C. DALBAN §. DIMA E. CHESARU C. SERBESCU CONSTRUCTI CU STRUCTURA METALICA BUCURESTIe -vysus ‘omouodues op j3qes09p sunpnays napuoge sopomiouiye 9 exumpiod sipy “hoodoo vadnse poinjonags 16 sosujoword sopsunsfocfanguas Dfuamyfus 2404 Tuoa uy purm] 2popos} jus spuuaye sopequcfip oye zIEpHQNISKS 2p “af ‘apoops 32809 sslpnyegags @ auoparnd. 2p 22380I9 2p mation osomnypayo semnsguas 2p sopsxooyiaw tone ound 0 ced ands aioe ‘aimsiou youn pad om ate ins ee se ojoomourl vossinahuy naplog, “aMaIQQUg 18052000 210 2pafso proouiof aivjadee teytoyos vy vaunjiogiwed #8 topes 234293 pandas mate eke. oe, gmjo vosvquoduson mo vanppdoy wy yond ony 39m 129 WP aod vente wpushos 9p aoppiouay> o syooydad ay voids (siioupiuos sojtuact 4p sepunf my posoruss ys geoman mvs yuass. m0 2409 149) 2 ACQIOUT) uso ze usp sanoppsindsuos osenpoacad s8 92 HezyOnG90 nos Sepodia uj jMoupuos eusos usp sopuspaaced 0 yayoud 0 IpID ‘roo ssosapsuoa up copysyyrioeds sip Of ‘Ding wp vaso ad “pand Ds esau $8 hn Jolaphoo ‘ spe i pean Diepatoud 2p sooagioucion 18 s0ppanpuns "> 2eHoH cehed # syes oe union ated evar 8 MO AS yo 98 ps s1vo np “sanopanfns i704 igor Saou pavowoguye 2 "odoungy xy " “foonund ug poten iusyizes op pannus no aqeionasuos naguod 38 “posousd hantod 2noree 48 seriou) sp soptason D cenuoroefead 2p sunien agin olin 8 boda ny 24 apo any 2h nomen prot 3 ms vouesvon “noAdpozioag. yD iusdus susp 9p Dnso7o] sf 21004 iuodiasnd 1 sewouopzep mo. pupnu 2p sshuapnas no pupdazus “soyoyou sop hagsoa’ meuouoy 1) opeiiwpoads 2p saxpoud Pr come 2yH49h wep apouson maysH0D PagUawMOp wus 2 po x6 vaunieopy 2p apoioy apse” veemiony wip of cqsaopusad 1 napuad s$ urtooud “rigquyome sionajsucea 2 musuape piptae® mayo Mapad seven p09 Wp HopuoMe ta of ap vasnson'y Biepoig yxouwsrd eHoR, ‘wunIePSOHK “20:00 smog ereuyp4ne “Fur 1S 1 V'g ‘s21BoBopag 16 a2420PIC WInHIPy a1oAs9z92 yuNs ulipe 1242820 pudaso ojinjdoip 91001 266 @ 44B1skdo> svese-or-e6 NAST sterondes ey "UD HorUiED wre smARUA) noraqsag “D “BU IP oudsatea elementelor este tratatt in cadral structarilor din care. fac parte, Hae actin tenis recoi exiens fe flan” pondil Ca Melodie de caleul penira elemenicle metalice este wtilizatd meioda pe ‘Sharon limit, care exte prezentaté comparatio ow prevederile alior orme, stindacse aspectele legate de. siguranja structural ‘ Taiucrare sunt facue refer gh sunt cuprinse datele do bard pentru ul sh atcituirea elomenielor structurale. (capitalal 10) representind Porlea a T1-a a twerkris se refer a comportarea $$ caleba sractrior metalic eupuat laa se THEE Broblemete tyatate pentru prima datd tn fara noastra inir-o lucrare din red ructupon wits, xperienfa éistentd fe pla 1 mictalice, sunt bazale oe een eee ered Indl, ty domental soliton seismic eet aaa detpate pformente ce scopal fia! de Te ne ie Be brani putione ae meh omen! re tht de nivel eae iron’ ia ad in fara noastra, ce ett despayuratt in domentat Sf eSsesfil costracfilor metalic, "peaccasl cle tatnror alr care am shri eam materiale dovumentare sae divea, prin arn nor paragrafe sau expt pee care at cntibat a sponsorizarca edits" presents Tuer MCE INELOR de PRODUSE SODICE — OCNA MURES (domnilor ing The Morouanee diver general ze. Vasile Criseadirettor economic): MOINTREPRIZE! te CONST RUCTIT, MONTAJE 91 REPARATIE SUDERURGICE din GALATL (aomnilor ing. Stsfon "Prica — airedor era gid Traian Smet de trprcd) ~ SOCIETATEA COMERCIALA ,,PROIECT ~ GALATI” (domnilor ings Mica Ci Mier genial 95 ng, Ota Coe = om whee) OCIETATEA COMERCIALA ,CONFORT ~ GALATI” (domni- Tor ing. Liviu Dracinschi ~ direclor general si ing. Cestel Eftinca — di- rector tehnic). Preface This book represents the first volume Belonging to the wor, Buildin sith metal steuctre and réfrs to the main aspects concern the te, Dow ‘and. design of tk ‘hie tev ton pee members, a feos connections. a ee ee srt Sei il oe rk erect oy oo i pt ppt ee in general and for sictal structures ty pasticulon bas Teg cout cma offs pee cae Nr en nt to be adopted in European Community Countries. . Ge a emi yis bani ee dere ee oe Sey Meh ts meeps eon Mad net! ah Sad oe tance and stability of. structural ment The aspects concerning two important Phenomens namely menibers sub- 0 torsion and plastic behaviour of steel members are included, Special chapters fer to the stability of structural’ members, ‘Tlesural suckling and lateral — torsional buckling of centrally loaded members, tera — “orsional buckling of Bent nombers, the cahisfoe By Chere in plane of applied moment) ant the collapse by lateral orcongt uAling of members subject. lo combaned Bending and compression loading any tried sending concept of imperfections mechanical properties A whole chapter is devoted to present the problems concerning local auchling, phenomenon of the steck structural members in clasiie, plage os postbuckling ranges. eles tees oe The last Chapter (Chapter 16) representing also the Part Three of the book concerns the bentaiont and design of th wlonte estou eet The problems, presented for the first time in ou country in book dated lo sel structures, are based on the existing world experience resulting fram technical literature and on the recent Rontanian one. The main ebjactioc te#28 gaeeeaee “oniwog 6 sonof emondsy wt goss axed Bt phasygon 82 HRIO ore wt somapon Naad yey apftemer B9 FTI, osagsamy bumpaes> ap ayeaye9e HID rena 2 9p HMSO “| conesun wanes BRIE esto Pt blo mip sopymomays ayioide aqenss OHONIEIEAE ZL : Sormay sores TIO EL -punisfo ofr S97m03 aBMNSERERS 't naaqsed SESOREY “Tt mooie 918 aeons soypnsunneses wadnge ast 9P sotastoumre WHeOMEUL “9 “L op 2uO pS “yuRaeE woMSIeN “TPT ovo 8 PES SNS “FE ‘snus 9p soperre w ye msvaHUmE FaESPAEA “OMEN ap aferTY “Et SEbext av woromques “io HP sopAposd wong ogra a2[eafo orenpoat SOMIVIAN MoTrUnganss YEMVENIVES WI auIsOTOS WWTEALR AMVTMNVSY Se aOVOTIEI UOTETVIEN VaUVENouNoD A vauva snruanp (codon _poowyony — voupfg p9s09 “Sue pu soBouru prasucd = Nesupsoee, 89T “B42) LEV IVD — TAOINO. ASTUTTL NG OL — " fassrapo topiounan “= nsyaos03 wejag Sue ap paw sa¥ouaIN po.ayZ? moet nae “Mue) EP TV — [oMIOUE" ISTAAAALNA OL — (.0Pvia osyadodina — ooitvts ngs, “Ho ap pun Aadnewu Toasted — Paty yin Bue) LEVIVD — SENVId TVITREATVLAN Of ONINIVE LPM NOTLITNT ‘NOLLINLISNOD #f ASUAAALNA OL — (aiouows Yorsonoss — nopset 950 pub “8D: fodeued ~ wonoupy ony 3x“) SAMAK VNIO—NUOA, SLINGOHE Faog er — 00g siyr Jo wowwomand 24) Suynoou00 sesusdro ou fo und » pososuods oy osoup &) Paygopus 24v sanyno ou : i og sas Jo Honotndosd oy anf aounien and oye ‘suojpoztuntio puv suossod “po of aunyy op june Sour 247 ‘pimom opus. wayey azo — aoqiooag Sutssousius pus Shusoey Aanyssioayen fo pioyf ou 4, Sarin qpnfiamal pio agsuanus says fo 18824 0 5D —spypopeds uosaswoy, fo zouzseodze 2qon00 24) pao smapwtion “padopmnap Sagi fo ee our ai“ sey am suaeAd onion 24) HOU : fit wouny fo sso) puancag of pao sdusp ning fo *Bouvp prone of sopao us soangrnsts onyyodussyp ‘apyonp udssop oF2, COMPORTANEA ELEMENTHIOR MRTALICE LA COROZTUNE . SCOMPORTAREA OFELULUE 5.1 Hiemente generale, 85. Analiza comportisi nctieae dla Deca vee a mtg manic 3.61, Riemete gexerae 3.52. Comportares ela 3.53. Comportatea plat 4. SUDARHA 4.1 Biemeste Kenersie, 42. Principle procedelor de eudare 46, Taleo metaleoe 461, Toten cy M4aHtA oxlactienie 462 Testes ou ate electric 463. THetes eu Jee Ge plasm | femtwAnr cu xtTURT 47, Sonia sudate ACT. Tipuri de tsar susie 4102, Imblndsi cu sodas de colf i Fliel) 10.4. Triads eudate la cemeute din aise de al 4129 Propuneten de norm wet vetcrent uROCODE sis ese) 1s 44124, Comentaril fine 54. Binmente geverale 52. Ncw alettlfea imbinilor oituive 54, Solletstie siteror, Bk 54, Comportaren # ealesla) 5:41, Comparten ibis 542. Calla tabeat 64. Compertarea g enlealul prnderitor ef Poll ae 64.1 rindert cu flange $f faruburl obiuite a. 2 6.42, Prindes ew Mange $) purvbatt de sat pretelonate 6.5, Completiti #! comentar! comparative rfeitoere te proletarea Umbinisies cx tile (gurus seu nian). dup diferite sommes ee e397eheyngess # apie 9p oxwoneg “xemmpersmy 11 ORUNHO HUVRRIAHOD YOTEINDHIE V YIVAENED VELVLITIGVUS ‘1 SDUIVIGN MOLOAMLS 0 MOTSLNGEATA VILVINURVES “t hong oy aera ea/e00 (SH 058100 ayers (8 fast (wma my aeons “oa0e om 28 so|uMDp ehENMUET “EFOE or peng pan (saat “pang aeraetlep => = senead nen 8 sOEDASYx VT HBAENS MOTHANENETE TATA IVD 18 VEAVEROANOD '6 stone ferepse9 “98 1 soso aoyenjiny prisainip eadoue apeiimstany cofenteny DHE S8 eee ot axe se ae ae oe ae ste ojaeg saa’ “TEE ste © stwee faniop ay amdne ose 218 ae : Sts mstasiesy opps earonSTS wae tee sopymams eanEeTV oor . oes Wf aRuapoe op ageism RE oor auystet09 Dey, rorios Vr 18 wuvouimOAOOKE LINHNON ‘WivEEY Hon Pe BBA O9 ROTHINERETE "TV YANUISIZIN ME TOAITVD 18 VEUIOIYOTV “@ SIVURIOMUIS NO UEIAETENTE VANHUSIZRN -V sortvaan MOTUAIOMUIS NOTA VaEVErUEVAS 18 VisTAstZau vat v vauuva woe: (mr or > x) Pye soufystigeamp immed Z0t'2 Soe © (amp gor = ND pe soUR EMA Ving HD apmION Tee yi STEM “TLL sndoouoo od passe. Pon suveuame je wean od rom EER “Tyo11.22, Iafluente eare edlied forta artic a Bartlor compeinate - . HLA Base on decfianen [44 act de Smet U4. Calcul Baeiorcompriniate on Fetianea mondsinettia, ere wed stabltetee pra IneovoleerBincre 44, Caeuth Berelar comprimate ca dou exe Ge siete care 5 plerd stalitates pein riaucice or eoanprinate Gegtiie confotme nermeler Qh bafal prin fucovolefe al bareler ca secjase pln |. |. baat arto alee ir leate sparse selene dt 128, Voalarea pllelior pane sub acfianes selistirlot ‘complexe 124, Taflaenfa voalieitanupre capaci gortante 4 clementeior 125, Vorlaiea in domental plastic « plclor supuce [a tensni normale de com 1264, Veriticaren in Voalare {2 metoda rezistexjeler admleie f | 1 122, Comportets st ealentnhpléilor in domental postertc 12.8, Prevederile norme! eiteaice 7 1283, Prevederie nermei KUROCODE 9 1284, Preveder le novnclot din 8 UAISC-ASD—ED, 199% 1285, Prevedeiie nonmeloe dla SU.A, (ATSC.—LRPD~1686) 129, Considerfi finale. STABILATATEA GBNERALA A BLEMENTELOR INCOVt 1, Apc grate Prodaceatenmern dees 198, Tortabliates I domeniol Inelastic. sce ite considerat 19.8.2. Cerio impave Gementeloe de legitrd jrmele din Rowhein. sc gel '« aor sernsie @aaie MAS, Normele Ain SULA, (tit Limit). 145, Considers faale 56 585 70 smbing “oqo PHI ~ sm Har aaa asus wp ofan 32805 ‘2p tnoued a9 omitespnp 83 HUIS “E Sp sani sree ate mses 2H eto sonmant suaye uy ayerlere gapidhep sseq a9 |NA30 . aarti remot ness 2p ce 2 ~ayansyuoo sofespv0 © menogier savessqoud potand STH BINED “818 over ‘oor a aroponet et Dayan soap tea08P 3 soNUOIDL mbox rapou w] 933089 ofeuabeep a2 sprme ou ase symbol aliments aneed a Sasaponiar 131 sunsims Iasioe VI wsnans aOrIVaK, YoTIALNNS TATADIVD HS VEERIAZyTIV “8 SDUMSIaS KOZ NI SAVSVTENY YOCIVAANE YuOLANES a9 MOTILLTUISKOD YaUVINOIND wan v vaya (Gacy ~ Gawt—asrv) -¥-A's op semI0N ESE 651 — ¢ HaQ20%A Teo Ee op TENG TEE ws vst SOVIVAaK KOTULLOMNESNOD ATW TAYTVO BE HALEN “stCONTENTS PART OWE BERAVIOUR OF METALS, JOINTS AND FASTENERS MATERIALS USED FOR METAL STRUCTURES . 4. 2, Hon, Semi-Rabrionted Material of Stel 4. aa, Patreation of Ste) Products, ‘Timaly Rainy Mi Finished Prodacts. Other Palteatious “Procedures of Arvin Shapes 1.41, Crystalline Structate of tr, (Rody. Centred Cubic Cryst Structure Face Centred-Cubie Crystal Structure) 42. Allotopy of 1. 6, The lnfueace of the Chemical Composition ox the Mechanice Propet me pete of LBA Ialseace of Cation 1. 62 Infineace of Manganese 1 G3, Safluenee of Siena... | | 1. Go, Taltueace of Saifer and Phaspheris 1 85 lates of Onsen abd Hse 85, Intlzenee of Nitrogen 2. Meat Trestments Applied to Stel Products, (Anseatigg. Not Suess Relieving. Quenchag and Tempering, Contzolled Ro 1 84, cryogenic Steele 1, 85, Quenctied and Tempered Low-Alloy righ Strenght Steals 1203, Alaminsm Alloys Used for Structural Members 2. 1, General Considerstion . . 42. 32. Clsafcaton by the Criterion of the Localization of Corosive Process 2.8, Clasifietion ty the Critesion of the Source of (Coroslon Process 2, 4 Tafloence of the Load and Constzuetive Making Over Corresion Behaviout 24, Stree Ceszolon 2 42, Influence of Coaetrucive Making of the Ste! Blemeste 2. & Corrosion Protetion of Industieh Steel Constructions 2.7, Recommendations Refertng to Corrosive Prerentiy and Protection of Steel Straare, Halled Taal Reinet with Chena Anse 9..THE BEHAVIOUR OF STRUCTURAL, STEELS 4. 1, General Canaiteration 3. 2 Stresr Concentzaton fa Metal Members. 3.2. Wilding Criteria of Metais 8 4, oval Beating 1. 5 Metal Debovioor Explatied in ers of Mechenieal Metalstgy 35-1. Main Notions ‘ 9. 62 Rlastie Behaviour of Metais 2. 8A, Plntle Behaviour of Metals, Theory cf Dislocations 9, 54, Metal Practare: Ductile Fracture, Bietie Fractote, Tmpect Strength ‘Pract ute Tomghaess 9, 85, Plovisons of the BURONORC TEN 1002590 concerning the 3e- aes! Tents 4. WELDING AND WELDED CONNECTION 4.1, Hatrodustion 4.2, Principles of Welding Processes 4.8 Welding, Process, 451, Ate Welding Procaes (i I Shsided SetalAre Welding, Sub rmtrged Are Welding, Gan Atel Are Welding 432 Reni Weldng (Sot Wegg Beene Sam Wed les 44, Wording Meter» 4, 41, Bloctrodes, Costiag of Electodes 4.42, Wire and Flax for Submerged Automatic Arc Weidingor - sie 51 sf won ang yi meio SON Te 8 ee aes Sie REE ee “atee tenga TE 8 nan Poe fo ma Te 7 eae toe Sioa V2 9 ta us 50 tei sewew ee 8 ° vow 30 hy 1g 8 eee Soe as} Keem9 ea sore 9 wo : ceomea 13 SuSsaMUS GHNIMHOD SuNERON oSIaNH ‘SHOHOE TWEXY 7 awJoafans SHMaMuN sO NOISIC 8 SNOLESANNOD GiTUIO" ANY SIO 9 sie powing 30 wea FS Suaueae Tags 40 mLONIUES -y SUTUNGEHC THIS WHALMS 40 ALTUAVES aNY OWES om ava $ 3 santol Gayman -s >) a2how staan 9969 401 Gore oe SN) otto aetna 9K) PAE TOLL + swssiuoy ten “PoE p69 407 9 ea © kaDOKAN soRPuPAds omMosNH “CL “e wa sopeompads W'S Tee ua eng “1 2 2, weg aI WE UN seg yo vl 9g) A0 POE ONIINE MLL sez SOSA 9K ATL A Tapugne sop syRainanoudeny ea, g mo preg AC COTY see 26 GEE oe saa AOSD mor 2NBhRE 216 gen “EaAMEN FS | HOHE TC We ONIaVOT daivEaHu OL GHIDafAS SHREHER TWEEN gO EA = . Se een | oe =| 2 eens = : ee oe ee cece ee eee RGSR Re d a “EER: eed) Hi giig? j add 3 Serie gg ree oereteoreera ernment8, 8, nent and Ques Subjected to Bending 8. 51. Shapes of Bent Members 8 82 Design of Bent Member . - | : 4. 4, Members Sobmitted to Combined Asial Fofoee and ending Moments | | 85, shear Lag Bitfeets 8. Pins] Considerations pes ee ean se ‘BEAAYIOUR AND DESIGN OF MENURS suBynETHD To ToRSIONAT, OanING . 9. 1, General Notions 9. 2 alform (Pate) Torsion 8.24. Open Section afemters 9. 22, Rox Section Members. | 8. 2, Tossonal Moment Gredict - 9, 8 Torioa dae to Warping, Mined Tofsion 9. 31. General Nowinue 9-52 Shear Center. 2.33, Strewes genduced ty Mixed Torsion » 8.34, The Ditferatid Rqustion of Mined Tors 9. 85. Taflursce of Axial Forces. . ‘i BEHAVIOUR AND DESIGN OF BENT MRAc@ERS IN ELASTIC-PLASTIC RANGE TO, Bealig i Rote aad Phstie Ruage 2B. STAMULITY oF STEEL MEMBERS : WHATY OF CHNTRASLY LOADED STEEL MEMBERS . Totrodueton, Sastablity Phenomena . Flenvtal Buckling of Ceatally Loaded Mente |. oe 90 112.1, Cries Load. Theory of Straight Member, aaget Modulus 108, [Reduced Medios Loed, Refined Tangent. Modulne Load ‘Aifecting tke Critical Noad, Residual Streses, Geometric ‘Concerning the Ducking of Compressed Members. Blatction of Bqulibtim. Disregence of Tqultiam (Strength Theory). Bile ple Colum Curves 224, ape Column Care of Comptes embers cro Romesion Tetons of Laat Ducking oo th Tend Caring Capac of ruta Posthachiag Bebavions Dele Forma rr asi Len Bec of vis nd Webs Provisions of Romanian Stauerd 126.1, Generalities. (Field of Application) 6us 199 990 “mr syeooD He aT 79 seoppacna OBIE “LED pn 9 10 SRK simenSa A Posraney poe A dm SNPS “TIN var ‘stownSer Pte sma jo suoREG0 EHD “ES'9t _spamaD BONE APD TEM ser HRONMDTIOGE “CST sono foes oF woSSing SUMING Jo IOC -¥9L ag 30 SIS SET at sopanpansy “T's saeey amosps sf panto sumaes “savor OMSHIS 0% GHIDELENS StIAy ONES THES 4 NOTSEG OF Sviuy oJKSIaS AL Ga1VI07 SaMALAUIS Tass 40 wnoIAvITaE SHUASONNES THIS Hx SaOHLE XOTSEC SE suorympitay (Went S41 sion UHR “BY'7E ooag wee “LYE (sv) vsa | | fe MaODOuN e seopacad HIKE YP Sim et aomangg SoC St woptars BRHEA Wy stone "hed “e oe39, anise ‘suey to tag = mong po ‘Sens yo yurr “Aone npn (eas soposer wood ‘wah oon posy 1 30 summo.yeoe Jo moda “eOORON MNRID “TL (sown, Gey oMGNaE OL GuLaalEAS SuMERE) “SNRATOORVTE sorgenpietcg Ye0He “gt 08D er “mOAPENEL fo af SeIyoN OR-MIOEE EEL stom onvec ot qHONE PeoNN eT TEL soquane yeaa poueleona ysHU 2789 uy ayemperads) puny ead areq u be “in ae gns n> ond a uridine ried ad cee, oes 62 Oy OT ssoond ame ded uy neo Oy we ae 1p ngjuad ropiniesie 1 sojsapsoond & 92 sopunjafo zarei0qy muyaad 10708 apspeoat sesoqup ap [nesve!g ‘axesaoo™ TigyEiunD SY SOEPE oP aa 9 n> amos) afeyjvorsy sordn> ep OSBL 3D Sp isaaifon avis WoTHaTELO V 1S KoMMYD MoIEATALO VANVHONTE “tat “rao NIG YOTESAGOWA ¥ 1$ IVINTALO VERVITRAYE “TNTREO TI pe nus unsoepe v9 sojempfo 2 wapATOU "UEY; ‘WO ‘eedUER ‘noRENTE 434) ap JoqrZx0 w siaonpor ap: son We sonpoud 96 ayneooD wekepse 2HRS 0 90] ne HS uopaTEAyEM Aide, ns op (ye §'z""*¢"z) ot ‘PIED xV9pB9. ROP 31 Ser apjeo sojeees vasopre und ayrz|your uns 9f9 aru auurye geesuorioimy ares arvoyPTyoId nezed oes nnjuad 6 wndand “ermpre up ayeymens wénod @ 18 maIoUy und uf varemiosuen vmin w misnad tush) wy yNEpe os WluMpUO ‘toy a eeenngsv9 8 pmasoerme wap 1 3p Soot Bp Suopse ad. sonposd sp ond4m aceste couvertizoare cildura necesari procesulti metalurgic de afinere ‘provine ‘in arderea (ddetee) diferitelor clemente, Oxigenul Gate sullat pe Ta partee superioard a masci de metal topit. prin inferme- Gul une fevi dendasth lance, Orifici pentru Jesinea oxigessbal inati cu un cap previaut eu mai multe une garje variazt intre 45 5i 60 ‘in convertizoase se Iuereazi cu iontt Tichidi, im care se poate adtvga pint Ja 30% fier vechi. Zucrdnda-se cu oxigen a Pracexste de’ azot foarte reduse (0,006%—0,00 indiferent. de variasta tehmologic-construc- modera economic in care se elaboreaza -ofeluri car ‘producfie de mast ; astdai peste 70% din producfia se claboreazi in asemenea agtegate. ens-Martin folosese foul topits, fier vechi si fon 7 alate 5 Ofelurile elaborate prin acest procedeu sunt folosite ales in construefii de masini. Ofelal el in cuptoare sau convertizoare este turnat in oale exe cutate din ofel ex 0 clmagi interioard din clsimida refraciard. mash (FeO) si pentru a i iid din oala de turnare se fact limigtit £218 de enjii si tenacitate, calmarea se face cu silicin si Nelmaile aliate syst futotdeauna cal- cu 10...15%. In unele cazuri cantititi mai mici obfindndu-se ofe- agtopiate de cele ale ofelutilor lele defecte care apar Ja furnarea lingous se pot regici si in Jaminate, uncle dig ele putind avea efecte defavora- bile asupra_ elem: Aasira, gufissile, incluainutle, fisurile, segregarea), Cu @ Retasura este un gol gou ni si este datorat faptul B ig. 14: Forme de sofia transversaih Pi LR, Meta tle ago ce ~ Magen pour table pentre. poo sar cen care 6¢_ PPO egarea zonal ducind 1 eoeeeRe, Jo pi chia met ult) ponte 8 pesicloae ts epnstt ete, a ofeeripenmate sereparen,oyre fo tntd iss THgoesS SCaushe Teakmate souele cu Segresiri se concentrea Ta Om ogo cane tebe msepariath pein late din vicirea intens& a recipientalui fou ofel din extrageteasemi- wlidiictsi ofelulus, dup’ care fea continua se aplicl uumai ig 16. Tarren cota (eisai) tana = oat de turmare: 2 ~ oul imermedlas ast carb; 4 role peste ingore adrpteen fesse, 6 — aOR ‘a . ‘suporyaladi tf we{qo 3s oAes 6 tao 9 taneye— snows gane ~ z tfeauny — Scene caetre Et a youn aon 20 OF ag30Hh oAPrincipaicle produse laminate le cald, folosite la construcfii metalice coats ‘Laminarea xe, | Desamizes | perm ‘Standart ie eau at |Raminin| Sgiaan sya fay reall mai ‘cust ect. 2 aminaicio it dopa laminare o sere de oxizi imprimajt pe fafa metaluldi). Benailelami- : nate Ja sece se infigoar’ in ralouri gi se livseazd ca atare a om Tt oe te ee ee ee ee eee ee aa Trees coat en, et sl at de atin, sane sere piace Sion steers cla as | its E ee CULL gc gas mets, ames ees ee sts ost w e 55088 Stas fats ‘sta fase Soorz-80 jepele mai netede deckt lamtinatele Ia cald. Formarca la yece se ioloseste pentru elementele de constractie cu perefi HE on ere forme Beit tener epee oe |e late [gee |S Lé ae 13, ALIATR Dy ALMAETU, #ABRICARES = siuaeOorULr 2 ARtATELOR DE AMINES © [emus eles lee [Be | ae arte vtoptndé tm natch sub forms de | Tha halle | oa Sees ee | oxiai si cu apd de hidratar Bausita este transformati m hidrat de aluminiu prin dizolvares bamxi- tei fn hidroxid de sodin in vase de ofel sub presi 1@ a Widratul deal ent de ito cote | seas obfinduducse ' * yee wet sag" | Aa fools Sotto este introdust co | Se descompune fn alu : oxigen care se combi f ca chrburele ; vow | gery [an sgotem | sas, | Soleo 2a, Mx, Cx) se obin aliaje de : ia thick [ae | wars | SS se face in cuptoure speciale cu vatrd suse | Sts Too mom | 5002-80 58 ‘obfinerea sunt folosite urmitoarele procedee + turnazea in lingotiere, continu’, turmarea continua care uneori este urmati de laminarea con ‘tinud; de asemenea se folosese si procedee special. Ee ” i ki a 8 ~ conten ce sree metnck 33se ‘seroyes orem) — foo iui) teu pean rots © penemape exameezasdon ey Z ° (a =B|/ 3 # (9 | Lee “sojsreisti0 © sxeyoazap 9p vase ad pupzoloy ‘oxwetjeysts9 ap zozasqI aaunde op weaya sla ame ree, sroniqne © fenpond uaa art ‘aud adaouy arvayyeystio 2 [as ‘reryenta op yonetoey tunjeseduss gus ymyemaduiay = s1apz9s 0 yoope ‘anpeiqns 0 yrvssvaK 9189 POIETEY suo dof Baw e nuIGEg "[eeu MzyVey sudaud "gmywedaiay ynwAGE o Of aonpord 95 oreqqeystio wd epyos oreys up EPMA SUS WIP Eo:000, imam any SOLsOULOIY srHTUYRMOASNYHLL "YAVICA WHVZITVASIUD ZF onvossus yere usp 18 for wp geaus0f adey 3p aye juiore mip yewslop Be teMBemy mE Tiatoisis (ert Be} Yop asymp wnapBay amfarur bo quey eo perouoroe punspme faivo.‘otuorysoje. [Rte | PUPLLLOS aif 96 ge. joc fepm HUONOL “A tun puymoasp ‘azwod yoreouy 96 w3s029 Tmosyoojo op WreoLinyx9 WIRGRE HEP GON IRD UN Al ulead groapao eaial Uap 2eey=Ua_ Wore areSof yp [nydey od eoiydao syood as "gpqeyom gant 7pe] 6 Butte ‘sunIz900 ap wfLof BISeIOy “BI TEBo, 9p Lhsor op. gyemmse aya Ero aoye ahhulp woumpaoo ‘ayy azapan ap HUNG WCE obop 92 oygna mays — ¢ 9a oe Teter aunpor — 1 sum 1 nudists BD ugh rd yaysaqoeseo sours ps9 ep ‘ty qezqaroueo guns 12a, spat 12] soun wg ad wyezoipesv yurieysu> “pany [2 9p yussos qns F i aysa nu to90e Ser AN OT stunsvar “D, ge} 9 2 amusqo wmerodary mSEUMBYE w BoRESy TyMNAID, redord puporpeydeay "pzeatsyoxd Y2r nyuRanpe 2p pyxo 9p yes um no yrodose os Joe NY veoreut “SRRESEGTE whiten o no “pqe eTeojn ap foyamt un ayo ‘oar Bl worUULIOy 6 ae ‘vo1uparyxs ‘(eoor ef nes pres vf) PoremEre] june nEEREEATY op ofeife Mp mpenye up sojsyequyRtas © exeionexd Bp sopevosd opodwouny‘Mivirea numirului de centse de cristalizare se poate produce de asemenea prin existenta fn masa ojeluhii topit 2 unor carburi sau ai truri (compusi aii earbonslui si azotului ew 7| diferite clemente de aliere, cum sunt cromul, molibéensl, aluminiul, vanadinl) ; acestea se gisese uniform repartizate in masa ofelului Hehid sub formi de particele fine si cousti- ‘tie centre de izare, care due la for- matea unei gramulasii fine. In stare solid’ wn Poate cristaliza ‘temperatura sau alfi factori. Aceastd proprie- tate se numeste alotropie sau polimorfism. ‘Trecerea de la o stare alotropich la alta [2 B,B—+y, 18) datoriti temperatuni, are lec Ja temperatura de transformare alo- tropied, jerulni sunt prezentate in figura 1.14 in care Stirile alotropice sunt ardtate gi siste ‘eristalizeaza in sistemul ca fete centrate (006. temperature de exploatare, O0°C) feral «intl 1.5, STRUCTURA ALIAJRLOR METALICE 1.8.1. TIPURT DE ALIAS Fiera! si aluminiul se aliazt cu diferite clemente care, adiugate ia realized prin ada ey initaacqe stan clementele chimice poate avea formele amestecul mecanic care se produce cind clementele ce compan ‘au se dizolvi reciproc in stare solid’ si mici nu former’ reacfit {de exempla, perlite care este un amestee de ferith si cemen- © compusii ehimiet care apar ca urmare a reacfillor chimice dintre clemente $i formeazi o refea eristabind deosebiti de cea a componentilor Jor [de exemplu carbura de fier FesC, denumith cementitd) ; 4 solujile solide care _apar frecvent si sunt caracteristice alfajelor metalice se pot forma prin. substitufie sau prin intersti gin Se oie cate seco ‘ aproape Seale ig) 38 conn = solujia de intertife tpatrandere) se formeorh prin ptrunderes ator nlorclementalateate se dala, In glu rejlt bretise 6 17). Este necesar ca ator taline-acomponentutal de bazt (0,0 din saad atom tart), Bot pluie in golem fee al fa aces car se produce 0 deranjere's Teele ntotdeauna stabil, * * Constituent de bard a ote rug, demuntt 3i fritds Refeaua Basin ate CeO 30 A. date temperate i prezint. golur ‘carbonul apare yuri de fier ga comentitd. O parte cement formed’ un amestec mecanic numit.perliti fuentol normal al ofelurilor carbon ricite congine cis 0.85% carbon. Ojerle de carbon este citea 0, corespunzitoare fiecs { glsese siclemente dar mai mari decit diame- |, hidrogenul '5i azotul, pitrunse forfat in le de interstifie, la care refeaua este deformati prin pitrunde- rea tor clemente cu diametrul mai mare decét al golului, sunt de cele mai multe ori solufii instabile ease se pot descompune producind moditi- at6e ‘pumayme Y — ¢ sina v0 18233 20, ropa sao qfonssuco uw "9% yupd) wogies op sapar gnurfuos “un nd apnyofo maytag ‘uuu you 9489 GoqsrD op TeInit -Hfuo 39 99 your feur yey no yom exayA “FORNS yALUNNEP gzayAFinMANT oO y_I|p owwM teu ho Syeoayeoure BayonTs Used te axypmape june PySoy 9p opp cup [SWOBU}D} NENDASTS UE PEMDMTTOYSTID VIEW yHEHeF su09 yreautioy 1 premyeseidas ayfajos uy toqre ap move vajas eqorsiuy ysI5 Of 20an eyMasny “(fag) ENqrED ‘Sp Ugutioy sompoxt jod eu 9s ne Dog "ose ap -EmyEEAUy VT ‘senpar you sonsed Hgeudosd puyay wonayay many i yrenone pmyon fsar09 ‘arvur aufog2 9p F7mON1A 0 PT ‘azeur youn f89 as1B 9p wAAITA ayo no atfoadsor “grproqoD feu 259 VAIEX op HM “oredw Jens qe nd eAMDANS pst uy aE oAsoy “(en xd) yfuonqysuoo fuonp rede pammsae vosoudutos ose aueo By ungezaoy sojsogrp Jovpzundsos03 my mun aandas guns nos 2p uo} gus aenpmyeyor |Ruogae> “popETD} amAgper 3} wamyeradray wasys0qo> TL ‘ampans 8p syed! yaymoysne myereduion ‘wasvoIpu | — Proggusm (pou: uy sonpord % Dhnuecoqnoiene, apowienr |S YoHRNe-ONTM woMMAO}EHL “aon sued uf mngofo soxeproduios 16 oprimiandosd waRmeap 1S (afo ap sopssard ‘vouoase op rede of ‘ soqnsoy ayamreyesy el YS SreURIe, UT ‘wnmpfo vareroqep y sede opemjanns opsyaioysuesy, “oyna, arrzgoU ap ‘ies onfogi ap azo4ia foun punidsaloo 18 onqysraaar uns appaptojseesy, jnuoqieo pupajozp portusysne [e897 uy ioquDy eareenojsuey adsouy ty 33d jnampjo vuor ~ @ ‘yttauat — © 2a ueenfa ssouane 98 Sy 8 fy apromd Anup asundns Bnyemduy. 2p Couadns 23712 ting asyssas “4ouafis Syuosonn9 tans areoyy ‘preagou 98 4 39 9p PUTO] qns ayosys a Srmogpzundso109 9199 1 Mo preOU 9s » 4 SyeSEE 9s mmroy ace qns nuzaxd iennsues 9p sunpfo maytag “ig amps ap vue wd yeaa ys yyust sy, 20} mp von qus rede asoye op oayraU|D “297 ‘mumyajo. vosrepsyyqest onpord avo (Fy ‘pssuy saedate yyseaon ay “uoftinjafo spe sopmesoM soos ENOTES aye UEmari se formeaz’ are Joc 0 inedlzire prelungit’. . Fragllitatea se datoreste faptulm cf ferita se formeazi sub formi de ace $ Pict intrind in lamelele de perliti. : Toon (0,02. ..0,2%), la 0 ricire foarte alizeazd pe cistalele primare de fe glsest in exces, iar ita din peslitd se separi in rejea griunfilor de feriti, Aceast’ cementiti structural liberi (care nu formieazd perlitd) este denumiiti cemenlitd terfiard. 158, RECRISTALIZANES. STRUCTURE DE LAMINARE meazd noi centre de recristalizate, iat existena wnei nu ice ia exestezea tiniforma a eristalelor gi la 0 gramula}ie fini « ofe- lizarea proprin-zist se produce pind la temperatura de pe ‘curba ay, dup’ care se obfine trausformarea, austenitic’ total’, ‘Preluerares recom $i majoritatea tratamentelor rermice au loc Ja temperaturi deasupra temperaturii de recristalizare. tn anu! preluctarii. icat’, products pactare a matetialului. Prin i si se objine in griuateloi prin se produce o sfirimare a grunt ‘se produce o now’ sflirdmare a Ta o temperatura la care recristalizarea si Meter elusteda vig. 1.22. Seurenren sane Btn elementle lamiute: eu ofelul, concent ‘Aceste fenomene Ta laminare se pot produce si defecte, denumite supre ‘spar atunci cind o parté'a metaluluiveste fudoit si presat’é fafa vecina, de care mm se sitleaz’ deoarcce fefele suprapuse sunt oxi- date (fig. 1.23). Ta ricirea sieuniforma a laminatelor apar te : emanents, Repar- tizarea lor este funcfie de forma laminatuht erica be 24), M&timea teu- ig. 1.90, Detectal de suprapunere datorat lane ip. 1.24, Tension rempeato provenite (Pleo Ante pel ominat a% 1s eure afo fo om sete i Tenote » pe US 9p Tagg “open sesso vf Easopy {Se porusind 0” 950 yostycanyy. 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Py azumisy 9p EPs und’ ne arm “endeaod fofo wp ayeautoo agnIp no FFVMRCIOY pfs sapor four 4¥9 og SHAN dol mye eb 6 [ofo ‘ng arvoxgunpp, Hysunduny ydoup syepisoas yj 408 6 TORS ToTwoasoa v 18 IotnaTns vison ¥ 0 “yao ase Teaionsjep 9 8{ 30m INPITS “ajemoz “usd ‘mpuyefo [¥ aueppeonap ti orns vinga NEO capefon emyeduisy yj popeds ur “IRON © suum 0 yoaje "9 axe ‘arodny pp 9jeaystzr ieqaow eoae{qe sTElRpUCS oy ‘aogre> ‘9p eo 18 weSavis op jesn Ingmyroder v asm6919 9 “ue a ynByfaoo tm MHAOgAND fBo9T wy PeSO|OH OTEMIAO ake yuuaqsyeos op dost yossofeyeamquny as ye yeingaid 3p 949 TO Dap Bnzoy “yor Feu Uo g—¢ vaso apo snd “quuoqies no guseuieo up -Ag'y" Z'1 ey Aoi uo ‘>jepns telonnstion nayued oqunfelo Uy "eoe9e 2p ged prpeoaes ‘mato eoyestegHE> owaEUt sue | one oe is angus ' 2» ueBuvyy ‘eayriroony 36 vjaayeyzas tapmeayes “mnpmoto aye Sopacoon az “sudosd safefmaammqary S231 ap qusuy> et orfelnesd ea joj ommend avpeeozp wn ‘29 yrvoroyo IntaNveRvie Vinsnant -r91 oueyow ayfonnysuos ap sao. mua Zo Ronop steed mnoging cong : pord ares smamzsaoo “axex{son waqiustase varewity &| Tapes GLIA Ch sonp 30d (%p 2uimi) toquto 9p senpar afontoobug “auses5 Son Tt ons 1oan vasvutzop et ‘arear weouLA no EL Pun fuze uy “somp yod eM FOU yusoGd “Mee'y GID aw ee ea mfonrjsnoo ap softmysfo fe woqtes ap isunurlaoy ‘wayetioeuay Tqisus sonpas y ysuy “gjuaystzor op iomfyroudold widnsw smeqezoney oy09y9 ase woq “#9 ep MMIMUY{ues FaraySoxy “Myo PP{o apefgqaudomd 6 vmpRNS YTeLEd ay piney o-s}m] ‘greafuangier a1e> SuUIGD yuaRGaye aIee [RUOGATD rayaxomuya vixanaant ‘191 INIATHLO WIV AOINVONN YOTIONSTERL “OVEVS VUdASV SRITY Hd UOTHNGWATT VENEATANT ‘91 TORS Mf WIE oF x0 fut osvopr ag amo S[atoe uy FEE 9p. yO jaMISTEEOSpY “nEZIPS suey sede ymax op ‘susox# od oyemymsoos yom suOFTENOT JOIMRE BOY “yeURMEE] MMsNposd vaUNIsOHg no 9ygo10 VAUSUTLAE LOLFENTS1.68, INFLUENTA VANADIULUE, TITANULUE SI NIOBIULUL 0,05. -0,2% cestea’ au ten-~ (Gub forma de ‘asupra caracts 3 (in special asupra limitei de curgere) si a tenacit Jboraite. De reguli, iutroducerea acestor clemente se face numai Pea proper neon solupi de abe ie; realizeazi o fi 1.610. INFIAIENTA CUPRULUT Cupra im cantitete de 0,2 iste rezistenfa ofelurilor Ja coroziunea atmosferie’, find fal 138 cu fosforul gi er elaborarea ofeiurilor RCA si RCB (wv. § 1.82.) Se recomend’ ca 0.6% 2 ote: ‘pentr apre- fame (Ry) se poate utiliza cu sufi- cient& exactitate urmitoarea selafie emptied? Ry = 25 + G1-P% — 4.8% + (51+ 87-Mn%)-C% + (96 — 18-MIn%) - (BIG + 62-Cr9h 4 4A-Ni% + B6-MO%, din care Ry recult m kgfrmm, “ init tii iN tian 1.7, TRATAMENTELE TERMICE ALE OJELURILOR, 1.74, ROLUL TRATAMENTELON TERMICE ‘Tratamentele termice ale metalelor au scopul de a modifica, in misura dori, structuza si Proprietajile acestora. Un tratament tenmic consté Go incdiziea la 9 anumith temperatura a” metalului, urmat& de ricire embele controlate) 7 i foment termic este determinat de urmitorii parametri ‘temperatura maxima le care a fost incilzit aliajal i termic f, durata de menfinere Ja temperatura viteza de itedlzire gi viteza de wicire ; vitezele de constante sau variabile. Incdlzitea elementelor supuse tratamentelor termice se face in cuptoare de dimensiuni corespunzitoare, care asigura 0 incilzire controlat’ si uni- forma a acestora 1.72, TRAYAMENTE TERMICE APLICATE: ELEMENTBLOR DIN OPEL nic ‘care axe drept stop 5% din ‘Dupi scoptl pentre care se aplics aii diferite de temperatars si timp, Siavand diferite intervale ale temp @ Recoacerea de omogenizare are drept sop o repartizare uniform’ a aif ‘elemente de sliere in masa ofelulai, fncdnd Ia inliturarea segregisii si la 0 omogenizare chimic’ = ofe- Reeoacerea de detensiouare {f, = 400...600°C) are drept scop in “ea tensiunilor interne care apar iu elementele metalice la prelucririle Ja cald saw la rece, a Final, =aw 3p supa our 9p qwoPYNS audfunfe o deny, injafo v ap>9p areut rey Bo jo 9s walvuy emyEiodendy. asus 89 cy Heo¥p spat {eet Sop ta suigand (1 go> 0) wworpus tout Tange fn aon eet es “wppyssoe wasez89s9 NI FIEP O Specs 1S yIPIGqoD yeuT ‘armmaaaz amjerduuoy qo m9 sueifen 9p stydorde Teer ypye (ao oa, yeah, (eu ser 1 pom) ¢'0 © Seuisd09 0 sopumpefo 18 (%e" aout, he, ‘enpas Tour eBay Aep ‘nM yewsIDG MOPS spe 3s IIOP yaw fom ‘Loot o7 sous no suadas ef ofameas ualgo s0 pale Ge oue “oge) vsvol Banyoasgry 0p voxsnaaad + (—yemTUeLaIt4s Bp) TeyesIoN one are oo Stes og 0G woud n> sams geet aiadas | ofuoaaon Hour «iSanpe nife 98 pa 2) Py Renyosrdutsy 0) voxpuents SuRS|p 9g “Yoqss your oyso eanBanje ny ‘apempis feu yams soMvoace aes) ered} 389.19 Jo[s9 arvouins Jans gen enes ern, fe soe orci. fe nas 6 NE moto. ate SawNaN apie tos wae = eae es ‘asad sp efuaystzas 1S voquyunp #292 —— -oforar fy toio staane! wag ce voneaes uae M8 Soap voto itt co) auanat ato“ SE sep uss sopmoto Casaseat eee Kota 2? songs mnuod omtqeset ap worm 2209 2D» Carsdally apyeaimay tay op engi Te B. -wouasay 25 18 BILD} 9p eseur setae aoging ronigeno> pees sro eyepoqos ge Your arenas. Sea oe onrtanss weet toe noe OY oy Wpydes sopys 0 pabouen sito adap fp ‘tino. qu nemadares 0-8 SOIT ha “teary Sp owes BI ays0I05 ap aveod m aud sopjgienderd to oF “foe oy pope vast yp <3 pay "> 2p apeadsss ‘ynp’ yoni eons wee PEED) SPER Seo ayeitMp no e6 pIBoay yonsemsteeer suman (oyrne, {otumiefo razr wy) say ‘ay nos (doqreD sojueisle eee B pHa suoys 0 Wide 26 | ewoow wing wees ME 8 ord pups aid sopsaut ab ares" a ep oa eek po purest © of inmen saumpny ag Se Se nd 9 98 uoqre> ap aaj em ww Se soi e ny My eehisecdat of atssase 8 Dana uy samyuemajdios sper; aguom ‘a3pr0qo9 nj yom eae unsard ‘oroatino ed “oq Sig Te VION TOloHsiiaere> v gpgiear areoyIpou ose es aE joud apeayde ef to wyeleup vax TERME M Paeynzor ‘ssvayeaion yap ajo no aitomunees frpw09 “osaoyr as 3105 “oyrasue 2] Sunrwnduir; vosvlzatp wad 2p aendns guns eye ques opmpafo Boge aIEmpy}Q “teu Jausox8 to sojqges (eroads af ‘2xCuraey sopasetd gone ea * : ep “oyveteatio se imp Syeuftor stnamrucc syertanen oye Ray mgs 9 WoRdonuey wmes o arama: ord soapaad a eieat of seman Cosme aA © rH BDRCH 4fo wantauopcess oil fo unop op james rea fs aoe fF EMI>ho nzguoe, Foquenes es ore ety Sieur radurmy 0 3 {0 ap 01a SHI na waIBIBOONY © tap fo.eonesoned i i sonseId opsyiio;sp ‘Oreo. BUUBIBEP tap "yp yaquna srvoipzmnderee oe ‘Tinsorodisy sx3ut) ommzyers}s004 9p volso0000y @{ifte reine propre de tenactate soperioase, oetulor slab alate iu special in domeniul temperaturilor joase ; clementele foleur! slab alate imbundeajite pot fi sudate cu anele mlsurl speciale. 18, OTELURI PENTRU STRUCTURI METALICE, jegoriile susmentionate au poate fi intotdeawnia I Pentru aparate sub presione a acleag tele ih de-og Boneral pear 9 belul ‘T.2. in exploatare Im funcfie de specifica! condifilor de utilzare, respectiv de caracte= sisticile gare se gytantesz’ ‘pe prodasul. fiaie retslice pot ff grupate conform scheme dia fi icile metanice’ gi rezistentele de caleul ale laminatelor din supube la diferite solicits, sunt date in tabe lab colicitate (cum sunt de exe jaentele de taeidere, tamplisia metaficl ct’) Ojai rezistenfe mafi (OL 44 si O52) sunt, ofelasi lab aiate care au ca clemente de alice, in afard de carbon, mangan, slicu, alu- sainis, wncori si clemente cum sunt vancdial, niobial saw titausl in pro- : gente mick Ojeane dab sine presinth de asemenee proprct plitice ‘Aceste of losite in specicl fa constenefii sudate, se corae- terlacae’ prints-o comporitie chimica tiguros dozatA #4 co de a evita fosmarea structuriior Grogile iu diferite situs} de prelucrere tare (inedizizea si ricirea la sudre, deformarea plasticl scest scop in STAS 500-80 s: feritelor clemente chunice pe produs, unde concentriri ale geestora fap de cyzul ofelutui lichid, 46 coor a sac mata 48og Sev BMY Wt no oyejom yas 2 1k Yo Mo ‘eeIEOG SVS HE oBe'zfoas SWE HE das eye me (9) apes aware 9p “0 2 iad Soca’ Weep Da, 9p 1 fenieno pou af eatasait 2 Pat Tepasien seopronp ap mpd Bs | Te 8 oo %0 gle 3 . : s10'0] oro'o] svo'o] ovw'o| asta |S | Fl ozo} aro| t./e | & 3 3 oto «0 Fae & a elelel es i alps 8 3/2/38] 8 iy ef) g g 79 | 90 |r| se0'0| sa7o| opoa| ax | sso) | yeaa 3 same | ore BE | vol ove[afe| & 3 ea ato | sro I--| s aft -|-|-Jea) = | - = | = |v] ovo] sree | ovo evo aro 8| gb8)— IT FS als alale Beers ee cee Reece — | — |4s0'0 | s90'0 | os0'0 | spa'o| os'o | oso | | Z SoU eeeg eesti ees = | = | ss0'0| o80'0| s90'0 | os0'o | - . -|-|-jwet -] - 4 — | = | s0'0 | oF0'0 | e900 | o70'o | cere g a] 3] ah— r ele ele | 8 : glsle - Sere eee = }aso'0| 2p0'o | ago'o | sso'0] 5°0 | oso | & | ios : See a fe a . = | = [ss00] 00! ssoo] eso) | afe cee eee tame et - ~ | 8¥0'0 | 000 | s¥0'0| opo'o | ae eels 2-2-1 ee ov Kk 2/8/3/-|-|-|-|-] - = Jeeves, | owe ale BG (eee ja jes eal | S| 8 I|- 1 ¢ aad te =| Peco | — | = | s80°0| ogo’ | s80'0 | aso'o | - ae | =e alec =" [=| iiva | 0 | eo wooo] > ote a 3a 3]e al uel eylas|ez|gy|ex| a7] Es [gzlza] #9 Aeshna PlEFIEIPIE/PIEPEP IER 3 © |#s/@ |5e)2 |s/@ | al lea] el e|e = (gaan y33) B|B/E sealer yr aad) dooe ae Coa i ana a ceed elle Srap aiser | emo [oem pHeTNED = Fb meas,Confinutal maxim de catbon variark tntte 0,17 si 0,25% [tab. Valorile exle mai reduse le au ofelurile carbos eaimate si respeetiv ofe lutile slab atiste, Ja cafe sporul de resistenfd este obfinat prin alte ele. metite de allere’ {de exemplu mangas). Confinutul maxim de matgan variart tn Himitele 085 forile cele mai reduse fiind le ojelul carbon, iat cele ia Inde slab aliete ‘Silical se glseyte in procente nefnsemnate la ofeluile carbou necal- mate si im procente de’ 0,40.-.0,50% la ojclurile carbon calaiate san slab alate “ Alumisiul apare ia procente mai mari la ofelurile slab atiate gi de cafitate superigarl, care’ sunt calmate suplimentar, Sulfal gi fosloral se ‘isesc in cautitafi reduse. Vanadiul si titanal care au rolal’de a crea o © structuri cu o granulajie find se gisese in proporfii zeduse impose de condi de sudablltate Standardele din fara noastra gi din alte fri fac 0 clsificare a ofe- tarilor pe bara proprietifilor de wiilizare, definiud clase de iferentiaz’ ofeiarle in eadral acelorasi inérc, Clasele en pe deo parte compertarea bund le sudare, iar pe de 182, OFRLURE REZISTENTE LA COROZICNE ATMOSFERICK Sub acfinmea agresivi a agentilor natural, ofelurile pentru constructit se acopert cu un stiat de oxi « clrui formare este in fancjie de urmi- i jaa cofoniune a ofclulus, gradul de agreivitate a ‘ature gi giosiiea stratull de protecjie de la supra stru construcfii rezult8, Suprin- On rol important are te (v. tab. 1.2), decit fierul. Pe aceasti’ bazi ustrucfii — rezisteute 1a co- intra in sollfie prin reacfie anodic mai a fost elaborata.o grup’ de ojeluri pentr iune atmosfericd sau grupa ofelurilor_ pati sari sub deuumirea de ofelusi CORTEN — caracterizath prin proprictifi de seristenfl ln cororiune supericase celor ale ofelusilor pentrs eoustracfi obigauite. oroziuai generale — ta ofelurile pati- ra intr-an regim cvasistafionar. Pro- cesul se deavolta ascendent, dar cu o erestere mai pufin accentuatl 1a ofe- Tutte patinabile (Hg. 130}. Vaiorile pierderilr de greutate, care caracterizenzt sezistenfa 1a core- inne a ofelusilor, sunt fn funcfie de coudifile de media. Cresterea, age sivitigi se manifésti in medial industrial urban mai bogat i anidnida 82 SERS TSE Penne i greviate, gf ro 129456 700R 725% Borat de expuare,an Doraia de exzuner.cni > = medi maria 2 = ofel eu eupru; 3 — ofel patinabil siruti apinerale). In toate az pierderi in greutate de calitate carentd. Avantajoase ii de coroziune de la suprafaja rd alternanja soph wsexta atmosferk cu agresivitate ‘Dup& formarea pr strat de oxid care se desprinde, suprhfafa capitd o culoare soseatarcafenie care poate rimine ‘ca atare, 1.83, OTELURI CO GRANULATIE FINA PENTRU CONSTRUCTIE SUDATE [STAS 9021-89) ireoniu, titan si care, dupa nor- ere intre 289 si ‘alee cone acetate de eit learn tn : Tragttrea geamelsfies in domentall austenitic gi determiad formores Gfenulof Une Aviad corecteritcl mecenice ident, propeettf plaster Sreomyorie bunt la sudere, verstenje remaresbic Eee rope fee Bhi Eeuctate le tempera selene, nesie oie! (OU) se fecomandd ape sont aclicesodte "co solckan mo con gree etter 184. OTELUIE CU REZISTENTA LA WOPERE FRAGILA UA ‘TEMPENATUNL JOASE SI FOARTE JOASE (CHIOGENICE) nuternic solicitate care Iuereaza la tempe- taturi joase (—80...60 sunt recipientele 3f rezervoarcle pent, ‘ransportal s1 depositarea chefiate (outa, propan, amoniac ete.) ‘8 care temperatura de meufinere in ttazelichid’ la presiusiea atmosferiek Pentru stracturi me 5355 panpess zoe svis about 1.2 foro) oe ose hor or a Wo &% o 6 a (sav) Gar--29) (ea90) (ye-88) i on Oey ots" 018 089s obs 008 (ea) sxe (a9 ste (uo) 9 (ap o0¥ (oa) ese (8) 06 Gon ow (99) oss (en 99 oi 9, ‘rh oey 9 00 AL = mon 0218 Noe 6.02 Alte clement Y= min 008 Yaa "ae 80 Comporifn chimes ~ Taille sotele ou Sen tinite de cuogere gussets le edd | | BY gee) oreo | wero srort sree Teates| ee [we = eames dl ase oe | we ovo wo SPEND PHD eaee| = = # a meio cme! wsoo | e890 sien 9p esd |sate sud 00°C, ne floc 0 Ta temperaturi jose. Tn. acest Hod cu cascle de caliate oy @ care pfezinté 0 tenacitate deosebitd tegorie intra ofelurile cu granulatie (STAS €021-89) 55°C ; oxigen —182,97°C; azot —~198,91°C deporitarea si transportul ace: ,, denumite Sau ofelust ari de of gence si 120°C, pot Ht utilzate ofelund Tedvs (157.8%). Ja temperaturi intre —60 eu nichel, dar ALIATE: PENTRU ELEMENTE SPRCTALE, se folosese ofeluri aliate (en ero: imbundtagita 1a executarea gurubus si_molibde resistenfi, 19. OPELURI PREVAZUTE IN NORMELY ALTOR PART 1a tabelul 17, se prezinth proprieiile mecanice ale celor mai foloste ofeluri din SUA. - TTendinfa de unitcare economict a flor din Europa de Vast 2 com dus le aperifia Standardstai European EURONORM EN 10095-1000, ‘Acesta precieazd cerinfle peutra produse lung! si produse.piate lam ie aid in fe sinate din ofel, apar aspectele pre- I produselor plate se famineazl table de orice dimensiune plan8, respectiv grosime. Acestea au o aplicae largi in diferite demenii, ‘Laininarea plithandelor, xtepeetiv a pieseor plate de Himitetd, acestes objindndi-se, dup’ necesitifi, prin Wiiere 56 ‘aval vance TS 29 wr UN OT wu feat Fp Compositin ebimieh pe fel Hebid (9%) 1s = ‘amepporep @P PHO | ate ost > I> 08 m9 5 4 ae | Shao oo eT oF oro sv blo SH 06 89 ‘ Walorliean fork determine pe epravete Taste fn dlvecic tenaverald fad de diveate de deformare,aamutiqo. fadaoe fe BE EFS emotes rorapeto mais, (onfengos jqes) yeep warner iy sata op sierer‘Slot I conforss Seniors | saudaea [88 oe Hirile din Europa de Vest sunt a care sunt parte, urmitoarele dul European EN 10025— 1980 : yenemeres, Elvejia, Fislanda, Franfa, Cenmani “Oyglar dete general pentr ‘9 BTAS S00/2-<0 soyeltr de Cm man. 02y, Teed 19 | ry | 8%) EK yj max. pentra 9 ‘prodime ubminalt de recas (m0) mare 40 @ 3% 240 as9 pe s10-0(5) — SORE | EE gtd ax cootinat de 91 total de min, 9.020% sau oat 4 inspect © = prin coor, — oft de calitate: din clasele de cafitate C, D {D1 si as nae gi rlcire, ereea7’ elementelor laminate In ricix aseminitoare ca cele de la tratamenul termic dé nor matte de iegare complet Ts tabelal 1.12 629 zo aw —wz—1y “aN—1D— WW re wise ‘jansy “ODNE 9p gydauefa sym feu BNE fo 1 wrvssioy, Ys aavad (qaye4o 6 vo) parma ‘2x0HI9 ee Sel erat ines Pemierencaenin wae ote ee See eae cnc ae oe oe ae sommeaout 2074u S123 anes een? 9p STON aoa roubeun 6 ae ay :3wowguN FuNs nIMNGE ap 9} poop are yyesyuea aff no BQN wofor up WzvoeIsiD jaMEANyY Yrvunavs vauyayany ays vaNVZINaLY Cort 2.009 ® inf uy ander ap wmyaradu9y s¥t “9, 96 Se ag ny ays9 mate sp soppivire voswageysroas adaout ax89 oy waEge (oar ep aenpoid aaqsne 1ORAPUAOap HIUOTEP 93 -eyal} Sueri(eyspoas ap qauauousy sp yieum “suas Lafor Paraoeja ‘up pupjsuo> “aserousaes 0 sonpoat Se "emtmsodemoy WOU Uli aININO'IV ga wOTHIYIy Vv Tf TOINININATY VuntoneIs “Ort \ coro | cone | ern one ove | oreoss oro-orr | o1vosr | orsocr ove-087 | 269-02¢ | oso-oer OFe-a8e | ORSUOF | OOH OTF ourace | oxrore | ocr-ose Sersee | oartre | our-ors bey-aze | oarore | ourone ou ore ouv-ave ‘tage (amuse 2 ste | sce | ane sa [set | St = sez | Se sxa_| oes even | (rlaoseat PL [= [esas ee = | ser | se ev | _‘aoateee avlavlavlay we | ae | oe oes oars [oss |e | 0 Jers | om sae tcl oet= | dors | te et |oot= Be | BE os | SI= aopoeh | HESS | veuaittlen a = = = T ams Teer (1p adem 9p wpeTatelat 1.11 abet 1.12 Buergie de rapere sim ing goreapondeate ta Seeman contorms Sefer xr, | gin. fant eigts | saeais |POUSE™| sustee [avorveg noah Beas |e, | or ee at | ie sco | ons7|st 37-3) ze “ae = at 2355 | 1212.00 | nase.» Ye 7 BRE | 0089) S78 lustason eco |1.099) nse ee ea 1512.00 Instacon pesca [song se nee ae Sau] isc lressv.c leescoe Ssae0c ese00,/ 1.0114 s+ | eas) ap | az dre | az soo, zen |s6op 285-0 lresooxn [season pesinine veason [oon] st lmee2|aas | am| me | aw fe zisn laste ssn | 141200 fretso-n |stsson wedooe youd] Seems [asc [ae [Pe Pace kisu ase |aioe psc leaso-c |seasne sao recon, 10144) si law raig0 | t gaedfasp | an |e | ae bsp | aon | ase Jretsoin fseison fastous reson] — | 141401 veston| = 62 | 500 | az re | am ssp ston basa Inesio-n re si0c |1.0570| st feso-s | sqc | Se [ote Par Lise ise toe. feos esi0 c |sesincesiaiss vesi00, 1.057. so [aw jee | ae enn | sa fI0D [3850 reste foesion ixsizisa care’ se_gisegte fn stare lichidA), se recurge la 0 ricire rapida {cd- ee Fane rc ) a metalului topit.aflat in stare de solufie suprasatirata ; [seep |resto-o0] ite pastrarea solufiei omogene suprasaturate lesion, = solid’ suprasaturati este o fazi instabilli 51 caut a | frewo2 |i.0050) se faso2| [asso 2 fs prin precipitarea clementelor aflate in exces. Precipitarea fazei s boa freee prooe a turate Ja temperatura ambiamt2 produce o cregtere a caracteristicilor {amor mela hea} her pot oe | ‘cance ale alisjuiui. Feiomenul este definit ca maturizare sau durifi- ‘sof 9 [Aes pene i mecanice ale aaj # este definit ca maturix durif- & Pears Fenomenul de maturizaze incepe aproape imiediat dup cllire [2...4 ore) Pe 690-2 1.0070) -aeao Preeso | a | iase-00 frecoo"2™|s1s00 sise termini dup’ 4. 8 zile, Viteza maxim& se manifesta in primele 5, ..15 64‘iwouadns wyjnd no “yoo “2610 rmIpfo fe no ameper 2p mpuo yéepoe ap yas soxar oom Lop safURISIZDA “SMMIPY WHOA, Iota ip assve ap apLeNy “esNpax ays wyRTLGEPNS B99ze09p “YEAR OP ese yomip wranap (3x¢-—a)—ry] HEM 9fuays!204 no Tofeye qysojoy yy aysod rout URES no sam MNAWEg “UL, 4e70xy yy iver ynfeyy “aunj20309 Bf BENG BfeaysteaH 0 YE WOIMD =sLORP wIEDED reed seoripoun yernuap Yuyesdns 9p srunponsste. yuu uN-syUEE amr soap 'yaprrpm; #6 auyidu ap asyuaUIs Bl “YALE yIHDS ad “6 wfuonsizar ap Joppyrauays wasemear vf EEF oy sz gyeoqpt? ap auotoyus eluays.a4 age “aunxroIeD vf yeaySHED! 959 f 9K —Ayq—1y) miss 1 nso wa m9 ya 1 sqvod wysv0e) Iv "BETGUPHS ap a0nq rp “agoar9se ap “9y980[05 wus ag 1S299N “(LE TO FMIN|PLO 318 ¥> rear mt UO g ap sdeouds) ayeoypur ommedour 9fua3s}z02 Bw—u2—1V mds 9p 30 3s nimooniz ap soupe ‘afuaysyzar no 18 pemq aye (onnsnos nsyuad prjseo Bre} my ‘snpax fem 4yo ay Bs Duy BS Fessoau apse "yfupasuo uy “ding “rpms 0 ny afore 252600} 2s arepns 99 3p reszsiny anamee wom wass9en1 ynp sysop yagdaoor Four 9f aw 9109 of viusysizar op tose prod 1% aoream ofeye ajaun ourzyyoUS wLed Enmepns auf es infefe w sHSAOeN sIs9 Nfossror vp aHNOUKOND NAN “anv da sud soln jae 3189 =arnoap “yo"peau MINNIS yso[oF reidany; ap (ean) so>pIyoRE 9p apseIM}D wsIGOg ‘wosyniod oped eaivean speed 2p soppfnarsytar vosyodg “onus ronan as eeu BPINS YeRMoposd ast wt 8 6 [SETS n> urodery tnreadeer sasdino eummopa ayatore “rz phar peer og of RoE no sage sfuoqsrzar ap sods tm oy sonp tas 9p afer oysoqos guns rout vomomase 2p ‘over ej astopt yeronpad y pugind jqeapeur aise ‘amp efuaysuar =p Soma 6 saxoped “yfarod 3 osu 8 g any nor "eremgen eorennyee 9p Phe ‘Deost_ OME anny setedond # sisopar 0 psedaies sony as eaujmoany -sonsod (@usysnp o's) soyueaons soponatonoesio eur o aye vey ap 2st) ypi0 ap angesoop 210g “anoaes ap joan Yet “ysnaezdmay vanopir ap remy Beane seo eoreonEp. yoeey arunyen oxez evwar oud asoyninp 0 ef EE PAYINpHOD “eydpoud wap eimpanr oe wousnyeseidas axes uy foe uy xoen2 98 oreo axaymouuoya “sues ence ‘pm nes ye uy aves as vartany “easy aonpoud 98 9309 Fon © sao son spe egaidond pod ne ‘onigo ydnp spout “ogamare 9p aotoie Sugetoop oxdg “frogs ute at Zopytouty wrested gaged ioe uns aioe 9p apnusaoe pugs eat ‘80s jeHLnd hides orinyon © Epidur wares SOMMOauL LOPS WUE wom YMNqU gyTULEd semua} (mymamEyeTy, ona opsape ooo 234 ‘ormnio} a3eye Yy yod tat Six—no—1v fons om gemgezdines ponte aye ap ayfeqe up spear ay = an ‘tmp ay moauisweo xt auiso104 aINIMaTY sa aevErY “Cor -aiadns sanyo vossppos md lone jar sojetuayea: tasoos> apad wiser 3s vorertmye “et *B5) yunyesodenay wax yA ns sereduisy areompis aid yyesop oe Yy ayeod warezunaeyy “a10 omy")2. COMPORTAREA ESEMENTELOR METALICE LA COROZIUNE * 21. CONSIDERATIT GENERALE Tinprtans cuoaytrit enomenatni de coregune, caf a maser de prevenire gi protectie anticorosiva a construcfilor metalice industzal sche dio uritioncle‘constdrente ] © Comportarca ta corosiune a st seid industrial agresivd. influenfeas tates portanté 5 sigurava acestora pentru constractii, ci si menfi {ncdt si fie garantsta siguranta in exploatare. Constrachile metal (construcfii suspendate, construc} pretensionate, construchii a perefi subtin fasonate la rece a.) impan necesitatea ennoasterii cu 0 ‘mai mare rigurozitate leranfele privind degra- i ‘ai reduse datoritd secfiut @ Studint si combaterea corosiunii sunt probleme cu implic ‘miajore. Cu taste masurile de pre combatere a cor reprind, pagabele pr pplerderile datorat ica 10% se pierde prin coroziune. Daca se de ofl este de 1 miliard tfam, rezulta cd anul se pierde prin coroziune cchivalental » circa 100 zailicase tone ofel. ‘Aceste pierderi su tn earacter rela ‘bil dacd se are in vedere complexitat Aistrageri. © Picrderile canzate de corosiune in construc}ii metalice. provin din: ‘sau consolidarea clementelor degradate de coroziune, de chelta- vind protecfia anticorosivi, afectarea desfasurisii normale a Dro- cestlai de producfie, supradimensioniarea elementelor de rezisten{’ pe com: Gerente de coroziuie s.a. Pagubele datorate coroziunii crese," de 7 cu cAt agresivitatea mediului corosiv este pagubele produse atmasferice industri in Ttalia — 25%. © Prevenirea si combaterea corozinnii-constrichillor metalice exploatate in atmosferd industrialé corosivi, sunt jrobleme a céror solufionare mu coorot ye lueriel ing, Petra Strateawe — ‘Posuttten depinde exclusiv de sistemul de protectie anticorosiv’, un rol important revenind aledtuirii constructive a clementulai de constructie, sistemulai fn totalitate, din punct igentilor corosivi asupra Chiar in condifiile unei protecfii anti- corosive, considerat din punct de vedere tearetie cozespunzitoare, elementele metalice sunt adesea in timp afectate de coraziune. Indicafiile din literatura de specialitate, privind misurile de prevesice si combatere a corcainnii in faza de proiectare a construcfillor mete! exploatate in medii corosive si baz recunoasterea. pericol ia suprafafa clementelor met ei acoperitoare, dar insu §i neriguros fundamentate din punct de vedere teoretic : — reducerea cu 10% a rezistenfelor de calcul considerate la’ dimensio. natea clementelar metalice exploatate iis medii corosive ; dhe eistensa dovise pentrs yrofilele laminate la eald le mediului agresiv (confinutul in SO, smiditates we (de la 2 12 35, formate la rece, ‘grositnii elemen- runcfie de agresivi 22. COMPORTAREA LA COROZIUNE $I DURABILYTATEA STRUCTURILOR METALICE EXPLOATATE IN ATMOSFERA INDUSTRIALA YMPURIFICATA CU GAZE AGRESIVE Cororiunea are in’ prezent 0 sferi largi de accepfiume fiind extinek fa iverse degradiri, deterioriri sau distrageri ale clementelo metalice cauzate de process chimice, electrochimice, de coroziune sub tense 5.2. ‘oroziunea ituirea constructiva, sistemul de protecfie anticorosiva ga. jumea reprezintd 0 forma de transformare a materici in natura si ‘metalelor sub acfiunea nor agent exteriori, chimice sau electrochimice. Coroziunea se manifest Aezvoltare in viiter.wu ses80 oypous punjons) maps pAyRAD anu parapd 3 Srimip ey ‘sywod areye wo 16 qysIdap ap pop 2989 o4fe991 dsupaymigssap yaRsIU yswolnoTIad YUE 39 9189 ysvomopiod res 2 1D spud nes Wierd @ ZG Be) am ap yutsO} ans einazaid aeod as yomGRaostp vauTyZOLo9 “TuSARAISP pe sxesyEIUOD 9p [sped 9p sxfouny wT “rHymjeyous Yafarerdins ape ymne{sod Syuunr ue yoo Dungzos09 ap mnqussbosd voremseyap u a BrvinsMpuy PojsouY ws ayeywolae feo siaiainstp 9p tz gymtzoxdor be aendatnd (cg 3) Pwsof WHO sends wByani 98 SeN!20L09 9p FSO ue oy (gresoul) prasyoo owmicoro) @ “apo vaunyz020) “FOOL e vorméyssap und peeadt 24m) gawoLTO}U waRyroI0D #6 (e190 “BfBIOcaR) wiugesdns op _woUREE PSUS as aumyzosen ap gapussOG we sxEz_[eoo] ap japon yanqy “ponoere 9p sratimag +2 “As Re 2 8 28 8 gi S 6 saad ey 3 & ses Se 8B Fs “snpar 12a 9469 2oypoqe9 16 aoypoue IOPPAO} mae axy4p Impodes ygo no ‘anim War 3yye N9 9169 aanyzol09 2p {BYasovond FaLEy_STAvUT "yyuoejuow pugmpurer ‘SoyN9 y2uas90| (afoyeidns [nys91 39 A ‘squourajaocoror yze91> uy aim fexsoyed 9p 2 warmsBorosg, “oxTeyaur ‘goueasoysyacs “gaqmy> 2: sara xjnjos wimifoe snide -2Iip voreziyeaoy nes majeds upd yoq ‘powe man vfuaysre ‘(qoxjo9p 9p vHnjos) ajsaus¥ FaqRIGOR vfuezaid ep pieye mp "yoydur goumysox}D—qo suMyz0L09 ap cl 294p 3AED FHaIpNaN gISEao Stain Bp efegros sw Hhonsay 9p DYES no IoeIwe HoRUnponin aeuoio of yun sojspisainys vigymadas 9d esajsoun wip $e aatseide sojazed vasioerein aoqpeyou ionsisaes wy : “EmmZ0309 |e 3888) OHyGostsyjood DalseD apoNE ey soUPORE I MRL vendansp sieo ep suaymout> op indhy idizoulas gory. wounpzOs0}) sNarz0u09 Sa Intnswona IKUAIN TAMEENO Yang YaNVOLAESVED “oe NOTIVLGN YaALONULS AD TAOxLSNOD VT SLINTYLN] SNNIZOUOD BO YOUBAaLL VLVOAISV'D “escl rol de catod) i periferia cristalului {structurl deranjat’ 10d) apare o diferenfa de potenfial ce declanseaza procesul consecinfi duce 1a distrugerea perifericd @ cristalului, intercristalin @ Coroziunea transcristal nederanjati ce ce joaet rol fig. 22, f) secfioneaza cris lefecte intterioare [datorate in special prehicrisilar mecanice} © Corosiunca select 22, g) este proprie aliajelor met caratterineazd prin. distragerca, componeniulus ca potenjial mai seézut, Zonele structurale care cuprind inclusiuni, segrey laceliziri fa limita dintte cvistale) prevint’ coroziunea de tip 233, CLASIFICANKA DUPK GHUTERIUL SURSEL DE COROZIUN ari procestl de cozorivme se rmosferiel, subterani (inelusiv ‘apa de mare. Dupi natura sursei agresive eare gen le unui aer pur gi uscat, ‘brului stalp, vecki de peste 1500 sa nu se produce; feste Delhi—india ; rezistenta ated 2.1 NOTA Datele gin tebe! sunt In convordangl cu STAS 10138—85 Bm 0 0 20 30 to Qurata expuneni tele} dintr-ua mete fu atmosferi se giisese {80,, H.0, NO,, NH,:Ch 5.3, ntrafie diferenfiati. In tabelul 2.1 sunt prezentate itate atmoslericd, staudardizate in fara noastr’. “Uniiditatea relativa a aerulai inffuenfeazi substantial valoarea pierde- silor prin coroziune. tn figura 23 se prezintA pierderile in azul unui ofel expt fn atmosferd impurifiest’i cu 0,01% SO,. Impuritifile solide din atrnosterk cuprind substanfe active existente sub forma de pulbere ia zoucle industriale (in special cele din apropiecea, {abricior de agiomerare, basinelor de grauulare, furmalelos) si de litoral yyE=O}Np wares game FeAl veo emLOs « yaRTE ap omyNSuay aze9 2480 armyqum sopumaropo earcoyea yxD n> 16 DIUM Your 9459 AISOI09 H vyeyassouBe qyo No FOCOpIAD Feu ypye Nd e369 unyeuDy qMs wouTyZaIOD THOU [MNSKATS MP aN way} ap PALES PREP BURZOIDD JTF unf20209 9p fsao0rd P2¥939].09" Yo parE] 9uALZor09 9p jasavosd sayuIp Sfuapaadep oyen Wer|SUOLTI ¥ a1e> Suaeq 9p Yusrodooeap ysey & posunaoue ownssusy 2p auvje uj VOUNIZO4) asorooqae veoajoxd ! yaRonTsuoD vosMNa(e x6 yorETONE YT Emnyeiom sypnsuowerro ye eonseu ! ajsage YONMPI STH 6 eangen :quoseyeo sjoreangum wy Wedasd w aod (gg ae) soITeLou fonjsuos 2 sunyzosoo My Varewodutoo pevofuonya Aveo TODS YOINYomNe SRAISNAL Hel AMVAS sas VANALZONDD “ce ANNIZOXOD VI INIYLAOANOD VEdOSY HATIDNSNOO DUINLYOTV 1§ BOINVOAN TAYLDVIOS “WTO ¥%Pig. 25. Disteboyte tont- vellor ia cara surdet Aatortdeovosianit sub etort se fuchid gi se deschi ci tensiane mecanied se ile de fulare pentru poduri, cu regim dé 5 care deservesc hale industriale exploatate in atmosferd agresivis menea la rerervoare, i zoua de racordare intre manta §i fund — acolo unde au loc importante concentrini de efortus). In Franja, expertisindu-se avarierea unor poduti suspendate, #2 stabilit cdo parte din cablurile de susfinere au eedat datorit2 acfiunit smultane a tensiunii mecanice (cicluri neregulats) si a coroziunii favorizate die umiditatea gi gazele agresive din atmosfera industiialé. as In S.U.A. podul suspendat de la Point Plessant, prabesit fn anul 1968, reprezinth an exempln de avarie datorat oboselti §{ cotozitnii; expertiza, care sra flout cu acea ocazic, a aritat c& avaria sa produs Gatorita prezentel in atmosfera a gazcior agresive gi eforturiior mecanice apropiate de limita de oboscala prin coroziune. 242, ROLUL ALCKTUNET CONSTRUCTIVE A ELEMENTULUS MIEFALIC alia ingapst Par lor cu lbrele care presupun accesibile prafului si vaporilor de ap’ din, rat de grinzile cu secfiune plink 4m figura 26 sunt preventate, pentru diverse secfiuni.curent’utilizate fu construc{iimetalice, distragente perimetzale cauzate de coroxiunea comportsrea 1a corosinae (poate favorica apacifia. coro ‘dete aut 0 comportare mal bund la corozitme ‘im comparagie ot cele cw puruburh 16 hh 0,82mmvan ihe 0148mmyon 12 mmfan Oral sett traverse, a mayan, ‘resto stmostelce 28. PROTECTIA ANTICOROSIVA A ELEMENTEL : mNIBLOR STRUCTURT.OR MEALIOH ALM CONSTRUCTIINOR INSCOTISTA sen it et ae Tapostul dintre costul total C (mii lei) si durabilitatea ‘sam fani) :ee ae Up apr Atg "AOA MAN Typ amu. ‘A. JorEMpod epf>9q zy Saud ese tee ame 9p al sce antioa Gud oxsmnond ap Jamas ves0I05 26 Serres eee ; Sjaqure yo arezopisuos ty wr 9s "yoeC "7D exouyfozstt 2D aT Bea yundop 28 oe 200 | iol semsoxe ar }os day ap [earayay tn vers OUP 9s RS INGA Wea WORT aataap (1-2), 2 Honneuos vareyoydxe anuad yuzgassd youth usu op WEF ‘HIE ap [RAZA oH BL Joys Y qm sroatfonay t 6 poep (ime jop 0 sone waN! “Sau 9p 2qPMAPyD We spun aajsoiooRUE yfoojoad ou Teob 26 PE eo 2010.50 PB Fa ¥B. 800) 89,120} 90 PB mE on. atce a ma By ra 125,95; “esoice ra Pa PB Pa cxoreas: | PB pon Pn re pa yD Pa 120.150 fi. .190] 95.129 98 2 i urban indatsitiesti ‘peste 80% stelncenttialuatt — eu muigtatecoation sndustr in, Sistem de wzoperire Grose 40} Preghtire eapeafeel “Hioalea ie expleatere tera 2.7 Pate 28 160199 | = Procedeul de acoperize cu 2i intrucdt, in cazul distrugerit gi se distrage, in timp ce metal Situafia inversd este intalnité rea ofelului se realizeaz’ pi ‘baia de zinc topit) pe supraiasa mai numeste i acperire anode rotecton snes! loeeaaX aoe Tanearl eatodie gsc conser’ s ayer te i fu de ioe Tui pulvorzore neal protector opie ete inf de prott folosad’ un jet de ‘net 20 tigre, 42.). Zincarea prin pulverizare consti In trimitetea asupra clemen” de protejat a ‘unui jet sub presiune de metal protector topit cu ‘oxigaz, arcului electric sau curenfilor de nalt freevenf3 ; protectia prin pulveriaare este mai costisitoare in comparafie cn cea prin ind de citea dows or numai uportal pentru aj emul de protectie duplex — ju care caz avantajul se completear reciproc, objindndu-se pe parcursul ii importante ‘deoarece tn situafia deterio- ine sti lucreze stratul de zine, iar refacerea vopsitoricl de indepirtare a produselor de corori Ta podul Lizotte din Canada, aflat ‘tronsoanele gris guruburile au fost prot prin imersie in ulterior pe santier, dupa asamb: ite cu Vopsele hogate in prai de zinc. Viteza de coroziune a ofelalui zineat variaad in funchie de agresivitatea atmosfericd in care este ampla- sat coustrucfio metclicd, Grosimea acoperirii cu zine se adopt’ in funcfie de condifiile de exploatare (tab. 2.9). Protecfia prin metalizare a ofclului se poate vealiza si prin depunert de alurnintu, In ultimi ani au clpatat o anumiti extindere ofelurile patinabile, care tu necesiti a fi protejate anticorosiv prin vopsire. Primal ofel patie ce sretnt etait a= 1 i i : # 5 ? elgeleel g] gs] e] gl a] a] 8 Ha dae geal y EVE) ald) 2] al gl] a]a} § feye}s| a} el a) cto) ete] ¢ * Ez st | 28 33 | 3 | BB) Ff aa 85/8 ste sv sv | or] oxo] oso (Ge) oresaned sore gorag> wrom03 zo foumz0%09 3p oenpord ap Eibthdes op REESE Bivove anoyd wyind your qoadse on eae cs Swendo 2p ont etd uy me ogeped ‘pniale aap apymani — foenfiao srumpto ap fey (%sp'*-o¢ eam wo) qeompes your ses — deus oneUAEM roRSAIRIo zpHfommaDzag @ 001 advordv a3nasigo epee eet He Futon tegseRed some jase oe os eI Bepeare, eieyedas ‘uv or 2p auounda ap wpootad Seach ‘paasqo GN ap meas NE oxo oy saahige inuyafo afepete ad eee ato Bede SO 2H Rekao9 By azvouoday ou hens oa Ps ‘ele ofendns od 9p soedos sp mmisiis wjunropy ¢ esrenr ee szarstaas 98 ys vaqeanqrsod a Minos ‘wommord RumURE e asepae magma Lee Fereoupodso vows of seme ax 16 x petmnca sien oy tee oy yy Beto} 9p sHepr o asnupe os-npay HEMP HS (yp) Sensord ae vosoprord aayay "ee “Soh nnd pove ssupar guns 3300, gP gato: axionposd op mynsaooud apy Senta op simnagder oj siourfseim; ep sonyematano “qudon bares S104 = Seeing gf Mesum ‘anupnoo “jeorape aise ngeened soto Lap sopsyuont SP sisPeadns of yresmues o6 ares omnpeasoa op aanpasd op pes F4MMS ongeUBed soRLINI40 zp/oHony @ ae ND eEfraodat 140 sonposd yormvoam pinay PUSUD UTED aes mpt0 3805 e quesua. cOR-TEN n” ‘COR-TEN € TS 0/65 Seon Be a ‘seprofate fteld «sre da vo Q 3 £ 3 o 7 Durota de expuneretan!} ‘anor in etmosters Instat, pele provenit mosferii o parte dia produsele , petefii de fafada, trotnaree i oe wos a Pt apm rigolele de seurgere: ce fa atmosiert inde atmosfert ca naiditate onjlor iucise fou 9 ai aan plpacicterpe metalice a lund! transvereales maces fste avantajoc peace lon 30 mm srosimi ‘tram SO tm feral ub Sma dgccnen Samveag et, ea atului de produce de coroziune, este prea make 9 aeci nee 84 iio ‘ne slom| assess. [ow Domenie recomandat de wtlizce = tusitee pataabite (COR TEN) tabilt, jar Je grosimi peste 30 mm utilizarea ofelubai patinabil nu se jus- tified din considerente ecouomice, comportarca acestuia find apropiati al, de inchidere a clidicilor piloni de radio si televiziune, fa balclor industrial ¢ geriene de fnalt’ tensiune {in acest caz eliminant-se Periosdele de fntrerupere in tursizaren energiel clectrice, implicate de scoaterea Jiniei de sub tensive). Dintre construc patinabil, se pot men! New York (102 nivetu 203 m), Complexul Centrului Civie din sald de sport cb capacitatea de 7500 loz 2400 locuri si o sala de expozifie cu dimensiunile in plan de 55 x 55 m).. cd elemente realizate din ofel Building din ii Contrului Civic din Chicago reso —California (format dintr-o |, ua teatru cu capacitatea de48 yours A yyost— 2 tyvepne 5. opamp mda anmyisos — 4! pO eC MEEEE A THOAd — saseosenar a ojetgmes emeaeg “es “ta = armed {_S9F | ameee anya soneyoar spor eee Fee asia stout semoasatonr suradooet ante Spey alr 48z2)| (972) eee 052} | ssayaeD ay Fae } io Cee eee ed 05, (seti} ten| wr] orl | 9905. : ws oe ; at Kamath a af oot) (oo) sor] zd % Sud gunsdxs 35 16} aro oes voip yy waren oa pun vo ~auyqmiy efnaraid ‘gays sunyfoas no ayeas3 no eMurvdato uy aumtzosoo 2p saefuonguy yma yymepod waysyoudes ne opsqge no optms — njsou0 peur 9p 8 ape ane imyrodes 20109 ap Bey ontsaand 9 . yd mip apse — eqopns ysnduio> sunyfoas no aparuq no oxferedutos uy sunrzoso> op yyeayo ux{nd pu Fremuod toympedes ne prea vy aqua, ayyord wp afarq — 0) mane : varmyoduos 10a aot ap sets % ‘67, aysnan Bf ENAQIZOXOD WI TUyORADNT “gzBe pena} [Laterate 883 (100) i in adéncime [ Prob fara fmbinare jy Sunibull- Suduri_loterde Fig, 2.40, rina expate tn stmosterk 6 = gd ew sectnne pliud; 6 — gra vonabil comportares: la corozitne ; io sensibilitate mirit& Ja coroziune in rtante este insi mare 1a imbintri eu tij8. dust la imbinfirile cu suduri; mai puternice sau dovedit a ff imbindsile cu suruburi de ineHtd rezistenpé05 anynoasuos pngaant gnop avs eng gnop anim mreasoyar od jayoed wip iopruauia varenedap ua he WF 90e9 ‘enquing mes pe 91}uRp AuNNeUN JO}UEIRp oIeoN gusas80 + | Seen gosto autos BF) promnsmos veunsee ap 6 (erg amt) 9 ee QuB;s0uI nsjusd wu ODS HafSOuZe atnyzor0o utd as 2p aK Pets V8) baad yamays eamuisos® nsyuad soup vaxeyoadsox — sorta 2989 m1 foes syepUeWOsA: qUNs — O odarey ayeyrEKa- 9145 moos lo apeoq “3a Tp SsDUHfSH}uL AS aYporad.fos}O9 ry rad. 4pesaN AMIAT ¥S BInqost MyUouID|D LAN sido} = {ext qwur aisoz00 jaypout “ounyz0109 ‘atteys ihe a0F “eUIG Aa phiseu6 e139,50) osvorousne yandut asea) asnpar WS dquoutaye ap axear guvisoue miquad £/u>a WOOT ME oN INd sep “oyusMIND ap au ZyunE [UN eRe aevss.6000 u0)804N8 nud O1/ “OF'O} vw areur your areoqe 0 ar peeSOMRe warns (oy ‘VIE) anquuped 29p90 UE nEOREBE 1 evourm 99°! yer sip pnge Bio puns sic jeorpay afpzcoxemmn IMAL OMAaN ‘gEESNpUE eymsomHT Wy oye (mam sofponzist09 v oxeDaloud op waRy UY © ezey uy anion yzesn9 Pasjsouis nsiwes eq > s reemsaooes ‘uaysbue Panb0 OLA > s aoues | asada ‘snes Tamas a siqpeubwese, wines WAvrasaaNr YAUISONLV Ni HLVLVOTaXS SOVTVLAOT NOMENLONALS ¥ YAISOUOOLNY VLLOELOUE 1 VHUINHANUE ONIATER TEYGNVNODEE “LZ 3p tines7 sfosyord v a[¥yuaproe sppedfop [nosy isto 2129. 8] 9B “opie uy azaurfanyy 16 forques nuquad aprqisso9~ nay afaqIUD!D e — a seeg nated sono DysyarsoiSe no BPP voreqsaond vy SRORE oP UE oy pany — sr xon xo omg — Deaeesy siangpe no mi, a fuowenang vet op oer — aroma oro prmacer om ‘ond meet wor osm “7 z= evitarea coroziunii_ bimetal prin izolarea elementelor din, metale diferite ce vin in contact in zona imbinisilor cu suruburi (fig. 2.13); = evitarea_ucfinii tactorilor care favorizeaza aparitia procesnlui de -coroaiuine {tabelu! 2.17) oe de acoperire auticorosiv’ pe baza indicayiilor 2.18 5i 2.1 ‘proiectantului, ator (care trebuie Inate ia gi durata de serviciu a constracfiel, roma cli- matici, natura si agresivitatea atmosferei de exploatare, aleatuirea cons- ‘ructiva (iclusiv modal dé imbinare), costul sistemului de protectie s.2.; — prevederea anor sisteme efieace de acopesiri anticorosive 1a struc: turile alcdtuite din profile cu perefi subfiri, datoritS toleranfelor reduse Profile in atmosfers cu agresivitate chimicd — prevederea unei protecfii anticorosive corespunzitoare la imbinirile ‘cu gurubari de fnalt& reristen} 1 la constructiile metalice exploa- ‘tate in atmosfe trial atl cu gaze agresive ; is caz contrar, prin reducerea val stulus de frecare dintre suprafeyele in contact, ‘este afectata in mod direct capacitatea portant a 4 96 Tabet 2.17 ___ Paton cate favorleenst prea do corosinne ractura inter pozila chimed (aches ex egafene dct de saclvae) | ~ sructnes metsogratcd vi copa ex poteasat feast i 9h tessa Drclueraruer maranice (te Indore) Zone yeeformatt oad ths concen. ‘she de Cone stitute at Difesentt de concentaiie Zon ce serie al ea en 33 FE | iterentt ae secaie © In taza de exeengic ix usind si de manta} ta santicr este necesas Hi fie avute in vedere urmtoarele.xecomandié — respectarea tehnologiei de pregitire a suportulsi metalic (curdiren tiguroasi a suprafefei si respectarea condifilor climatice U, 75%, P> 5°C) si de aplicare a ssterului de protectie adoptat; 87aie anne pro punso |r| aneeerprnig) “yao ps ‘te pa aide So Pao put = [eon samepsod pmo | 1 | ance: pena ‘ pmo pans |r| Atoms pumas seayof pemsD prse peu (json 14 asexpoaind axeocye) optayqtaa> Uldooy “g sunsyeed uD) coresaoiorad sores ajsnite omer ps9 ' t pro pmso | 1 | arses pen 2 jee |. ost |» maz [1 | astsespmeg | 1| anomepmug | otros |r| |) | an 1] po pao [1 | anes poms were mag | lees} ove |» eek | ease 1] paenyeod pena | 1 sed pana | “Moore lea} ont | agra 1] veo peso | 1 bore Lf || were pono, | 06 |. a | gweseed pom | 1 | ansesepenen rap panss, os |e spouse sm puns) i propero |r anseepeo | Manis Ea 0 pawio, CGsdon 4¢ opesouy armours) eyuurquie> tsHIodeDy “sh oe - pro pansy | “Gers pm pen ts 1 | sea pp, ig Sow z ape -reol wen ter peso, seed pena | 3280 3) erm pong z] paw peo € eval ove apa eee ee ume (3) moe |B wee | ous eset eee a seen ng |ampommereng | amd ens 1 | ser pmo, SHedok upd BEedey -V HRW ELUVMEAS 9 TIVLEH TLLOXISNOD ae HOREINENETE ¥ YAISOWODIINY HMLOHIONE Ha HRELSIS Ga TAREE efafe ae , s 2 mia ieoeere nao (oromsrpien) axe ma‘ | 2 | ee rte | crmadrectiy || ort per fii ora ora leativete materiales (rode) ‘ae fain ff inwtructanilor tehniee TNCERC-C 108-67 Tate 2.16 Duraia de viatd a acopertrilor protectoare {aus Ca de me or | paterne agri Ee | | ae NOTA: Datee din tabel snot im concordan|s cu STAS 107EZ/I—86 WSTAS 1072886, Tater 230 Conteciul seaparizilor prin vepsire Poroaitate exigent al cali protectiei anticorosive in indzilor (tab. 2.20). yada de exploatare a constracfiei metalice tre Atoarele mist jucerea_gradulai de i are a atmésferei cu gaze corasive Haarea amesteculul gazelor cu cer curat, prin sefinerea partial finut sau totali a agentilor corosivi ta nivelul sursei de imputificare, prin eva~ ‘cuarea in atmosfcrii a gazelor agresive prin intermedi] cosurilor cu fndl- fimi minim necesare | = efectuarea unui control periodic care si poatit stabili aparitia si localizarea coroziunii, cauzele acesteia, pierderile materiale cauzate, rete reprezintt. dura capitale (considerdnd c& Ivcrarile de intre nere periodici i reparalii curente sunt executate la timp si de calitate). Nurul reparaji tal wate determina, in func! de durata normat’ de se (Dai ful de funefionare (Can es formula en = 21. ea) Caracteristicile D, C si sig, pentru hale industriale cu structura de rezisten}a din ofel, ‘exploatate in medii agresive sunt @ durata = 80 ani © cichutl de 25s Wani 4 a_unei evidente june, care s& cuprind’ : denumirca stare (natura $i concen- sistemul gi materialele id protectia’ anticoro- loctire a. elementelor 3. COMPORTAREA OFELULUI* 31, ELEMENTE GENERALE Cunoasterea compartisii ofel macro si microstructural este de o malt cu cit fenomene de 0 deosebit’ co: de exemple 19,4 gh7 a colores de. ing. Mikal Teadoresee (CEM — tor‘trebuie efectuate incerclri pe elemente scurte si groase sau de secfiuse tubulard cu perefi grosi. Cedarea se produce prin deformafii plastice exce- sive simu prin rupere efectivi. Limita de curgere superioar’ dispare 3i, datoritd newniforinitasii proprietifilor mecanice 5i a tensiunilor remanente, se accentueaz abaterea de la comportatea elastic in apropierea palie~ sului de curgere, figura 8.4, suat presentate curbe de carbon si pentru onele metalice a elror diagrame caracteristice saint. palier je curgere reprezintA teusiunes Ia care valoarea defor- nte la descarcare este 0.2% (fig. 3.2). Aceasti valoare este itd de curgere convenfionala caracteristice pentru ofel cut Tabet 5.1 ‘caractrietien epruvetet eltie de ealee! Obwervat “hongivea Gangirca species) ‘Awan i aps By oH ‘Silaives 1 rapere Sy) — seejnnea: . oo cx | 5? = Secfones fa Pape vet! STAB 200—66, In anamite condifii la unele piese din ofel apare ruperca fragild, Ofelurile care se sup fragil se caracterizeazi pein deformafii plastice foarte reduse ig. 3.5). Acela ¢ poate inst comporta fie plastic, fe fragil in functie de anu apare necesar si fie preciaate unele nofi ‘prictitile metalclor ~ Plasticitatea este proprietatea ametalelor de a ciplita sub anumite solicitisi deformafii permanenete; plasticitatea implied proprietates de Guctilitate si maleabilitate.0 ounysosdmos avs asepmnym o-nund srfino % yupd prewxo;ep uno ap vaymye, 9 arwaLIOsep ap wIBIETD aySekedop “emnjoA ap vein names o stag — ¢ tesenau exe © HUE = © ‘soqunpnoy mat “Oe ht 0 as 9p mBroMD pay ated asia ap 4 aus forse Brg ono. as yoRsy| fit f 4 toduios as jf |= DS 6 quumuap) MESES Jsoy. L sj |B 2 “pidimys vaxopunay vy romUo;p “> 2338 = a = sete) oe = 8) 4 fo tay Ce cies 9p a9 288 ERASE w anus 9p nO apeMOMdES appyeynzaE No yung, wor pfruproodon o vf sonpueD ssumuof w sagUIYOS 2p 39% suemopmsdisd ppsdya axe idyp vate} 9p sory? (oun 1 1g no [eo pap 89 “punnoy v arequinps ap jBrea2 eyo) ‘voNSHE ¥ 8sno sosfando vassqsqoys suymod “ye \d209" 2989 yuazasd Uy “ape ny YTS 3S woURLIQUE 9p aYfSUNG UE 2489 BIB M9 “exepfuoe wz09 wy “213819 9p rLOLeA aA sad vaxouKsop9p "2p01% 00) moe faze> Wy app 9159 ego pueem vounesuey >ypyeiont a spud 4 senssuoy 2p ups varnistay page adoou (vel smog = 70 NOTHIVIAHE V YOMSVd HUGH Sa INTEL ee ‘yompe ‘(ea if gf = oly mound. pjeasogo upd amyourad yedns vf puponpuos ‘oyadar LyyoHos wy aendns opsad nsyd womnorad yuns mimisuy 2p qoyenmsomag 0" puyeasazap a5 2199 “(v “org “By] opepwe 48 apbrspmy Buoy | endns ‘penqnan pap? ond DHGRS PYTd F iS nes guofd aes 0 Bra UIMYISI @ soyen}ua0m0D ¥3s1x9 Jee uy -sumusna3 op a pun woor my Myo posed & ppesioasmesy sunyfoos wBmenuE ap stfouny Jig yevomnoyeo 95 aipamn vaunisaay YoIne yumm dap ¢ ajax WUnYoos w2eq ad winoqeo “eIMauNSIp woHeD — Mo pam “eaunsO YS TUKEM vo Sua} arTuEp odes yyezasdar axe “E sopumssuey v axnusr.U09 9p 29924097 joon yd yusudxo 9s yunisusy op. Mnsoyesyuoono9 vfaonyeT Tofpmusuay © osesyu29N09 0 35-npayD “iengons @g to1eyarenor yarn oy doqensay waneAMOREA “EE snyropyoos vareoydle up ey[nz94 se 2709 must93 op o[LMpAyA onposd 2 nm onserd 13s yoyOS (qHATDY ace anayuy "aqeywL Oy ‘8 gorasa4nd axexu2ouED o 39mP su93-P sanefoe op wELSIN ad yremion gmsy 0 szoadser “wisn Tay ganed o azoutm weg “gfe mmarodes, warigen mo yiup 0 ayo eauTIsI, i {9} Joop SUEUE TeUL 2489 efEOO] PoTMISTIT ‘agemmnuoosp pup sp vuo7 wy epatpy wy ysndns ysod o-yay “e101 | soe wuor uy 1oyemisaay & yrionanan enqensrp O onposd ‘aremypneom9 nes StympB quns wns ‘sore squoMITS UIP suyaUOs opiyMUATOOSTC SOrIvVie SIALNENWIA NY YOTINAISNAL VEXVAINEONOO ZeConsiderand expresia de sub radical ea 0 tensiune monoa care produce acclasi efect ca $i starea complexi de tensiune, mai ‘poate serie sub forma: = VAT AT A aa ae aH ~ 0, 7 ‘Exprimind teasiunile principale fa funetie de tensivnile normale si tangen- fiale, relajia (3.7) devine : fot Fo} Fat — 0,0, — 0,0, 6,0, + ty ++ %) = 9, (3.8) Peutru staren de tensiuni biaxlald si monoaxiald selatia (3.8) devine : 89) (6.10) sabils In cazu) cind starea de vensiume permite formafiilor plastice; in cazul stiri de solicitare biaxial’ i moma chnl op tnt de seme contrat uta. 38). Notarea care s-a flcut dup metoda gener doptata. (melo se observa ck din punct de vedere fizic planal ( tate eu (011). au acelasi ordin Enna solicit brixtse, cane perpen fntindereacflonenrd un efort de compresiune, akjormafie Plastce se acten- tueard. In figura 3.9 este re- rial, biaxiall si respectiv cazul cind eforturile sunt de semne con- rare. In cazul compres ale (presiune hidrosta pul na poate fi practic distras. 34, PRESTUNI LOCALE, In anumite cazusi,‘edmd_sa- sprafefele de rezemare sunt eurbe, Eragpmiterea, sor fof de com presinne se face pe suprafefcle Joarte mici ale pieselor, metalice (Ge 3.10, 2 uprafefele Ge contact pot fi amibele curbe feu una din cle curb’, iar cea jalti plan’. Teoretic presinnea ge dezvolts pe o Tinie; practic fnsi apare 0 deforman{ie tocalé, fstiel c& fn realitate contactul se munnitt suprafat. fo cuba asimilath cao sare are ordoneta de va~ ( Joare Diaxim in axa, suprafejei de contact. Relajia de echitibra le din fig. 3.10) com In cazal a doi cilindri con vyeesi, H. Hertz a stabitit pentru Gimensiunea @ valoarea : aniseyz. ee Introducind valoarea a in B.13) valorile din tabelul 32. Presiunile Jocale sunt mari, dar starea spafiala fiind de seompresiune, limita de solici- ip 4:10, Trapmaieren do forfe prin prstant Tete oduti de trastmiete; ¢ — Tepertions ‘en présillor foes ade ates $2 52, OBSERFATIE. Yo aceste relat oe folosese Shusimate N gam 103arin ap vyman wp 9 ei tom a ora ope ep 9 sbaD Based | Sumyejo nnygeg “opp aya gangs) 9p ogee crediny ap ayfomay uy pqeetea 9489 aveyouor|zod0sd 9p F ‘sssoummte 6p Zoyenam vwarmypat G2 "e290 Sion ao yoqRny NOUN HONE? 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Distoen marginal ig. 2:5, Dislocstie teaats, In realtate crstlele qu amamite imperfejind, Waele cqrecteritict, cam sont constantele clastic pideustaten, us depied de acete imperfe: flu pe cand limita do cargo yi resstonja la per spat imodicate dato- Fra defector neflet neti. Imperfefiune se defineste orice deviere de 1a 0 agezare ia atonior ce formenst refesta ? Se distng trei Hipust de defece ale refelei, menfionate in Titeratura shales de speculate: © Defecte punctiforme care defecte de refes @ ciror pe toate’ cele ‘e} defi spafiae este de ordinal de tairime al parame: {ruta zeflei (~ SA). Acestes‘pot fiz vacanfs, stomi interstifnl (de aceeast ators o2 ‘out de substi stom etki Be. 3:13). © Difecte tiniare cate sunt defecte ale refelei crstaline avind Jungimea foarte maze in raport cn selelaise dow dimensiuni, acesten sind de ordinal de mivime al parametrohsi refslei. Reprezentantal tipie al Distecafia este defectil care produce fenomenul se realizeazi deformarea plasticd a majoritl Junecare prin care metulelor. O dislocate se © Dee case represints suprafeje dia Gare separ portiuni de natura, onlentare, proprietili prin alanecare a cristale- ig. 246. Hefoa are confine © ieatin ‘Tensiumea tangenfialé pe directia de aTunecare care produce deplasarea retelei poayti riumele de ensinne tangenfiald de alunccare. Rezistenja teosetick de alunecare, consi- Gerata reseaua Sur8 delecte este determinatd de fortele de coeziune dintre atomi, Aceasta valoare epte data de relajia B14) ia care Geste modulul de clasticitate transversala, Rezistenga reala este de cel pufi 100 de oti mai mica decit cea teoretie’. jor polieristaline. Fenomencle ‘siementelor monocristaline. In Yormate dintr-un numér foarte a 7 le dis Ney 2 Fy, Represented rv woe ba de tonecey ‘scat Gatse poe. ‘banda de clases uaom ‘dM osor ea — yoqsse9 2389 vunvOpIO 2x9 — axEoRISP UH OVO vqsns) 9 faypund vy yugd “aueana ap vuUII arsed axopuRUE mt yoreanT wpoanids yo puphapy “(gduasny amy nd yyuser uqino od) g [yomUd uy apoodsor Sreaaany 0 eyoysuon os “eH Fae 3yso jayeIsuD ase uy jas BT "yURISHIHOd BINIDHIS ONE AKI “ENDIS aye mpeysuo [oleaya Sy IyIE AUEMT as gusyosEg perodlee 12009 °** oge asd ap BNERduTy o vp ayeod wouPsudeE “SaNyDHY soil paren ‘onenmsyoo: wed Und upoupid opus or uunoosd “Top rqpaures varsieay et soya wor bey HL aod, foe aevoypatmdsares oas8an9 3p. wae Ta 2) yeas PUgD 9994 Uf APNE BL APOE 96 S9EHSENIT. “ona p dunrncesd auowiosy grade a ys eo wHIEMOD jos a 18 sowpupunone aoapoxd 9s (oUSRTONT espe vorooan Soa x6 9 rounaqnios “onde fap -govpor four pmsyur o-syuy sep “ea <6 oySesqu 99 91adn ply od ‘esnd ivouposop 380} © o7e> B 2p onUIS temouap UP Faso Pomvopea By yuyd YIP 9s ovsyEmuortsodoad 9p wy] SAVES wiry v6 999 "fo ef 3pye fed wswouay ye20y los wr 3 — 9 vydeosp no spoptsed adedosde yuns ‘arvargoupes-oreargosap ap np jun sivoyyzundsesoo ‘2 — 9 eqind wp aunsfiog “puresSemp ye und 4 aesyuEp orvosgomss o 16 azearporap 0 Vy opjmapr pisday 98 pltlowoua ‘eoreys Up inynurayear v2 — 9 asd pupmmndsoren ao7sYa WAgp ‘aud asopmeur 9s aresmuo9 ap TaUOMEOH a iwomop. wy aod watase yrvsfuey 3 Bind ap soyed paseo nu tousmmase 9p azo ey nme ap anede areowugurase axfenus O “WRSYd woo vy YRS waz 3D Rauyyaos axaoor3 no > — > BAND O PINMADL (way Uy AOU |yASe soos voreseriap vf anapmos ando 9s 1 1S osomiqu fou quns rau; HHEORe "2 UY “IHC 2p aimomae aye es nOGrHD ap orem gnuyfaos na aqumjajo ¥ orde ajeod nu aisBmo op used “yieansda eBeanuy od qeBedord nes opgznag asa8in> 9p ok yasingss VT “paqot pmoafe vo yosouna aise axfemuoyop op indy 8 ‘seapn7 f2u2g ap spama gysved yasq, 2 ido 96 vp yelany uy we ap vies wag foun wrjpede op afomy 2359 gonsuyd oremuoyep 9p” yeuaton padomou3y a189 oye ap ysndi ins auaBno 2901 nso) Sse op Sheil ap 1 uogsto ap spas yun mm Sapte strojanin> ays (juarede smadano 9p webu) omand op USHA ‘PHfeOOISP vareseIdap nryed pressmoe wonnIsIoN. PUL 16 pLIO8 epurowion sy pirmqynon “soiunead feared 9,990) a8 wisease req 9p ajo Tomeoye eeinGissID 9p paidep sonserd ojo (OS-064S SYS) OID yAHDs 0 m2 axezEdTEO9 H dossonyet vf sxemeye ud EMEP 6 sopfungs vounysosKNC. moemae eyrod. 3fdqo axoqieq. 9p wor¥959 uid ‘oreooum(e op sopuonionsy wdase sore Tout yeeofuoniguc sonics mstotiyp aoreoap "a:adi ap emery gyefsoniray sae [loads yes i8jtpadvowseameyp 99 eget ad “oews9 Joe tut HAD qvstoqo ey efaoyor voradul mjunes “odab9 9p ORAL soqonsueies vidase pamofuongey sonfampes | YowL TIE “aisBina 9p Pum — sin2r 9p — eompoxt a9 vee “yagjd Supp od Emo PuyoAplicdnd un efort de compresiune, curgerea plasticl va facepe cu o tensiane a E care este mult mai mic decat limita de ra c8 segmentul CE este Ge cgere ts compresione a scl; produce sf invers, ‘Daci In coatingare epruveta se solic Aah fa, se Ssscarek fi se supuae in continuare la fatindere, carba va ajuuge CG obine 0 bucla de istered Seaeginde de marines delormayi Ful de repeti ale utah e imearcare | Fenomenul de tmblirinire. Propriesstile plastie ale ofeubsi vont deter stice initiale a epravetei gi de numd- sunt carburile de tipul cementite terf gazele din ofel care zaman in solu} aces Ienonen nw apate Qruse chin tip, ad favorite de suprasolerses Snclircart repetat is nivelul zefelei, micjordnd astfel tenacitatea ofelstai, Procesul re se intensified ia cazul unor deformafii plasticela rece, in arkificiala sau 4 Calmarea $i in special calmares cu adaos de aluminiu, Vanadia, nio- ‘gi legarea azotului determin’ o re- {tS} la imbstranire a ofelului. dacere important sensi 3.54 RUPEREA MTALELON 3.5.4.1. Producerea fenomenului.Ruperea reprezinti fenomeaul de frag- sseatare & umul corp solid in dow’ sau mai mperatun sulicieut de tidicate. Rape: foc sub foriné de exp si com: En zona. centraiaa copel apare 0 structure cu aparenfa fibroasd, in timp ce pe margine apar Tuperi pria alunecare. Evolugia ruperii este arltat’ in figura 3.20. Metaiele pot prezenta rezistenfe la rupere diferite in fungul fibrelor de laminare Sau perpendicular pe ele ; in aceastl situatic sunt tablele — fin special cele groase ~ solicitate 1a’ intindere normal pe grosimea los a6 Hateatel gf delormati oe mnperea Derpendiculasa ‘pe disectia fi close Tamia se nse ce dearinare frupere) Jamelurd 5 wa. i prezentatd tn @ % e fain §48. nt) ct 9.5/4.9. Ruperen fragt. Ruperea sragit i sau ruperea prin ‘pore caracteristic staril cristaline Produce brusc prin separaren dup anumite planuri bine definite, paralele ‘cu planele cristalografice de mare densitate atomicd, sab acfiunea unor forte cai fgese fortale de coezinne ale cristalului, La sistemele cu volum centrat ruperen vaj se produce dupé planeie prin clivaj au a fost constataté out fete centrate. Resistenfa teoretic’ de ru pere este dati de relatia: o=Vz. 815) carey = 10 fegihmme este enersia de sunrafasi, E=21 +108 [daNfoom4] iodcll de dastictote, ira 98. parametrsl seeks. Renistenfa teoreticl Esti obfinuta serail de" ordinal 10000 (N/mm) . 40 realitate tensinnile inregistrate 1a rimentare sunt mult 1000 N/mm’), en ce se explicd pain delectle struct “istalne sf prin mevasiomal complex de Fupere care rezultl din acestea Teorile actuale privind mecanisma de rapere admit ef Tuperea se roduce in dou fate — fara de amorsare, in cae sub o snomiti tensiene eplicstl se for- aeaat/e inurl Ge disensiate cites — fata de fropagare, cats de a scapees eh crejtere @ fisurit atinge valori yen cate Se produce bruse pe istal i nici pe a unui corp policristalin. Ba 2 efortului uniter cire produce sepa fimetrilet, care provin produc concen- fe 2 fisurilor. jocuri de amarsart uy.mord ‘ocopinay 2p oyvOpET royrEMysEg vo voropapsap] yout wemioy Ear Tana ry mmsdoouen 6 aremsopp 2p eoste vfemnuyer cymyezndany vimonyar * xmmciy eofisp sues sou, joyguun vp ayfauny By — z ye ar9pRpsep 2P_mB9R dar p axtBedoxd 9p tms200%q “go61~1961 ‘woo suede ayeyor 9p gieslosde Four "3 Up p oemiafo mmc ‘Ise 3 nd os dopansy) maedodouy ® ‘rsdns ap uMpous ynop soppmeed wwropisuos y aod 3 18 p "2 “ggg ema Up apnzeD ‘anoipys fear Eshzeroduroy o Uy yf pot Tour prawEA ono soey 36 yeas wal les are are Zadar yeo no Ss0p eur apy np guns opory "vasadns qeiedoxd vs axe spout 99 du yy sis your qasuss Posvonqeys 98 Bs sMeuad 1S winsty pedo ynsnoe UE Hp Se ‘spundsoi0o (0 “ge ‘ay) yW{d axedas ap ynpoye 20d sore aysesy “Praqmido opeissver 9p 18} Gf VOU 9p axcuyUE oma Ie Me ap qnpow sp exmamosr op apmidip arsdns sp jofayestins myoadsy Taowo unsafe ‘supoue! ayumtop s0x0 Sar pasosqo 26 widnt wfeyerdns Ue eugene anapee SS a ee, mame Se rae ot res i ee eS vee aa es aes Fooensy nes giesy ‘quedne (aiojoesvo 400} ap yo WIINZar “guppasdoy Of AEROS “MyPHoUE wayeySNAp — A sey ‘ops 9p TIMpoU 39.7 ase constant seseontap sud) qioend oo ova sete Srekaad = 110 #1 srupop Mit saved wre) wim — 2 Sasone nu va zep sradas op epost ‘upyinsyy ef ap g8edord 5 yuo 9p ype suede yo yunzer apoypre 9[90 we sy ¥ sisueTKe op whioy vs 5 16 Tin | te) evoagg (e feitousepuny uated Un yetimadar # Semp we corenedop nes ames? © SIpIRpSsp 4p eoxeserdap oy ga == oFormatiior impiedicate ta racirea pieselor laminate san sudate (teusiin} semanente) Ta elementele estiturt apar : care as drept cousecinf8, pe deo parte eresien, incall a tensa peste wsioee het de din secpme. (vig, de alt paste 0 favorizear tendinga de mupere tras gilt.a materialului, poarté numele de ‘fect de orestiturd, Baza crestivurit 9 bm Fesstenja In deeoesune dificdnd capacitatea de deformare pi cu sedderea temperaturii, limita de curgere cFeste, domeniul eu limita de curgere si redistenta la’ rupere se micjoreaz’, reduc sensibil. intre iar alungirea Ia @ Vile de dformare: Accssa influesfearh comportarca. mtaleor J od sae ct femperatana: be mliica Mita! de dcioneare seat 0 -tepere a Tnnlel de cangore $2 0 achdere a tapsclifi de delorsare de Devendenta dintre starca de tensiune a unui mater , cind Hmita de curgere rezulta majoratd. le acestor curbe cu curba 1, reprezinta tempe- s= poate produce muperea prin clivaj ia o smumits stare iune. Aceste temperattri se denumesc temperaturi de transifie peutra condifille de solicitare dete. Peste temperatura de tranzijie Ty tustalul se va comporta intotdeauna tenace, iar sub 7, vor apires rupert fragile, In intervalol T,.,.7, taterialul se va comporta tensce set f2- 320 ,_ prin_compusit fra Comporifia chimica ‘Se reamintese, ‘care se formeaz, comp {urd eu cele de mai sus, efectele date de structi 7 tute Wiedmanustatten, de nitruri si de carburi (de exemple cementita 4). De ssemenea se relevi clectul {ragilizant ol imbatrii fri plastice la rece urmate de is de grosime mare are un coroiaj mai mic si granolafia este mai grosolant 5) 1d de indesare la consecint3, ca~ Telinologia de fabricare se referd la elaborarca ofelului, 1a laminarea produselor i Ia tratamentele termice Modul de elaborare si xespectiv modul de dezoxidare sunt hotasd sffrsital tniformol a produselor se 0b} i tence ‘Teatamentel Ja realizaren not ofetext cw tenac 3.5.45, Incerciri pentru deter iimentale sl analiza anor camuri de avarii ay arftat cf 7 Eee cere iges oy cet ta eof TRevltd dec, ch siguranja fo de roperea (gid « construc me- face ibuie spread prt priame. sutton mca, propel feech [Groth imagines delectetor stu a Usconoior exiles Samet;ap faqun wulog "oy Syumyesadaroy ids y2 ragune-vée apse auyigo 2s joa 98 area “Tiefamtold wer on Sereda} Bf ¥ptsar 2p) souadns Vefan apmpetadia; aids peas x ¢ '3y) myno0$ BLO areuL DBF PABBIA.O ND yayoAzep as 2189 ‘pRA[inaD aEuypHOE ap as o m9 PINyGIAE 0 FID! eansds doaIvoap "yI9AIs Huvo} a4s9 Aw.a00f (agM) se¥ousoyy ine yoae GIN] BoseOEA srmaanida nayuad (gg-00¢ sv.LS) ous vs Sawa HID, eewo|ea Vp sywod. vaxEs.s3u, bp sosedord op itp 8 june eorenast fey mmnypfo wiuatsyzar ereospur gy eiapisto> shod 38 NN Varo Pop "piney pyseaoe wedosd ot edord wy Tomple wjusyszar ye yy vorvORVA pap x6 yyesio‘e nay no BeaNIT SDD eeoprion Sead igmimee) Ay eaayeay ne mewnsde {3juanp suawom>y gnop yiuapiss wy UNE UnywISAI 2p Nd FOP >, aubeyy soquadas ona3y — yofoyoudus yo myeysus ypadse on no wf anges prey sonpoud’ 9 vistove afgesy wed (new wt pago od 'ymadioas eaimnys wud syeoreur Sopsed teuctojsp no Donpoud ‘oe voredns “sovuay wodn [N29 Cy our S1v0TWA 0 NO waDF vA UND—tE (MINIT “gHes} yefuMMOs ys sie sovodny yo 89 DIVuE Fras yyP 89 9Is9 ase Fy fexnay ZeOIFOM vasaHonta “BEE zor 28 tnmmpuad 6 odus a8 wyeanido ane “por mjnsony v yyPoIpes azvoren a2 azo} yompis as wes axsozdo os adn 98 nS sqsojd yeesuIop pdbuf m189 Varadns axa “ome Fy) ray arest ) — "Wo = 1 21 pysanufo wear 4 maytag prumesas syursou mony “(Uae By} ty sutay one P8 9p 2pe> axdo inp sn no phayanid gatsees 0 Af seh oe Cuessouy (peor qv oxeurure, ap qascos ny yar 9p yzvenapud ae wanda) wu fei nunteg x9. re3DHOs 9p Too oxfeaprorde mo yap szoynus ys rod nue sowwoget =p SaROISOUy WHY s2—% aed pred ay ood ojo, Syueuaro od — oy Sea Tessa 9p sto ad urosous sean Sprer 9p Saad Sip 2% fapuiqnay nes syuooqe apse niqsed.‘puye unees heey sie ‘maisod agsa nw sojunze9 vogrstiofenc ‘uy a9 £00 Sayer oy a 2% ndro9 od eh “yues) stad 2p Tunjolo 23008 ey doid no aN Io (Bes; wordas op yiep caput $80 2p foayu grumue un ap gundsp 38 ys Wout AS seuape TY yod ores ‘natpar ioysN9e ape pater pdpoa Jo 14 Shirt ~ 4 tatenssyy ~ 0 Som wo looms op nanny “96° “tta a & a a 1 sudate, ceea ce poate crea con- se precizeze ci ofelul folosit in Jara hoastr’ pentra structuri, de obicei satisface incercarea sus-amintit’. Inceredtile de rezilienji pe epravete de dimensiuni mici au furnizat si’continuk si fomizeze’ un mumar mare ce date, provenind atat din Brobele de recepfie ale produselor cét si din verificirile cfectuate pe cle- ‘mente de constructie Im afarh de probele (de baz) de rezilienfi, exist’ gi alte incerctri OT BEET — tenpwetive home 7 rma unor crestituri, fisuri ete. Corpurile de proba sunt supuse la solicitiri statice sau dinamice. Exist de asemenea lor de proba si se apropie cit mai mult de nuleze pe cele reale, sf edsor: introdue Se defines vvetei, © anumita valoaze a aici de rupere tn car Kev = 2 _ 94 la care se obfine Valoarea ener S27 J si respectiv ae in tesarea pe diagram’ a acestei valori se determing temperatura de ‘tramziie pentru diferite ofelm Dravetele Charpy Vs Mesnager dferenjele tre tompenstoens Tite unt intre 20 $f 35°C; aceasta se dato a dle slorturi molt mai mari dele crea le arias). cd tenscitatea este cu atat mai bund, in diferite conditi temperatura de tranzitie este coborata. In acest caz, I este temperatura, care irebuie si cevacterizene $f varie: parametii de vedere tehnic, este uecesar de multe ori sh se apzeciese losit i structurdimbitraueste Tepede Suu dack eteegs ai mare decdt durata de exploatare a sieuctust artificial (tensotermiel) ; #8 pe epruvete imbatrauite bitrantre pe care 0 pot mate. Prin Smbatranire, temps: eralal din care se extrage epraveta este langire de 10%, dupe care wate fnelise ia P de ‘0 ork Gi apoi ricit Tent. Deformafia cand precipitvile de carburi tnityas, care printr-an esiteria Jpazat pe deformafii; in acest sens a fost introdus evilertul COD amintit anterior. Exemple de rupere fragili a structutilor metalice eu diferite destinafi, impreuni cit analiza cauzclor care ast produs fenomenul sunt prezentate ia (C13). 3.6. PHEVSBERL ALE STANDARDULUL EUROPEAN EURONORMEN 10025-1099 CU PRIVINE EA INCENCARILE MECANICE, miecanice se ofectueazd pe lot sau sarji itatea B gi 2 si pe garja pentru cealititile ‘DD2. Unitatea de inspecfic (control de calitate), caprinde produse de acecasi mar 1 grupa de grosimi (veri tab. 1.10 pentru Timita de curgere) si este “la lot: 20¢ sau fractia. rhmast sarje: 40 t san fracfia rAmasi, respectiv GO t sau fractia rimasi pentru profile grele cu masa mai mare deeat 100 (kg/m). Numirul de probe pentra fiecare unitate de inspectie (control de tate) este m= © proba (o bucaté de mater temperatura de 4250°C ti Plastics gi entra incercarea de tracfiué ; 135.wer -vow 6 loypes xo}29v v yropunsorde vosoySeouNI9N Soansuco yarnIos & 16 ayepns solePEUqueE eHGoamod ‘siepns 9p BOK Greusteur so} ep xorhuoo un ap Presa, sus vso corer Gresooa eigomie Syuigoad 8 9199 “ayepNs WAIUNS foun VerVZT|VO ngidoxd oss yzoq_ op imeyo we -geyqury ny pew nu soreEsRE agent Roy 91e9 3s9qt Tmpeyaar pimps syueUTOySUEAL, “Ty Suv9 "Yow staafqosd yeONpEs © SyEpAS 99zTH4—1 9 aoqmuses 2opunyfoe v axvuLIN vo ynzes 2 Spnep 18 umoad nopRUED wy ame ad emEyoUNTOD INI Thies 0 aroiqiaese 2p pont TeIsove v gfodEUE wysiayseNE !orepNs HE Sp ones MUNIN SECIS op NEqCESME UA IS pHmpHS PaMHATT _C. 2p yfoossnoa :amuauiop 2p BEsSade suoeaad ype Spravitodea tow > 7 BTVWENEO SINTNUTH Ty ior 9s aaifeyour [LMPANG “soos ¥ ozeTIGNI, grempe vom oy yaavzosdax eosepag vauvans . wv alo op papa yaop wf pundse109 2yH018s spe etd wsopuog nes eapuun aod p 4 “aut! 2p HOI FoR WoUE oo aud asotoacony oof (8209 Of aed aro OAD Juan goog ae gf muosgipdama 19 oo. aprod os wes jnqar qi9pisu09 98 “Sedu ap vayatan “uoyefoyan spandsoso> feat rmubuqeimoo. uporeouy. yop 8xmoe Shu fen goo eleogoqay semper ou waa ap taqaod bus me eyvave WD "TED 2 Manos lusase ‘pmyynszaid aebodsor 9D 7 aqeymm jSeaav® ump agosd gnop ayfe BTS cer une oe #6 pe gueprreoo oe 99 Hoel suds lenpord pf aos Suse oe Sof iad yasouy preys eC i eo soads varedzea 1209. %hog 2} no wort , faor ig puymd ymsms em ‘aeoppeds eet auuure yeu quoqeA arsopOEE oy 304 PoP Fru “aenppsipar sores seob poo mer “greoagonds wert sppote weswopea sysop aeeer Fe 1s aingpsy syaiory seNs soso F MI raveOTyA.eIpuey ays" AT. “Pa! Tostouy sep oe 16 yqoad Saaoe mp orestouydae gyoansds fat ASL oF -sgaanads fay ap gdnB 0 ad 2095 a8 208 ‘uous ¢ YE9OP YORU pe -nuda osasojoy 9s ‘tat Of 3p PFU TEM JOP|URND|S aye UUSONT TAU ‘areumarmy 9p efefesdns op ur Z op azwur rout ofmesp vy ys eroyso0e fey vo HSE "wu! OL xgT 9p afeuzon gyeansds. yynoa ojos jews Uy Fy AUS ey cra Ae us coyea vareoytisa nayaad (# Deol ay wamsdUD uns ouns0y 9 opeqpoine yey Pu "u 95 no ayaansdo ‘yerousl uy *989S0]05 3s areq MAM “UM Og, Sram og = °7 szadex aug woUMsum] we ojasoanida ‘wmg yy20p yore a nd axed Spsnposd nsytag “gM cg'e = 97 aredan anu vouEsuMT Ho o[PuOrfrO% ‘oretoyirodord 93 nt Hs 30d saemequr ndiey vomrigy mp eft oP eiaeeD wT orareyopoad Rayueg, “aussie up : jp omy ey 98 vqoxd “(ures 99 IPOD Nowa Tous wou, Spueqyeld Tusaag “mmtovj9o wayeysosaxe OP whey qyeavepe WUESD © eL er oe eqond “Tovjes wf aurigs W aye] Haunq Tuoq “Teywempold wee 1S su Stour aaimmp 1ofeegeip woyeaveant! ure gout hae "ney ae Spqoud ‘arfoodstt ap rfyqitm pe snposd av Taq ¥ ia tyulee ep aye10 sopsnpord 3p quyfuoo fem peut wo vaupOR? no [esnpoud . “aio sp Same nnued 1§ ‘nus aqs9 woop ‘IS gaa ‘Tad “za ‘Ta ‘9 PAO 9p oniesHE> anued 908 uid arzfoncouy op syaanida 9 ap 9195 0 niyted yqord 0 —ead Ta a cane Dra patina mea oh is mela oe Sek ara ceca Fig. 4. Claires procedenier O9 dudays Hin lorse we are eleetsn. plicarea misurilor necesare pot conduce la realizarea anor construcfii hecorespanzitonre, ew defect — neon ieparabile ~ care pot provoca accidente grave, 42. PRINCIPHLE PROCEDEELOR DE SUDARR, Sudarea este provesul de realizare a ind incdlzivea I dri unor elemente metalice, geupeazd in douk masi categor ~ procedee de este data in figura’ 4.1; imbinarea se obfine sub 48, PROCEDER DE SUDARE 431, PROCEDEE DE SUDARE PRI TOPE 4.3.1.1. Sudared eu are clectrie descoperit. In acest procedew arcul ciectiie ac formeas’ tutte plesk # un tlettrod. Electfodul, constivit dine {so sham metalic’ eu javelig, axe rol de conductor Pentru energia.elee- tried si de metal de adaos, topindu-se sub acfinnes cAldvrii, In timpul 128 “ polaritatea este directd, iar dact este legat la polul cxssul de sds ge topese att electrodul, eat si marginile piesclor care se sudensl, solidifieare materialul topit formeazi cusitura sau cordonul ae ud tara ce rezvlEX din soliificarea DUA melalice cate deci tun aliaj rezuleat din amestecarea mets adaos. ‘Pentru. amorsarea ‘de bazi gi a metal raporilor metalulas de Clectrozilos, ease for Blectrodul poate fi legat de unul din pol de curent ; dack clectrodul este Jegat de Ck polaritatea este imversd, Sit ectroitor 52 Soni ib Form de curentul de sudare — carent influenti mai mare fa zona deten 51 expuluarea piedturii Iaveligul electrodul piedturii.” ta timpul fprodace 2gura. Aceasta protejeazi metaiul topit la fel ca si 2gurile meta este topit, producind desprin- are, de asemenea, un rol fiisemuat in formarea (9 ~ comacy ev secu 329ost “angyzia 2969 eamageng -ames9s op: oupeds mamsm09 pups taredwrired Ws wondey PRs woiapaa UH) soproud sry ap teute = tendep teat — 5 9p pei un 926 yso[or woqaeD ap [MpRoIg. vn ‘Ennap (ogres ap prxoig) ayo 20 2p vasfsouyo uy P2LePRS TET ET eiey anynow quns “(av 3 myspm > [em yoda os ¥ 3s orp ‘erepns yng -(g By) ond suo) a 29 psy ad qemoyne pseosyysop. 9$ 2129 ad 2p "2h ad yemégyay fa eee ‘yyyaampa aniqns wauys sip aNAyo) fmponjsaye ey ed Sundop 9s span” ap amaudioes 35 [exo xnyj ap joes ap yefezoul 9 ovo inuoduen, ‘yye ap ad ‘aressoam SIEe more ye zopezord 16 103 nrjauy x6 vo for Wepsoe opoesd Povo! 38 yrespNs ‘ufeyerdns ad sndop ayso “glosaugur azoqind 0 9489 9509 IRO 9p so} Impnod 9p TOF are HsHaANIoH. ways mp Mponssye ore wy “ompala 9v Go mMmopoord ¥ yIWeLTEA O gimrzodsi vsrooy “amy ap yxs qus Wodoou oe uD waAupng “STE y jenueur gor 9p #339 ax 98 ysadonsop oxo ae n> eMpng -ARUEAYTE. IIMS Uh topo areormdns Hpyudord me naRuoo yuna up sieno9x9 “sycojdxo no s0jou1 un ap arta ‘ngsmnf powoepe no warps 16 pele -nfou pouzepe na waeepns i avopaord prnjsauNe qus aiupas 9p 2epsdond hop tere mdroasicl uy “pouysoys | yeawd axyuy ywuesof [nae gradooe Buvo aiogy ze ap qnomd. an-sjund supfgo os 3izygouy imjUeIau eT EG B mung syrv0y axfamord 0 — sopajoat 209 2p puofrouyo uy vosepns wT : ‘2208 WHOAZP d.9pI0 gd tea pmpns 9p nes soyzonaoy@ jnsypaut wp apie Ssgns wad ouyfqo 38 Hq — xnyf ap 7usis qs Ya % 18 romuome ‘paws ay 9fsa9]9 040 Ma voawpng “eT-C'p yuredovsep srw no gjynueur vazepns no juoder uy Ho QT og 9p vaeianonpord yorpEE xy ap JUNS qus _uOME varmpay “2201 snuyod atjwodsip un syéacoros 95 gyewoyneranes tumphs eT “amIee voresmos 18 vORBAN] BL 9p oxouny wy “Pompe © audon bp w2a314, pava(dor wes“ samy varmiolo net WM op 3 Spouy er ‘pangs © Srejnisp ap vespia gomoyne gevasar webepeysaT “BHP Sp yayseopsoo oHeny uy Peowa gamunae OND “amoyne vous Sd yews | Seydap 98 axe prs sp so;seH wh ad yszabe ays0 erepeyem yIETIOINE SIEpNS YT “proucponies Nes xyeMopmD astpns o-emBse ay80d CHUTMSUT sudan af (oH -qrosqe wid) yemoqne nes enuec: snpvar ayo ginSz up yeULLO;SAD v-8 BT ‘mugs quemo no nus afjeusoyfe yuomno Ho enyaeye ayvod os valepn “ey a) nuye no fassENOD op o-puyfayoxd ‘yoy rea 9p yyq viepesdns 5 BPI wsn8z “arepas ap faqasoooxd aula up (evepReG) ILE 3005 ny ovo Biojion HMQORUY areseooN sieHfe ap yuma auN. RELIES wmeprrozap ap jor youot “onposd oe sneo augmjuam apgionay ad set FY ovens 1 woyUssOWre “ouILEARe ap "RaBweqTOney (MATPANy “STLPip. 42. Saderes tm ammosterd de Moxid de = mecanions de der0- ‘suse de cafent MMe 46, Schema unel instal ge o- ‘dere WIG 1 = toblnt eo fret eteettod; 2 — te 1 — cap de sedare: iu este o variant a metodei care un arc electric strangi- Jet print-un mi unui gaz. Tn mi chimicd si caracterist dear’. Protectia este hidrogen saw azot. 43.1.4. Sudarea manuals eu gaz. Se realizessi eu flaciri obipnuits pein avdia oxigen uno gece combus i etre acesteas cea aah arg Blea obfimatt din rescfia carbides (caybura “de. ealca) ot apl Pentru sealizarea.fidehil este foloit ou arvitor pentru sudutd (oul) fn care are loc amestecul acctlencl cu oxigensl, "Ca material de adacs se folosese slrmol de ofel nelavelth. Caitates slabi a sudusii ma permite Uilzarea acestal procedea (Gig. 48), dectt Ia elemente secundare. sab solictate, 43.15. Sudarea electri Baie de flux topit care devine conductor (fig. 4.9). Sudarea se face ca ajutorul unoia sau a mai multor electrozi nefuveliji. Menfinerea bli de 33a te 6mm Vig. 48, Sodaren eu fheards 1 = stem; 2 — enfin); 3 — monteial de bard; 4 — seutul de Snnintre iq, 49. Schema procesaiat de sutare inal gar, cu fe narme de eleeton! 1 metal de bark; 2 — suderd; 3 — bale de Po ewtt stent; 8 9 — frazea pel de crgie mecauic seloy) si energia calorit (fe Jnctlzirea metalulai se. realizeszd ‘prin trecereacurentul onele de sudat, a jstenjei opuse cureatuhul ic de suprate- ti yealizea2’ imbinarea unor piese plate rapuse sau a wzate cap la cap. Sudarea pieselor plate se lizeazi prin puncte sau © La sudarea prin pu [gonduetivitate termicd ridic rovoucl o crestere a temperaturii supe curentul gi se exereit® prin clectrozi o presiune asupra punctalui 333ver yay otter wid was9p ms ry “Ba i) toa paves fad nd 2p sane op np wzonopsy “2rm emnoerd “qgjar RS pout so! tandyy a op ENTE ey juz mSyeany jens sar ap 989 0)4201y ‘fei of pupe a: aoa 98 oTOIME SANE “oF eyroure sures fusposay ura nye 3d es apesayd jody ammo jays yeundap x6 ajerdude june tee a re risues) smo aap soaeo ovata fae 3p oy ont 3 SRP HED susie we spear xo 96 vousoig “werd oe iensqear 9p winger shy igo © cstog ur BL aokANe ajEMIAY “Ore: : 288 ap spuidap mpmoze vjuatsnegr -mynsyanuy TE oTV9p— nnd aunt HUY BIHOZ so v "peo Sp sjos mSss0e ‘eur tus x6 yused3 9p ose1d vpn yod 36 yap 780 tif }¥OHL Te $9 OLA 3339 no. 9723 ‘usu oy gus aupuy, Imopasorg “ww {9 ap Huma tou Pupas osod ymgos ap upns 300. Ip aes [>{o up rojpyEMAop ede ocd " 1 ‘syefajord Taypns ay) Empns op suAys NTS HYipeausoN wowep |S [URNA BeRRECE wpe faze my) sfaaee, yrospop ‘9s SEsyoap) ore AD vauUpNs ey SULIOHTH guy 09 Hayans auANGE 1Z0RDETIC“T YY MAVANS NWINGE TIVELY 9F soadins ajumad port sping ‘amy mp spun vomar wal yreesyene ot Sanna comand Dhatty Sacenay oy See Oe ase Sosa oat som Uf sopeloreoa Cammy rad whplad eanbe remem te ween Smaouy awed ‘aapmond “aod Ey wel ML wospag heyprimil tip confine mai mult rail ,ccea ce duce le sudare. Acesti electrozi prezinta urmitoatele sarecteristici: dau suduri cu un aspect regulat 1 caracteristici meeanice Dune permit, sudaree fu curent alteratiy sau continu {i acest cuz se preter polriaten dct "vent $433.1) ‘Compaifin chimick « metelata “sepas (9) s ld, ale. Acests clectzoni ve Solasese la gudarea ofelisilor carbon cu un confinut pint la 0,25% carbon, precum si la ofeluri slab lite cu un confinut mai redus' de mangan’ (de exe: TH toate jciu si de mag. sub form de Aci un aspect Mai putis zegulat decat 1a electras Se sudeazt in coudijii bune numai in curent contimatt (de. pref [is = enira Fema [a velig gros 5 rte gros, care dau suduri de calitate superioard (STAS 1125/2—81; 5/3, 4-82) 0.04 lizafi_ fn coustrucfii: me- mecanice gi de deforma depus cu diferite tipuri USPS. — BUZKU oo sean fancied calaten a, pany (ma| [vas oa oa fosal |] Jaman sx ametce de 16 6 mm, yutind a 's50"| 470 || “a Fao [SS] 02 [8 be rafae: scoped cd un at Ge copra, calcd mkogle Bee of las dare i imbunstfteste calitatea mat depus. Compor a pe eee A eee eee lee ie i 1 | oo : *i 3 SS 7. smn teed | | be - hk Le 350 ja60...|sa0...|24,.. [aa 1 25 |r Ps Hoe [ AV | i! 136eer fey ys0]op od 25 ouurys gis Nid gotsanp ayieoriezos o'n9 : ne ca pms vy aig 4 ua qundinos 96 9209 ‘So¢—ay opshone yy msomON os gue Pinon elle 7 Siopoa ap youad 42000 wer rem senmaanp 9p zorsond tereo ey TEaISod lco} o's fovol Er] | Sm| ace | oo | | “S| esmoo 0 nes Shiny qumamyesy fe wana feo] 9 jore ie eee peruse [utes Somaya To Pn age wonpx aapord are funyonsys 99 tageasopses, inion! © yanseadar oop sempayasaoxs Emnpns Hope HeulEES . : mo ap yes Fret een warfyonts gcd sco en | 54 spuOD waLsOyECE qoynfe 19 nus ‘gepns ap sopised “Rao Wp tanandyiye upd nes “qypleqes Sandon ap ymsxduin 0 29 BpIaIy wz o-nm ope Four an pmo efor: Fyoyoq 7oTEEMIofo wmpAs sya9p RI 33y 3509 YinIEENONIed span yyw a oot lo DINKY Ba AOWWLVITY V 18 IVIAINDLATY Vinrvans ‘sy ayia ~ a's eo se . ie co] 0 [9 Sag, | BNC) oy ‘empus 2 29 ySe2o9e oo POS seay a Hinoprtdts eee (gy “ava) ys 46 xnip 9p } asvoramdsoi0n eslemguion soe 2s (ofo yume HA aid (pogo. act uvpas ap uns wp asuisor % Qeeopns as a1e> stpsoed Ip [aye Sp ‘tumpus thd 3p o4{ouny wy a94y 98 peg BPP STE sop 26 e109 rope: wonoe lr oseseS as area amare ap aynoutap 1 auy{mo> [nxnLT i “05: oss Sa eng nes aavod 16 “ojrzonjo(e TOsKAGt D3] 59. asvO ET ot | tse | oe ee sco] wre fooa} Mer al 2) "ote| fsa | “ate syuowofe 9p apaysoure san Tonys Utd YOGUY 38 pg oe) cuvsuemr %orp-° FT vO AR, on a | S 0 go] or Jorof"™ fsimed safosoroy 28 O1S SuLlyS “zip Imieqs BE wAOPPET 989 "(os—eI 2 sot oer | oo SVS) eorBIaM Ffonsysioo vy yref uy Oe v SyeAyRIN JIM “osuARS lero} oi'o leoo] "OS vi | “ote "on 2.08"), 0¢. | oor | o9e cy twee‘tkiate din materiatul care ge sudea74. Dintre procedecle de sudare descrise Sracsiot se folocese “traltoarele : sudarea cu gaze, sudatea cu are cu lection jovelif, sudarea im atmaslerd.protectoare cu clectrod nefuribil {71G) 51 sudatea iy atmosfers protecteare cu electt0d fexihil (MIG). Tet 33 431, SUBAREA cu GAZE Sudarea cu gase 2 executd dup procedeu! obignuit, eplicinduse reinedizirea pieselor si rezemarea lor pe © suprasesd viu’conduedtoare pe z ty Ge edldur’ (clirdmida refractara, cirbune etc.). Inainte de sudare, pe supra- Pa ls] ]z g fafa care se sudeaza, se aj 3 i glelals alls fee. de sirusi de fluor, brom, tod (in special’ ale acidului fluoshidr ; gle lala lglelalel dle Biota stu Pulbera Se a Bl2,2|@ [elelele| ole = caattieed a Duiduler de aluminiy, transformiade! tatr-o 2gus8 fuga co a Le a runct Ge fopire redus. | ged fea a3 * 3 [ats i ; 452. SUDAREA FLECTRICK GU ARG EU ELRCYMOZK INVELITE = - ii Rolal fuvelisului este, fn principiu, acclasi ca gi le electrozii pentru 1a) oe . af sudarea pieselor din ofel, To plus, trebuie sf asigure dizolvaree oxiduat ra z 2 § de alumibiu si <3 landtrse de atmosfera Pe |e gle) ce ee $e leores panctul de topire al aguri trebuie sh fie cub eel al metalalui, ales i Sia a de el Pjesele care se swleazé trebuie degresate. Se aplicd preluctlzitea, precom a ce fi celetalte metode de izolase pentea a evita pierderea rapid a’ cslduri, . a 45, SUDARVA ALUMINIULUL IN ATMOSPERA PROTECTOARE CU z = a 3 ay ‘ELECTRO NECUZIIL (T1G) a R E & i & § 7 : s : : a i f \f[ 2 a # Pelicula de oxiei este diutrust datorith efectului de curifire « arculti, Ee [aes | a dar vinimafers Ser hrapietiel 0 novd oxidare © supeafeyel. Se gudeasl e8 5 e melee : toa “a cufent alternativ sau cu cuzent continuy, Procedeul permite sudarea £83 jes fm orice pozifie. Tabiele cu peste 4mm grosime trebuie preinedlzte 454, SODAREA ALUMINTULUL 18 ATMOSCERA PROLECTOARE DE ‘ANGON CU ELECTROD FUZIBIL. (1G) Se executa cu curent continuy, Iainte de sudare, piescle si electrozi se vor curiga, degresa si usea. Se poate sudo in orice yozifie rk necesari o preiuciizire. Locul de sutate trebuie ferit de curengi de 46, TAIEREA METALELOR STRLENICK 46, TATRA G8 SLACAMA 0: Pentru ca un metal sii post’ fi tdiat, este mecesar si fie indeplinite uurmitoarele condifii, — temperatura de ardere in oxigen si fir inferioard temperaturii de ‘wopire. Din punctul de vedere al conyinutnlys, ta olelurile cu mult carbon “sau Ia ofelurile aliate se ridick temperatura de ardere gi se coboari tem- ‘peratura de to} jcjorandu-se decalajul diatre ele, Fonta (care coufine malt cerbon) §i je de afuminiu uu se pot tdia cu flacira; ua aieet ‘wovopi0o oy gyresaguen, pontine —y-"P faemnar ap pmpom = 219-8 sve of doo LeREITU oP EE BE “RE uM aqunagang ‘soups op ud wnayfgo aru seoa) ensysnis 22rq 9p smintwiee HNOERPAOR wanes “Empns 2p (aveoy ea aaseqd asta agen 3o"T ssouyeym 28 apasord are oye ad eum qusdooe 2s 9m ny ‘agnderdns osazf n> ygtigy ayezage guns 9eyu908 savans teyxtany a Mundt “12 SIVGNs TAYNIGNE “Ly OST gpd masprrony jefe mp ‘woBIe op ovisu0 un ay goed nyuuny> ap x6 cam Qg1 ap pumsos3 asoid tHE 30d’ ag “39 yore S wore “uakorpIG uoRse 1p 70d styendaiay oypesd 9s-npagmy 3p 2yP219 onwoeu yor zareyzedapey is myeyour ¥ gprdes waxdoy ad yzvozeq Bs mapaddice YNSVIME M0 JatF 9 yawatya ¢9 on ‘oy epads uy Brey yivos ad qisofoy aye 1S yom mE Ts 98 AOI” Wapsooig -sseoroE apwiamt ey YE ajo ap dp aouO vf oySD 25 ‘asp-240 mapsiosd vostamnuep qns ¥indtouND “TEENA IMMGBI wp yz, sar TO[NGNA Porpas puIsO[OY ywUNdiuOD s9¥ YS SEIOP ore 9 LOIT_Y, -onqepisony #6 o307o unpyfo esol vosednoop v1 ovesoqoy as aueveo AEENDp Ta9ped0zE mao “jeupedenoa 2329p apt wud ENE aH ‘puns aaa ao pho 9p Sea Blom) P SToHE BIFTISHOWY a. -pU oma 9uy ap vauatys Ze sapmmeie omnpme> no aynerayneyares ayasede 16 opsopoy suns yremo;ne avaigy |p aIieesML ap eye ay eims anisadsar ‘ose op aod aynu yw n> Tere assH0I0} 98 ‘appued ‘Sidpjmur pomp naymg “Hol wp agHonnsu0o wy as0s0qo7 a6 area feds Tp squN> pmyyuaraxdaz a}2030F WIM NO Inzwaaid Jer jqxs un ydap vorados wud “am ‘Dyeod promos BaD, w ‘EpaIE BI ydnp nes pidwaxp azn o ydnp Rrvosepdap a esr: somo md sya Hoon ‘syojRsiow 1URiu no YNZ Owe IWIMIIS MILL we ig) oerons s enaoas steep seo rR op votixo ap juojalur sxiprouaad 9p expouls no iso Hredioursd oyzed sou © ‘yeRRy op oyeredy no yaidony 28 P52 “ajemyen 39708 ues waspsoe asoc0[05 35 af ~siquioo sz3_ep -ua8rxo 9p umot oqfunisuowiyp ap apuydap 16 eistsly 218 iN SUE “uosixo op aToF ‘gywoEp. dow 98 yapnyafo waI0p saa8rco 16 yaayryaoe ap onsaCr ‘Byun varopze und yrnomear 8 910) se op wmnzeiodmo} % verzqpany “andy ap emyerdesy 3w9p yoru rear EM: Sbrodaisy 0 ey “(opre Yap) jaynasixo vfnozand uy pides ¥ppe as. 8 9p “IIE are o ano od evjeyuemioid ad p2ca73q 2s yommsyRsouRo “Rey no UHL, "em onus RIURpOW ef 219340 puyp “OP: ar woud yoeeeogs 96 nu ye pyeyyou BuO? Y joyise “orem vad oy ne ys THIN “sur BONEN, SMByLATIOMpHOD — ‘t pmieas) coyente ap yam — 4 tenet mes op yymerode uoieEy “ary BL fuaSrxo ap yurmar 89 9p yeyedepuy yt nuguad ‘s08n 1S amy oy us “Reuq 9p. yur yosvodoy 9 YS 3p| Dac piesele asa +10 mm), pltrunderes sudurit este asiguratd prin de bard, sudura putinduse exe- centa pe o parte sau pe arnbele piri fn fuuctie de grosime. La piese mai Bosse (PALE la 1G:mm) se pot folesi eletrozi cu pitrundere adine8. fa elclalte cazuri, este necesar ca mar ie prebucrate, reali s4udu-se senfuri ale ciror margini se topese la sudare si in care se depune inc’ urile din contracfie. Zoua de la r8dacin& ge prelucreazd a4 wu prin procedeul de thiere arc-ais ‘sau nepatrunderi e lett pone 2 plese este arstata joate realiza Pn tnbintrleie = FS amt a once atone tmpoe P05 wna case a at opp pumaustens » tes sp a0 miceopros = wate tf 2 709x093 10] be "pyfnsoxo nd yunans 2¢ woTsxvoaut . weaabe 9p arfouny UY ‘vauvaaaxs 327 qns Yorod no ayord up soxreiams yfomsuOD 2p 2 cory aia yujoudes wp ayoqiozaud gums ‘9001 VL aywaT0F aqyoud vy Syezyp ‘sqanmd payed ayomquion ape EormSeny m9 pes 3459 ayoodsar 'g, — o/got0l SVS) 2° ads 9p appopres uf oyep IMs “yeq>% S018 9p exouny up “ot soox8 no BIE ° eae ‘enjoxd 9p 01 igapnedo poyep wnsyy 30d ‘ev018 ‘ad 9yeqn99%9 sgreepne 96 21m sopqeMe;s vom 8 9p 6 yondinr 9789 pagan vou apen epee op ousopo® ‘sresearas ways Tyewopms 26 38> pppo voulsosd up spptioz pees 9s 18D UID “y[pan wou Stn] no (09 BOpIsUES 98 InpMopteD ened 9p “Tauaep? up jmwgan asp ‘oniqns ‘poxmndap v9 1082038 9459 Migr ‘Tendowe oyeanooxs NPNS rer jens voropuuryd y6 vongdon.sosreonp azwtt feUl >yS9 { Espas) twogpes gaop lope somspunsyndaryay stoadsos "F2eq 9p ip sinpamsygd sp vauoeype ats ap yee aes SvEUOHTY EMD onpns womisoil 3is9 > 929) uy ” ~-1="1 pisco) 28 mpNs v jes 2p eowuN, seHNeD 209 ws Sg OTE AE ni tuz0ye0o “sifFunoad ap send no spear 4s 2[eIoCe BU to. feo, nf 98 jumphs nmuFuny eps fon 35 oussoad aoucy ues sour axesonypxd med <3np yum “wu Z vy yMpT aysa yjoy oseoayy od amsos8 op eft ymipns aud 595) dywod as varepiosmr “SENT USO ae : : Saunt aud gmizens efepniding -oyjvesin0> a “eae ad ound 0 39 3d ame Se oaisy tomes Paynes 16 AEE Hsgogs eaneyoane> Yong” a Sim ee Ip abae ap gncoes as seeord your oped repaydificile, metatul topit si zgura avand tendinta si iedica’ aceast’ tendinfi se folosesc electrozi care de regula sudura se executt de jos in sus, Sudurile peste cap se exeeutd cu electrozi cu favelis gros, cate se topeste ‘grea: se admit in cazuri excepfionale, cum ar fi la sudura ridacinilor ta pi cate ma pot Ht intoarse, 48, METALURGIA SUDURIT, STRUCTURA IMBINARILOR SUDATE in timpul sudarii, in cona imbindrii apar o serie de transformasi structurale importante datorith ac} ‘idurii; pe o apumita zona, ‘metalul de bazd se topeste amestecdndii-se eu met. in baia de metal topit se produe 7 fenultind structura cu griupfi fini; urmeazi apoi si alte yporfinai care au fost factleite Je temperateri mai jose si care prezintd, diferite modificini de structurd corespunizitoare temperstundior de trausfor- mare respective (lig. 4.24) Se denumeste ca ond influenfald termic (ZIT), portiunea din metalel de bazi ale cial proprietifi au fost modificate prin {acalzizea local’ prodiusa de sudare; zona influenfaté termic a une! fmbinSri sudate este supusi ‘oani regis termic deosebit de eterogen, din care mftimes gréunfilor rerult’ Soarte difesitl, ceea ce face ca structura metelulud a ZIT so fe iin punctul de vedere al caracteristic transformiri defavorabile pentra comportarea riot’. Formirile de structuri grosiere ou apar in cazul ofeluril gramtlafie fin de tipul ofelurilor calmate si cu adaosuri de alumi orfiumea supratnellzits au loc 0 serie dé transformiri defavorn- bile, ct formarea si Sormel gritmfilor. Aceastl struc ‘tur se mai poate forma si in metalal iu cazul unor procente mai ridi- Jab aliate, ofeluri eu granulafie cate ale clementelor de alicre (ofel 40. sete execatate ix saturi supeopise ao stacturd ex grin ssesee lor raf isk deourece strarurile depose. amerion sufers fo depwuerca fl Mrnigfowe nce ialuenge termice favonble, sinilare normals, ‘in timpaisudari, compozifie metalului suferd unele modifi mentee dt puncte de reristenjs 5 atmasferd pitrand gaze au rimén libere Se formeaza. Dintre, gazele care pi mea PS ee adh Gah Josigegl dn ers Bin maul Siteationenrt a Beas care i bais de astal topit 1a sudarile See ee ee er ceed, cake das compan agit (otra 10snysordtzo9 2p TaD ee yamass 9" ne 035 RYOAZIp 3 yigas aq. "yeudioo jwousqur w ayaed gyayvard tom joa ne “veo 208rt0aq. ‘aj vu02 UE pe yp famistiog rede se de aaysodsar 301 * ‘ Based tsiewsojep roredo yok aE S0= "yy way. ap efuayszor no sma aindjnns “yeaa eo peadis [1y'S] aEION : pusdsad onpasd'os 9:0) 001039 sopsquau9p 9fe euor 9 sBUBUE Dp yORISHD} su} aun o7o9e ied -suiaypeses apereoxgunin me 223892y “LIZ Spann ag 16 panzouny (voreatysisop) 9206p ox8 ap ayetqurey asad vy jeoads my yysoyraPU os aUVanS KUO SLUNANVHEINE INMISNL TOF : 00g ef varem yka) BOSS soy ripe tid }.o9p 2p tanyemdamy qos muvans.nic AINUNVNGN INAISNSL YS WiveUoryd ‘6 aseugmyy 3p op reaver 9p ngins) 1 snyuoooe yea 9389 SAT “YaEeTED Agymp waver wd Binapias Aerensed Par9pyIg mosiop (aaypauh wy asad : ahogpny (otoods Cy i pied aeeh 9p quits sare O "elem gengour 9p Puzoy as (xO AEs! i sf permith auumite deplasari im timpal sud In figura 4.31 sunt reprezentate tensiunile zemanente Ja uncle tipart 4 seofiuni eudates Tensinni remanente apar si la thierea cu facta (ca Ja platbandele ecupate dintr-o tablt prin tier’ la ambele margin), caz in care tensa rile temanente au repartisarea din figura 4.31, 4 Dack astiel de plate Panda este folosita le realtarea tllpit unor profil T seu dubla se pro- Buce o compensare recipract a teusianilor remanent, renultdnd fa foal lalori wai feduse ale acestora. Tensiuni remanente se produc Noauele de sudard in reliel ca a dy atat msi mari cu cat pi Sigide) si-nu pot urmisi delormafile de contracfie ale sadurifor: cle pot produce fisuri in custturi, De acees, se recomandi ea grosimce, cordon fi depus in primul strat st aibi o amimitd grosime minim’ fu fanchie de grosimea.pieselor care ae. eudeara (a 5 0, i neuniforme pe grosi Pieselor. Actiunea coucentraté a ‘de agemens a @ va evita sudorea unui clement de construcic mntr-o ordine in care pirfile sudate anterior 4.91, Tenslol remanoate Ia wee port do seit sadate (e .. d). 152 Impiedick contrac tote) de exempta Guph sudares er nte se poate produce sub eazal pieselor bridate, chiar sub ultimul cag fisurile ca caracter supusi unui tra- de sonstructio consecinja, se aeeste diagreme rul de curgere, care Huy LK, Ordine de sudare geil (J, 2 3) Ia © grinds 193sspus eassonpat ap osu yoeld eousoi® ail ropmeaoy BHOp 9799 BU. sr mer syn eau 980 9 O19 of gaepns rood nayuod avs aun qnop ad wepns word nzjuad. ie 6 ad Foun gyepns woRE nAUad “ap'y emi ay eyengTe 'siso syn ayo" 32e9 ‘phop 9199 299 wih en esas m9 euMia;9p 9) tev) =i viejerdns — 1 (6 ap atfouny uy 3a wel ays) sr20n pinuys o-nUIp yyPyNZaL eAUTzUOD ymMpM O tusjnad asuqay youor ‘uu uy “o wUETE f i poate considera, ca atare, ei relafitle- de. calenl 4:1) ;. 48) dav valor! acoperitoare pentru piel groase De asement scopurile re each eumecte ame ; -y Meas : es : eee wirimea secfiunii gi ma de- aa ana semamantepentra Bnd de Unite de curgere a ofelulul, wotte duptuT teminate ru itis, Pentru profile dubla T larninate, late repartizarea_ tensiunilor po milati cu o parabol Valoarea tensiunilor remanente pentr seste limita de curgere este | ‘st'~a) Ie. -\4- pentri 9) Ia sudurile suprafaja cordonul Glee cu seesione a waar +e] [2], Valoarea te se poate calcul ccurgere: manente de cory remitatea tatpi elapitle (4.10) pataad aseyemrns ea» smaszaat yne joan wy yh om Ht oyeneaos inatnsip ®OMIBELE “SY “a ye, 8 ony owe enn © stdoy 0 gexarjepd aunpas 9p oqeution apie aruied) % Grek 2 mene ve peasar my eitoqwaas 0 eyeraia— aw8ino ap payed ror “a Sp BRAY ‘SPURS so pes vj Hopamayydan x Uf YS ULIqo 98 Soe ees 3p sous 9 asp rosie 19 79 (Qh, Bu) fe 28 eyo 0 Pye ‘YangzEns 9d s0|noIpuediad Prvouorfor ase net gorse etfndusp ovens o pital nmprs poe ‘hiastuorebapped wed “app #] aiubype Hf Epa “aq FANTOHON BI waREIEdUIOD “TT OF fansaxyay XD. avo VE avo yuauns no TayNtoRE “vory savans AOTRIYNIGNY TNIV 18 VaUVEXOaNOD “ary aquourmer sojrueusuas tisonpex ndoos uy ‘oynpns v arejnsaxa ap zoUTpIO 1S yrvarioard "Dy FON 3 ins are fe amnqan vyerale 2p qens que ore 1s PERUEEAT ayS|NI IAD ‘guny uapas ey seeps 9p simuny — ‘anvone gap = ¢‘Duire nu mai este posibila cind metalal depus sau metajul de baz%, fx zona influenfati termic, devin fragile si cdnd defectele de tipul fisurilor sant de natur sh creeze puncte de amorsare a ruperii fragile Fated 47 —————— TReviteate de calc, im Nhat, patra mg | “Suferta‘ccmenté da oe matens i statiee. (Se oplick tmbinirilor ain fig ee |e 4:19 si 420). Ta condifiile metalului depus care are caracteristicile me. Beal ae pd Bes fer E . Rela oe |; rile perpendicutare pe direcsia so presiune, cand. res Sitanior greutate al prinderii dere sau cor iilorexteriqare trece prin centrul de 4.0 |_200|_210| 290 | 250 | 300 |_aso |_s70 os. 70 | 190 m0 |_200 08 0 7210 | 220 o7 | uo] 150) 160 240 | 260 240 | 260 | 318 + os | 170] 175] 190] m0] 250) 290 oe | 128) 190] 148 | ass | 190| 215) 295 ORSERVATIE. — Peutra wndomnee te eed sugata elorlorrexistenfelee de ealeal din tsbel se cap care me au riddcied ree ia 07 dups natura soli fare trece prin centrul de sont detrei purl:sar Sh Bt smiqe ef — ¢ Fomedeatng sand ot — © ‘oumpastenes a sndns sourasios sojmpas someday, “Se “hat ‘armas paps aonasous “sy “Bt maar suoamopsos senndont "82 “Big reuoyfeasoyuy yoyasysur ap asndoud aryduios voxeys Op wUNEDS UH 9109 indy wnop ap jo inde 9p oynua0y) ove jaye ap avs9Ua HSE jeus0;9p 9 donpoxl as aan 3] osndns oem ‘worsdny “sudap (nyorom und yauyd ednp | aendns (areyuoss 16 901035) aps @ sons] B SHNGUASIDST Temmowop uy “{ye"p Bu) ngus0ow o¥esy 8 vomnduny anmp jude: 499 suk 338 U9 2459 VayEHELIOY Hyarmonyxe ange peat rem PUL 2p “yuLojuneE 2489 gps soyenvopie9 ear “aesyet 2ye9 qgs9p trem teu afaysizas gsm yyurzaxd opeyuory opuEOpI0) "WoL ssoe © reurpdap ap gfurpusy o gyshxa avemduIOD sjasord yf 20 Gu UE ge arerOTe4 soppANAIN Te EOP ear fempanuy esas ap ajowvopio uy aygunysusy yover “2009p “s0F Bf ayeHOHOS jus aeRKE o{roF vf asnd Has opyMIqUT UEP oqaeqe] sqeunpns @ nes endop npeyaur mad ‘wase3ioy verdny "pmpns 9p mmmops09 -roj2p aupoad o§ giadnr ap aquy saguiod 9p 189 [O09 PAD saa, 3 28919 aIfomop ‘onset mpromop Ty isda wap gutyrsns — 9 ‘agypre op sieue pane — © semen cusopioe 1 apsnyt vowing “ory le ee semanas on Jogunpe oOHOA “eee Ma DPQae Sudss — 14.8. st Conventin Ruropeant peutre Construis metatice = relafii simple, considertind ei raperen se dezvolti in secfinnes de srosime minims datoritt solicitirii de fortecare (plan bisector al secfiunii Cordonulal de sudurt) © Relapite generale de interactiune pornese de la statea de efosturi dedusa s (conforma figurii 4.56. Pe secfiunea cordosului de sadurd 4 rabatutd pe planul normal ume a efortului, se obfin prints-o selafie de prodectic si moment, tensiumi », 1, si f, (perpendicular pe planuh figurit). Tensfonile in. playal secfiunii sninime a sudurii se obfin proiee- dnd tensiupile w gif), Se obfine: Cocficientul, 8, are valorile: pentrt ofel OL 97, 6 = 08; peatra ofe1 OL 44, B= 085! pentru ofel OL, 52, B= 0,9. 'Valorile Yelosite fin seama’ de raportul intre sezistenfa la Tupere a wetalului depus $i rezis- tenja la rupere a metalulai de. bezd entra cazurile simple, la de greutate al cordoanelor, este tanli pe baza relatiel | 1 ' A din forte care tree prin centrul ibil sf se determine eapacttates por- Now = ho REA, (21) fle condonnlr asrie, ones cual Expeaeutal nai apare decdt sesstenfa sudurforIoterate de aceeag 5 ac cxperiuental exact, indd seama.de con fBasule plastice care” permit gnele red oy Sasin ath cose; TS meas ety sina; ty Shy + (4+ 18) & La sudura eu laturi (catete) egale: «= 45°, sim a= cos a= tea_portanti » cordoanclor_combinste. se ponte. deteratng ict Gintre ele si de defor- ce se explicd si prin faptul ci hmgimea material sfortului, este maj mick in primul caz (fig. ‘Efortul total N spe care poate prelua sudura in stadiul de rupere est VMN, D8 « in care: Nj este efortul in stadiul de deformatie plastics al cor jespunzitor deformatiel la rupere a cordonulei frontal ‘Ny capacitatea portant’ a sudurii {rontale la rupere Pentru a evita Fuperea prematurd si pentru realizareo unei bune i cordoanelor frontale s& au fie pr in care R, este sezistenfa limiti a metalului de baza, \ Formala general de interactiune [EC3, vol. 2, Anexa M, $45] este data sub forma (of + 30h + = 4.20) Te In aceastt relafie au 1 sunt tensiunile notate lor in relief, supuse 14 un moment ie. covoietar normel pe planul prinderii, se poate de asemenea calcula, ind ‘Seama de propriclifile plastice ale metalaloi depus, admifand o diag birectangulard de repartizare @ tensiunilor (fig. 4.58, a) (ue = 15 ava pestra calcula 2 ~ datetmlnares capaci por rileeres confer prevadeslor STAS rp, ASG, Soltares sudurlor tn callet coatorm sormelor 18, a4(ogy) dy > (ts) + (M3) = 6 (ez) yo Hn (sar) ys Tham (eae wen oe op) By) ea 6 1 appyaand ‘uf sojausops0> ope apupd » 0 Ie afiour ap [esuomom — "7 ‘ayeyaqos AOPMS 9p wee — ‘pr ree $f G ynoyeo ap wautdamy — "7! papas 9p lopawopi0s v [nou 9p waN|s asd y 9ns tem ap oles Uy (cer) Ss 19°F By) vasvouL98 aoey as ase Core woHuoA 9s ioanp ayaa year and wip sojgumsnay wyzeynZ feo2}z0j my asndns afuMpng apne wompast — # ran onan sour 0 earosioy of gamtnt Coes oy es0p05 “19% “FUL es sojemsopsoe wut cn wrote aa (pyer tp gmpns N> oyerzeas SETI : : (es “any o-= Aser'y209 9p snyoyeiou » yuoreo ap eftoysvear prays gf save (sev) katy iy 96 pnso op ohuayteny 21909}105 3p pense aso 9p. HOLT ul ayS2 19 efaanija voropunsyed yo yynystod 2g 1 BeNPIsUOD ayy Es geORPUT 9169 16 MMPARRE “Wy angus yuo vo ‘ase 9389 osapunsyed yisBeVe PLN “apyr ey varpunayed op warvas wif ou [n9[=9 9p speptusoy {HAWES sue peut Tp eyes qunpas Sienpor © yonypes oy eanpaninta “G2 “Oeiar J, repreint’ momentul de inerfie <1 cordoayelor de sudura fay de Jn toate cazurile de caleul Ty 4, et @ pe planul de’ pri Ta cazul unor solicitiri complexe, 24. ..4.30), pentru determinarea césacteristicilor cordoancle ‘se cousiders rabatute cu dimensiunea Ye = 88 pent espectiv din cordoanele jcitinit_ si material de Aceste valori —~ fenclie de tipi wat (AIMg,Ma; AlMg,) — sunt date in tabelele 4.9 si Tabetal 430 site poste cor ‘oane Be suture “pat cordonstas pe Sotiitares 1 Enigce —- ones ' = Ft : Solietats raneverat cordoase ts seit : sauces ngina |, 4.11, OTELURI PENTRU CONSTRUCTIT SUDATE 421), REZISTEVTA LA RUPERE FRAGILA $I COMPORTAREA LA SUDARE Couservarea tenacitifii imbinfrilor sudate reprezintt un factor deter- siinant ig comportarea constructiilor metalice gi este stréus legati de noflunea de sudabilitate. Sudabilitaiea ofel plex’ care determin’, in condifii de sudare da entra realizarea animitor imbiniri itt exclusiva materialului, ci depinds de © Sigurasta 5 ssusirea finbinrli sudate realizate fatto structori, a it influenfa unei enumite tebno- wore este supusil le anumite s dea uu ise alters in mAsurd inacceptabili cali , Si de 8 bu prexenta, xploatare. In figure 463 ponte feali- comportexe de- terminata Ja sudare, poat strucfie seu impropria_ a de execnfie si zegimter umqereduroy, ty wane sqvod o mmyeu avo ad gany serduray, Bz: 89 adaqu 39 pysvaoe “uopmpfo e ayeaTe 3p sep Eorsso[e Ff Sp9A G ax ag evo yyeidaway BABS Wel TID puyyuozesdor vo ByMIEpISHOD a59 spread ap purupu Danposogur “aU'e FUMIEay, mo WOD ayeryN> |p 95S TE ‘oeerAy By MEP aqmpens 9p triers gdep gomsep as (S90 dn ap Em osmmnS no tmpfo ef [was8 za ap ympjo) soyejsur Tijonnsu09 axyued ILIA I3I9) (esl 6e-cheg 1 SVEg HI BWP ais eporape -aseyvoyExa ap, vinywsndmiay — imqeenpoRe ssaiOi8 “(oyeneeoynocrad 9p Taywapyjeds ud peEaxe) ZO RNHOS woe} tmyen 9p arfouny wy suposd mun P ayeye> ap ase eaeBope ied area “sponconotand 2p mnphuctofoor vpojou. od. VevaTeq. 96 24eDES soagsuoo unycod sopanyofo ealadaqe “ant ome wy 16 eo ¥aseou wel Uy : vans misawasKoo AuANaa HoTOINIELO Vv ELYLETID 40 TaSVD vEukOaTY % S tast'a 2 ee"%o0'0 30 88 aygoIs op sapEMRE ynMmoN ‘gsmaND syeod |y Per ET ro | sso | ot oe wo | sua | ovo] ost x r om | (6 cxpsom poneyn09 Coma) “u omisio © amen of atest ber mage, Ay jasnpord v somgey paHfEpAuMoOp NYS 1079p pads qinsood ps} vorepns wymoxe oytod 35 infuogED IP NUY NsyNAd BaNKTIO FLOTEA, proyss98 wsdyy Uy ZOp ‘2 “iupuyys muojua> uns div Bp yuyd "yuappay (ie) starsat @to='9 2 EOF NP 98 GL-FGLL SVIS 8 -ywuoqie> no rode: up ‘anpadsox yams coop ¥ agg 9p weyeypadeo qyayida: Pulver Te vatmNy avo oye mo odes ts "eluoearyao" 9p qwomyaD Uh Vp, YeINFe viso OCIS reba bued uy "49 4uopeanyos tnynnoqie® oyuuasoy Wd usa os ES ‘oxd mun vassoyu ‘o> *ypides axe ‘oxeye vo ‘onion sopmyenns yroazuoaey 209 ‘osatd 9p 30 We. sown varourfgo yj onpuoo ‘asezyearsou wd 36 (94 [RUE “|p jem luna) syuemay> op tmsovpe no arene urd ayeztfeau ‘au 3[uRA: jrepinap idns ap opmonns 16 nv 0 avezmisess ap eniqnieavyop pit -oozy tnyBouos ede anes Bj ‘>yeurfeoos ayLamjrlo. By sopmoesad omonsy ys908 | ayeropour aytoqs 9p az9yTA |S AEVPAS ap opeALION H " romp ‘opsfesp aoprsuayseur myonsss axadv jod “ayéas9 a0>178 9p 3709p ap jeanarfeoo puyD “sraife 9p sytouN O3p “aumnq tihypuoD Uy “OU sm vasepng Mepstidord no sndap fing un nop afe> “ayeayfeo guNg ap ~OH2D|> s59s0I0} o yuaza:d OT pomey iy ap 2ormso) appynaumeyen 2p ‘azeprxozp 9p jupesB. ap ‘mnsnposd Goats ‘oid op *gonttys eufezodeton 9p airy Gf 9969 sOTLNIOfO eeHEqEDNS unjersdursy SuUIAUE Up PofuDy zo vorwopeA. ROALD tp ropervonia wzoq ad ap — spew ap apse By soy vorespvon! oud anf 95 (er 18 Zt “aH “A — 68-108 OR ONS SVIS opus) “ozonsysto> op sqrm(aso AMDT (ErypMe efuesBlS Sefpie oy eretodias) spioudoud yop iopo eororesed ean | “ommieatdxe axjnoexa — ay{dsou0o op yxajdimoo axfpaoo-0 spmidno top ¥ 2p = Fe] (ekqeur vp saviandord 0 pyuaidas gyuonodwao aie “az¥pHs ty foiaes syot enjard v op Ipnyerou vayeyDudes pupwquts “aiopns ny sofuns #9 pmieuoduos o syayoidar ramplo ¥ mpBesf segue vy vjuagsizayminim de proiectare se po: Gu care vine in contact m tn care: A este un factor soustzuctiv, 5 — un factor de impostantd al clementului de constructie, iar B- ficientilor_K, S si B se stabilese conform prevederilor din tabel si figure 4.64. 72 — temperatura minim a me vin ia contact cu metalul, san temperatura dnd acesta este permanent in contact cu = temperatura medie cea rioadii de 24 de 01 dar nu mai ridieatd decit G=Kk.S-B, lui ambiant pe 0 pe fe permanent in contact temperatura minimd a celorlalte tiut& 0 evaluare cantitativa empi lor care se au in vedere la alegerea ste G se determin cu relatia: un factor de solicitare. Valoril F FF Fig, 4.04, pari de tbinde endate, ‘hetorulat “Tapas coustructiel ous al lementalal sate constencpt nitlte, elements 767i esamblded prin — slemeate de constracie cvpringe In lnm de enie- oth ol strseturt lau sezultate mai apropiate de cele ale clementelor ‘este de preferat, cu toate dificultifile legate de ex- , rervltatele se coreleaza cu cele obfinute pe epruvete 413out "yosnuq arBanstp 9p nfrpuos nes weojdxo ‘orem yroqa no sqooyde ‘sokmemrp IpoNOUT "Z4. phpoae |g aRvypOARS 9p apart ad JUzZEq 9359 STF PAL, isoynsed roswuRe gidzose as nu appre a3v0y Uy “og i %0 z ana asnudno arapnpmy of HPUadUOD pupAL ‘opis WUNET Ud aUpNS -998 w ojesatiod ‘9p sumsuey ap Byrom Hes “oz ppsugono> ne 3369 nee “2 29'0 872 20 1 OP YUnisusy me axes aUpNS ayTOMI|D = 2g pnpI0I — 9 z9'9 ose6gdap nm arta (emqioys 9p pyyeutoa’ royexyasou0s, sysnjouq) 9pe20y as9pTAU nv are 16 (oma; quameyexy ad) ‘yonde 26 189 9 ayepns quam —_ s200r 8x samywoids op Seounaeee sade eoitad (am) yore weiss) | WOpHOD pool wevis EGE ERA presovou 9989 am ‘aonUIS uypAEeUE zy aendns ‘gfuaysrza1 op sopmatins ejusnoduros tp ayepusan wee ayepns 2ops\uau P31 ae ayuam sfemaes uy [sys] © TGOIOUNA UE Wopaaaig “PE TT} ener “(= % efuomays ap perlred yuapypeo un no ayez9prsHe9) sofpunyfae ape . Four 2489 3809 sosgo Je ‘osvonauT ase] up yRfafa zon vaI od go) 2 vom aenpas sara yng fupind sur oquoureja ezveztteor as ‘ouyprs ap 36 soppquowofs w yjenorfes ommqRoTe O-nUEEg “wAnoox Wf pananr}scO9 Yh ou “O.0h= 3990p ta woo! nes ‘2fe8o arequoqdxe op emyundimay nuqnad ayoop fords 98 ne ZOOL NE ‘uhrowomgy tj asuyclnd ysop> Hf goreer 9p Nnfolo eT gusjar ae See “youodanes.ytiz9 = ows Bons ~seap womans seeyo> oefasooouon 8 auvaepay ap Denia “de0poopbx? Op Op “rpaoe Sap oxfouay "fopep sutso.d (8 ysupp ‘yoreet ap [ojo tm dated) See Teoqdso. 9p. Hmynodw ea vostisautoiop ad pztae “oq. 98 “g4f8035 Paindne spanys v axvjooroud 9p MDOP “Lg 2p musnsus senizon 0 20 (becmyeee 2p epossing) 4 Stary appanage nijuod. stage 2p vidaous aes Mr oeicoouy 2p venownttin 2p bun] wy ounade 29 gman oT Hiusoumus sojoyey warnsapision esd 270/709 sum ayfonqrys 38 ‘axfonsysuo> ap enmyuamary dio op runysraduray B yynzzos four baa vaszOTeA 3p IND ap ‘mynpstiojerr eapeyowaas 1 woorSOlT'ap ‘thnp>{o wee maidsp arepoo ap jmpom yo g sonyend tom ;pllod Susspes lopyMAMEP aLussos8 gop By ‘PHP 9[e aoH Bou AIWON aUIV Yana yHOVeA vauseI vt vauyunatoNa “erry ypzundS9200 24 = hp) 0 siesta 01 2 sued ripe rls] olor saloelre| olor ez lifer elo 7 ior] xe] 2loe| lor] Celatiaat rr sd, nent omeConsecinfele cedirii sunt definite prin dou’ condifii astict ~ condifia C7, elemente sau imbiniri necritice, Ia care cedarea poate fi restransi, cu efecte locale, fir’ consecinge grave ; — condifia C2, elemente sau jmbiniri critice, sensibile la fenomenul de cedare, Ja care cedarea locali a1 putea provoca iesirea din Iueru a Intel structs cu consecinge grave fperdert de viel omenc, abe materiale serioase). Tabelul Cu aceste €or Tse, Weilizdnd Trin = 14 T,, + 25°C + B + 10,83 — 0,08 6,,) - [,)°", 14.33) fn care: 7, este temperatura de incercare pe epruvete Charpy V, dat in tabelal 4.36; § are valoarea dati de relafia! 6 = 100f1n K,, — 808) 4.34) o4-este valoarea nominali a sezistenfei minime de curgere, redusi in funcfie de grosime gi care se poate determina cu relafia: ente se determin temperatura minima de exploatare cao, ~025(2) Se. 438) fn care: oy este valoarea de baz pentra cy dat in tabelul 417; 2 — ‘srosimea ft) mm; 4 = 1mm. ‘Tabet 410 ‘Temperature Typ patra aor coatees EN 1000S tase de oat ‘Euergla minis (3) | Zion | Tete 417 ‘Welowren de Wek a principlelor tee ‘enge mnie de carpete Pees ena7s | remass ms | ass Xi, este constant dati ia tabelul 4.18. Valoaren Kye din relafia (4.34y este definith ca tenacitatea necesard Ia rupere si se determi 437) Yow Ky, Ky K, au valorile din tabelul 418, a, Condifia de asigurare impotriva ruperii fragile pentru casuri curente, conform EUROCODE 3 § 322.3 (S 44). Tu tabeloi 4.18, b se prezinti modal de determinare a gyosimilor clementelor din ofel astfel incét si fie satisficute condifiile de evitare a ruperli fragile pe durata de ving previzuti pentru structur’, Tabelul se referd la amumite elemente structy- tle, iat Valorile sunt stabilite pe baza prevederilor din prezental subeapitol ‘In Franfa se admite ch temperatura de serviciu este de O°C, pentru dlemente structurale situate in interioral construcfillor complet inchise si de —20°C, pentru clemente structurale in aer liber. Tabet 418,08 “Vitere de ineireore Consecints ced 12-~ Constr co acti ete ww411.33. Prevederiinnorma francezi AFNOR (NF A 36—010). Metoda IRSID "[Si5], [PIS], Metode TRSID de. alegre & calitii ofealut exe azath pe rel in mecanica ruperii. clastice liniare care, in condifiile stisii plane de deformate, permit comelaren caractttisticii de material cu nivelul de tensiune si dimeusiunile defectelor (in limite acceptate) din ele- cou gfosimea de 110 mi on Fongimes 2a = 28-mm sau a dimensiuni echivalente cu defectul fost calculatd yaloarea minim’ a fenacitajié Ia rupere wsigurati de material le temperatura de exploatare (dé pentytt a au se produce superea Ia o tensiune de intindere cu limita de curgere. Daci se noteazd cu TA;,, temperatura Ia care Jui are Valoarea calculatl, condifia de evi- tare a ruperii fragile se serie 2, PKy (439) tn baza relafici empirice dintre tenaciteten In tupere Ky, si rezilenja Charpy V, relafia (4.99) se poate serie T, > LAT avg + 8 -+25°C, 440) unde Tray este temperatara, in °C, Ia care energia de rupere KV Ja erearen de resilienfa. este ogald cu 27 J, iar B este o mista, exp mati in °C, a eltei valoare depinde de limita de curgere a materialulai, co- respunzitor relafiei (441) {In cazul clementelor de constructie metalicé cu grosimea sub 110 mm, printr-im rafionament similar, a fost propusi decalarea temperatucii TK, Cu cantitatea AT;, in °C, (care depinde de grosimtea clementului de construct fief), conform trmatosrelor relat stabilite experimental AT, = 18-1 — 110 pentru 10 < ¢<90 mm: AT, = O97 +t ~ 85 pentru 80 <¢-< 60 mmm; 64% AT, = 053-1 — 59 pentru 60 <¢-< 110 mm. ul vitezei de solicitare a fost Just in considerare printr-o di rk g temperatorti de wonsfe cu misimen A, cleat seni: AT, = (63 = 0.08 - 4) - 8", (4.49) este viteza de crestere a deformatiel specifice teale; ‘au fost considerate trei valori ale vitezei de defor” — pentru solicitiri dinamice 180 ni, pe bazs tempera~ Relafia final pentru alegeres calititii mate ‘tarii de exploatare este: Pi a34 Tarn +9 4 SC + AT, + OT, (4.48) Pentru nivele de solicitare inferioare limitei de curgere, pe misura sci fi factorulud de intensitate a tensiunii Ja Varful fisurli, se pot Aadmite decalari suptimentare ale temperaturii de tranzitie comparativ ct cazul de referinfA considerat (0/502 = 1) “Astiel, in relafia (444) se va introduce in locul valorii temperatarii de tranzifie Tia 0 valoare Tijyn, determinsta ca relatia: Thrw = Tava + AT eve, (4.45) in care Arya: este o crestere de temperaturi admisi, im fanefie de nivelul de solicitare, dati in tabelul 421. Tabet 4.27 0.90 << 0,88 ore 4.12, COMPLETARI Sf COMENTARIE COMPARATIVE, REFERITOARE LA PROIECTAREA SUPURILOR DE COLT (NN RELIEF), DUPA DIFERITE NORME, 412.4, NORMA FRANCEZK cme Norma francezl (Regles de calcul des constructions en acier) CM 66 {836}, d& wrmitoarea formulé’ de bari pentri verificarea prin esleul a sudurii ia relief: oF + LSE +t) < ato, (4.46) int tenisiuai determinate prin raportarea compontentelor scar ‘iuaea dz caleul a acestuia orfei F, care IGecfiunea minimali aJ din figura 4 181eer (os%) c ja ‘ap ofaaystar — reef rey Sunnyd 970 uy 205) yor NPAs 9reroprsuos a pu SHoMmy wy EAP REP (sew) ee sueoygman wifejas m9 ‘9:0; yreanwad 95 9109 *F HT no eyeunus9I9p ‘oreapI0F wf HHaNpHS ¥ [moze aepads yogion usd WEIS aingan emp yanaygd no tnpas 6 p[ousoN aispanmed No IPRS EaiepeL el ospunNEd op impels ap 1pUs ¥ Yg[eo 9p BONA sys 29I09 Ty ap vivp unpns wore topo ap quazaspuy axgobydap nu *g lopuyspijos ete e ap HMpns pun wfuoysys Td ROP! (esjeoa) seit aqonouna ‘Yavaouns-tsHA YEVOLIAD YUON SoC YSUANNAOWE “sorF 2p ayer vareoyguum no savy 9s ‘ymoqes mud Veg aysorrayx9 UBAHOS JOUN jwayREOINeD BH sn) Bee Ma pal tags ey autor ao aoe oe “Eg nes Hy nope op yes no oramfoys tapos oh Sande sopempns (nope Si ‘ciop inner Herta 3 B ayes 9p vseID op axfouny ay ‘gig nO Wes (ss) ay einpne ap enopios aps 20059 oxvo_waxmfoas as @ gnoqes op efoossyres ayso' my (ier (O89) smmieTT Uy mee + sap re) Spas exfejas na gevajnoqeo as yy pas w yIMEyOd EoyUyoedyo ie (os) Pe ee wifepr.no geramnoyto os. Nyy umpas v yimeped eaqeyoedey : Tay gmpe 2 nore 9p yanufoee(na0]d 9p afey » yoyyfan n> yruntom, wseseroe ye0g sown) tpaapae gyesoupe womnjoe umnored exepaaaid [z¢ s] 6shaST (smpnng jag 0p stones “2H YsIpeag) yopons vuZON, a/xsu yzsauas vRMOX ‘Z2r'r | a iP m9 polured esndsip) spesoyey Epas — siete = vos (ur) uum» S 9 unued ‘t= 2 (HM voutso:3 qwoep YOR pM ypAs e wHSoKF O P98 arto und “TeymuqNs gusp"I09 an — > Bpse ‘» noes uy arwsepisuoD toon) somos a Tnpae © foqes op oounses od ave “s9'F tesfn care: f, este valoarea nominali a rezistene} Kime (rezistenta de rupere prin ts ie) materialului de beza al piesed celei mai slabe dintre cele prin calcul; f. ~ un factor de corelare, funcfie de marca ojelului din piescle sudate astiel r marci. Fe 360, 0,85 pentru ofel de marca Fe 430 si 0,90 pentru ofel de marci Fe 510, ofeluri similate celor romanesti de mirci OL 37, 44 51 respectiv 52; ye — un coeficient parfial de siguranja, a, avand valoarea 1,25. 4.12.32. Documental de aplicare prevede valori dif Yonals (D.A.N.) a EC3 in Franja ‘cficientul ye, de mai sus, atic “tye furi la piese din ofeluri de 4.1283. Norma EC3 trateazi, din punctulde vedere al verificdrilor dusile cap 1a cap (ia addncime) cu pitrandere parfiald ca in pa rfiall se infelege situafia acclor suduri este mai mici decdt groshnea piesclar ‘care grosimea sud sudate cap Ia cap, 4.1234. Referitor la sudurile de colf (in rel ‘tirii, BC3 face referisi asupra modului de luare a repartisasii neuniforme a La suduri ea Iu iat ou relatia (4.55), sc reduce Bow dat de relasia 4, rezistenta de caleul, apre: area ci un factor subunitar Pee = 1,2 ~ 022 (457) 4.12.35. Norma 2C3 confine prevederi seferitoare Ja utilizarea si aprecierea rezistenfei de caleul (nofiune similari cu efcctul capabilsan Gapegiatce portanta dia accepstanea’romecascd) 4 sudurilor fa gue (i Sadurile in gluri pot fi de dou’ tipert : ~ suduri ia ghuri mani, cculere sau alungite (v. fig. 4.67, 4) = Suduri in giuri cireulare sau alungite, umplute ou sudura {i v. fig. 4.57, B). ae Siuri se pot folosi numai pentru a transimite sol © produc tendinje de alunecare relative intre piesele sudate), rpiedica voslarea independent a tnor table alatinate sat i r unr elemente compe: i mare decat grosimen tabl te, cu exceplia extremitapii DFelungite pani Ja ‘marginea element Grosimea sudusii in bugon, practicatit intr-un element cu grosimea mai micd sau egalii cu 16 mm, irebsie s8 fie egal cu grosimen element 384 eh 4 ig. 487, Sodeei in: A — gui mati; — glut wmphte ca andor; @ — gut ote Ogu alangte Jui pentru clemente cu grosimea mai mare de 16 mm, srosimes stds ttebule si fe el putia jummatate dia grosmea element Ge Tome Suclele in glut 4 considers i se caeuleard ca suduri fn rele jf Hipoate transisite ¢ sudurd fn gaurd se ealeuleazd cu rela Fete =o bas (458) fy care pentru fp 4 vezi rl far Ay este aria de calcul a sectiunii ‘sudurii in gaurd, determut pentru suduei in glu Aq = hy + 2e(r — 0,50)] a; (459) — pentru: sudari in bugon pentiu giuri alungite, (4.60) jas pentra 4, ), gir 4.194, coMEATANI FINALE Verificarea prin catcul a sudurilor in relief se efectueazi diferte norme 5 al, diferenfele sunt do formal, unele norme comparénd le efective cu rezistenfele de ca alte norme comiparind solicitdrile cu eforturile capabile ete. 185