Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Coresponden: Dr. Lili-Gabriela Lozneanu, medic primar chirurgie general, doctorand Universitatea de
Medicin i Farmacie Gr.T.Popa Iasi, Clinica I Chirurgie, Sp. Sf. Spiridon, str. Independenei, nr. 1,
700111, e-mail: lili_lozneanu@yahoo.com*.
*
received date: 07.09.2011
accepted date: 29.10.2011
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INTENIA TRATAMENTULUI
Exist dou modaliti de tratament: cu intenie curativ sau paliativ.
Ocazional, intenia curativ poate fi deliberat compromis, fie datorit comorbiditilor
asociate, prea severe pentru a permite o rezecie standard n deplin siguran, fie
datorit refuzului pacientului de a accepta protocolul standard cu intenie curativ.
Intenia curativ, n tratamentul cancerului rectal, impune rezecia i/sau ablaia
esutului neoplazic n ntregime, fiind asigurat de o rezecie R0, de obicei sub forma
unei rezecii radicale standard (rezecie anterioar-AR sau rezecie abdomino-perineal
APR). n trecut, stadiul IV al cancerului rectal excludea intenia potenial curativ, dar
aceast dogm a fost pus sub semnul ntrebrii cnd s-a dovedit c metastazele(MTS)
izolate, hepatice sau pulmonare, pot fi rezecate, fie sincron cu tumora primar, fie prin
operaii secveniale, cu o rat de supravieuire la 5 ani de 25-40% din pacieni [3].
n prezent, cazurile care erau odat o indicaie clar pentru ngrijire doar
paliativ, sunt adesea abordate printr-o terapie agresiv multimodal, cu intenia de a
ameliora stadiul bolii, pn la punctul n care poate fi aplicat o chirurgie cu viz
curativ.
I. OPIUNILE CHIRURGICALE
Decizia de a apela la o rezecie radical standard, la o excizie local sau o
operaie extins sau la o intervenie paliativ, se bazeaz n principal pe evaluarea
preterapeutic. Chirurgului i revine rolul critic de a alege, printr-o judecat matur,
abordarea optimal, i el devine, astfel, determinantul primar al rezultatului pentru
pacientul cu cancer de rect. Ca membru al echipei multidisciplinare, dup evaluarea
datelor preliminare, chirurgul cu experien poate identifica potenialele provocri
tehnice i estima, n limite rezonabile, necesitatea efecturii unei anastomoze primare,
cu sau fr diversie fecal proximal temporar, comparativ cu o colostomie
permanent. n majoritatea cazurilor se impune o rezecie radical standard (AR sau
APR), dar uneori sunt indicate proceduri locale de tratament. Informaiile obinute pot
alerta chirurgul asupra necesitii de a modifica tehnicile standard pentru a rspunde mai
bine particularitilor cancerului rectal; de exemplu, tipul histologic cu celule n inel cu
pecete va impune coborrea limitei de excizie distal, iar patologia colonic sincron
poate impune o colectomie extins.Un aspect important, care trebuie considerat cu
obiectivitate i discutat onest cu pacientul, este impactul anticipat al tratamentului
chirurgical prefigurat, asupra continenei fecale i asupra funciilor urinare i sexuale.Un
pacient cu incontinen fecal sau afectare preexistent a sfincterului poate beneficia
mai degrab de o APR i colostomie, dect de un efort bine intenionat, dar eroic in
concepie, de a salva sfincterul printr-o RA joas sau ultrajoas (LAR/uLAR). n
corelaie cu extensia locoregional, pot fi indicate rezecii multiviscerale. n raport cu
magnitudinea acestora, chirurgul poate solicita expertize suplimentare colegilor
specialiti n chirurgie hepatic, plastic, urologie, ginecologie, chirurgie toracic sau
altele.
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II.CONTROVERSE
n prezent, principalele controverse privind tratamentul multimodal al cancerului
rectal sunt:
1. Criteriile de selecie a tumorilor (cnd va crete terapia multimodal posibilitatea
de a realiza o rezecie R0 sau va mbunti rezultatele oncologice, funcionale
sau calitatea vieii pacientului?);
2. Timing-ul tratamentului (ar trebui s fie preoperator, postoperator sau ambele?);
3. Dozele i cursul radioterapiei (continu sau de scurt durat);
4. Alegerea chimioterapiei i agenilor biologici;
5. Utilizarea chimioterapiei n conjuncie cu tratamentul chirurgical local;
6. Dac marginea de siguran chirurgical distal ar trebui s aib la baz
evaluarea preterapeutic sau pe cea post-radio-chimioterapie neoadjuvant;
7. Dac un rspuns complet la radio-chimioterapie neoadjuvant, este suficient
pentru urmrirea pacientului, fr a mai aplica un tratament chirurgical radical.
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VI.CHIMIO-RADIOTERAPIA NEOADJUVANT
Raportrile privind morbiditatea prin chimio-radioterapie postoperatorie au
determinat investigatorii s propun chimio-radioterapia neoadjuvant (preoperatorie),
ca o alternativ viabil n tratamentul cancerelor rectale n stadii avansate.
Administrat naintea actului chirurgical, RT induce obiectiv un rspuns, cu un
beneficiu potenial, raportat la rata de rezecabilitate i /sau de conservare a sfincterului
anal, n tumorile rectale avansate local.Chimioterapia (CHT) administrat comcomitent
a demonstrat o ameliorare suplimentar a acestor efecte [6].
Radio-chimioterapia preoperatorie vizeaz optimizarea controlului local al bolii,
prin conversia la operabilitate a tumorilor rectale avansate, datorit efectului demonstrat
de radiosensibilizare al CHT, precum i ameliorarea controlului sistemic prin eradicarea
bolii micrometastatice. Studii randomizate recente au confirmat superioritatea acestei
asocieri neoadjuvante, comparativ cu RT singur: cretere de 3-4 ori a ratelor de rspuns
patologic complet (11-15 si 20-26% vs.3-5 si 6-12%). n plus, asocierea CHT la RT
reduce ratele de recidiv local (7,6% si 8,6% vs.17,1 si 16,5%) fa de RT ca singur
metod de adjuvan [14-18].
Unul dintre cel mai frecvent utilizate chimioterapice n cancerul colo-rectal este
5-fluorouracilul (5-FU) [4,5,19].
Dei CHT-RT confer un real beneficiu n ceea ce privete controlul local,
indiferent de timing-ul de administrare (nainte sau dup chirurgie), studiul de referin
realizat de German Rectal Cancer Study Group a demonstrat eficacitatea superioar a
administrarii preoperatorii a protocoalelor pe baz de 5-FU, n administrare continu
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timp de 4 sptmni, rata de recidiv local la 5 ani fiind redus la jumatate (6%
vs.13%) [11].
Incidena toxicitii pe termen lung, n special cea gastro-intestinal, este mai
mic n favoarea grupului tratat preoperator.
CHT- RT preoperatorie este mai bine tolerat, asigur un control local mai bun,
dar nu pare s influeneze frecvena apariiei metastazelor la distan [11]. Dei ratele de
supravieuire fr boal la 5 ani i de supravieuire global sunt echivalente cu ale CHT-
RT postoperatorii, este recomandat n prezent de majoritatea autorilor la toi pacienii
cu cancere rectale T3 sau T4 i tinde s devin un nou standard in cancerul rectal [2].
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Tabel 1
Chimioterapia de salvare
Chimioterapia linia I Chimioterapia linia II Chimioterapia linia III
FOLFOX+/-bevazucimab Irinotecan/FOLFIRI Irinotecan+ Cetuximab
FOLFIRI+/-bevazucimab FOLFOX Irinotecan+Cetuximab
Irinotecan+Cetuximab FOLFOX
FU-FOL bolus(Mayo)+/- FOLFOX Irinotecan+Cetuximab
bevazucimab Irinotecan/FOLFIRI
FU-FOL infuzional (De Cetuximab
Gramont)+/-bevazucimab
Capecitabina
UFT+Leucovorin
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CONCLUZII
Tratamentul multimodal i-a demonstrat rolul n reducerea morbiditii i
mortalitii n cancerul rectal, dar i n mbuntirea supravieuirii la distan.
Abordarea multidisciplinar este de importan major, att pre ct i postoperator.
Tratamentul chirurgical a rmas principala modalitate de tratament i este standardizat,
dar sunt nc controverse n tipul i timingulcelorlalte mijloace terapeutice. Trialuri
viitoare vor rafina strategiile pentru a identifica protocoalele optime de tratament.
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