Pentru ca un substantiv sa capete înteles într-o propozitie, acesta trebuie sa fie însotit de un
determinant substantival. Cel mai des folosit determinant substantival este articolul (the
article). In limba engleza articolele se pot clasifica astfel:
- Cu numele limbilor.
French is spoken in Tahiti. - Franceza este vorbita in Tahiti.
English uses many words of Latin origin. - Engleza foloseste multe cuvinte de origine latina.
- Cu numele meselor.
Lunch is at midday. - Masa de prânz este la prânz (amiaza).
Dinner is in the evening. - Cina este seara
Breakfast is the first meal of the day. - Micul dejun e prima masa a zilei.
- Cu numele persoanelor (doar cele la singular).
John's coming to school. - Ion vine la scoala.
George King is my uncle. - Regele George este unchiul meu.
- Cu titluri si nume proprii:
Prince Charles is Queen Elizabeth's son. - Printul Charles este fiul reginei Elisabeta
Dr. Watson was Sherlock Holmes' friend. - Dr. Watson a fost prietenul lui Sherlock Holmes.
(Insa titlurile generice, luate singure, au articol: the Queen of England, the Pope)
4. A / An si One
Atunci când se numara sau se masoara timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie a
/an, fie one pentru singular.
Exemple:
A / One pound (o livra [sau lira]), A / One million pounds (un milion de lire)
You can take an/ one hour for lunch. - Puteţi să luaţi o ora pentru masa de prânz.
Dar a/an si one nu înseamna întotdeauna acelasi lucru:
A box is no good. (We need something else, not a box). - O cutie nu e buna. (Ne trebuie altceva, nu o cutie).
One box is not enough, we need two boxes. - O (singura) nu e suficient, ne trebuie doua cutii.
REGULAR NOUNS
Most singular nouns form the plural by adding -s.
EXAMPLES
Singular Plural
boat boats
house houses
cat cats
river rivers
EXAMPLES
Singular Plural
bus buses
wish wishes
pitch pitches
box boxes
A singular noun ending in a consonant and then y makes the plural by dropping the y and adding-ies.
EXAMPLES
Singular Plural
penny pennies
spy spies
baby babies
city cities
daisy daisies
IRREGULAR NOUNS
There are some irregular noun plurals. The most common ones are listed below.
EXAMPLES
Singular Plural
woman women
man men
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
person people
leaf leaves
mouse mice
goose geese
half halves
knife knives
wife wives
life lives
elf elves
loaf loaves
potato potatoes
tomato tomatoes
cactus cacti
Singular Plural
focus foci
fungus fungi
nucleus nuclei
syllabus syllabi/syllabuses
analysis analyses
diagnosis diagnoses
oasis oases
thesis theses
crisis crises
phenomenon phenomena
criterion criteria
datum data
Some nouns have the same form in the singular and the plural.
EXAMPLES
Singular Plural
sheep sheep
fish fish
deer deer
species species
aircraft aircraft
Some nouns have a fixed plural form and take a plural verb. They are not used in the singular, or they have a different meaning in the singular.
Nouns like this include: trousers, jeans, glasses, savings, thanks, steps, stairs, customs, congratulations, tropics, wages, spectacles, outskirts,
goods, wits