
What corresponds to each letter of the TRACK DICE?

1. summarily
2. summarise (v.)
a. a comprehensive and usually brief abstract,

recapitulation, or compendium of previously stated
facts or statements
b. brief and comprehensive, concise
24
3. summary (n.)
4. summary (adj.)
c. in a prompt or direct manner, immediately,

straightaway
d. to make a summary of, to state or express in a
concise form; to constitute a summary of
3. Fill in with the appropriate prepositions from below.

at for in of on out to with
Smart Fashions make clothing young people between the ages 18 and
25. The firm specialises evening wear, producing the sort clothes worn
discos, parties and clubs. Its merchandise is not expensive, though it is
fashionable and well made. Soon, the company will launch its new creation, a
trouser suit. The suit costs $ 15 to manufacture, and its selling price has not
yet been fixed. It is made a lightweight material which looks and feels
silk. It should be ideal the young woman who wants look smart a
summer evening. Unfortunately, fashionable clothing does not always sell
well. Look what happened last year. The company brought a lovely dress
for summer wear. All Smarts staff expected it sell like hot cakes, but
fact few customers bought it. Smart does not want the same thing happen
the trouser suit. The company has contacted two advertising agencies and
has asked each consider how it would promote the suit. If one them
gives good advice and has interesting ideas, they will use that agency
carry an advertising campaign the new suit.
Under, below,
beneath
subalpine
Slightly, imperfectly, nearly
Subordinate
subacid
subcommittee
subacute subaltern subaquatic subarid subassembly subaxillary

subbasement subcellar subchloride subclass subconscious
subcontinent subcortex subdivision subfloor subfamily subgroup
sublieutenant sublingual submarine submontane subplot
subprincipal subsidy subsoil substrate substructure
5. Change the following into questions, as indicated.
- Only the refined material is to go forward. (What ?)
- People involved in business are often required to distinguish between
important and trivial elements in communication. (Who ?)
- Sometimes information may need to be reproduced in an abbreviated
form. (When ?)
1. Summarize the text on page 39 bearing in mind the following advice.
25
= Task
Make sure you understand the terms of reference, the task you
T
have been set.
= Read
Read through the passage once to perceive the general drift.
R
Then read it again more carefully.
= Ask
Ask questions such as 'What is this about?', 'What title could it
A
be given?'
= Clarify
Look at any difficult words or passages. Try to work out their
C
meaning from the surrounding text.
= Key words and phrases
Which are the vital parts of the text? Where possible underline
K
them. Use broken lines to show the secondary phrases, those
you consider to be fairly important but not vital.
= Draft
Make a rough draft of your summary, using your own words to
D
link up the elements.
= Improve
Refer back to the instructions. Read the passage once more and
I
make any necessary amendments.
= Count
Is there a limit to the number of words you are allowed to use in
C
your summary? How many words have you used? Add or
subtract according to the degree of importance.
= Edit
Read through the draft once more before editing and producing
E
the summary in its final form.
COMPANY NEWS
SHARE OFFER BY KITCHEN MANUFACTURER
Next month, Zena plc, the well-known maker of kitchen appliances, will
offer for sale to the public two million shares. These will rise about
800,000 for the company. Zena supplies a wide range of equipment for
the luxury kitchen market. It specialises in high-quality cookers, freezers
and refrigerators. The company was founded in 1970. Its turnover has
grown from 100,000 to 12 million. Last year pre-tax profits were 1.6
million. Chairman of the firm is Mr Gerald Knight. The board of directors
average age 42 includes Mr Frank Bewley, sales director, and Mr Jasper
Levy, chief accountant. Investors should jump at the chance to buy the
shares. Zena has a good profit record over the years. Its fixed assets are
worth over 4 million. Factories at Liverpool and Bristol (both freehold
properties) are valued at 2.9 million. It also has plant and machinery worth
1 million. The company has paid out excellent dividends since it obtained
a quotation in 1976. Zena are issuing new shares to finance their
expansion into Europe.
2. Which word or phrase in the text above mean:
- a company whose controlling interest is owned by another company
- a form of tenure by which an estate is held in fee simple, fee tail, or for life
26
a pecuniary gain resulting from the employment of capital in any

transaction
a sum of money paid to shareholders of a corporation out of earnings
any long-term assets, as buildings, tracts of land, or patents
one of the equal fractional parts into which the capital stock of a jointstock company or corporation is divided
pieces of equipment, usually operated electrically, especially for use in
the home or for performance of domestic chores, as a refrigerator,
washing machine, or toaster
prior to the payment of taxes
the statement of the current or market price of a commodity or security
the turning over of the capital or stock of goods involved in a particular
transaction or course of business
3. Put into Romanian the text above. Use a dictionary.
27
UNITATEA DE NVARE 6
NOTE-TAKING
Cuvinte cheie: information, note-taking
Rezumat
informaiei luarea de notie.
Note-taking is closely allied to summarising. It is called for in
business, particularly in recording what has happened at a meeting.
Exchanging ideas and reaching conclusions means a great deal of talk. That
is why it is general for a record to be made of what has been said. It is
obligatory to record any decisions that have been made. In any case, any
decisions of a committee require to be recorded.
Here again, in practice such terms as note, comment, observation,
and remark that imply all giving special attention, an opinion or a judgement
are often mistaken.
Thus:
Comment is 'judgement or explanation of a particular point:
a comment on the author's scholarship
Note is 'a brief, written record; memorandum, minute'
Observation is 'a note based on judgement and experience:
an observation on usages
Remark is 'usually a casual and passing expression of opinion:
a remark about a play
It is obvious that dictionary definitions are not enough accurate
themselves, as note is defined as 'a memorandum' or 'a minute', and
observation as 'a note', while observation is said to be based on 'a
judgement', that is on a comment. Formal records of what has been said at a
meeting are described as minutes 'rough drafts, summaries, or memoranda',
considered to be satisfactory if:
- they do not omit any vital facts (names of persons, facts, figures,
any kind of data, etc.);
- there are no further reductions possible (that is, no reductions that
could be made without producing distortions);
- there are no inaccuracies in the recorded note (names of persons
misspelled, inaccurate figures, etc.). (After Joseph Chilver, English
for Business: A Functional Approach)
28

allied = nrudit
be mistaken (v.) = a fi interpretat() greit
call for (v.) = a apela la
casual = informal
closely = strns
comment = observaie lmuritoare, remarc
draft = ciorn, schi
figure = cifr
formal = formal(), oficial()
inaccuracy = neclaritate
inaccurate = neclar()
memorandum (pl. memoranda) = nsemnare, memorandum, not,
raport
minute = minut, not, proces-verbal
misspell (v.) = a scrie greit
note = nsemnare, not, noti
observation = not, observaie, prere, remarc
obvious = evident()
passing = trector, trectoare
proceedings = dezbateri (ale unei adunri), lucrri (ale unei comisii)
reach a conclusion (v.) = a ajunge la o concluzie
record = consemnare, nregistrare
remark = remarc, observaie, comentariu
rough = brut()
scholarship = burs, perioad de studii
usage = uzaj

-
What is note-taking closely allied to?

When is note-taking called for?
What does exchanging ideas and reaching conclusions mean?
What is it obligatory to record in a meeting?
Why do any decisions of a committee require to be recorded?
What is a note? A comment? An observation? A remark?
Are dictionary definitions accurate enough?
What do dictionary inaccuracies consist in?
What is a minute?
When is a minute considered to be satisfactory?

1. note
2. notebook
a. a book of or for notes

b. a brief record of something written down to assist the
memory or for future reference
29
3. noteholder c. a pad of blank pages for writing notes

d. a person who holds or owns a note, as a promissory
4. notepad
or Treasure note
e. a writing paper, especially that used in writing notes or
5. notepaper
personal correspondence
3. True or false?
True
False
1. Note-taking is little allied to summarising.

2. Exchanging ideas and reaching conclusions means a
great deal of talk.
3. Such terms as note, comment, observation, and
remark are never mistaken.
4. A comment is a judgement or explanation of a
particular point.
5. A remark is rarely a casual and passing expression of
opinion.
6. Dictionary definitions are not enough accurate
themselves.
7. A minute is a rough draft, summary, or memorandum.
4. Fill in with the proper adjectives from below.
blue efficient fit Japanese overtime physical top
A Romanian factory owner wants his workers to be as as possible.
Therefore, he would like to introduce some methods into his new factory.
He makes a few suggestions to a group of the factorys managers: all
workers in the factory (including managers) should wear uniforms; each
morning before work, all employees should sing a company song: at 11
oclock every day, they should do exercises to keep ; no worker should
be allowed to go on strike: anyone refusing to work should be dismissed;
once a week, employees should stay on after work to discuss production
problems: no payment would be made for such duties; all members of the
staff, including managers, should eat together in the company cafeteria.
5. The pronoun it is commonly used in sentences where the verb to be is
followed by an adjective-infinitive construction (It is obligatory to record any
decisions that have been made). Rephrase the following as in the model.
It is obligatory to record any decisions that have been made.
To record any decisions that have been made is obligatory.
-
It is called for in business, particularly in recording what has happened at

a meeting.
It is difficult to say which one of you is correct.
It is easy to criticise the work of others.
It is easy to understand why the boss is angry.
30
It is impossible to finish that work in such a short time.

It is obvious that dictionary definitions are not enough accurate
themselves.
That is why it is general for a record to be made of what has been said.
6. Rephrase the following as in the model.

To learn English is not easy.
It is not easy to learn English.
-
To be able to speak a foreign language is often very helpful.

To get to English classes so early in the morning is almost impossible for
many students in this group.
To learn new words every day is very important.
To speak only English with my students is imperative.
To study grammar is not interesting to many students.
To travel to foreign countries to improve your language skills is very
useful.
To understand the grammar of a foreign language is important.
7. Make sentences of your own about being a student using the following.
- It is difficult to
- It is easy to
- It is foolish to
- It is important to
- It is impossible to
- It is interesting to
- It is necessary to
8. Change the following into questions, as indicated.
- Dictionary definitions are not accurate. (How ?)
- Exchanging ideas means a great deal of talk. (What ?)
- Formal records of what has been said at a meeting are described as
minutes. (How ?)
- Note-taking is called for in business. (Where ?)
- Note-taking is closely allied to summarising. (What ?)
Take notes about the text below following the instructions in the table.
While doing so, imagine it is an oral presentation you are attending, not a
written one.
T
R
= Task
Try to record what has been said in no more than 30 words.
= Read and re-read
Read a first time to get the general outline and then a second time
more closely for the details of what happened.
31
= Ask
Ask questions such as 'What is this about?, 'Who is implied?',
A
'How many people are involved?'
= Clarify
Write everything that is important about who did what. Names of
C
people involved will have to be mentioned though these reduce the
number of words available for the description.
Find basic words (related to who did what, to any consequence,
K
etc.) in the notes.
= Draft
Make a first draft including details about the people involved
D
(names, capacities, etc.) and the facts, and figures.
= Improve
Eliminate as many details as possible concerning the persons
I
involved (capacities, etc.) and the facts, and figures.
= Count
C
The draft should not exceed 30 words, and not be too short, either.
= Edit
Read through the draft once more before editing and producing the
E
minute in its final form.
Marlboro's image has changed dramatically since its early days. In fact,
when the tobacco company, Philip Morris, launched Marlboro in 1924, its
target market was women. Its advertising slogan said that it was 'Mild as
May'. But it wasn't a great success and by the early 1950s it still had only
around 1% of the total tobacco market. That was when the company asked
the Chicago advertising executive, Leo Burnett, to reposition the product
as a cigarette for men. He came up with an advertising campaign based on
the image of a cowboy - and Marlboro's sales suddenly soared. Within a
year it became the fourth best-selling brand in the USA; before long it was
the biggest in the world.
32
UNITATEA DE NVARE 7
EXPANDING
Cuvinte cheie: information, expanding
Rezumat
informaiei amplificarea.
Expanding can be seen as the opposite of summarising. It is
extremely useful in giving a talk in front of (almost) total strangers, no matter
the topic. Instead of just giving a talk, we suggest the following:
Businessmen or businesswomen could have in front of them a
series of prompting cards (memory aids and prompters) with key
words and/or phrases related to the talk he/she is to give written on
them, meant to lessen the burden of a talk and to make it more
dramatic;
The prompting cards should be shuffled into the order he/her
prefers, which should be the right one;
Businessmen or businesswomen should rely on the reaction of the
audience to the intrusion of a single word;
Businessmen or businesswomen should rely on the word
associations in the people's minds.
Whenever a person involved in business is faced with the task of
expanding, he/she should rely on the same nine-stage method based on the
words TRACK DICE (see UNITS 5 and 6). In this method, the use of key
words and/or phrases remains as the recommended technique. The ninestage method can be further adapted and improved: instead of a draft written
on a piece of paper (as is the case for summaries and minutes), the
businessman or the businesswoman could first 'perform' his speech in front
of a mirror, and then record it on magnetic tape, so that he can make the
necessary changes after hearing and re-hearing it several times; as he/she is
to give a talk in front of people standing up and waiting for some 'big talk', the
businessman or the businesswoman should pay a great deal of attention to
the way he/she dresses his/her hair, to the outfits he/she wears, to every
gesture he/she makes, and, as a general rule, to every single detail meant to
'capture' the audience's good will and entire attention.

a great deal of = mult()
aid = ajutor, asisten, sprijin
33
audience = audien, public

burden = ncrctur, povar
dress one's hair (v.) = a se coafa, a-i aranja prul
expand (v.) = a crete n mrime, volum, scop
further = ulterior
give a talk (v.) = a ine o cuvntare
good will = bunvoin
instead of = n loc s
intrusion = introducere, ptrundere
key words = cuvinte cheie
lessen (v.) = a micora, a reduce, a uura
meant to = menit() s
mind = minte
mirror = oglind
outfit = mbrcminte
perform (v.) = a interpreta (o pies de teatru, o melodie etc.)
prompter = sufleur
prompting cards = cartonae ajuttoare
record (v.) = a nregistra
rely on (v.) = a se baza pe
shuffle (v.) = a amesteca / face crile
stranger (s.) = strin()
topic = subiectul unei conversaii / dezbateri / discuii
whenever = ori de cte ori

-
How can expanding be seen?

Where is it extremely useful?
What should business(wo)men do instead of just giving a talk?
What should be written on the prompting cards?
What are the prompting cards meant to?
How should they be shuffled?
What should business(wo)men rely on?
Why should they record the speech?
What should they pay attention to when they are to give a talk?

1. expand (v.)
2. expanded
a. a person or thing that expands

b. a representation of the universe, based on
the observed red-shifts of distant galaxies, in
which the galaxies are assumed to be
receding from each other at a speed
proportional to their separation as the result
34
3. expanded code
4. expanded metal
5. expanded plastic
6. expander
7. expanding universe
of the expansion of the universe

c. increased in area, bulk, or volume; enlarged
d. plastic that is made light and spongy by the
introduction of pockets of gas or air; foamed
plastic, plastic foam
e. sheet metal slotted and stretched to make a
stiff network with openings of various
patterns, used for lathing, wastebaskets, and
various decorative and semi-structural
applications
f. to increase in extent, size, volume, scope,
etc.
g. zip code
3. Fill in the following verbs, paying attention to the differences in meaning.

to dilate = to increase the width or circumference (applying to space
enclosed within confines or to hollow bodies
to distend = to stretch, often beyond the point of natural expansion
to expand = to spread out, usually in every direction
to inflate = to blow out or swell a hollow body with air or gas
-
Belladonna the pupils of the eyes.

He hopes to his company.
Heat most metals.
In flying, a bird its wings.
Later on, the President on his statement.
Most metals with heat.
The buds are not yet to
The doctors had to the patients arteries to keep him alive.
The mind with experience.
The writer chose to his short story into a novel.
While making an effort, an athlete his chest.
You need to a balloon if you want it to rise in the air.
4. Find synonyms and antonyms for the following words and then make
sentences with them.
to aid to act big burden to capture dramatic every expanding
first general to lessen to recommend right to shuffle stranger
1. Expand the text below bearing in mind the following.
T
R
= Task
Make sure you talk about the subject you have been asked to.
= Read
35
A
C
K
D
Read the prompting cards with key words and/or phrases you
have prepared for your talk.
= Ask
Ask yourself questions such as 'Have l chosen the right words?'
'Are they in the right order?'
= Clarify
Look at the key words and/or phrases you have chosen. Make
sure their meaning fits your purpose.
Which are the vital parts of the speech?
= Draft
Try to give the talk in a 5-10 minute form. Make it in front of a
mirror. Record it on a tape.
= Improve
Listen to the recorded talk. Refer back to the instructions. Listen
the passage once more and make any necessary amendments
possible.
= Count
Is there a limit to the number of words and/or phrases you are
allowed to use in your speech? How many words and phrases
have you used in your recorded speech? Add or subtract words
and phrases according to their degree of importance.
= Edit
Listen to the recorded talk once more before giving it in front of a
mirror and then in front of the audience.
Im a business(wo)man. I am anything I need to be at any time. Tell me,

what exactly are you?
2. You are asked to speak about the nine Ps a business(wo)man needs to be
when dealing with customers. Here are the words written down on your
prompting cards. Use antonyms as in the model.
patient A businessman needs to be patient particularly with impatient
customers.
-
patient
persuasive
polite
positive
practical
precise
prepared
36
UNITATEA DE NVARE 8
STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (I)

Cuvinte cheie: communication, letter
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint principalul mijloc de comunicare n cadrul
relaiilor externe ale unei ntreprinderi: scrisoarea.
Defined as 'a communication in writing or printing addressed to a
person or a number of persons', the letter remains one of the most effective
ways of conveying information from one person to another in spite of the
great advances made in the field of communication. The importance of the
letter lies in its impact on the receiver customers or members of the public
(potential customers) and in the fact that it is difficult to retract or to deny. A
simple business letter has its own layout to be observed:
If the firm does not have printed letterheads, the sender's address
is written on the top right-hand side of the page, before the
sender's name (in the UK).
The date is written below the sender's address, sometimes
separated from it by a space. The month in the date should not be
written in figures as, for example, 11.1.99 could mean 11th
January 1999 (in the UK) and 151 November 1999 (in the USA).
The receiver's / inside address is written below the sender's
address and on the opposite side of the page. If the surname of the
receiver is known, it is written on the first line of the address,
preceded by a courtesy title and either the person's initial(s) or
his/her first given name. Courtesy titles are as follows:
- Mr(.), the usual courtesy title for a man;
- Mrs(.), used for a married woman;
- Miss, used for an unmarried woman;
- Ms(.), used for both married and unmarried women;
- Messrs(.), used occasionally for two or more men, or as a part
of the name of a firm (Messrs Black & White);
- Esq(.), seldom used now instead of Mr, is placed after the
name.
Special titles include medical titles (Dr, Prof.), military titles (Capt.,
Maj., Co/., Gen.), aristocratic titles (Sir, Dame, Lord, Baroness). (After A.
Ashley, A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence)

advance = progres
as follows = dup cum urmeaz
37
below = dedesubt, sub

courtesy title = titlu de curtoazie
customer = client
deny (v.) = a nega
either ... or ... = fie ... fie ..., ori ... ori ..., sau ... sau ...
Esq. = domnului, stimatului
given name = nume de botez
in spite of... = n ciuda, cu toate...
in the field of = n domeniul
layout = prezentare
letterhead = antet
opposite side = partea opus
receiver = destinatar, primitor, receptor
right-hand side = partea dreapt
seldom = rareori
sender = expeditor
surname = nume de familie

-
What is a letter?
What does its importance lie in?
Where should the sender's address be written?
Where should the date be written?
Why should the date not be written in figures?
Where should the receiver's address be written?
How should it be written if the surname of the receiver is known?
2. Give the feminine for the courtesy titles below, if possible.

Esq. Messrs Miss Mr Mrs Ms
3. Give the feminine for the special titles below, if possible.
Baron Capt. Col. Dame Dr. Gen. Lord Maj. Prof. Sir
1. letter
2. letter bomb
3. letter box
4. letter carrier
a. (in a door or a partition) a slot through which letters

can be pushed
b. a letter from an official source expressing a
command, permission, invitation, etc.
c. a public or private mail-box
d. a written or printed communication addressed to a
person or organisation and usually transmitted by
38
mail
e. a written ruling sent by the U.S. Internal Revenue
5. letter drop
Service in response to a query concerning the
application of the tax laws to a specific situation
f. an envelope containing an explosive device
6. letter missive
designed to detonate when the envelope is open by
the recipient
7. letter ruling
g. mail carrier
h. unregistered stock sold privately by a company so
as not to have a negative effect on the price of its
8. letter stock
publicly traded stock
5. True or false?
True False
1. The letter remains one of the most ineffective ways of
conveying information from one person to another due
to the great advances made in the field of
communication.
2. The importance of the letter lies in its impact on the
receiver and in the fact that it is difficult to retract or to
deny.
3. If the firm does not have printed letterheads, the
sender's address is written on the top left-hand side of
the page.
4. The date is written above the sender's address,
sometimes separated from it by a space.
5. 11.1.99 could mean 11th January 1999 (in the USA)
and 1st November 1999 (in the UK).
6. The month in the date should be written in figures.
7. If the surname of the receiver is known, it is written on
the first line of the address, preceded by a courtesy title.
6. In the active voice, the subject of the sentence (we) does the acting (We
write the date below the senders address), but in the passive voice the
subject (date) is acted upon by someone or something (The date is written
below the sender's address). Rephrase the following as in the model.
The date is written below the sender's address.
We write the date below the senders address.
-
Esq(.) is placed after the name.

Esq(.) is seldom used now instead of Mr.
The receiver's or inside address is written below the sender's address.
The sender's address is written on the top right-hand side of the page.
The surname of the receiver is sometimes known.
The surname of the receiver is written on the first line of the address.
7. Rephrase the following as in the model.

39
The student wrote the report.

The report was written by the student.
-
John returned the books to the library last night.

Many students attended the lecture given by the French professor.
The audience enjoyed the lecture very much.
The librarian took the books from the shelves.
The professor corrects the students exercises every day.
The results of the exams disappointed the students very much.
The students will deliver their reports by Friday.
They had left their reports on their desks.
8. With modal verbs can, may, must, should, etc., passive form is obtained by
the use of be and the past participle of the main verb. Change to passive
voice, as in the model.
They must finish this report today.
This report must be finished today.
-
Congress must debate the students issue today.

He has to finish reading the book today.
Students in agriculture should learn more about organic agriculture.
Students ought to go to the library more often these days.
The professor may organise a new research group next week.
They cannot hold the class in that classroom.
1. Draw lines from A to B to match the elements.
A
Body
Closing
B
42 West 11th Street
New York, New York 10011
April 3, 20-Dear Annie,
Greeting - Salutation
Heading
Signature
Sincerely,
Margot
2. Write the following headings correctly, observing the recommendations.

- 11 forest hill terrace billings montana 59107 january 4 20-- 42 west 11th street new york new york 10011 april 3 20-- 115 kirby avenue falls church virginia july 23 20-- 315 prescott circle camden new jersey 08101 may 6 20
3. Same exercise for the following salutations.
40
dear cousin philip

dear mike
dear mother
dear uncle oscar
my dear friend
4. Same exercise for the following closings.

- all the best bob
- love albert
- lovingly yours peggy
- sincerely william
- very sincerely yours edward
5. Put into Romanian the following Note of Acceptance.
37 Wisdom Lane
Goldens Bridge, New York
March 24, 20-Dear Frank,
Thanks a lot for inviting me to the club picnic. When I think of the
fun we've always had, I can hardly wait. I have missed the entire crowd.
Ill be there at five sharp to enjoy another of your mother's famous picnic
suppers.
All the best,
Bob
41
UNITATEA DE NVARE 9
STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (II)

Rezumat
If the name of the receiver is not known, his/her title or position in the
company can be used in the address. Alternatively, the letter can be
addressed to a particular department of the company or simply addressed to
the company itself.
Envelope addresses are written in a similar way to inside (receivers)
address but, for letters in or going to the UK, the postcode is usually written
on a line by itself at the end of the address, and the names of both the town
and the country are written in capital letters.
The order of addresses (in the UK) is as follows:
- Name of house or building;
- Number of building and name of street, road, avenue, etc.;
- Name of town or city and postcode;
- Name of country.
As for the style and punctuation of addresses, both may be
'blocked (more commonly) or 'indented', and have an open
punctuation (i.e., without any commas).
For the attention of is an alternative to including the receiver's
name or position in the address.
The salutations should be as follows:
- Dear Sir(,) is used to address a man whose name is not known;
- Dear Sirs(,), to address a company;
- Dear Madam(,), to address a woman, whether single or
married, whose name is not known;
- Dear Sir or Madam(,), to address a person whose name and
sex are not known;
- Dear Mr(.) X(,), when the name of the person is known;
- Gentlemen:, to address a company (in the USA).

address (v.) = a se adresa
avenue = osea
blocked = aldin()
building = cldire, construcie, edificiu
42
by itself = de unul singur, de una singur, separat()

capital letters = litere mari, majuscule
city = ora mare
comma = virgul
country = ar
envelope = plic
for the attention of = n atenia
indented = indentat()
open punctuation (folosit atributiv) = fr punctuaie
order = ordine
position = funcie
post code = cod potal
road = drum
town = ora (mic sau mijlociu)
UK (United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) = Marea
Britanie
whether or = fie fie nu
without = fr

-
Who can you address a letter?

How are envelope addresses written?
Where is the postcode written for letters in or going to the UK?
How are the names of both the town and the country written for letters in
or going to the UK?
What is the order of addresses in the UK?
How may the style and punctuation of addresses be?
What is the alternative to including the receiver's name or position in the
address?
2. Do you know the different ways of saying the number 0? If yes, match the
following.
1. / u/
2. love
3. nil
4. nought
5. zero
a. account number
b. football scores
c. mathematical term
d. phone number
e. reference number
f. temperature
g. tennis
3. How do the British say 0 in phone numbers? The Americans?
43
4. We use reflexive pronouns emphatically, to give emphasis to some person

or thing mentioned in the sentence (The letter can be addressed to the
company itself). Supply the necessary reflexive pronouns in the following.
- He will make all the preparations for the exam.
- I dont like to rush things when it comes to learn for an exam.
- She says that she is responsible for the bad translation of the article.
- They will provide the proper translation for the plant names.
- We made the first offer to accompany the visitors to the University.
- You are to be there when the Rector comes to talk about future
scholarships.
- You must present the work you coordinated.
5. We also use reflexive pronouns idiomatically in English together with the
preposition by, to give the meaning of alone or without help (The postcode
is usually written on a line by itself). Substitute the preposition by and the
required reflexive pronoun as in the model.
The postcode is usually written on a line alone.
The postcode is usually written on a line by itself.
-
He applied for the scholarship alone.

I dont like to go abroad alone.
She prefers to do her homework in English alone.
They made the long tour of Romania alone.
We must judge things alone.
You should practice more English alone.
You should study alone in the library.
6. Should and ought to have more or less the same meaning in present day
English and can be used interchangeably. Should, however, is more common
than ought. Though both should and ought are used to suggest obligation,
they have a slightly negative force, suggesting that, although one has the
obligation to do a certain thing, one may not do it (The salutations should be
as follows: ), while must is definitely positive in meaning and has almost
the force of a command. Fill in the blanks with must, ought to, or should.
-
All my students spend more time on their English.

Students ask permission before leaving the class.
Students learn as many new English words a day as possible.
Students not make so much noise in the class.
Students not smoke in the corridors of the Faculty.
Students try to come to class on time.
Students work harder on their majors.
7. Must, ought and should have a past tense form and are frequently used in
the past. This past tense form is obtained by the use of the auxiliary verb
have and the past participle of the main verb. Change the following to past
time form, as in the model.
Students should study more before their examinations.
Students should have studied more before their examinations.
44
He must have more practice in conversation.

She ought to be put in the intermediary English class.
She ought to prepare her work more carefully.
They must pay more attention to grammar rules.
We should go with them to the library.
You should speak to them in English.
You should write your exercises in pencil.
8. Complete the following in your own words, using the past form of should.
- Ann spoke to the visitors from America in French, but she
- Ben went to the movie last night, but he
- He gave the report to the assistant, but he
- I gave Helen the dictionary, but I
- She invested all her pocket money in textbooks, but she
- They took a business course in college, but they
- We left our English papers on the teachers desk, but we
1. Read the Business Letter below and then answer the questions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
-
136 Leveret's Alley

Rochester, New York 14603
April 17,19-Children's program
American Friends Service Committee
160 North 15th Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104
Gentlemen:
In the November issue of Scouting there was an article
stating that you publish a pamphlet describing project kits for
groups of American boys and girls who wish to help people in
Europe and Asia. My seventh-grade class is interested in
undertaking a project. We would appreciate a copy of the
pamphlet.
Very truly yours,
Robert Jones
Robert Jones
Is this letter brief or long?

How many parts does it have? (Name them as in the model: Lines 1-3 Heading)
Which letter part of the friendly letter is not included here? What
information does it give?
45
Does this type of letter have block or indented form?

How do the salutation and closing differ from the ones in a friendly letter?
What mark of punctuation is used after the salutation of a business letter?
Why is the signature of a business letter both typed and handwritten?
2. What is wrong about the excerpt from a poorly written Letter of Request
below?
Dear Government Printing Office, Please send me one of those booklets
you mentioned on the radio or TV a few days ago.
3. Write an imaginary letter, requesting for you the Catalogue of the North
American Book Company, 95 Washington Boulevard, Fair Meadows,
Connecticut.
46
UNITATEA DE NVARE 10
STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (III)

Rezumat
The body of the letter may be indented or block (with a line space
between paragraphs).
Complimentary closes, put on the left in blocked letters and in the
centre in indented letters, are as follows:
- If the letter begins with Dear Sir(s,), Dear Sirs(,), Dear
Madam(,) or Dear Sir or Madam(,), it will close with Yours
faithfully(,);
- If the letter begins with a personal name, it will close with Yours
sincerely(,);
- Americans tend to close even formal letters with Yours truly or
Truly yours.
Signatures. The name (given name + surname + title) should be
typed after the hand-written signature and the position in the firm
after the typed signature.
The printed letterhead gives a great deal of information about:
- The type of company: X Ltd. (limited liability) (in the UK) / PLC
(Public Limited Company) (in the UK) / Inc. (Incorporated) (in
the USA); X & Co (for a partnership between two or more
people); X & Son(s) l Bros (Brothers) l Daughter(s) (for a family
concern); X (for a single person doing business in his own
name and on his/her own account).
- The board of Directors: the name of the Chairman (in the UK)
or of the President (in the USA), the names of the Directors, the
name of the Managing Director (in the UK) or of the Chief
Executive (in the USA);
- The addresses: of the office from which the letter is being sent,
of the head / registered office, of the branch, of other offices,
phone number, telex number, etc. (After A. Ashley, A
Handbook of Commercial Correspondence)

board = consiliu
branch = secie, sucursal
47
chairman = preedinte
chief executive = director general
family concern = afacere de familie, afacere n familie
formal = academic(), convenional()
given name = nume de botez, prenume
hand-written signature = semntur de mn
head / registered office = biroul central, biroul de la sediul companiei
in his / her own name = n nume propriu, n numele su
incorporated = format sau constituit ca o corporaie
indented = indentat()
it will close = se ncheie / sfrete / termin
limited liability = rspundere limitat
line space = spaiu de o linie, spaiu de un rnd
managing director = director general
on his / her account = pe contul su
on the left = n partea stng, n stnga
partnership = asociaie, parteneriat, participaie
people = oameni
surname = nume de familie
type (v.) = a dactilografia

-
How may the body of a letter be?

Where can be complimentary closes put?
How are complimentary closes like?
What should a signature include?
Where should be typed the signature?
Where should be typed the position in the firm?
What kind of information does a printed letterhead give?
How many types of companies are there?
What is a board of directors?
What is a 'chairman'?
What is a head office?
What is a branch?
2. Match the following compounds of letter with their definitions.
1. letter of advice
2. letter of comfort
a. an instrument issued by a court or public

official authorising an administrator to
take control of and dispose of the estate
of a deceased person
b. an order issued by a banker allowing a
person named to draw money to a
specified amount from correspondents of
48
the issuer; an instrument issued by a

banker authorising a person named to
make drafts upon the issuer up to an
amount specified
3. letter of credit
c. comfort letter
d. credentials issued to a diplomat or other
governmental representative for
4. letter of marque
presentation to the country to which he or
she is sent
e. license or commission granted by a state
5.
letters
of
to a private citizen to capture and
confiscate the merchant ships of another
administration
nation
f. notification from a consignor to a
consignee giving specific information as
to a shipment, the name of the carrier, the
6. letters of credence
date shipped, etc.; a document from the
drawer notifying the drawee that a bill of
exchange has been drawn
3. True or false?
True False
1. The body of the letter may be indented or block.
2. Complimentary closes are put on the right in blocked
letters and in the centre in indented letters.
3. If the letter begins with Dear Sir(s), it will close with
Yours faithfully(,).
4. If the letter begins with a personal name, it will close
with Yours sincerely(,).
5. Americans tend to close even informal letters with
Yours truly or Truly yours.
6. The printed letterhead gives little information.
4. The modal verb may has two different and important uses in English: to
show permission (The body of the letter may be indented or block) and to
indicate doubt or possible future action. Supply may to indicate the latter use,
as in the model.
It is possible that the professor return later.
The professor may return later.
-
It is possible Ben will attend the lecture tonight.

It is possible that Mary will help us with the report.
It is possible that we will be late for the English class again.
Perhaps Dr. Smith will demonstrate his theory.
Perhaps he will not want to join us in translating the article.
Perhaps they will postpone their exam in English.
Possibly John will offer to help us with our translation.
49
Possibly the examination will be an easier one this time.

Possibly they will go to England for the exam.
5. May has a special past (perfect) tense, obtained by use of the auxiliary
verb have and the past participle of the main verb (They may have
completed their report). This form is used to indicate mere possibility. Supply
the past (perfect) form of may in the sentences below.
-
He (take) the textbook by mistake.

I (leave) my paper at home or I (lose) them on my way to office. Im not
sure.
I dont know where the professor is. She (go) to the library.
It (be) the Dean or it (be) the Rector who told them about the prolonged
holidays.
John (be) a model student at one time, but I doubt it.
She thinks that the schoolbag (steal) by one of her colleagues.
The exam (change) their holiday plans.
They (translate) the paper by the time you needed the dictionary.
They (write) the exercise while you were out smoking.
6. Group the following as in the model. Use a dictionary.

Supersurvive
Subsurrogate
surname surrebuttal surreptitious surcease surcharge surcingle

surfelt surmount surpass
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
3620 Picayune Avenue

Baltimore, Maryland 21233
May13, 19-Holiday Hobby and Supply Co.
37 Crenshaw Boulevard
Chicago, Illinois 60607
Dear Sirs:
Please ship to me in the best way the following items advertised in
your spring catalogue:
No. 432 1 Gang-way bicycle horn (blue) $2.89
No. 437 2 Lookee handlebar streamers
(2 for 39 )
.39
50
16
No. 303 1 spoke wrench
.45
No. 214 1 kick stand (14")
1.32
17
$5.05
18
19
20 I enclose a money order for $5.05. I'd appreciate prompt delivery.
21
22
Very truly yours,
Ronald Youngblood
23
Ronald Youngblood
24
-
What are the sequences starting with 'No...' on lines 13-14 and 16-17?
What seem to indicate the figures 1 and 2 on the same lines?
What seem to indicate the word sequences on lines 13-17?
What seem to indicate the figures on lines 13 and 15-18?
What kind of information is given on line 20?
2. What is wrong about the excerpt from a poorly written Order Letter below?
My dog has fleas for over two weeks now. Therefore, please rush me two
cans of D-Flea-Dog. My dad will pay when he gets his next pay envelope.
3. Write an imaginary letter, ordering for you the Students Dictionary, 4th
edition, at $3.95, from the North American Book Company, 95 Washington
Boulevard, Fair Meadows, Connecticut.
51
STRUCTURE AND PRESENTATION OF LETTERS (IV)

Rezumat
References, quoted to indicate what the letter refers to (Your Ref.) and
the correspondence to refer to when replying (Our Ref.), may either
appear in figures (661/17, that is letter 661 from department 17) or in
letters (AB/XY, that is AB, the writer, and XY, his secretary).
Per pro (p.p.) is sometimes used when signing letters on behalf of
his/her boss, and means for and on behalf of.
The company position should be indicated when signing on behalf of a
company.
If there are any enclosures (e.g., leaflets, prospectuses, etc.) with the
letter, one should mention (list) them in the body of the letter, or simply
write Enc(l). at the bottom of the letter.
Private and confidential, Confidential', or Strictly confidential' may be
written on the envelope or at the head of the letter in case it is intended
only for the eyes of the named receiver.
Subject titles are not compulsory, but they may provide a further
reference, save introducing the subject in the first paragraph,
immediately draw attention to the topic of the letter, and allow the writer
to refer to it throughout the letter.
When copies are sent to people other than the named receiver, c.c.
(that is, carbon copies) is written at the end of the letter when you want
him to know it, or b.c.c. (that is, blind carbon copies) on the copies
themselves, when you do not want him to know it. (After A. Ashley, A

allow (v.) = a permite
be intended (v.) = a fi destinat
blind carbon copies = copii la indigo confideniale
bottom = partea de jos
carbon copy = copie la indigo
company position = poziia n cadrul companiei
compulsory = obligatoriu, obligatorie
draw attention to (v.) = a atrage atenia asupra
52
either or = fie fie, ori ori, sau sau

enclosure = anex, coninut, cuprins
leaflet = flutura, foaie volant
on behalf of = din partea, n numele
one should mention = ar trebui menionat()
on the copies themselves = chiar pe copii
prospectus (pl. prospectuses) = raport care descrie un proiect
provide (v.) = a asigura, a furniza, a oferi
quote (v.) = a cita
refer to (v.) = a se referi la
reply (v.) = a rspunde
save (v.) = a scuti de
simply = pur i simplu
throughout = pe tot parcursul
topic = subiect, tem
when signing = atunci cnd se semneaz
writer = autor

-
Why are references quoted?

How may it appear?
Why is 'per pro' sometimes used?
What does 'per pro' mean?
When should the company position be indicated?
What should be done when there are enclosures with the letter?
What may be written in case the letter is intended only for the eyes of
the named receiver?
What may subject titles provide?
What is the use of mentions such as 'c.c.' or 'b.c.c.'?
2. Match the following derivatives and compounds of correspondence with

their definitions.
1. correspondence
2. correspondence course
3. correspondence school
4. correspondency
5. correspondent
6. corresponding
a. a course of instruction provided by a

correspondence school
b. a person who communicates by letters
c. a school operating on a system in which
study materials and tests are mailed to
the students, who in turn mail their work
back to the school for grading
d. communication by exchange of letters; a
letter or letters that pass between
correspondents
e. correspondence
f. dealing with correspondence
53
3. Fill in a, an, or the, where needed.

epistle (from Greek epistellein, to send to), is formal and instructive
letter, often intended for publication. The epistolary form was familiar among
ancient Babylonians, Assyrians, Egyptians, Greeks, and Romans. The
Greek philosophers Aristotle and Epicurus made notable use of it. Twentyone books of New Testament are epistles written by apostles to
members of early church. Since Renaissance epistle, in verse and
prose, has held prominent place in literature. Examples of literary
epistle are Lettres provinciales (1656-57), by French philosopher Blaise
Pascal; Drapier's Letters (1724-25), by Anglo-Irish satirist Jonathan
Swift; and Epistle to Dr. Arbuthnot (1735), in verse, by English poet
Alexander Pope.
4. Can you give examples of epistles in Romanian culture? Who wrote them,
and when?
ln, into
enable
Transitive
engrave
enact enamel enamour encage encamp encapsulate

encarnalise encase enchain enchant encipher encircle enclasp
enclose encode encompass encounter encourage endure
engird enkindle enshield
6. After the conjunctions as long / soon as, before, unless, until, when, and
while, when they introduce subordinate clauses, we use the present tense
(c.c. is written at the end of the letter when you want the receiver to know
that copies are sent to people other than him). Supply the proper form of the
verbs in parentheses below.
-
Dont give him this report until I (tell) you so.

I shall apply for the scholarship as long as I (can).
I wont help him with his translation unless he (ask) me to.
Keep an eye on my books while I (get) my ticket.
Lets put the textbooks aside before the professor (enter) the classroom.
Please, call me as soon as you (complete) the report.
When copies (be sent) to people other than the named receiver, c.c. is
written at the end of the letter.
7. Complete the following in your own words.

- Call me as soon as you
- Hell wait there until his mother
- I wont go there unless you
- Ill stay as long as he
- Ill tell you when you
- Lets complete the papers before Mary
- Sit here while I
54
8. We use when + a present participle to replace a simple present tense.

Rephrase the following as in the model.
p.p. is sometimes used when signing letters on behalf of ones boss.
p.p. is sometimes used when you sign letters on behalf of ones boss.
-
Any young person should be serious when talking of his or her future
career.
I wonder why I am so sad when trying to recall my childhood.
One should be happy when thinking of how lucky he or she is.
References are quoted to indicate what the letter refers to and the
correspondence to refer to when replying.
The company position should be indicated when signing on behalf of a
company.
When eating fish, white wine should be drunk.
When using chopsticks, one should take care not to drop them in the
food.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
Brigade 51,
DK1260,
Copenhagen K,
DENMARK
6th May19-Soundsonic Ltd.,
Warwick House,
Warwick Street,
Forest Hill,
London SE23 IJF
UNITED KINGDOM
For the attention of the Sales Manager
Dear Sir or Madam,
Please would you send me details of your quadraphonic
sound system that were advertised in the April edition of
Sound Monthly?
I am particularly interested in the Omega range of
equipment that you specialize in.
Yours faithfully,
B. Kaiser
B. Kaiser
55
What are lines 1-4 about?

What is line 6 about?
What are lines 15 and 17 about?
What are lines 26 and 28 about?
2. Write a similar business letter to the manager of a publishing house asking

him/her to send you the price catalogue for their last issues.
56
CONTENT AND STYLE OF LETTERS (I)

Rezumat
In commercial correspondence, it is very important to observe the
features of a letter.
Though the length of a letter depends on how much information one wants
to give, the right length includes the right amount of information.
The letter should also make all the necessary points in a logical sequence
(in which each idea or piece of information links up with the previous
one in a pattern that can be followed).
Getting the right amount of information in your letter, and in the right order
is possible by planning the letter in advance, that is by making sure
that all the necessary information has been included, that any
unnecessary information hasn't been included, and that the information
has been put in the right order:
- The first paragraph (that sets the tone of the letter and gives the reader
his first impression of the sender and his/her company) should contain the
thanks for the correspondents letter (if any), the introduction of the author
and/or of the company, the subject of the letter, and the purpose of the
letter;
- The middle paragraph (the most important one) should concern the points
that need to be made, answers to give, or questions to ask clearly, fully
and in a logical sequence;
- The final paragraph should encourage further correspondence and
restate, very briefly, one or two of the most important of the points made
in the middle paragraph of the letter. (After A. Ashley, A Handbook of
Commercial Correspondence)

amount = quantity
ask a question (v.) = a pune o ntrebare
briefly = pe scurt
concern (v.) = a face referire la, a privi
encourage (v.) = a ncuraja
feature = caracteristic, trstur
follow (v.) = a respecta, a urma
fully = complet, n ntregime
give an answer (v.) = a da un rspuns, a rspunde
57
in advance =din timp, dinainte

information (pl.) = informaii
length = lungime
link up with (v.) = a uni cu
make sure (v.) = a se asigura
make the point (v.) = a sublinia
middle paragraph = paragraful din mijloc, paragraful mijlociu
observe (v.) = a se conforma, a respecta
pattern = model
piece of information (sg.) = informaie
previous = anterior, anterioar
purpose = scop, el
restate (v.) = a reafirma, a reformula, a repeta
right = corect(), corespunztor, -oare
sequence = niruire
set (v.) = a stabili
thanks = mulumiri
though = dei

- What is it very important to do in commercial correspondence?
- What does the length of a letter depend on?
- How should a letter make all the necessary points?
- What does planning the letter consist of?
- What should the first paragraph contain?
- What should the middle paragraph concern?
- What should the final paragraph encourage?
- What should it restate?
a. a book containing rules of usage in typography,
punctuation, etc., employed by printers, editors, and
1. style
writers; a book featuring styles, fashions, or the rules
of style
b. a listing of the rules of usage in style employed by a
2. stylebook
publishing house or in a publishing project
3. style
c. a particular kind, sort, or type as with reference to
form, appearance, or character
sheet
d. a writer or speaker who is skilled in or who cultivates
4. stylish
a literary style
e. characterised by or conforming to style or the
5. stylist
fashionable standard
6. stylistic
f. of or pertaining to style
g. the study and description of the choices of linguistic
expression that are characteristic of a group or an
7. stylistics
individual in specific communicative settings,
especially in literary works
58
3. True or false?
True False
1. In commercial correspondence, it is less important to
observe the features of a letter, even to notice them
well.
2. Though the length of a letter depends on how much
information one wants to give, the right length includes
the right amount of information.
3. The letter should also make all the necessary points in
a logical sequence.
4. Getting the right amount of information in your letter,
and in the right order is possible by writing the letter in
advance.
5. The first paragraph should contain the thanks for the
correspondents letter, the introduction of the author
and/or of the company, the subject of the letter, and
the purpose of the letter.
6. The middle paragraph should concern the points that
need to be made, answers to give, or questions to ask.
7. The final paragraph should encourage further
correspondence.
4. Fill in with the proper nouns from below.
banks credit letters payment service trade
Another important business performed by banks is a credit enhancement.
Commercial back up the performance of businesses by promising to pay
the debts of the business if the business itself cannot pay. This service
substitutes the of the bank for the credit of the business. This is valuable,
for example, in international where the exporting firm is unfamiliar with the
importing firm in another country and is, therefore, reluctant to ship goods
without knowing for certain that the importer will pay for them. By substituting
the credit of a foreign bank known to the exporters bank, the exporter knows
will be made and will ship the goods. Credit enhancements are frequently
called standby of credit or commercial letters of credit.
5. Give customary abbreviations for the days of the week.
Day
Abbreviation
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Thursday
Friday
Saturday
Sunday
6. Give customary abbreviations for the months of the year.
Month
Abbreviation
Month
Abbreviation
January
July
February
August
59
March
April
May
June
September
October
November
December
7. Make sentences of your own with the conjunctions below. Use only the
present simple in subordinates introduced by these conjunctions.
after as before now that since till until when whenever
while
1. Order two of the items described in the following advertisement. State your
choice of type and your first and second colour choice. In writing your letter,
bear in mind the following.
- Write your letter neatly, polite, and clearly.
- Include your address, city and country, Zip Code, and the date in the
learning.
- Include the inside address. Make sure it is identical with the address on
the envelope.
- Use block form.
- Use a colon after the salutation.
- Give all the needed information, as, for example, prices, sizes, dates, and
quantities.
- Avoid giving unnecessary information.
- Close in the standard way.
ON SALE *$1.99 *$1.99 *$1.99 *$1.99
Men's Short-Sleeve Sport Shirts
*Comparable values are $2.95, $3.95, $4.05
Here are the types available:
c. Yorbel triacetate and cotton, regular collar, small plaid in blue,
tan, grey, or gold.
b. Cotton hopsacking, regular collar, stripes in blue, tan, or green.
c. Wash-and-wear cotton, regular cotton, stripes in blue, tan, grey,
or green.
d. Cotton chambray, regular collar, solids of blue, tan, or grey,
with contrast trims on pocket and collar.
Sizes: small medium large
HOLLIDAY'S 1303 Front Street, Merchantville, New Jersey
2. Make up similar advertisements for the following items:
- childrens pants;
- mens shirts;
- womens under-ware.
60
CONTENT AND STYLE OF LETTERS (II)

Rezumat
The style of a letter should be:

- Simple (an old-fashioned, pompous style of English could
complicate the message and give the reader the feeling that
he/she does not understand the language he/she is reading);
- Courteous (complex sentences rather than short ones, passive
rather than active, full forms rather than abbreviated ones);
- Neutral from the point of view of the tone (inappropriate
vocabulary, idioms, phrasal verbs, and short forms could give
the letter a wrong tone);
The following could give a letter the clarity it needs in order to
have the expected impact:
- Abbreviations, that can be useful because they are quick to
write and easy to read (c.i.f., for cost, insurance, and freight',
CBI, for Confederation of British Industry), provided both parties
know what they stand for;
- Figures, which should be used only if they do not create
problems (as in the case of dates, of numerical expressions the decimal point in British and US usage, or of the words
billion and trillion).
Accuracy in a letter is both a matter of spelling, punctuation, and
grammar, and a matter of titles, names, addresses, references,
enclosures (see above), and specifications (amounts, contents,
ingredients, measurements, prices, quotas, ratios, size, time,
weights, etc.). (After A. Ashley, A Handbook of Commercial
Correspondence).

abbreviated = prescurtat()
be easy to read (v.) = a se citi uor
be quick to write (v.) = a se scrie repede
billion = un million de milioane (Marea Britanie), o mie de milioane
(S.U.A.)
courteous = bine crescut(), curtenitor (-oare), educat(), manierat(),
politicos (-oas)
61
freight = fraht, navlu, scrisoare de trsur

give the feeling (v.) = a da senzaia, a lsa impresia
idiom = expresie idiomatic
inappropriate = neadecvat(), necorespunztor (-oare)
insurance = asigurare
need (v.) = a avea nevoie
old-fashioned = demodat(), nvechit()
phrasal verb = expresie verbal idiomatic
pompous = pompos, -oas
provided = cu condiia s, numai dac
rather than = mai degrab dect
spelling = ortografie
stand for (v.) = a reprezenta
trillion = 1 urmat de 18 zerouri (Marea Britanie), 1 urmat de 12
zerouri(S.U.A.)
useful = util()
weight = greutate
wrong = greit()

- How should the style of a letter be?
- What would be the effect of an old-fashioned, pompous style of English?
- Why does a courteous style suppose complex, passive sentences, and
full forms?
- What could give the letter a wrong tone?
- What gives the letter the clarity it needs?
- Why can abbreviations be useful? On what conditions?
- When should figures be used?
- What is accuracy in a letter a matter of?
a. a word, typically a noun, verb, adjective, or
adverb, that carries semantic content, bearing
1. content
reference to the world independently of its use
within a particular sentence
b. analysis to determine the meaning, purpose, or
effect of any type of communication, as literature,
2. content
newspapers, or broadcasts, by studying and
analysis
evaluating the details, innuendoes, and
implications of the content, recurrent themes, etc.
c. something that is to be expressed through some
3. content word
medium, as speech, writing, or any of various arts
3. Make sentences with the synonyms of the following words.
courteous old-fashioned provided
4. Make sentences with the antonyms of the following words.
62
courteous inappropriate old-fashioned pompous

5. Fill in with the proper verbs from below.
became embodies fell issued secured was
In 1713, Swift appointed dean of Saint Patrick's Cathedral in Dublin. The
following year the Tory administration , and Swift's political power
ended. In 1724 and 1725 he anonymously his Drapier's Letters, a series
of highly effective pamphlets that the end of the royal patent granted to an
Englishman coining copper halfpence in Ireland. Swift trying to protect the
Irish people from a further debasement of their currency. For his
championship of their cause in these essays and in A Modest Proposal
(1729), Swift a hero of the Irish people. A Modest Proposal the
mordantly ironic suggestion that the children of the Irish poor be sold as food
to the wealthy, thus turning an economic burden to general profit.
6. Answer the following about the text above.
- Who was Jonathan Swift?
- What does Tory administration mean?
- Why did he write his Drapiers Letters anonymously?
7. Which of the following abbreviations commonly used in letter-writing is
related to time? Give reasons.
Abbreviation
a.m.
Curt.
Dr.
D.V.
Esq.
Inst.
I.O.U.
Ltd.
Messrs.
Mr.
Mrs.
N.B.
N.B.
O.H.M.S.
p.c.
per cent
p.m.
P.O.
prox.
P.S.
P.T.O.
R.S.V.P.
Ult.
W.P.
Word in Full
ante meridiem
current
Doctor
Deo volente
Esquire
Instant
Limited
messieurs
Mister
Mistress
North Britain
Nota bene
On Her Majestys Service
post card
per centum
post meridiem
postal order
proximo
Post scriptum
Please turn over
Repondez sil vous plait
ultimo
weather permitting
63
Meaning
before noon
this month
God willing
this month
I owe you
gentlemen
note well
in each hundred
after noon
next month
written after
Reply if you please
last month
8. Fill in with after, as, before, now that, since, till, until, when, whenever, and
while.
- there is life there is hope, says the proverb.
- I have come to this University I have met lots of people.
- I was visiting Adana (Turkey) I fell and broke my leg.
- it is possible we shall make the translation.
- that we have finished the exercises, we can complete the papers.
- the professor closed the door, the assistant switched off the light.
- I cannot say definitely I hear from the professor.
- The guide lit a bonfire he gathered all the tourists.
- The students were going to University we saw them.
- We will wait here the bell rings.
Read the Friendly Letter below and then answer the questions.
61 Maple Street
Trenton, New Jersey 08608
February 13, 19Dear Dick
What a pal! With all you have to do at college you still wrote to
me.
Your new job as a waiter sounds like a lot of work and fun too.
Your story of how you knocked the peas and catsup over the
hamburgers and how your customers insisted on eating them that way
made us laugh. Betty and I combined these ingredients for lunch. We
called them 'Green Hamburgers a la Dick. Tell us more about what you
do at college. It really brightens our days.
Your issues of Science Magazine are still being delivered here. I
read them first before sending them on to you hoping that it will help my
marks in science.
Terry had her puppies - eight of them. I am enclosing a snapshot.
Did you know that she still sleeps in your room?
You are probably taking your exams right now. Good luck! Let us
know the results.
Best regards
George
-
How does George begin his letter?

Does he show how much he appreciated Dick's letter?
How does he show that he has read Dick's letter?
How does he show that he is interested in Dick?
Which paragraphs contain information that Dick will be glad to have?
Which paragraphs sound like conversation?
Does he include any touches of humour?
What do you think of the appearance of the letter? (Pay attention to
the sender's address. to the date, to the receiver's name, and to the
salutation)
64
TYPES OF LETTERS (I)

Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint principalele tipuri de scrisori comerciale.
Administrative letters, circular letters, collection letters, covering
letters, letters confirming acceptance, letters of complaint, letters of
condolence, letters of congratulations, letters of credit, letters of enquiry,
letters of thanks, letters offering position these are but a few of the great
diversity of letters people use in business nowadays. We shall only have a
closer look at some of these types of letters in the following paragraphs, as
the career of manager will surely make you acquainted with most of the other
types.
A letter of enquiry is defined as letter inquiring or seeking
information by questioning. As most business transactions develop out of an
initial enquiry from a potential customer (who has received a companys
catalogue, read an advertisement in a newspaper or magazine, or found out
about a particular company from another satisfied customer), letters of
enquiry should be handled with great care: each of them could be the
starting-point for a long and mutually beneficial trading relationship.
A collection letter is a letter compelling payment of something. Most
transactions between business firms are for credit, a normal business
practice that in general gives the purchasers time to sell the goods before
they have to pay for them. Some businesses are slow paying their accounts
because:
they may have genuinely forgotten that payment was due,
they may need a few more days or weeks before they are in
position to pay,
they may deliberately delay payment on the grounds that they
prefer to have the use of the money for as long as possible,
they may deliberately make heir suppliers wait for payment,
they may be in serious financial difficulties
and they have to be chased. No matter the reason of the delay, when
writing letters reminding customers of outstanding debts, it is always wise to
keep in mind that without customers there is no business. Therefore they
should be treated as if nothing irreparable had happened. (After A. Ashley, A
65

acceptance = accept
advertisement = reclam
be due (v.) = a trebui fcut()
be in a position to (v.) = a fi n stare, a putea
be slow (v.) = a fi ncet (nceat) / lent()
be wise (v.) = a fi nelept
care = grij
chase (v.) = a alerga dup
compel (v.) = a constrnge, a fora, a oblige, a sili
complaint = plngere
condolence = condolean, simpatie
covering letter = scrisoare de nsoire
delay (v.) = a amna
enquiry (also inquiry) = anchet, cercetare, investigaie
genuinely = cu sinceritate
handle (v.) = a avea de a face cu, a rspunde de, a mnui
have a closer look (v.) = a privi mai de aproape
mutually = mutual, reciproc
on the grounds that = pe considerentul c
outstanding = izbitor (-oare), remarcabil()
purchaser = cumprtor
seek (v.) = a cuta
starting point = punct de plecare
supplier = furnizor

-
Can you give the Romanian equivalents for the types of letters mentioned
in the text?
What is a letter of enquiry?
What do most business transactions develop out of?
How should letters of enquiry be handled? Why?
What is a letter of collection?
Why are some businessmen or businesswomen slow paying their
accounts?
Why do they have to be chased?
What should a businessman or a businesswoman always have in mind?
2. Match the following compounds of credit with their definitions.

1. credit bureau
2. credit card
a. a card that identifies a person as entitled to

have food, merchandise, services, etc., billed
on a charge account
b. a firm that investigates the credit worthiness of
and assigns a credit rating to a clients
customers or potential customers
66
3. credit hour
4. credit line
5. credit manager
6. credit memorandum
c. a memorandum issued to an account allowing

a credit or reducing a debit, especially one
posted to a customers account; credit memo,
credit slip
d. a person employed in a business firm to
administer credit service to its customers,
especially to evaluate the extension and
amount of credit to be granted; an employee
who supervises the credit department in a
bank or other business organisation
e. one unit of academic credit, usually
representing attendance at one scheduled
period of instruction per week throughout a
semester, quarter, or term
f. the maximum amount of credit that a customer
of a store, bank, etc. is authorised to use;
credit limit, line of credit
3. True or false?
True False
1. There is a great diversity of letters people use in
business nowadays.
2. A letter of enquiry is defined as a letter inquiring or
seeking informations by questioning.
3. A letter of enquiry can be the starting-point for a short
and mutually beneficial trading relationship.
4. A collection letter is a letter compelling payment of
something.
5. All businesses are slow paying their accounts.
6. Businessmen sometimes forget that payment is
due.
7. Businessmen may purposely make their suppliers
wait for payment.
4. Fill in with the proper prepositions from below.
after at from in of on to
George Tyrrell (1861-1909) was an Irish-born English theologian. He was an
important advocate Modernism, the movement in the Roman Catholic
church that sought to reconcile traditional Roman Catholic teaching with
modern discoveries science, philosophy, and criticism. Born in Dublin,
Tyrrell converted from Anglicanism Roman Catholicism in 1879 and a year
later entered a Jesuit seminary. After his ordination to the priesthood in 1891,
he began teaching the Jesuits' Stonyhurst College. In 1897, already
sympathetic to the Modernist cause, Tyrrell discovered the writings such
continental Modernists as Maurice Blondel and Alfred Loisy. He drew yet
further from Roman Catholic orthodoxy with an article hell entitled A
Perverted Devotion (1899). He also wrote pseudonymously, criticizing the
67
religious authority the day. One such piece, Letter to a University

Professor, led to his dismissal the Jesuit order in 1906. In it he attacked
dead theology while promoting living, dynamic faith. Tyrrell was denied the
sacraments publicly criticizing Pope Pius X's encyclical Pascendi Dominici
Gregis (1907), which condemned Modernism. Despite censure, he remained
a Roman Catholic.
5. Fill in with as, as as , as if, as though, so as , and than.
- Customers should be treated ... nothing irreparable had happened.
- He prepared his report he had been asked.
- It rained that winter it had been spring.
- She speaks she knew all about the subject.
- The bird lay it were dead.
- The cabin is vacant far we know.
- The professor is older I am.
- This student does not speak English well that one.
6. Group the following as in the model.
No
unable
Reversal, removal, deprivation, release

unbar
unbaked unbelt uncap unceremonious undeceive undecided

uneasy unfair unfasten ungrateful unhappy unidentified unionise
unjust unkind unlace unmake unmannered unnatural
unorganised unpack unpaged unquote unroll unsaddle
Read the Business Letter below and answer the questions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
SOUNDSONIC Ltd.
Warwick House Warwick Street, Forest Hill, London SE23 IJF
Chairman John Franks O.S.E.
Directors S.B. Allen, N. Ingot, R. Lichens BA
Telephone (081) 566 1861 Fax (081) 566 1385 Telex 819713
Your ref: 6 May 19-Our ref: DS/MR
Date 11th May 19-Ms. B. Kaiser
Bredgade 51,
DK 1260,
Copenhagen K, DENMARK
Dear Ms Kaiser,
68
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
-
Thank you very much for your inquiry, which we received today.
I am enclosing our catalogue and price-list for the equipment you
said you were interested in. I would like to draw your attention to
pages 31-35 in the catalogue where you will find full details of the
Omega range.
We would welcome any further enquiries you have and look forward
to hearing from you.
Yours sincerely,
Mary Radnor (Ms)
p.p. D. Sampson
Sales Manager
Enc.
Is there any connexion between this letter and the letter on page 93? If
yes, give explanations.
Does this letter give information?
What does it call attention to?
What are lines 1-7 about? Line 9? Lines 11-14? Line 16? Line 18? Lines
20-23? Lines 25-26? Lines 28-32?
Who is the sender?
Who is the receiver?
69
TYPES OF LETTERS (II)

Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint principalele tipuri de scrisori comerciale.
Durata medie de parcurgere a unitii de studiu este de 2 ore
Here are a few 'tips' for writing a proper collection letter:
The first collection letter should be signed by a clerk. The second
one by the Credit Control Manager;
The third collection letter should be signed by the Credit Control
Manager and addressed to the owner of the business himself;
As there are no fixed periods between the stages or limitations to
the number of stages, much depends on the amount outstanding,
on the previous history and credit worthiness of the customer, on
the financial reputation of the customer, on how long the debtor
has been customer, and on any additional evidence which is
available.
A letter of complaint (A.E. letter of adjustment) is 'a letter expressing
discontent'. If correspondence involving enquiries and estimates can be
regarded as routine, letters expressing dissatisfaction need to be considered
in a separate category. The complaint may be about a faulty product or
inadequate service, or connected with an unpaid account. That is why special
thought and care is required when replying to a customer's complaint about
the goods or services a firm has provided, as people tend to be very sensitive
and expect to be treated accordingly.
Though a circular is defined as 'a letter, advertisement, or statement
for general circulation', the distinction between a circular and a letter is
sometimes blurred because the first one these days is often cleverly
contrived to look like personalised letters. One of the aims of a circular is to
let the public know about a product or service on offer to them, which makes
it a form of advertising. The ground rules for circulars are: eye-catching
presentation; persuasiveness, simplicity and straightforwardness of the
message; enclosure of a prepaid envelope. (After A. Ashley, A Handbook of
Commercial Correspondence)

accordingly = n mod corespunztor
aim = scop, el
available = disponibil()
blur (v.) = a confunda
circular = (scrisoare) circular
clerk = funcionar()
70
contrive (v.) = a plnui

debtor = debitor (-oare)
discontent = insatisfacie, nemulumire
evidence = dovad, prob
eye-catching = atrgtor
faulty = defectuos (-oas)
ground rule =regul de baz
inadequate = necorespunztor (-oare)
owner = proprietar
persuasiveness = capacitatea sau intenia de a persuada
prepaid = pre-pltit
proper = corespunztor (-oare)
sensitive = sensibil()
statement = declaraie
straightforwardness = franchee, onestitate, sinceritate
tip = pont
worthiness = merit, valoare
1. Answer the following

-
Who should sign the first collection letter? And the second? The third?
Who should the third collection letter addressed to?
What does the collection depend on?
What is a letter of complaint?
What may the complaint about?
Why is special thought and care required when replying to customers
complaint about the goods or services a firm has provided?
What is a circular?
Why is the distinction between a circular and a letter sometimes blurred?
Which is one of the aims of a circular?
What are the ground rules for circulars?

1. collection
2. collection
agency
3. collection box
4. collection plate
5. collections
a. a box or other container used to collect

offerings of money, especially in a church
b. a dish, as of metal or wood, used for collecting
offerings, as in a church
c. a firm that collects unpaid bills for other firms
and is usually compensated by receiving a
percentage of the amount collected
d. the act of collecting; something that is collected;
a group of objects or an amount of material
accumulated in one location, especially for
some purpose or as a result of some process
e. the various holdings of an art museum
71
organised by category, as painting, sculpture,

works on paper, photography, or film
3. Fill in with the appropriate adjectives from below.
civilian easy long-established national new private revived
rising
Banking and finance in the United States in 1950 were confronted with many
problems, one of which was a inflation. The legislation of the 1930's and
1940's had planted the seeds of inflation in the policies and laws which were
established to promote credit for both banking institutions and
government agencies through Government guarantees, subsidies, and deficit
financing. Investment credit was faced with tax penalties and the consumer
was faced with prices influenced by a Government policy of spend and
support. The 1950 dollar reached a high in cheapness and a low in its
purchasing power. fear for economic and political security, fostered by
Federal policies, forced emergency legislation in 1950 to control the whole
economy, including finance and banking functions. A trend of bank
mergers and consolidations for purposes of survival continued in 1950. Bank
assets attained highs in dollar figures, but earnings still depended upon
investments in Government bonds. Bank stocks remained among those
investments which received the lowest dividend payments.
4. Put the reconstituted text above into Romanian. Use a dictionary.
5. Which of the above problems faced Romania after 1990?
6. We form most adverbs from corresponding adjectives by adding ly
(People tend to be very sensitive and expect to be treated accordingly).
Supply in writing the adverbs corresponding to the adjectives below. Indicate
adjectives suffering changes in the process.
accidental angry anxious attentive bad bitter brave brief
broad careful certain clear clever concise correct cruel
distinct earnest easy eventual faint fatal foolish free greedy
happy immediate impudent insolent joyful jubilant loud plain
quick quiet rueful serious slight slow sudden suitable
vague willing
7. Place the indicated adverb in its proper position in the sentence.
- Alfred has been a very careful student. (usually)
- Does he prepare his lessons? (generally)
- He admitted his failure in the examination. (bitterly)
- He gave a poor answer. (slowly)
- He informed his parents about his school record. (briefly)
- She always prepares her reports. (carefully)
- The Rector announced the name of the Student of the Year. (loudly)
- The student bore his failure in the examination. (cheerfully)
- The two students won their scholarships. (easily)
72
They can boast about their results. (certainly)
8. Speak about your seminars using the verbs with suitable adverbs below,
as in the model.
answer My colleague answered the professors question correctly.
Verbs
answer
charge
decide
explain
listen
mumble
remember
shout
smile
speak
whisper
Adverbs
correctly, immediately, tartly
bravely, desperately, furiously
carefully, eventually, immediately
briefly, clearly, concisely, vaguely
anxiously, attentively, carefully
angrily, inaudibly, indistinctly
clearly, distinctly, faintly, slightly
frantically, joyfully, jubilantly, loudly, suddenly
broadly, happily, ruefully
clearly, distinctly, earnestly, loudly, plainly, slowly
audibly, quietly, softly
1. Read the Letter of Complaint below and then answer the questions.
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
187 Grover Avenue

Winston, North Carolina
November 30, 19-Audio-Visual Helps, Inc.
38 Main Street
Portland, Maine 04101
Dear Sirs:
On November 20 l ordered a Slide-Set of 'Birds of America'
and an accompanying record priced at $3.50, as advertised in
North American Birds Magazine. l received your shipment
yesterday, but l find that the slides are badly scratched. I am
returning the entire shipment today by parcel post.
l should appreciate your sending me another one.
Yours truly,
Vera O'Connor
Vera O'Connor
73
Does this letter give information?

Does it call attention to an error in a bill or to an error in filling an order?
What kind of effect do you think the complaining tone will have on the
reader?
In requesting adjustments, why is it better to assume that the company
will be reasonable?
Is there anything wrong with this letter of adjustment? If yes, what?
2. What is wrong about the excerpts from the two poorly written Letters of
Complaint below?
Dear Sirs:
It came broken and I am returning it. Please refund my money.
Hoping to hear from you,
Joe
You sent me a broken camera lens. Now 1 can't use my camera next week
during my camping trip.
74
OTHER WRITTEN DOCUMENTS

Cuvinte cheie: communication, written documents
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint alte mijloace de comunicare n cadrul
relaiilor externe ale unei ntreprinderi: reclama, memorandumul i raportul.
Defined as 'a public notice, especially in print', the advertisement
aims at making (a section of) the public aware of the availability of a product
or service. Persuading the audience to part with their money is achieved by
means of a mixture of words and images. Though advertisers make their
offerings sound attractive, they are not allowed to overtly mislead the public.
In their attempt to be persuasive, advertisers rely on the fact that every
human being has an ego and is seeking respect from others.
'An informal message, especially one sent between two or more
employees of the same company', the memorandum is used for a variety of
reasons: seeking information or co-operation, giving instructions or advice,
offering ideas and suggestions, notifying, clarifying or explaining events
which have occurred. Informal and brief, it needs to be addressed sufficiently
to enable it to land at the destination. The date and the initials/signature of
the originator are essential.
A report is 'an account or statement describing in detail an event,
situation, or the like'. Mind the following:
Conciseness and precision in title, subject, and date;
Proper headings (the name of the person to whom the report is
addressed, the name and status of the author of the report) and
sub-headings;
Appropriate format there should be :
- an introduction briefly setting out the terms of reference;
- a middle section covering the main contents of the report
information, explanations, ideas or arguments;
- a final section with conclusions and recommendations);
Objectivity and courteousness of the tone;
Appendices (if needed).

account = relatare
advertisement = reclam
aim at (v.) = a avea drept scop, a inti
appendix (pl. appendices) = apendice, material suplimentar
75
attempt = ncercare
availability = disponibilitate
be achieved (v.) = a fi realizat()
by means of = cu ajutorul, prin intermediul
ego = eu, individualitate
employee = angajat(), funcionar()
enable (v.) = a permite
especially = n mod deosebit / special, mai ales
event = eveniment
in the attempt to = n ncercarea de a
land (v.) = a ateriza
make aware of (v.) = a contientiza, a face contient
make something sound (v.) = a face ca ceva s sune
mislead (v.) = a ndruma greit
mixture = amestec
notify (v.) = a ntiina
occur (v.) = a avea loc, a se ntmpla
overtly = n mod manifest / public
part with (v.) = a cheltui, a mpri
persuade (v.) = a persuada
statement = declaraie
though = cu toate c, dei

-
What is an advertisement?
What does it aim at?
How does it persuade the audience to part with their money?
What should advertisers rely in their attempt to be persuasive?
What is a memorandum?
What is it used for?
What is essential for a memorandum?
What is a report?
What are its features?
1. advertise (v.)
2. advertisement
3. advertising
a. a paid announcement, as of goods for sale, in

newspapers or magazines, on radio or
television, etc.; a public notice, especially in
print
b. an agency employed by advertisers to plan,
design, place, and supervise their
advertisements or advertising campaigns
c. one whose profession is writing, designing, or
selling advertisements; adman
76
d. the act or practice of calling public attention to

ones product, service, need, etc., especially by
paid announcements in newspapers and
4. advertising account
magazines, over radio or television, on
billboards, etc.; paid announcements,
advertisements; the profession of planning,
designing, and writing advertisements
e. the business assigned to an advertising agency
5. advertising agency
by a client
f. to announce or praise (a product, service, etc.)
in some public medium of communication in
order to induce people to buy or use it; to give
6. advertising man
information to the public about, to announce
publicly in a newspaper, on radio or television,
etc.
3. True or false?
True False
1. The advertisement aims at making the public unaware
of and uninterested in the availability of a product or
service.
2. The memorandum is used for a variety of reasons.
3. A report is 'an account or statement describing in
detail an athletic event, situation, or the like'.
4. In a report, conciseness and precision in title, subject,
and date are minor details.
5. The introduction should briefly set out the terms of
reference in a report.
6. The tone of a report should be objective and
courteous.
4. Fill in with the appropriate infinitives from below.
make to guarantee to have produced
Private debt and consumer credit attained new highs in 1950, and the
commercial banks held a large share of this credit. Savings and investments
produced a mediocre performance for the year 1950, which was claimed
an all-time high in national income. Venture capital remained practically
nonexistent, while fixed loans and debt increased. Agricultural assets looked
large when reported in their inflated values but agriculture also had large
debts and costs at fixed inflated values. The Federal Government continued
and loans and had become the largest debtor in the world. Government
finance agencies and corporations operated in all phases of the banking
business during 1950, with the U.S. Treasury providing the funds and
upkeep. New laws pertinent to banking and finance were enacted, but they
neither amended already established laws effectively, nor decreased
Government expenditures and deficit financing, nor relieved controls in the
field of finance that would stimulate saving or effectively counteract inflation.
77
5. Identify the root word in the following nouns from the text, if any. Use a
dictionary.
advertisement advertiser appendix argument availability
conciseness conclusion co-operation courteousness destination
employee explanation format heading information instruction
mixture objectivity offering originator precision recommendation
reference signature situation statement suggestion
6. Group the nouns above as in the model, if possible.

noun
Word root
adjective
verb
advertisement
7. Form nouns from the following nouns, adjectives, and verbs.

able absent accurate advertise allow angry applaud approve
assist attend begin compare conclude create credit decide
defend describe develop encourage expect explain inform know
listen persuade punctual repeat speak tell think
8. Make sentences of your own with the nouns obtained under 7.
1. Read the following Memorandum then answer the questions.
Date
1.8.01
From
Ben Randolph, FARM MANAGER
To
Cedric Drysdale, PRODUCTION CONTROLLER
RE:
Accident on production line
l have been informed that there was an accident at the farm last night
involving a worker and one of our machines.
The man in question was taken to hospital, although l understand that he
was not seriously hurt.
However, the machine was damaged and, as a result, the milking had to be
stopped for two hours with a corresponding loss of production.
l have been assured that proper health and safety procedures were
followed, but l am, of course, investigating the accident to see if any
lessons can be learnt.
-
Is there any introduction section? If yes, what does it contain?

What is the 2nd paragraph about?
78
What parts of the report can be discerned in paragraph 3?

Could you assimilate paragraph 4 with a recommendations section?
Why does the memorandum not correspond to a typical report?
2. Rewrite the report above changing the passive constructions into active
ones, as in the model.
/ have been informed that The supervisor informed me that
3. Write a report about one of the following.
- AII the electric bulbs in the lavatory have disappeared. You were among
the few students in the dormitory last night.
- The mouse you used yesterday in the computer lab disappeared. You
didn't hand it to the assistant-lecturer.
- You have borrowed an expensive book from the University Library. You
have left it on the trolley-bus.
79
BASIC RULES OF GRAMMAR (I)

Cuvinte cheie: rules of grammar, parts of speech
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint principalele pri de vorbire utilizate n
comunicarea instituional.
The following parts of speech are considered as essential to any
'actual communication in business: nouns, verbs, pronouns, adjectives,
adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions. Some of these parts of speech
belong to business areas as well. The corpus of words and phrases
belonging to business English is made almost exclusively of nouns (capital),
adjectives (authoritarian), noun phrases (balance sheet, acid-test ratio), as it
is constituted from key words specific to the fields mentioned above.
A noun is 'a word distinguished chiefly by having plural and
possessive endings, by functioning as subject or object in a
conversation, and by designating persons, places, things, states,
or qualities'. There are five different types of nouns common,
proper, abstract, concrete, and collective:
- A common noun denotes an entity and not an individual:
(certified / public / private / public) accountant, agent,
beneficiary, (stock) broker, carrier, consumer, entrepreneur,
(account) executive, franchisee, etc.
- In most cases, the sum of the two (or three) meanings does not
give the total meaning: if an administrative manager, a financial
manager, a human resources manager, a marketing manager,
and an operations manager distinguish from each other from
the point of view of their expertise, a lower-level manager, a
middle manager, and a top manager occupy different positions
in the firm's hierarchy.
- A proper noun refers to only one person or thing, and is usually
capitalised. AII the proper nouns in business English design
American or international organisms and/or business-related
realities: Active Corps of Executives, Environmental Protection
Agency, Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, etc.
(After Joseph Chilver, English for Business: A Functional
Approach)
80

accountant = contabil()
actual = real()
almost exclusively = aproape n exclusivitate, aproape numai
any = oricare
balance sheet = balan
capitalised = scris() cu iniial majuscul
carrier = transportator
chiefly = n esen, n principal
designate (v.) = a desemna, a indica
ending = terminaie
expertise = cunotine de specialitate, experien, ndemnare
field = domeniu
following = urmtor (-oare)
franchisee = francizat, persoan creia i s-a acordat o franciz
lower-level manager = managerde importan mic
middle manager = manager de importan medie
object = complement
part of speech = parte de vorbire
proper = propriu (-ie)
ratio = raport
state = stare
(stock) broker = brocher
top manager = manager de vrf

-
What parts of speech are considered to be essential to any

communication in business?
What is the corpus of words and phrases belonging to business English at
the end of the book made of?
What is a noun?
How many types of nouns are there?
What does a common noun denote?
What are the different noun phrases distinguished by?
What does a proper noun refer to?
How is it usually written?
What do the proper nouns in our list design?
Why?
1. noun
a. a construction that functions syntactically as a noun,

consisting of a noun and any modifiers (All the men in
the room who are reading books) or of a noun
substitute, as a pronoun
81
2. noun adjunct
3. noun clause
4. noun phrase
5. noun(al)
6. nounally
b. a noun that occurs before and modifies another noun

(as toy in toy store)
c. a subordinate clause that functions as a noun within a
main clause
d. any member of a class of words that are formally
distinguished in many languages, as in English,
typically by the plural and possessive endings and
that can function as the main or only elements of
subjects or objects; nouns are often thought of as
referring to persons, places, things, states,
phenomena, or qualities
e. in a nounal way
f. of or resembling a noun
3. Match the following similes showing distinctive qualities of creatures that

can be applied to humans.
Distinctive quality
1. as busy
2. as calm
3. as cunning
4. as fierce
5. as industrious
6. as loyal
7. as obstinate
8. as slippery
9. as tenacious
10. as wise
Creature
a. as a beaver
b. as a bee
c. as a bulldog
d. as a cat
e. as a fox
f. as a lion
g. as a mule
h. as an apostle
i. as an eel
j. as an owl / Solomon
4. Re-read the similes reconstructed above, and then answer the following.
- Which of the similes above can be applied to businessmen?
- In what circumstances?
- Can you give the Romanian equivalent for the similes?
- What can you notice in the passage from English into Romanian?
- Can you give other examples of similes of this kind in Romanian?
5. Match the following similes showing special qualities of things that can be
applied to humans.
Special quality
1. as clear
2. as cold
3. as good
4. as regular
5. as safe
6. as sharp
7. as silent
8. as steady
9. as stiff
Thing
a. as a needle
b. as a poker
c. as a rock
d. as crystal
e. as gold
f. as ice
g. as the bank
h. as the clock
i. as the grave
82
6. Re-read the similes reconstructed above, and then answer the following.
-
Which of the similes above can be applied to businessmen? When?

Can you give the Romanian equivalent for the similes?
What can you notice in the passage from English into Romanian?
Can you give other examples of similes of this kind in Romanian?
7. Match the following best things in life with the proper trade. Give reasons.
Trade
1. artist
2. athlete
3. doctor
4. engineer
5. farmer
6. merchant
7. policeman
8. soldier
9. statesman
10. student
The best thing in life

a. abundance
b. beauty
c. commerce
d. fame
e. healing
f. honour
g. knowledge
h. order
i. power
j. sport
8. Group the following as in the model.

Between
In
entr'acte entrails entremets entre nous entre(-)pot entresot
1. Fill in the proper common nouns from below.
beans breads foods health nation sausage supermarket
Let me try and clarify some of this for you. Best Company ... are not
interested in selling wholesome They are not worried about the ...' health.
What is concerning them is that the nation appears to be getting worried
about its And that is what's worrying Best Co. Because Best Co. wants to
go on selling them what it always has, i.e. the white , bakes , canned
foods and that suppurating, fat-squirting little heart attack traditionally known
as the British So, how can we help them with that?
2. Match the proper names below with their portraits.
Name
1. Berlusconi,
Portrait
a. A billionaire by the age of 31, he started in the
83
Silvio
2. Gates, Bill
3. Lauda, Nikki
4. Madonna
5. Morita, Akio
6. Roddick, Anita
7. Turner, Ted
computer industry when he was at school

b. He launched the international TV news network
CNN in 1980
c. Her business has grown from a one-woman
business to a multinational cosmetics company
d. Italian tycoon, with interests in property, retail,
and TV
e. More than just an ordinary pop star, she earned
$ 40 million in 1992
f. Once the world's top Formula One racing driver,
he owns Lauda Air
g. One of the founders of Sony corporation, he was
responsible for the success of the Sony
Walkman
3. Group the nouns and noun phrases below as in the model.

cable TV digital telephony interactive television the Internet optical
fibre satellite broadcasting telephone marketing television videoconferencing
Technologies
Services
84
BASIC RULES OF GRAMMAR (II)

Rezumat
An abstract noun has an abstract or general rather than a

concrete or specific referent:
(absolute) advantage, accountability, accounts (payable),
accounts (receivable), action, etc.
Here, it is only the context that can help understanding the
meaning of a word or phrase. Let us take the combinations of the
word market, for example: it is obvious that in the phrases
containing market this noun is never used with its concrete
meaning ('a place used for selling and buying). This is also the
case for other concrete nouns that are used only with their abstract
meaning (e.g., balance, branch, channel, etc).
A concrete noun denotes something material and non-abstract:
(cooperative / direct-mail / institutional) advertising,
(advertising) agency, (feature) article, (current / fixed) assets,
etc.
Here again the meaning of a concrete noun may be specified only
in a particular context. If not used in a context, a word such as
product can also have an abstract meaning ('everything that one
receives in an exchange, including all tangible and intangible
attributes and expected benefits; it may be a good, service, or
idea).
A collective noun appears singular in formal shape but denotes a
group of persons or objects:
(commercial) bank, board (of directors), (ad hoc / standing)
committee, (economic) community, (insurance) company,
cooperative, etc.
The meaning of such a noun can only be specified in a proper
context.
A lot of nouns of all the types are used attributively: account
(executive), accounting (equation), acid-test (ratio), etc. (After Joseph
Chilver, English for Business: A Functional Approach)
85

account executive = administratorul unui cont
accountability = contabilitate
accounting equation = ecuaie contabil
accounts payable = conturi creditoare
accounts receivable = conturi debitoare
advertising = publicitate, reclam
advertising agency = agenie de publicitate
advertising media = mijloace de publicitate, mijloace publicitare
balance = balan
be the case for (v.) = a fi cazul
board of directors = consiliu director
branch = filial, sucursal
buy (v.) = a cumpra
channel = canal
current assets = bunuri curente
direct-mail advertising = publicitate prin pot
feature article = articol atrgtor
fixed assets = bunuri fixe
good (s.) = bun
help understanding (v.) = a ajuta la nelegerea
insurance company = companie de asigurri
market = pia
obvious = evident
phrase = expresie, sintagm
sell (v.) = a vinde
shape = form
standing committee = comitet permanent
use for (v.) = a folosi / utiliza la / pentru

-
What kind of referent has an abstract noun?

What can help understanding the meaning of a word used
figuratively?
What does a concrete noun denote?
How may the meaning of a concrete noun be specified?
What are the features of a collective noun?
How can the meaning of such a noun be specified?

1. market (n.)
2. market (v.)
a. a person who sells goods or services in or to a market

b. an open place or a covered building where buyers and
sellers convene for the sale of goods, a marketplace; a
86
3. marketable
4.
markete(e)r
5. marketing
store for the sale of food; a meeting of people for

selling and buying; the assemblage of people at such a
meeting
c. readily salable; of or pertaining to selling or buying
d. the act of buying or selling in a market; the total of
activities involved in the transfer of goods from the
producer or seller to the consumer or buyer, including
advertising, shipping, storing, or selling
e. to buy or sell in a market, to deal; to buy food and
provisions for the home
3. True or false?
True False
1. An abstract noun has an abstract or general rather
than a concrete or specific referent.
2. In the phrases containing market this noun is never
used with its abstract meaning.
3. A market is a place used for selling and buying.
4. A concrete noun denotes something immaterial and
non-abstract.
5. The meaning of a concrete noun may be specified only
in a particular context.
6. A word such as product can never have an abstract
meaning.
7. A product is 'everything that one receives in an
exchange, including all tangible and intangible
attributes and expected benefits.
4. Give the Romanian equivalents for the words.
-
(absolute) advantage, accountability, accounts (payable), accounts

(receivable), action;
(cooperative / direct-mail / institutional) advertising, (advertising)
agency, (feature) article, (current / fixed) assets;
(commercial) bank, board (of directors), (ad hoc / standing) committee,
(economic) community, (insurance) company, cooperative.
5. Make sentences of your own with the following.

at the market in the market for on the market - stock market
6. Fill in bearing in mind the differences in meaning.
market = to buy or sell in a market, to deal; to buy food and provisions for
the home; to carry or send to market for disposal; to dispose of in a
market, to sell
merchandise = to carry on trade ; to buy and sell, to deal in, to trade
peddle = to carry (small articles, goods, wears, etc.) from place to place
87
for sale at retail, to hawk ; to deal out, distribute, or dispense,

especially in small quantities; to sell (drugs) illicitly; to go from
place to place with goods, wares, etc., for sale at retail; to occupy
oneself with trifles, to trifle
vend = to sell as ones business or occupation, especially by peddling; to
give utterance to (opinions, ideas, etc.), to publish; to engage in the
sale of merchandise; to be disposed of by sale
-
He would ... radical ideas for years.

His book well, eventually.
Itinerant vendors trifles from village to village.
She would like to cloths.
The man was caught drugs on a street corner.
To ... produce every week is a difficult job.
To flowers at a sidewalk stand has never been one of my dreams.
7. Make sentences using the words below. Do as in the model.

deal dealer dealing
A man who deals is a dealer.
A dealers job is called dealing.
-
deal dealer dealing

distribute distributer / distributor distribution
market marketer / marketeer marketing
merchandise merchant merchandising
peddle peddler / pedlar / pedler peddling
retail retailer retailing
sell seller selling
trade trader trading
vend vendor vending
wholesale wholesaler wholesale
Find the key word in the text below.
Ten years of TV have brought this young giant far into the lead over its radio
counterpart. Broadcasting obtains all of its revenues from advertising,
including time bought for political purposes. The total expenditure in TV in
1955 exceeded $1,000,000,000. This medium continues to grow rapidly and
has largely displaced the national evening radio networks. Radio still holds
an important place in the daytime, aided by the fact that small receivers fit
everywhere in the household, in the car, on the office desk and even in purse
or pocket. The progress of colour in TV has been fast in the laboratory but
slow in the market. It is three years since the FCC approved a colour
broadcasting technique based upon processes mostly developed and
patented by the RCA. The art and science of colour telecasting have come
88
rapidly to a high level, and colour receivers are now available with a high
degree of technical excellence. Costs are, of course, greater for both
broadcasting and receiving. The slow growth of colour impact is reflected by
the fact that, while three American families out of four have a TV receiver, not
one out of a hundred has a colour set. This is true in 1956 despite the fact
that one receiver will take both black and white and colour. However, the cost
of the colour receiver is more than double the cost of a receiver for black and
white. Most of the programs are still broadcast in black and white.
Furthermore, the reception of colour may not be satisfactory in some areas
where the black and white signal is adequate. For the first time, nevertheless,
there are signs that colour may emerge rapidly. Technical improvement of
receivers has been accompanied by reduced prices. Many people who would
not buy an extra colour set may yet be willing to pay for colour when it comes
time to replace the present receiver. More TV stations are being built and
more are becoming equipped to send colour. Once the advertiser believes
that a sufficient number of homes have colour receivers, there will be no
obstacle to extensive colour programming. This, in turn, should be the final
stimulant to rapid expansion of colour receivers in U.S.A. homes.
89
BASIC RULES OF GRAMMAR (III)

Rezumat
A verb is 'a word that functions as the main element of predicates,

typically expresses action or state, may be inflected for tense,
aspect, voice, and need, and shows agreement with subject or
object'. It is often described as a 'doing' word.
There are only two verbs in the business English corpus cease and
desist used attributively:
a cease and desist order 'an order to refrain from an illegal
practice'.
A pronoun is 'a word used as a replacement or substitute for a
wide variety of nouns and noun phrases'.
There are six different types of pronoun personal, reflexive,
interrogative, indefinite, demonstrative, and relative and all of them are
used in either oral or written business English, but they do not appear in any
corpus of business English.
An adjective is 'a word functioning as a modifier of nouns:
absolute (advantage), administrative (law), alien (corporation),
analytic skill,
arithmetic-logic (unit), artificial (intelligence),
authoritarian (leader), etc.
Sometimes it is impossible to separate the adjective modifying the
noun, as they form a phrase having a meaning of its own:
arithmetic mean 'the sum of a group of measures, observations,
magnitudes, scores, etc, divided by the total number of items in the
group';
certified public accountant U.S. a public accountant who has been
granted a certificate of proficiency by a State examining body, and is
allowed to use the designation C.P.A.'
All of these nouns are felt like meaning-carrying phrases.

accountant = (expert) contabil
agreement = accord
alien = strin()
90
arithmetic mean = medie aritmetic

be allowed to (v.) = a avea voie, a-i fi ngduit / permis
be felt like (v.) = a fi resimit() ca
be granted (v.) = a i se acorda, a primi
cease (v.) = a nceta, a se opri
designation = denumire
desist (v.) = a nceta, a se opri
examining body = organism evaluator
indefinite = nedefinit()
inflect (v.) = a schimba forma unui cuvnt prin inflecie
law = lege
leader = conductor, lider
magnitude = dimensiune, mrime
main = principal()
meaning-carrying = care are sens, care poart un sens
modifier = modificator
noun = substantive
noun phrase = sintagm nominal
object = complement
proficiency = abilitate
refrain from (v.) = a se abine de la
replacement = nlocuitor
score = rezultat, scor
skill = abilitate, pricepere
substitute = nlocuitor
tense = timp (categorie gramatical)
voice = diatez

-
What is a verb?
How many types of pronouns are there?
Do pronouns appear in business English? Why?
What is an adjective?
What seems to be its role in business English?
2. Match the following compounds of market with their definitions.

1. market
analysis
2. market boat
3. market garden
a. a boat that transfers fish from a fishing fleet to a

market on shore; a boat for carrying produce to
market
b. a garden or farm for growing vegetables to be
shipped especially to local or nearby markets;
truck farm
c. a publication containing information concerning
market conditions, expectations, etc., especially
91
4. market letter
5. market order
6. market price
7. market
research
8. market share
9. market town
10. market value
one produced by a securities brokerage firm or

other financial organisation
d. a town where a regularly scheduled market is held
e. an order to buy or sell a specified amount of a
security at the best price available; limit order,
stop order
f. the gathering and studying of data relating to
consumer preferences, purchasing power, etc.
especially prior to introducing a product on the
market
g. the price at which a commodity, security, or
service is selling in the open market; market value
h. the process of determining factors, conditions,
and characteristics of a market
i. the specific percentage of total industry sales of a
particular product achieved by a single company
in a given period of time
j. the value of a business, property, etc., in terms of
what it can be sold for on the open market, current
value; market price
3. Group the compounds above according to the structure of their Romanian

equivalents, as in the model below.
pia + Adj.
Structure of the Romanian equivalent

Noun + de pia
Other
analiz de pia
4. Make sentences with the synonyms of the words below.

alien to cease to desist magnitude main proficiency to refrain
skill
5. Identify the verbs, pronouns, and adjectives in the text below.
Protection of free competitive enterprise with a view to improvement of the
economy and general welfare is the principal duty of the Federal Trade
Commission. This has taken form mainly in the effort to prevent the free
enterprise system from being stifled or fettered by monopoly or corrupted by
unfair or deceptive trade practices.
Established by Congress in 1914, the Commission administers the Federal
Trade Commission Act, as amended by the Wheeler-Lea Act; the Clayton
Antitrust Act, as amended by the Robinson-Patman Act; the Wool Products
Labelling Act; the Export Trade Act; certain sections of the Lanham TradeMark Act; and the Fur Products Labelling Act. Under these statutes the
Commission is charged with
promoting free and fair competition in interstate commerce in the interest
of the public through prevention of price-fixing agreements, boycotts,
combinations in restraint of trade, other unfair methods of competition,
92
and unfair or deceptive acts or practices;

safeguarding the consuming public by preventing the dissemination of
false and deceptive advertisements of food, drugs, cosmetics, and
therapeutic devices;
preventing discriminations in price, exclusive-dealing and tying
agreements, corporate mergers and interlocking directorates in major
corporations when the effect of such practices or arrangements may be
substantial lessening of competition or a tendency toward monopoly, the
payment of illegal brokerage, and discrimination among competing
customers in the furnishing of or payment for advertising or promotional
services or facilities;
the protecting of producers, manufacturers, distributors, and consumers
from the unrevealed presence of substitutes and mixtures in
manufactured wool products;
the protecting of distributors and consumers from the misbranding and
false advertising of furs and fur products;
the supervising of the registration and operation of associations of
American exporters engaged solely in export trade;
the petitioning for cancellation of the registrations of trade-marks which
were illegally registered or which have been used for purposes contrary to
the intent of the Trade-Mark Act of 1946; and
the gathering and making available to the Congress, the President, and
the public, of factual data concerning economic and business conditions
as a basis for remedial legislation where needed, and for the guidance
and protection of the public.
During the fiscal year 1952, the Commission issued 104 complaints alleging
violations of the laws under its jurisdiction, entered 132 orders to cease and
desist from proved violations, and accepted 131 initial and supplemental
stipulations wherein respondents agreed to discontinue unlawful practices.
The trade-practice conferences were conducted by the Commission as a
means of accomplishing law observance on an industry-wide basis through
the co-operative establishment of rules designed to prevent unfair trade
practices. Rules were promulgated for eleven industries:
- cosmetic and toilet preparations;
- rayon and acetate textile;
- pearl, cultured pearl and imitation pearl;
- grocery;
- floor machinery;
- set-up paper box;
- upholstery and drapery fabrics;
- gladiolus bulb;
- narrow fabrics;
- sun glass;
- public refrigerated storage.
6. Give the basic forms of the verbs identified in the text above.
93
1. Find the verbs, pronouns, and adjectives in the Note of Regret below.
3762 Penn Road
Danbury, Connecticut
March 22, 19-Dear Bob,
On Sunday, June 3, at five o'clock, I am having our Science Club for
a picnic supper in our back yard. I hope you can come and see the gang.
We all have missed you since you moved away from Danbury.
Sincerely,
Frank Rose
2. Re-read the Note of Regret above, and then answer the questions.
-
How can you explain the relatively large number of verbs in the note of
regret?
How can you explain the relatively large number of personal pronouns in
the note of regret?
How can you explain the lack of adjectives in the note of regret?
94
BASIC RULES OF GRAMMAR (IV)

Rezumat
An adverb is 'a word that functions as a modifier of verbs,

adjectives, or other adverbs or adverbial phrases, and typically
expresses time, place, manner, degree, etc.':
Management and workers work together amicably in the United
States.
Basic rules about adjectives and adverbs:
Adjectives and adverbs tend to be used rather sparingly in
business where the emphasis is on factual reporting rather than
'colourful' descriptions, with the exception of advertising where
imaginative writing is used to sell the product.
A preposition is 'a word that is used before nouns or adjectives to

form
phrases
functioning
as
modifiers
of
verbs, nouns, or adjectives, and that expresses a spatial,
temporal, or other relationship'.
Many expressions used in business include prepositions and take a
specific form:
agree to, aware of, comparable to, confident of, conscious of, cooperate with, decide on, depend (up)on, different from,
distinguish between, enquire into, familiar with, hostile to,
immune from, in accordance with, intolerant of, neglectful of,
regardless of, relate to, rely (up)on, similar to, superior to,
sympathetic to, unsure of, etc.
A conjunction is 'a word functioning as connectors between
words, phrases, clauses, or sentences':
and, before, but, how, next, or, then, when, yet, etc.; both and
, (n)either (n)or , etc. (After Joseph Chilver, English for

adverbial phrase = locuiune adverbial
agree to (v.) = a fi de accord s
95
amicably = amiabil, ntr-un mod amiabil

aware of = contient() de
basic rule = regul de baz
both and = att ct i , i i
clause = propoziie simpl
confident of = ncreztor (-oare) n
degree = grad
emphasis = accent
enquire into (v.) = a ancheta, a cerceta
factual = factual()
hostile to = ostil() fa de
immune from = imun() la
intolerant of = intolerant() cu, intolerant() fa de
manner = manier, mod
neglectful of = neglijent() cu
neither nor = nici nici
phrase = sintagm
rather = mai degrab
regardless of = fr a ine cont de
relate to (v.) = a lega de
relationship = relaie
rely on (v.) = a se baza pe, a cont ape
sparingly = cu zgrcenie
sympathetic to = alturi de, plin() de nelegere fa de
unsure of = nesigur() de
yet = nc (nu)

-
What is an adverb?
What are the basic rules about adjectives and adverbs?
What is imaginative writing used to in advertising?
What is a preposition?
Why do you think many expressions used in business
include prepositions?
What is a conjunction?
1. manage (v.)
2. manageable
a. a currency whose value is established and

maintained by deliberate governmental action
working through national and international
financial institutions
b. a person who has control or direction of an
institution, business, etc., or of a part, division,
or phase of it; a person who manages; a
96
3. managed currency
4. management
5. manager
6. manageress
7. managerial
person who controls and manipulates

resources and expenditures, as of a household
c. a woman who is a manager
d. pertaining to management or a manager
e. that can be managed
f. the act or manner of managing; skill in
managing, executive ability; the person(s)
controlling and directing the affairs of a
business, institution, etc.; executives
collectively, considered as a class
g. to conduct business, commercial affairs, etc.;
to be in charge
3. True or false?
True False
1. A verb is 'a word that functions as a modifier of verbs,
adjectives, or other adverbs or adverbial phrases,
and typically expresses time, place, manner, degree,
etc.'.
2. Adjectives and adverbs tend to be used rather
sparingly in business where the emphasis is on
factual reporting rather than 'colourful' descriptions.
3. A conjunction is 'a word that is used before
nouns or adjectives to form phrases functioning
as modifiers of verbs, nouns, or adjectives, and that
expresses a spatial, temporal, or other relationship'.
4. Few expressions used in business include
prepositions and take a specific form.
5. It is correct to say: agree with, aware of, comparable to,
confident of, conscious of, co-operate with, decide on.
6. A preposition is 'a word functioning as connectors
between words, phrases, clauses, or sentences'.
4. Put the following into Romanian. Use a dictionary.
-
He manages the child with exemplary skills.

How does she manage it on such a small income?
How will he manage with his wife gone ?
I intend to manage my own investments in the future.
She managed the boat efficiently.
She somehow managed to see the governor.
The war it was a rough time, but we managed.
5. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense.

Dear Hilda,
I just (hear) that my mother suddenly (be) taken ill, and I (like) to go
and see how she is. The trouble is I cant take my dog Tim with me. You
97
(think) you (be able) possibly look after him for a week ? You (have) him for
a week last year, you (remember), and you (say) he (be) no trouble, and
(get) on well with your dog.
If you (be able) have him, I (be able) bring him along any time that
(suit) you. He (have) his own bed and bowl, and I (bring) enough tinned
dog food to last him a week.
But if it (not be) convenient, (not hesitate) to say so. There (be) quite
good kennels near here, and they (take) him if I (ask). He (be) there once
before and (seem) to get on all right.
Love, Sarah
6. Same exercise.
Dear Sarah,
I (be) very sorry to hear about your mothers illness, and (be) glad
that you (go) to Scotland and see how she is. It (be) nice for her to see you.
Of course I (look) after Tim. We thoroughly (enjoy) having him last
year and my dog (miss) him when he (leave) and (look) for him
everywhere. Im sure he (be) delighted to see him again.
You (bring) him on Tuesday afternoon ? Or, if that (not suit), any time
on Wednesday. (not bother) to bring dog food ; I (have) plenty. I hope you
(have) time to have tea with me when you (bring) Tim, and that by then you
(have) better news of your mother.
Love, Hilda
1. Choose the words (adverbs, prepositions, and conjunctions) that fit the
best in the Note of Regret below.
37 Wisdom Lane
Gulden's Bridge, New York
March 24, 19-Dear Frank,
Thank you very much your invitation. For weeks I am never invited
, and then I receive two invitations for the same day. I'm sorry I cannot
come to the picnic. I have already promised to spend that weekend my
cousin at the shore. Please give my best all my old friends and tell them
how much I miss them. I am going to try to get over to the Junior Night
Dance April. I hope to see you
Yours as ever, Bob
2. Re-read the note of regret above reconstituted, and then answer the
following.
- How can you explain the relatively large number of adverbs in the note of
regret?
- How can you explain the even larger number of prepositions and
conjunctions?
98
BASIC RULES OF PUNCTUATION (I)

Cuvinte cheie: communication, punctuation
Rezumat
Unitatea de
instituionale.
studiu
prezint
punctuaia
specific
comunicrii

Defined as 'the practice or system of using punctuation marks or
characters full-stop (or period), comma, colon, semicolon, question mark
(or interrogation mark / point), exclamation mark (or exclamation point),
quotation marks (or quote marks), brackets, and dash in writing or printing
to make the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence, separating clauses, etc.
', punctuation is to some extent a matter of common sense.
Some of the punctuation marks help distinguishing the different
paragraphs.
Defined as a 'distinct or separate portion of a text, a paragraph
consists of a series of sentences, each closely related and dealing with a
similar topic. There should be a sequence of thought and, ideally, a variety of
length and construction in the component sentences of a paragraph.
Punctuation marks are used to indicate the following:
A full-stop (.) marks a halt in the procession of thought, helping us
to put our thoughts and ideas into useful packages and follows an
abbreviation as in:
B.A. (Bachelor of Arts), Capt. (Captain), e.g. (for example), i.e.
(that is), Rev. (Reverend), U.N.O. (United Nations Organisation),
etc.
Basic rule about full-stops:
There is a tendency to drop the formality of a full-stop now
so many business communications emerge from computers
and word processors
A series of full-stops (...) indicates that a word, phrase, or part of

a quotation has been omitted from a narrative:
The trade union's objections (...) have finally been taken into
account. (After Joseph Chilver, English for Business: A
Functional Approach)
99

a matter of = o chestiune / problem de
B.A. (Bachelor of Arts) = liceniat in litere sau alte discipline umaniste
brackets = paranteze
closely related = strns nrudit()
colon = dou puncte
comma = virgul
common sense = bun sim
dash = linie de desprire
deal with (v.) = a se ocupa de, a trata
drop (v.) = a renuna
emerge from (v.) = a iei, a rezulta
exclamation mark = semnul exclamrii / mirarii
full-stop = punct
halt = oprire temporar sau definitiv
length = lungime
matter = problem
narrative = naraiune
package = pachet
period = punct
process of thought = procesul gndirii
question mark = semnul ntrebrii
quotation = citat
quotation / quote mark = ghilimele, semnele citrii
semicolon = punct i virgul
that is = adic
thought = gndire
to some extent = ntr-o oarecare msur

-
What is punctuation?
Why are punctuation marks used?
What are some of the punctuation marks for?
What is a paragraph?
What does a full-stop mark?
What does a full-stop follow?
What is the basic rule about full-stops?
What does a series of full-stops indicate?

1. punctuate (v.)
2. punctuation
a. a person or thing that punctuates

b. any of a group of conventional marks or
characters used in punctuation, as the period,
comma, semicolon, question mark, or dash
100
3. punctuation mark
4. punctuational
5. punctuative
6. punctuator
c. of or pertaining to punctuation
d. that which punctuates
e. the practice or system of using certain
conventional marks or characters in writing or
printing in order to separate elements and make
the meaning clear, as in ending a sentence or
separating clauses; the act of punctuating;
punctuation marks
f. to mark or divide (something written) with
punctuation marks in order to make the meaning
clear; to insert or use marks of punctuation
3. Which of the following has nothing to do with punctuation? Use a

dictionary.
punctate punctated punctatim punctation punctiform punctilio
punctilious punctiliously punctiliousness punctual punctuality
punctually punctualness punctuate punctuation punctuational
punctuationalism punctuationalist punctuationist punctuative
punctuator punctulate punctulated punctulation puncture
puncturable punctureless puncturer
4. Fill in a, an, or the, if necessary.

Punctuation is, in written language, use of standard marks to clarify
meaning. Punctuation marks are also used to help convey emphases and
breathing pauses natural to speech, to indicate sentence structure, and to
enhance readability. Punctuation varies from language to language and
preferences for specific marks vary from writer to writer, but, within any given
text, consistency is stylistically favoured. contemporary trend is toward
minimum of punctuation, with clarity as the main criterion for use.
5. Find antonyms for the following, and then make as many sentences of
your own as you can.
to cease to employ to rise
6. Restore the punctuation (periods) of the text below.
Type was, originally, the mechanical medium by means of which written
matter was composed and transferred onto paper by printing each piece of
type was a rectangular metal block about an inch long and bearing on one
end an individual letter or other character in relief lines of type were
arranged, inked, and positioned on a printing press that squeezed the type
against paper or like material, leaving readable images although the heyday
of metal type and relief printing is long past, the term type is still used to
describe a printing character regardless of how it is stored on metal, film, or
magnetic tape, or as a series of mathematical formulas in a computer a font
of type traditionally consists of all of the characters of the alphabet, upper
(capital) and lowercase, in one size and design, and also includes numerals,
101
punctuation marks, and special characters the term font is used today to
describe all these elements plus italic and lighter or bolder weights of the
same design a typeface consists of the character sets represented by all of
the sizes and weights of a particular type design
7. Compare the following two sets of definitions, and then answer the
questions.
Definition in
Joseph CHILVER,
Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia
English for Business.
Deluxe, 2003
A Functional Approach, 1992
A full-stop (.) marks a halt in the Most sentences end with a period
procession of thought, helping us to (.), which signals a strong pause.
put our thoughts and ideas into The mark is also used in decimals
useful packages, and follows an and after abbreviations that do not
abbreviation.
contain apostrophes.
The ellipsis () stands for one or
A series of full-stops (...) indicates
more omitted words; when the
that a word, phrase, or part of a
omission occurs at the end of a
quotation has been omitted from a
sentence, the ellipsis appears
narrative.
together with a period.
-
What differences are there in point of terminology?

And in usage? In illustration? In accuracy?
1. Fill in the full-stops in the Thank-you Note below.
37 Uptown Street
Waterloo, Iowa 50701
April 23, 19-Dear Aunt Grace,
When I arrived at school this morning, all the girls gathered around to
admire my necklace They seemed to agree with me that it is the prettiest
and most unusual necklace in the school I haven't yet decided whose
picture to put into the locket part
How did you ever know the thing I wanted most?
Many thanks for a perfect gift
Please come and visit us again this year
Love, Diana
2. Read carefully the following three excerpts, trying to identify the object of
the thank-you notes.
102
a) I've only voted for the rookie of the year award once, in 1992, when it was
my turn on the BBWAA selection panel for the National League. I voted for
Eric Karros of the L.A. Dodgers. He won. Still hasn't sent me a thank-you
note.
b) Vargas Llosa's strong features and prominent teeth vaguely recall actor
Victor Mature, gone grey. His face creases periodically into a grimace of
concentration. He has a straight-backed, gentlemanly bearing; he saw
nothing corny about sending flowers to Britain's Margaret Thatcher, his
political hero, when she left office. The accompanying note read: "Madam:
there are not enough words in the dictionary to thank you for what you have
done for the cause of liberty."
c) We sat at the dining-room table in his house in Creelman while his son,
Josh, put graduation gift thank-you notes in blue envelopes. They were like
good-bye letters; Josh wasn't likely to live here again. He was going to
Saskatoon to study auto-body repair.
103
BASIC RULES OF PUNCTUATION (II)

Rezumat
Unitatea de
instituionale.
studiu
prezint
punctuaia
specific
comunicrii
A comma (,) indicates a division in a sentence (as by an

interpolated word, phrase, or clause), separates items in a list
(serial comma), marks off thousands in numerals, or separates
types or levels of information in bibliographic and other data:
Busy business(wo)men, with a lot of assignments, are sometimes
rude.
Basic rules about commas:

- Longer sentences, with a number of commas, may be
confusing;
- A succession of short sentences, without commas, tends to
produce a terse style;
- A comma is required after each item in the list except the last;
- A comma is required after a modifying word introduced at the
start of a sentence:
However, the majority voted for...
A colon (:) marks a major division in a sentence, indicates that

what follows is an elaboration, summation, implication etc., of what
precedes, or separates groups of numbers referring to different
things, as hours from minutes in 5:30, or as the members of a
proportion in 1 : 2 :: 3 : 6:
In business there is something more important than that: the
customer.
A semicolon (;) indicates a major division in a sentence where a
more distinct separation is felt between clauses or items on a list
than is indicated by a comma:
It began to rain; there was no way to get out of there; this was
going to be a disaster. (After Joseph Chilver, English for

assignment = nsrcinare
be going to be (v.) = a avea s fie, a urma s
104
begin (v.) = a ncepe

busy = aglomerat(), ocupat()
clause = propoziie n cadrul unei fraze
colon = dou puncte
comma = virgul()
confusing = confuz(), care te las perplex()
division = desprire, diviziune, separare
get out of (v.) = a iei din
however = totui
interpolated = interpolat(), interpus()
is felt = este resimit() / simit()
level of information = nivel de informaii
major = important()
mark off (v.) = a despri, a marca
phrase = sintagm
rude = nepoliticos (-oas), necioplit()
semicolon = punct i virgul
sentence = propoziie independent, fraz
summation = nsumare, totalizare
terse = clar(), concis()
there was no way to = nu era nici un chip s
thousand = mie
without = fr
word = cuvnt

-
What does a comma indicate?

What does it separate?
What is a serial comma?
What does it mark off?
What are the basic rules about commas?
What does a colon mark?
What does it indicate?
What does it separate?
What does a semicolon indicate?
2. Match the following compounds of business with their definitions.

1. business administration
2. business card
a. a class of accommodation on an airliner,

usually just below first class; executive
class
b. a form of mail, as a postcard, letter, or
envelope, usually sent as an enclosure,
and which can be mailed back by
respondents without their having to pay
105
3. business class
4. business cycle
5. business education
6. business English
7. business machine
8. business reply
9. business unionism
postage
c. a machine for expediting clerical work, as
a tabulator or adding machine
d. a programme of study at the university
level offering courses on general business
theory, management, and practices
e. a recurrent fluctuation in the total business
activity of a country
f. a small card on which is printed, typically, a
persons name, job title, firm, business
address, and telephone number
g. education for general knowledge of
business practices; training in specific
skills useful in business, such as typing
and shorthand
h. English in business usage, especially the
styles and forms of business
correspondence
i. the trade-union philosophy and activity that
concentrates on one improvement of
wages, hours, working conditions, etc.,
rather than on the general reform of the
capitalistic system
3. True or false?
True False
1. A comma indicates a division in a sentence.
2. A comma marks off hundreds in numerals.
3. Long sentences are confusing.
4. A comma is required after each item in the list.
5. A comma is required after a modifying word introduced
at the beginning of a sentence.
4. Some business English nouns such as the nouns below have an irregular
plural. Find similar nouns in other fields of activity.
datum data, gross gross, index indices, medium media
5. Compare the following two sets of definitions. What can you notice?
Definition in
Joseph CHILVER,
Deluxe, 2003
A comma (,) indicates a division in a The comma (,), a versatile and
sentence (as by an interpolated word, often misused punctuation mark,
phrase, or clause), separates items in indicates a light pause and is
a list (serial comma), marks off chiefly utilized to separate a
106
thousands in numerals, or separates structural unit of a sentence.

types or levels of information in Commas appear most frequently to
bibliographic and other data.
set
off
principal
clauses,
parenthetical
material
closely
related to the main thought, direct
quotations, forms of direct address,
coordinate adjectives, and words
or numbers that would otherwise
be confusing. Current usage
favours the insertion of a comma
only where a pause is intended.
A colon (:) marks a major division in
a sentence, indicates that what
The colon (:) most often stands
follows is an elaboration, summation,
between an introductory statement
implication, etc., of what precedes, or
and an immediate amplification. It
separates
groups
of
numbers
also follows the salutation of a
referring to different things, as hours
formal letter and divides hours
from minutes in 5:30, or as the
from minutes in statements of time.
members of a proportion in 1 : 2 :: 3 :
6.
The semicolon (;) represents a
pause weaker than a period but
A semicolon (;) indicates a major
stronger than a comma. It is used
division in a sentence where a more
chiefly between principal clauses
distinct separation is felt between
and between components of a
clauses or items on a list than is
series, when the components are
indicated by a comma.
lengthy
or
already
contain
commas.
1. Explain the use of
rules of punctuation (II)'.
commas
2. Fill in commas, colons,

Apology below, if necessary.
and
and
colons
semicolons
in
in
the
the
December
Dear Mr.
text
'Basic
Note
13
of
19- -
Roadway
For the first time in ages I really had a good excuse for being
late but this did not give me the right to speak to you the way I
did yesterday. Most of my excuses for tardiness to class have
been flimsy and you did right in talking to me about it. Please
accept my apology for being discourteous.
Sincerely yours
Polly Pemberton
3. Same exercise for the Advert below.
107
PROJECT ENGINEERSPIPELINE
We need engineers with at least 3/5 years experience and
familiar with pipeline projects
Age At least 27
These jobs might involve working in faraway places and rough
conditions
Interest in adventure and travel necessary
Ability to negotiate will be considered
To apply
Write and send full c.v. to
API INTERNATIONAL
3 Deans Court
London WC I
4. Same exercise for the Letter of Enquiry below.
J. SINCLARE LTD.
41 Lewis Place
Cauldron Surrey
1 October 19
Your Ref. Box 3124
Please could you send me details of the refrigerators advertised in
yesterday's 'Evening Post'?
108
BASIC RULES OF PUNCTUATION (III)

Rezumat
Unitatea de
instituionale.
studiu
prezint
punctuaia
specific
comunicrii
A question mark (?) indicates a question:

What should be done? Giving up?
Basic rule about question-marks:

The absence of a question-mark turns the possibility into a certainty,
apparently.
An exclamation mark (!) indicates an exclamation:

That is the best solution!
Basic rule about exclamation-marks:
Over-use of exclamation-marks may cause a loss of effect.
Quotation marks (' , " ") indicate the beginning and end of a
quotation, usually shown as (") at the beginning and (") at the end
or, for a quotation within a quotation, as single marks of this kind
('):
I recall the Chairman saying, I promise to do it", mentioned one of
the shareholders.
Brackets ((), [ ]) are used to enclose parenthetical matter,
interpolations, etc.:
The instructions are given below (see page 5).
A dash () is used to note an abrupt break of pause in a sentence
or hesitation in an utterance, to begin and end a parenthetic word,
phrase, or clause, etc.:
These instructions have been given previously on a number of
occasions and we hope everybody understood them.

should be done = ar trebui fcut() ...
apparently = n aparen
below = mai jos
109
break of pause = ntrerupere, pauz

cause (v.) = a cauza, a provoca
certainty = certitudine
chairman = preedintele unui comitet director
enclose (v.) = a insera
everybody = toat lumea, toi
give up (v.) = a renuna
hope (v.) = a spera
interpolation = intercalare
loss = pierdere
mark = indiciu, marc, semn
matter = materie
may = a putea (eventual)
on a number of occasions = de mai multe ori
over-use = utilizare excesiv
parenthetic(al) = parentetic
previously = anterior
quotation = citat
recall (v.) = a-i aminti
shareholder = acionar
the best = cel / cea mai bun()
turn into (v.) = a schimba, a transforma
understand (v.) = a nelege
utterance = rostire
within = n interiorul

-
What does a question mark indicate?

What effect does the absence of a question-mark have?
What indicates an exclamation mark?
What may over-use of exclamation-marks cause?
What indicate quotation marks?
What are brackets used to?
What is a dash used to?

1. business agent
2. business case
a. a briefcase or attach case

b. a commercial complex consisting of an office
building set in park-like surroundings, often
with such facilities as parking lots, restaurants,
and recreational areas; executive park, office
park, office plaza; an industrial complex,
typically in a suburban or rural area and set in
park- like surroundings with such facilities as
110
3. business college
4. business double
5. business end
6. business envelope
7. business park
8. business suit
parking lots, restaurants, and recreation areas,

industrial park
c. a paid union official who represents a local and
its membership in dealing with an employer
d. a postal envelope for standard-size business
letters 20x28 cm, measuring about 11x23 cm
e. a school for training students in the clerical
aspects of business and commerce, as in
typing or bookkeeping
f. a suit, especially one of conservative cut and
colour
g. at bridge, a double made to increase the
penalty points earned when the player believes
the opponents cannot make their bid
h. the front part or end of a tool, weapon, etc.,
with which the work is done or from which a
missile is ejected, as opposed to the handle or
butt
3. Which of the compounds above has nothing to do with business?

4. Group the following derivatives, as in the model.
Over the limit
overfly
To excess, too much, too

overanxious
overabundance overachieve overact overactive overage overall

overbalance overbear overbite overboard overbuy overcall
overcapitalise overcast overcharge overcome overcompensation
overconfident overcrowd overdevelop overdone
5. Make sentences with the derivatives above.
6. Put into Romanian the derivatives
the use of over-.
above, paying attention to
7. Compare the following two sets of definitions.

Definition in
Joseph CHILVER,
Deluxe, 2003
With the exception of requests
worded as queries, direct questions
end with question marks (?);
A question mark (?) indicates a
requests sometimes close with
question.
periods instead. In the body of a
sentence a question mark between
parentheses suggests doubt.
An exclamation mark (!) indicates The exclamation point (!) ends a
111
an exclamation.
Quotation marks (' , " ") indicate
the beginning and end of a
quotation, usually shown as (") at
the beginning and (") at the end or,
for a quotation within a quotation,
as single marks of this kind (').
Brackets (( ), [ ]) are used to
enclose
parenthetical
matter,
interpolations, etc.
A dash () is used to note an

abrupt break of pause in a
sentence or hesitation in an
utterance, to begin and end a
parenthetic word, phrase, or
clause, etc.
sentence expressing strong feeling,

surprise, or incredulity.
Direct quotations are preceded and
followed by quotation marks ( ).
Slang and special-sense words and
titles of short written works, such as
poems, short stories, and songs, are
also often set off by quotation marks.
The parentheses (( )) enclose matter
of secondary importance.
Primarily used to enclose interpolated
materials, brackets
([ ]) also set off parenthetical matter
within passages already enclosed by
parentheses.
The dash () usually stresses the
materials that follow it. Dashes also
emphasize parenthetical thoughts
and convey sudden interruptions in
thought.
8. What differences are there between the two sets of definitions from the
points of view of terminology and of comprehensiveness?
1. Fill in the right punctuation marks in the letter below.
A Letter to the Editor
(Evening News July 23 1976)
I WAS on a 107 bus in Enfield when without warning the engine stopped
The driver apologised and explained that the bus had run out of fuel which
was not unusual as the buses are not fitted with fuel gauges No one would
buy a new car without a fuel gauge so why do London Transport accept
buses without them Luckily my bus halted in a safe place but what if a 107
ran out of fuel on the railway level crossing at Enfield Lock SE
VERITY Seven Sisters Road Finsbury Park
2. Same exercise.
THE GLOBE INTERNAL MEMO
From Justin Philips General Editor
To
All staff
112
I would like to remind you of some basic aspects of our editorial policy
We have always made a point of giving our readers objective und
unbiased information
We must always keep in mind the fact that our paper has to compete
with other leading newspapers Our readers expect to be given extensive
and reliable information on international matters
We must endeavour to resist outside pressures no matter how
reputable the source When in doubt refer to me
It is obvious that in spite of some of our readers' wishes pictures
cannot replace words and moreover must never be of a sentimental or
maudlin type
113
BASIC RULES OF SPELLING

Cuvinte cheie: communication, spelling
Rezumat
Unitatea de studiu prezint unul dintre aspectele cele mai importante
n comunicarea instituional: regulile de ortografie.
When speaking about spelling ('orthography') the general rule is to
refer to a dictionary whenever you do not know the meaning of a word or are
unsure of a spelling. You need a good visual memory to be a good speller of
English. But you could also master five spelling rules.
RULE 1
RULE 2
RULE 3
RULE 4
RULE 5
One-syllable words and words accented on the last syllable, if

they end in a single consonant after a single vowel, double
the final consonant when you add a suffix beginning with a
vowel: stop stopped, begin beginner
When sound is ee, put i before e except for c: field, receive
When sound is not ee, put e before i:
height
Exceptions:
He seized (n)either weird leisure. (ei words sounded
ee)
friend, mischief, sieve (ie words not pronounced ee)
Words that end in silent -e drop the final -e before a suffix
beginning with a vowel, but keep the final -e before a suffix
beginning with a consonant: come coming, note notable,
use useful
Exceptions: argument, judgment, ninth, and truly
Words that end in -y with a consonant before it change the y to i
before any suffix except a suffix which begins with i:
try tries, study studied, study studying
Prefixes are added to the root word without changing the
spelling of the root word: dis- + appear = disappear, mis- + spell
= misspell

accented = accentuat()
add (v.) = a aduga
before = nainte
begin (v.) = a ncepe
114
consonant = consoan
drop (v.) = a omite
end (v.) = a se sfri, a se termina
except for = cu excepia
height = nlime
keep (v.) = a menine, a pstra
master (v.) = a stpni
meaning = neles, sens
refer to (v.) = a se referi la
root word = rdcina unui cuvnt
seize (v.) = a apuca, a prinde
silent = surd()
single = singur(), unic()
sound = sunet
spelling = ortografie
spelling rule = regul de ortografie
unsure = nesigur()
vowel = vocal
weird = ciudat()
whenever = ori de cte ori

-
What is the general rule when speaking about spelling?

When should you refer to a dictionary?
What do you need to be a good speller?
How many spelling rules are there?
What does Rule 1 say?
Does the sentence 'He seized (n)either weird leisure' have any sense?
Why?

1. businesslike
2. businessman
3. businesspeople
a. a man regularly employed in business,

especially
a white-collar worker, executive, or owner
b. a person regularly employed in business,
especially a white-collar worker, executive, or
owner
c. a woman regularly employed in business,
especially a white-collar worker, executive, or
owner
115
4. businessperson
5. businesswoman
d. businesspersons collectively
e. conforming to, attending to, or characteristic of
business
3. True or false?
True
False
1. When speaking about spelling the general rule is to

refer to a dictionary whenever you do not know the
meaning of a word or are unsure of a spelling.
2. You dont need a good visual memory to be a good
speller of English.
3. There are four spelling rules in English.
4. One-syllable words and words accented on the last
syllable double the final consonant when you add a
suffix beginning with a vowel
5. When sound is ee, put i before e except for s.
6. Words that end in silent -e drop the final -e before a
suffix beginning with a consonant, but keep the final -e
before a suffix beginning with a vowel.
7. Words that end in -y with a consonant before it change
the y to I before any suffix except a suffix which begins
with i.
8. Affixes are added to the root word without changing
the spelling of the root word.
4. Make sentences with the following. Use a dictionary.
piece of business stage of business ;
do ones business get down to business - give someone the business have no
business mean business mind ones own business ;
business is business
5. Put the following into Romanian.
An apostrophe () followed by the letter s at the end of a noun signifies
possessive case. The mark followed by an s also pluralizes letters of the
alphabet, figures, and words discussed as words. Within contracted words,
apostrophes replace the eliminated letters.
Hyphens (-) join many compound nouns, all compound adjectives, and,
when they are spelled out, the elements of two-digit numbers and fractions.
In word division (hyphenation) a partial word at the end of a line is followed
by a hyphen and completed on the next line.
6. Read and translate the letter below, paying attention to the different
meanings of the verb get.
September 13, 1789
Dear Friend,
116
I GOT on horseback ten minutes after I GOT your letter. When I GOT to
Canterbury, I GOT a coach for London. But I GOT wet through before I
GOT to Canterbury, and I have GOT such a cold as I shall not be able to
GET rid of in a hurry. I GOT to the Treasury about noon, but first of all I
GOT shaved and dressed. I soon GOT into the secret of GETTING a
memorial before the board, but I could not GET an answer then; however, I
GOT intelligence from the messenger that I should most likely GET one
the next morning. As soon as I GOT back to my inn, I GOT my supper and
GOT to bed; it was not long before I GOT to sleep. When I GOT up in the
morning, I GOT my breakfast, and then GOT myself dressed, that I might
GET out in time to GET an answer to my memorial. As soon as I GOT it I
GOT into the coach, and GOT to Canterbury by three, and about tea time I
GOT home. I have GOT nothing in particular for you, and so Adieu.
Dr. Thomas Birch
7. Group the uses of the verb get in the letter above, as in the model.
Get used as
a transitive verb
get a coach
an intransitive verb
get on horseback
ntrebri de autoevaluare, aplicaii, probleme

1. Read the following Bread-and-Butter Letter and correct the mistakes. The
symbols used are as follows:
T
P
WO
Prep
WW
Gr
Sp
Tense
Punctuation
Word order
Preposition
Wrong word
Grammar
Word missing
Spelling
736 North State Street
Harrington, New Hampshire
July 10, 19--
Dear Mrs. Polk,

You me made feel just like one of the family during my stay in your
home Everything is perfect from the game of tennis with Mr Polk on Sunday
morning to the marvellous meals you cooked I have already given your
recipes at Mother
I would never forget the visit Peg and I made to the assembly plant
Please say Mr Polk how much I enjoyed it As a matter of fact I plan to
use it for an oral report in English class
I have told my that they should feel perfectly free to go away again,
because then may be I could visit you again!
Affectionately Eunice
117
2. Same exercise for the Post Card below.

October 10 19-Please sent me the How to overcome Dinginess which is offered at
the Joey Walsh talk last evening
Charles Smith
17 South Streat
Flint, Michigan 48502
3. Write after dictation the following 'one hundred spelling demons.
accept across affect all right always among angle answer
argument athletics beginning believe business busy
capital character choose chose column coming committee
criticise definitely description develop different disappear
disappointed doesn't effect excellent except familiar February
finally foreign forty government grammar height immediately
independent its it's judgment knew know library loose
losing meant medicine minute necessary niece ninety
occurred omit peculiar perhaps pleasant principal principle
probably proceed quiet realise really receipt receive
recommend repetition schedule separate similar sincerely
stationery surprise than their there therefore they're though
threw through too trouble truly Tuesday two until usually
weather Wednesday whether who's whose women writing
4. Same exercise for the short list of word-pairs which confusingly sound
alike but have different meanings.
advice advise, canvas canvass, complement
compliment, council counsel, dependant dependent, draft
draught, loose lose, passed past, practice practise,
stationary stationery
118
Bibliografie
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U.S. Department of State, 2005
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Vols., J. G. Ferguson Publishing Company, Chicago, 1995
5. *** www.ehumorcentral.com
6. *** www.wipo.org
7. ASHLEY, A., A Handbook of Commercial Correspondence, Oxford
University Press, Oxford, 1995
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9. BANTA, A., Essential English. Exercises & keys for Advanced
Learners. Limba englez n 60 de zile, Editura Teora, Bucureti,
1992
10. BENSON, M., BENSON, E. & ILSON, R., The Combinatory
Dictionary of English,
John
Benjamins
Publishing
Company,
Amsterdam-Philadelphia, 1990
11. BOONE, Louis E. & KURTZ, David L., Contemporary Business, 4th
Edition, The Dryden Press, Chicago, 1985
12. CANDREA, A., I learn English. Curs practic de limba englez, Libraria
,,Universal" Alcalay & Co., Bucureti, 1938
13. CHILVER,
Joseph,
English
for
Business.
A
Functional
Approach, 2nd Edition, DP Publications Ltd, London, 1992
14. CHIRIACESCU, A., MURESANU, L., BARGHEL, V. & HOLLINGER, A.,
Corespondena de afaceri n limbile romn i englez, Ed. Teora,
Bucureti, 1994
15. CHIORAN, Dumitru & PRLOG, Hortensia, Ghid de pronunie a limbii
engleze, Editura tiinific i Enciclopedic, Bucureti, 1989
16. CONTE, Christopher & Albert R. Karr, Outline of the U.S. Economy,
Office of International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State,
2005
17. GALIS, Livia et al., Limba englez pentru nvmntul superior
economic, Editura didactic i pedagogic, Bucureti, 1982
18. GLEANU, Georgiana & COMIEL, Ecaterina, Gramatica limbii
engleze pentru
uz colar,
Editura didactic j pedagogic,
Bucureti, 1980
19. HALL, Eugene J., Building English sentences. The Adverb, Editura
Teora, Bucureti, 1996
20. HEFTER, Laurence R. & Robert D. LITOWITZ, What Is Intellectual
Property ?, Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights, Office of
International Information Programs, U.S. Department of State, 2005
21. IAROVICI, Edith & MIHIL-COVA, Rodica, 1979, Lexicul de baz al
limbii engleze. Dicionar contrastiv, Ed. tiinific j Enciclopedic,
Bucureti, 1979
22. MACIVER, Angus, The New First Aid in English, Robert Gibson & Sons,
Glasgow, Ltd.
119
23. MLCOMETE, P. (Coord), Lexicon de marketing intern i

internaional, Ed. Junimea, lai, 1994
24. MARE, Liliana & IAROVICI, Edith, Lecii de limba englez pentru
nivel mediu i avansat, Editura Teora, Bucureti, 1998
25. MOISA, Simona & Georgeta RA, Business English: New Forms or
Grammatical Functions (Conversion, Composition, Contraction,
Abbreviation, Change of the Morphological Accent, Deflection, Back
Formation, Folk Etymology, Corruption, Words Derived from Proper or
Personal Names, Conscious, Deliberate Coinages), Lucrrile
simpozionului tiinific 90 ani de nvmnt agronomic universitar
la Iai, 24-25 octombrie 2002, Iai (suport magnetic)
26. MOISA, Simona & Georgeta RA, Lexical Strata in Contemporary
Business English, Buletinul Universitii de tiine Agricole i
Medicin Veterinar Cluj-Napoca, Seria Horticultur, Volumul 57/2002,
411-414
27. MOISA, Simona & Georgeta RA, Polysemy in Business English,
Lucrri tiinifice, Seria I, Vol. III, Management agricol, Editura
Agroprint, Timioara, 2001, 333-336
28. MOISA, Simona & Georgeta RA, Synonymy in Business English,
29. MOSSINGHOFF, Gerald J., Progress in the Pharmaceutical Industry,
Introduction to Intellectual Property Rights, Office of International
Information Programs, U.S. Department of State, 2005
30. PAUNCHICI, Iasmina, Georgeta RA, Adriana RITT, Reghina DASCL,
Anca-Andreea PAVEL, Comunicare i marketing. Culegere de termeni
tehnici n limbile romn, englez i francez, Editura Mirton,
Timioara, 2004
31. POPOVICI, Dan, Limba englez, Editura Sigma, Bucureti, 1995
32. PRIDE, W. M., HUGHES, Robert J. & KAPOOR, J. R., Business, 3rd
Edition, Houghton Mifflin Company, Boston, 1991
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Approach, Lucrri tiinifice, Seria I, Vol. III, Management agricol,
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Grammatical Functions (Affixation), Lucrrile simpozionului tiinific
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2002, Iai (suport magnetic)
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120
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121
Anexa 1
Test final
1. A colleague of yours says it is better to let children work in factories than
have them beg in the streets. Use the following to say you disagree.
-
/ don't agree ...

I'm afraid I can't accept ... / I disagree with ...
Never!
No way!
Nonsense!
2. You agree with the initiative of the Department of Health that has asked
that cigarette advertisings should be accompanied by warnings.
-
(They're) right!
/ (absolutely) agree with ...
l think so too.
Nothing could be ...
That's precisely my (own) opinion / view ...
Yeah! / Yes!
3. You are asked to give your opinion about the speech of a famous
manager. Use the following.
-
As far as Im concerned
As I see it
From my point of view
I believe / feel / guess / think (that)
I feel very strongly that
I tend to think that
I would say / suggest that
Im confident / sure that
Im in favour of...
Im totally opposed to
If you ask me
In my opinion
It seems to me (that)
It was a crashing bore / a perfect success / a total failure.
On balance, Id say that
Speaking personally
The point is (that)
4. Your best friend would like to buy a Hi-Fi Tower. Use the following to
suggest him/her what to buy.
-
Have you thought of ?

How about ?
122
I suggest you
I think you should
If I were you, Id
What about ?
Why dont you ?
Would it be an idea ?
You could / might / should / would better not
5. You think Romanian officials should use Romanian cars. Defend your
opinion using the following.
-
I still think that

What I'm trying to say is that
What I really mean is that
You should take into account the fact that
123
Anexa 2
Explicarea simbolurilor utilizate
Rezumate. Simbolul indic prezentarea n rezumat a coninutului
unitii de nvare
Atenie. Acest simbol v indic mrirea ateniei asupra paragrafului
sau imaginii unde este ntlnit.
Observ. Acest simbol indic observarea cu atenie a imaginii.
Concepte i noiuni de reinut. Simbolul indic prezentarea unor
elemente de baz ce trebuie studiate cu atenie i reinute.
Test rezolvat. Simbolul indic ntrebri la care este dat i rspunsul.
Intrebri. ncercai s dai rspuns la aceste ntrebri.
Bibliografie
124

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UNIVERSITATEA DE TIINE AGRICOLE

I MEDICIN VETERINAR A BANATULUI

Unitatea de nvare 3 The graph (II)

Unitatea de nvare 4 The graph (III)

Unitatea de nvare 5 Summarising

Unitatea de nvare 6 Note-taking

Unitatea de nvare 7 Expanding

Unitatea de nvare 8 Structure and presentation of letters (I)

Unitatea de nvare 9 Structure and presentation of letters (II)

Unitatea de nvare 10 Structure and presentation of letters (III)

Unitatea de nvare 11 Structure and presentation of letters (IV)

Unitatea de nvare 12 Content and style of letters (I)

Unitatea de nvare 13 Content and style of letters (II)

Unitatea de nvare 14 Types of letters (I)

Unitatea de nvare 15 Types of letters (II)

Unitatea de nvare 16 Other written documents

Unitatea de nvare 17 Basic rules of grammar (I)

Unitatea de nvare 18 Basic rules of grammar (II)

Unitatea de nvare 19 Basic rules of grammar (III)

Unitatea de nvare 20 Basic rules of grammar (IV)

Unitatea de nvare 21 Basic rules of punctuation (I)

Unitatea de nvare 22 Basic rules of punctuation (II)

Unitatea de nvare 23 Basic rules of punctuation (III)

Unitatea de nvare 24 Basic rules of spelling

THE WRITTEN MESSAGE

Concepte i noiuni de reinut

ntrebri sau probleme rezolvate

What does understanding business data mean?

2. Match the following nouns with their definitions.

a. a communication containing some information, news,

b. a person who carries a message or goes on an errand

3. Fill in a, an, or the, where needed.

misadventure misbehaviour misbelief miscalculation misconception

vs. Rif.: Order DR4316

3. Read the letters above then answer the questions.

THE GRAPH (I)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut

ntrebri sau probleme rezolvate

2. Match the following compounds of message with their definitions.

a. a measure of the duration of and distance

1. A formal business report cannot contain tabular and

disabuse disaccord disaccusation disadvantage disaffect

2. Complete the Organisation Chart below with the positions suggested,

THE GRAPH (II)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut

ntrebri sau probleme rezolvate

a. (in heraldry, of a bird) represented with wings

getting devices, as large size, display type, and

3. Fill in with the proper verbs from below.

5. We form the comparative degree of most adjectives in English by adding

This programme is (satisfactory) than the previous one.

6. Complete these sentences in your own words.

inattention inbeing inboard incalculable income indefensible

THE GRAPH (III)

Concepte i noiuni de reinut

axis (pl. axes) = ax

ntrebri sau probleme rezolvate

Which is the most common form of visual representation?

2. Match the following words with their definitions.

a. a diagram representing a system of connections or

indicating stress in pronunciation, as in Romanian

1. The most uncommon form of visual representation is

should get a good return on their investment. However, it is often difficult to