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Substantivul Genul masculin: fiintele de gen masculin fenomene cu caracter puernic, de regula negativ Genul feminin: substantive reprezentand genul feminin Genul neutru: obiecte fara suflet Genul comun: substantive care pot fi atat masculine cat si feminine Exemple Genul masculin: boy, man, duke, son, Baron Mr. Death Genul feminin: mother, girl, woman, Baroness (femininul e format citeodata adaugand "ess" la forma de masculin) Genul neutru: pencil, book, umbrella, chair Genul comun: writer, student, reader Comentarii A stii genul unui substantiv nu este foarte important in limba Engleza. Substantivul: Pluralul Cum se identifica La forma de singular este adaugat: 1. "s" : regula generala; 2. "es" : daca singularul substantivelor au terminatia in ch, sh, s, ss, z, x; 3. "ies" : daca singularul are terminatia y si inaintea lui e o consoana; 4. "es" : daca singularul are terminatia o iar substantivul e intrat de mult in folosire; 5. "ves" : majoritatea substantivelor terminate in f sau fe (exceptii: roof/ roofs dwarf/ dwarfs); 6. la substantivele de origine greaca, substantivele terminate in sis, la plural sis e inlocuit de ses. Exemple inainte de "s" avem o consoana surda (p, t, k, f, th): cats, roofs, boats, books, cups ("-s" se 1 pronunta "s") 1 2 3 4 5 inainte de "s" avem altceva decat in cazul anterior: "z") boxes, buses, dashes, prizes ("-es" se pronunta "iz") babies, ladies, factories, spies (from baby, lady, factory, spy) ("-ies" se pronunta "iz") tomatoes, potatoes, heroes, volcanoes (from tomato, potato, hero, volcano) ("-es" se pronunta "z") wives, elves, loaves, lives, thieves, knives (from wife, elf, loaf, life, thief, knife) ("-ves" se ideas, boys, balls, days ("-s" se pronunta

pronunta "vz") 6 analyses, hypotheses, bases (plural from analysis, hypothesis, basis) (la singular "-sis" se pronunta "sis", iar la plural "-ses" se pronunta "siz")

Comentarii 1. O serie de substantive au pluralul neregulat: child (copil) - children, man (barbat)-men, woman (femeie) - women, die (zar) - dice, foot (picior) - feet, goose (gasca) - geese, mouse (soarece) - mice, ox (bou) - oxen, tooth (dinte) - teeth 2. Unele substantive au aceeasi forma si pentru singular si pentru plural: sheep, fish (se adauga forma de plural es cand este vorba de mai multe specii de peste), fruit (se adauga forma de plural -s cand este vorba de mai multe soiuri de fructe), species, dice, deer, series. Ex: His favourite was a big white sheep. The sheep were grazing in the field. 3. Unele substantive au deja forma de plural (sunt urmate de un verb la plural); denumind lucruri formate din doua parti: trousers, spectacle, pants, shorts, (sun)glasses, pyjamas, slacks, scissors, tongs, compasses, scales. 4. Unele substantive nu primesc niciodata forma de plural (money, information, news, progress, luggage, furniture, homework, advice, knowledge); ideea de plural se va realiza prin folosirea sintagmelor: a piece of/ two pieces of, an item of, two items of (pentru substantive ce denumesc lucruri abstracte), a bit of. In acest caz, verbul folosit in fraza va fi totdeauna la singular. Ex: The money is on the table. I need a piece of valuable information. 5. Unele substantive se termina deja in -s, dand astfel impresia de plural. La plural ele nu isi schimba forma: mathematics, physics, politics, billiards, darts, gymnastics, diabetes, measeles, mumps. Ex: Mathematics is one of the most important sciences.
Exercitii

Alegeti forma de plural pentru substantivele urmatoare in spatiul liber. Pentru verificare dati click pe campul de tip lista din dreapta. cat roof boat idea boy ball
cats

box potato loaf

boxes

roofs

potatoes

boats

loaves

ideas

analysis child man

analyses

boys

children

balls

men

woman die foot goose mouse ox

oxen dice

w omen

hypothesis lady hero

ladies

hypotheses

feet

heroes

geese

tomato factory

tomatoes

mice

factories

bus buses

tooth

teeth

Substantivul: Articolul Cum se identifica articolul substantivelor in limba engleza Articolul este partea de vorbire care constituie un mijloc de individualizare a fiintelor, obiectelor si fenomenelor intr-un anumit context. In limba engleza sunt 2 tipuri de articole: 1) articolul hotarat : the 2) articolul nehotarat: an (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o vocala) a (in fata substantivelor care incep cu o consoana) Exceptii: An inainte de un "h" mut: - an hour (o ora), an honor (o onoare). A inainte de "u" sau "eu" atunci cnd se pronunta ca "you": - a European, a university, a unit, a one-way street Exemple de cazuri in care se folosesc articole hotarate si article nehotarate in limba engleza -- Articole nehotarate in limba engleza a book = o carte a boy = un baiat an elephant = un elefant an apple = un mar -- Articole hotarate in limba engleza the book = cartea the boy = baiatul the elephant = elefantul the apple = marul Comentarii legate de articolul nehotarat/ hotarat in limba engleza 1. Articolele hotarate fac referire la un anumit obiect (obiectul e specificat). 2. Articolul the este pronuntat diferit in limba engleza in functie de litera cu care incepe substantivul: - daca substantivul incepe cu o vocala, the se pronunta astfel: the elephant, the apple, the egg - daca substantivul incepe cu o consoana, the se pronunta astfel: the boy, the book, the door

3. Trebuie mentionat faptul ca exista cazuri cand articolul hotarat THE trebuie folosit in mod obligatoriu in limba engleza:
pe langa un substantiv, atunci cand acesta este folosit in sensul sau cel mai general, ca reprezentant al unei clase. In acest caz, articolul hotarat insoteste substantive la numarul singular: Ex: The boy is here. Baiatul este aici. (stim despre care baiat e vorba)

pe langa nume proprii, atunci cand in structura acestora intra si un adjectiv: The United States of America, The Thames, The Mediterranean Sea, The University of Bucharest pe langa denumiri geografice (deoarece sunt unice): The Danube, The Olt, The Sahara, The Carpathians, The Alps
pe langa nume de ziare: The Times, The Guardian. (Numele de reviste nu au de obicei niciun articol: Life, Avantaje).

Lista situatiilor in care articolul THE se foloseste sau nu cu numele de tari, munti, insule, etc: se foloseste cu articolul THE Countries No Countries which are in a plural Yes form Countries when limited by time Yes Individual monutains Mountains in the Oberland Mountain chains Islands Groups of islands Rivers Oceans Seas Gulfs, bays ans straits No Bernese Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Example France The USA The Spain of today Mount Everest The Jungfrau The Carpati Sicily The West Indies The Volga The Pacific The Mediterranean The gulf of Mexico The bay of Biscay Lake Erie The Gulf Stream

Lakes Current

No Yes

4. Articolul hotarat (the) sau nehotarat (a, an) este acelasi pentru toate genurile (in limba engleza): a man, a woman, an actor, an actress, a table, the boy, the girl, the day 5. Articolul a/ an in limba engleza e folosit si cu: nume predicativ: It was an earthquake. Shell be a dancer.

He is an actor. in anumite expresii de cantitate: a lot of, a couple, a great many, a great deal of cu anumite numere: a hundred, a thousand, a half-holiday, a half-portion in expresii legate de pret, viteza, etc.: 5p a kilo, 10p a dozen, four times a day, sixty kilometres an hour, 1 a metre in exclamatii: Such a long queue! What a pretty girl! a poate fi plasat inainte de Mr/Mrs/Miss + nume: a Mr. Smith inseamna a man called Smith si se intelege ca Mr. Smith ii este strain vorbitorului. Mr. Smith (without a ) inseamna ca vorbitorul il stie pe Mr. Smith sau stie de existenta lui. 6. Articolele a/an/the nu se folosesc in limba engleza inaintea substantivelor ce nu au plural: We cant use a/the sugar, a/the milk but a/the can of sugar, a/the bottle of milk. inaintea numelor de mese, cu exceptia celor precedate de un adjectiv: We have breakfast at eight. He gave us a good breakfast. Atentie: A/an has no plural forms. So the plural of a dog is dogs , and of an egg is eggs. 7. Articolul hotarat THE mai este folosit in rmatoarele situatii (in limba engleza): before inaintea superlativelor, a pronumelor/ adjectivelor first, second etc. si a cuvintului only: the first (week), the best (day), the only (way) cu forma de plural a unui nume de familie semnificind "familia" the Smiths = Mr. and Mrs. Smith (and children) = familia Smith cu obiecte unice: the moon, the sun

Exercitii Alegeti articolele potrivite pentru substantive in propozitiile urmatoare. I saw elephant at zoo. Situatie: Este un singur elefant la zoo si asta se stie. Noi vrem sa spunem ca am vazut acel elefant. I saw elephant. Situatie: Nu cunoastem elefantul; important e ca am vazut un elefant. I saw apple. Situatie: Nu facem referire la un anumit mar. I have eaten apple that was on the table. Situatie: Facem referire la un anumit mar (cel care a fost pe masa). door was opened by Tom. Situatie: Facem referire la o anumita usa (cea a casei, cea care e legata de naratiune). door was opened. (Una din usi era deschisa.) Situatie: Nu facem referire la o anumita usa. Black See is a nice sea. Situatie: Nu exista decat o mare cu astfel de nume (deci e clar ca referinta e exacta). Nominativul substantivelor in limba engleza Cum se identifica Intr-o propozitie substantivul in nominativ este subiectul actiunii. Exemple Substantivul in nominativ este in albastru: Mark read a book. The tree has a lot of flowers. Water freezes at 32F (0C). Exercitii Alegeti substantivele care sunt in nominativ in propozitiile urmatoare. Pentru verificare dati click pe campul de tip lista. Tom's mother have baked him a cake The king gave his son his kingdom Give the ball to Mary Give Mary the ball
mother The A The the an an the the

The king

is not present here !

is not present here !

Tony gave William everything

Tony

The boy gave Laura a rose

The boy

The doctor told the story to the audience The patient paid the money to the doctor The girl sent the reporters a photograph The teacher gave the boy an apple

The doctor

The patient

The girl

The teacher

Her mother brings Mary a cup of coffee Mary told the news to her friends
Mary

mother

Substantivul: Acuzativul Cum se identifica Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod direct. Acuzativul este un caz ce exprim complementele direct, indirect i circumstaniale. Intrebarile cu care se identifica: ce? pe cine? unde? de unde? pana unde? de cand? pe cine? pe ce? cu ce? cu cine? de ce? de cine? de la cine? cand? pana cand? Exemple Substantivele in acuzativ sunt marcate cu albastru: Max fixed the car. The girl sells the big box. The girl hugs the boy. I eat the pizza you gave me. The boy gives the book. Exercitii Alegeti substantivele care sunt in cazul acuzativ in propozitiile urmatoare. Pentru verificare dati click pe campul de tip lista. Tom's mother have baked him a cake. The king gave his son his kingdom. Give the ball to Mary. Give Mary the ball. Tony gave William everything. The boy gave Laura a rose. The doctor told the story to the audience. The patient paid the money to the doctor.
a cake kingdom the ball the ball everything a rose the story the money

The girl sent the reporters a photograph. The teacher gave the boy an apple. Her mother brings Mary a cup of coffee. Mary told the news to her friends.

a photograph an apple a cup

The news

Substantivul: Genitivul Cum se identifica

Exprima o posesie (ceva/cineva apartine cuiva)

Exemple 1. Mark's shop (magazinul lui James) 2. John's car (masina lui John) 3. the sailors' boat (barca pescarilor) 4. the chemist's guide (ghidul chimistului) 5. the window of the house (fereastra casei) 6. the firms new project (noul proiect al firmei) 7. the gift of the girl who... (darul fetei care ...) Comentarii a) Genitivul (posesia) in limba engleza se formeaza astfel: cand posesorul este o persoana: prin adaugarea unui 's dupa posesor (obiectul posedat se afla dupa posesor in propozitie). Vezi exemplele nr. 1, 2, 4;
cand posesorii sunt mai multe pesoane: prin adaugarea unui ' (apostrof) dupa posesori (obiectul posedat se afla dupa posesori in propozitie). Vezi exemplul nr.3; cand posesorul este un lucru: se foloseste constructia cu "of": (un lucru). Vezi exemplul nr. 5;

obiect posedat + of + posesor

b) In exemplul nr. 6 ambele forme de genitiv sunt corecte deoarece posesorul este un grup de persoane. Aceeasi regula se aplica pentru posesori precum: government, company, committee, team, party. c) Daca posesorul e urmat de that, who, etc se foloseste genitivul format cu "of". Vezi exemplul nr. 7. Exercitii Traducerea in engleza (in coloana din centru) formele genitivale din stanga. Genitivul in limba engleza (forma corecta)
Mark's shop John's car the sailors' boat the chemist's guide the w indow of the house the new project of the firm

Genitivul in limba romana magazinul lui Mark masina lui John barca pescarilor ghidul chimistului fereastra casei noul proiect al firmei

darul fetei care ... bicicletele baietilor bicicleta baiatului bicicletele baiatului bicicleta baietilor membrii partidului usa casei fratele lui Mary (Mary are numai un frate) unul dintre fratii lui Mary (Mary are mai multi frati) fotografia lui John (John e proprietarul fotografiei) fotografia lui John (John e in fotografie)

the gift of the girl w ho ... The boys bikes The boy s bike The boy s bikes The boys bike the members of the party the door of the house Mary's brother a brother of Mary's

John's photo

Substantivul: Dativul Cum se identifica Indica obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea intr-un mod indirect. Identificarea se face cu intrebarea "Cui ?". Exemple Substantivele in albastru sunt in cazul Dativ. 1. I have baked Mary a cake. (Am gatit o prajitura pentru Mary. Cui i-am gatit prajitura ?) 2. The king gave his son his kingdom. (Regele i-a dat regatul fiului sau. Cui i-a dat regele regatul sau ?) 3. Give the ball to Mary. (Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?) 4. Give Mary the ball. (Da-i mingia lui Mary. Cui sa-i dau mingea ?) Exercitii Identificati in propozitiile urmatoare care sunt substantivele in cazul dativ. I have baked Mary a cake. The king gave his son his kingdom. Give the ball to Mary. Give Mary the ball.
Mary son Mary Mary

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We gave William everything. He gave Laura a rose. I told the story to the audience. We paid the money to the doctor. We sent the reporters a photograph. She gave the boy an apple. Bring Mary a cup of coffee. Mary told the news to her friends.

William Laura audience doctor reporters boy Mary friends

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Adjectivul Calitativ Cum se identifica Adjectivele din aceasta categorie sunt adjective care descriu proprietati ale obiectelor ce pot avea grade, nivele, intensitati ale acelei proprietati. Exemple big (mare) clever (destept) profound (profund) small (mic) dry (uscat) good (bun) activ (activ) blue (albastru) Raportul de inferioritate al adjectivelor calitative Cum se formeaza Raportul de inferioritare in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructiile: NOT SO/AS+ adj. + AS + subst./ pronume LESS + adj. +THAN + subst./ pronume ( mai putin (de) ... decat .... ) THE LEAST + adj. -> se traduce prin cea/ cel mai putin ... Exemple It is less cold than it might look. E mai putin rece decat pare. She said it was colder there but less windy than Kansas. Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar a batut mai putin vantul decat in Kansas. Chinese is the least easy language. Chineza e cea mai putin usoara limba. Residents say this street is the least noisy in the town. Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada e cea mai putin zgomotoasa in oras. My homework is not as easy as yours. Tema mea nu e la fel de usoara ca a ta. This lesson is less interesting than the previous one. Acest curs e mai putin interesant decat cursul anterior. Raportul de egalitate & inegalitate al adjectivelor calitative Cum se formeaza Raportul de egalitate in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructia: ... as/so ... as ... (... asa de/ la fel de ... ca/cum ...) Raportul de inegalitate in limba engleza se formeaza folosind constructia:

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... not as/so ... as ... (... nu asa de/ nu la fel de ... ca/cum ...) Nota: Aceste moduri de comparatie se numesc si "regulate" deoarece o regula se foloseste in formarea comparatiei. Exemple It is not so cold as it might look. Nu e chiar asa de rece cum ar parea. She said it was colder there but not so windy as Kansas. Ea a spus ca vremea a fost mai rece acolo, dar nu asa de vantoasa ca in Kansas. Learning Chinese is as difficult as you think. Invatatul Chinezei e chiar asa de dificil cum crezi. Residents say this street is as noisy as it was in the war time. Locuitorii acestei strazi spun ca strada este asa de galagioasa cum a fost in timpul razboiului. Comparatia adjectivelor calitative: Raportul de superioritate (exercitii) Exercitii Completati spatiile libere cu forma corespunzatoare a adjectivelor in raportul de superioritate:

Adjectiv big small right real wrong difficult obscure pretty simple large good warm big brilliant

Comparativ de superioritate
bigger smaller more right more real more w rong more difficult more obscure prettier simpler larger better (irregular) w armer bigger more brilliant

Superlativ
the biggest the smallest the most right the most real the most w rong the most difficult the most obscure the prettiest the simplest the largest the best (irregular) the w armest the biggest the most brilliant

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Comparatia neregulata a adjectivelor calitative Cum se identifica Trebuie cunoscuta forma de comparativ si superlativ a adjectivelor. Iata mai jos lista celor mai cunoscute adjectivelor cu comparatia neregulata: Adjectiv Comparativ (mai ) better Superlativ (cel mai ) the best

good (=bun) well (=sanatos) bad (=rau) ill (=bolnav) far (=departe; pt. distanta metaforica, nefizica) far (=departe; pt. distanta fizica) old (=in virsta; in familie) old (=vechi, batran; la modul general ) many (=multi, numeric) much (mult, cantitativ) little (=putin, cantitativ)

worse

the worst

further

the furthest

farther

the farthest

elder

the eldest

older

the oldest

more

the most

less

the least

Adjectivul Posesiv Cum se identifica Adjectivele posesive sunt cele care arata o posesie; arata al cui e un obiect (al meu, al tau, etc ...); Exemple my book (cartea mea) your book (cartea ta, cartea voastra)

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his book (cartea lui) her book (cartea ei) its book (cartea lui, ei -> pentru lucruri, animale, abstractiuni) our book (cartea noastra) our books (cartile noastre) your books (cartile voastre) their book (cartea lor) their books (cartile lor) Comentarii Corespondenta pronumelor posesive cu adjectivele posesive: Pronumele posesiv mine yours hers his its ours theirs Adjectivul posesiv my your her his its our their

Persoana 1st singular 2nd 3rd (female) 3rd (male) 3rd (neuter) 1st plural 3rd plural Exercitii

Completati cu adjectivele posesive potrivite propozitiile urmatoare. Exemplu: Could I get

your

(a ta)

your

your book ?

Maria is looking for Luke is looking for The man looks for The man looks for Welcome to They are
my

(a sa) (a sa)

her

sister. sister.
his

his

(ale sale) (a sa) (a nostra) (a mea)

my his

keys. key. home. mother and (a mea)

our

friend.

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(al meu) What is (al ei)

My

name is Lynne.
your

(al tau)
Her

phone number? father is here. Adjectivul Demonstrativ

Cum se identifica Adjectivul demonstrativ are numai 4 forme: singular closer farther this (acesta/ aceasta) that (acela/ aceea) plural these (acestia/ acestea) those (aceia/ acelea)

Adjectivul demonstrativ arat deprtarea sau apropierea unui obiect. Exemple this house (aceasta casa) those houses (acele case) Exercitii Completati cu adjectivele demonstrative potrivite propozitiile urmatoare: that house (acea casa) these houses (aceste case)

Exemplu: (Acea)
That That

car is very expensive. house is very nice. house is very nice. houses are very nice. houses are very nice.
this

(Aceasta) (Acea) (Aceste) (Acele) I don't know (acest) I don't know (acel) I don't know (acesti)

This

That

These

Those

boy. boy. boys.

that

these

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I don't know (acei) You can take (acest) You can take (acel)

those

boys. train to go there. train to go there. Adjectivul Nehotarat

this

that

Cum se identifica Adjectivul nehotarat este adjectivul care nsoeste substantivul fr s individualizeze obiectul denumit de acesta. Exemple There are some Canadians here. We need some water. How much do we need ? There are a few doctors in town. We need some paper. How much do we need ? How many cigarettes do you smoke a day ? I have enough knowledge to do it. Comentarii Cele mai intalnite adjective nehotarate sunt :
Some ("ceva, cativa, cateva", in propozitie afirmativa)/ Any ("ceva, cativa, cateva", in propozitie negativa si interogativa) Much ("mult, multa", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara)/ Many ("multe, multi", pentru substantive care se pot numara)

A lot of ("o multime de") /lots of ("multimi de")

Little ("putin, putine", pentru substantive care nu se pot numara) /Few ("putin, putine", pentru substantive care se pot numara)

Enough ("destul, destule, etc") Plenty of ("o multime de") No (pentru negarea existentei)

Exercitii Completati cu adjectivele nehotarate potrivite propozitiile urmatoare.

There is There are Do you have (cate) (cata)

(un pic de) (cativa)

some

water on the floor. Canadians in the room. apples ? cigarettes do you smoke a day ? English grammar do you know ?

some

(cateva)
How many

any

How much

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They have (multi) money in their account. ("They have a lot of money in their account" poate fi folosit, "a lot of" poate inlocui atat "much", cat si "many"). I have I have There is (putin) (destui)
little

much

sugar in the house. money to buy a car. time to see a movie now.

enough

(nu e timp)

no

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Pronumele personal Cum se identifica Pronumele personal face referire la o persoana care face actiunea (cazul A) sau asupra careia se rasfrange actiunea (cazul B). Exemple I will go to the sea. (cazul A) Tom will tell me something. (cazul B) This idea belongs to him. (cazul B) We will go shopping. (cazul A) I know them. ( "I" = cazul A, "them" = cazul B ) Comentarii Formele pronumelui personal: Pronumele arata persoana care face actiunea ( Cazul A ) I (eu) You (tu) He (el, pt. fiinte umane) She (ea, pt. fiinte umane) It (el, ea pt. lucruri, animale) We (noi) You (voi) They (ei) Exercitii Completati cu pronumele personale potrivite in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos. Pronumele arata persoana asupra carei se rasfrange actiunea ( Cazul B ) Me (mie) You (tie) Him (lui, pt. fiinte umane) Her (ei, pt. fiinte umane) It (lui, ei, pt. lucruri, animale) Us (noua) You (voua) Them (lor)

tell

you

again the story.

(Iti voi spune tie din nou povestea.) What can (Ce poti sa faci tu intr-un caz ca acesta ?)
They you

do in a case like this ?

cannot do this.

(Ei nu pot face asta.) Trust (Ai incredere in mine.)

me

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These resources can help (Aceste resurse te pot ajuta sa termini treaba ta la timp.) Pronumele impersonal Cum se identifica

you

to finish your job in time.

Este un pronume care nu face referire la cineva anume. Afirmatiile/ negatiile/ intrebarile sunt facute la modul general. Exemple You can't always do what you want. People can't always do what they want. We can't always do what we want. One can't always do what one wants. Nota: Toate propozitiile se traduc la fel: "Nu se poate ca totdeauna sa faci ce doresti". Comentarii Cel mai folosit pronume impersonal este "one". Cu aceeasi semnificatie se mai foloseste: you, we, people.
Pentru a avea forma impersonala verbul folosit cu "one" este la pers. a 3-a singular: one says = se zice, one tells = se povesteste, one learns = se invata, one sings = se canta, etc. Exercitii

Completati cu pronumele impersonal in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos. can't always do what one wants. (Nu se poate ca mereu sa faci ce doresti) At this university (La aceasta universitate se invata foarte bine)
One one One

learns very well.

says that the king was born in this town. (Se zice ca regele s-a nascut in acest oras.)
We

can't always do what we want.

Nu se poate ca mereu sa faci ce doresti)

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Pronumele relativ Cum se identifica Pronumele relativ se refera la un substantiv mentionat anterior, caruia ii adauga informatii suplimentare. Principalele pronume relative din limba engleza sunt: Cazul N Ac D G Referire se face la o persoana who = care, cine whom = pe care to whom = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) which = care which = care, pe care to which = caruia, careia whose = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) Referire se face la un lucru, actiune

who, whom, to whom, whose which, which, to which, Exemple I'm talking about the car which is parked over there. I talked to the girl whose car is red. This is the girl who comes from Halifax. I wrote this book for people who like history. I have written a lot about this place to which we belong. Comentarii 1) Pronumele relativ in Ac. poate fi inlocuit cu that. 2) Pronumele relative who, which, that se omit in propozitiile restrictive (in limba vorbita) cand se gasesc in cazul acuzativ. Ex: The girl (who) you have just met is my niece. The magazine (that) you lent me is very interesting. Exercitii Completati cu pronumele relativ in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos. I specify the sites (Specific site-urile la care utilizatorii se pot conecta.)
Raspunsul corect este ... Raspunsul corect este ...

users can login.

This command shows (Aceasta comanda afiseaza la ce porturi asculata procesele.) Nota: -> Aceasta propozitie e din domeniul IT.
w ho

ports the processes are listening to.

The girl sings this song is none other than Mary Brown. (Fata care canta acest cantec nu este alta decat Mary Brown.)

21

Tom, the boy wrote this story is 15 years old. (Tom, baiatul care a scris aceasta povestire are 15 ani.) How do I view the jobs (Cum pot sa vad joburile pentru care am trimis CV-ul ?)
w ho to w hich

w ho

I've submitted my resume ?

George, lives next door, is a good boy. (George, care locuieste la usa alaturata este un baiat bun.) I know the woman (Cunosc femeia a carei copii studiaza in aceasta clasa.) This is the issue (Asta e problema a carei solutie o cer.) The book (Cartea care e pe masa e foarte veche.)
w hich w hose w hose

kids study in this class.

solution I require.

is on the table is a very old one.

Pronumele posesiv Cum se identifica Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care se doreste identificarea unui obiect prin referirea la posesor. Formele pronumelui posesiv sunt: Pronume personal I you (singular) you (plural) he she it we they Exemple John has a red car. Mine is green. That is your book. This is hers. That computer is his. This book is not mine. This book is yours. Exercitii Pronume posesiv mine (al meu) yours (al tau) yours (al vostru) his (al lui) hers (a ei) its - is, however, rarely used ours (ale noastre) theirs (al lor)

22

Completati cu pronumele posesive adecvate spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos. That is her car and this is (Aceia e masina ei si aceasta este a mea.) This telephone number is (Acest numar de telefon este al vostru.) My book is big. (Cartea mea e mare. A ta e mica.) Is that his house? No, it's (Este aceea casa lui? Nu, e a ei.)
Yours mine

yours

is small.

hers

Tom has a little office. (Tom are un birou mic. Al nostru e mare.) Pronumele interogativ Cum se identifica

Ours

is big.

Pronumele interogativ este un pronume folosit in constructiile interogative (Atentie: pronumele este partea de vorbire flexibila care tine locul unui substantiv). Principalele pronume interogative din limba engleza sunt: Cazul N Ac D G Referire se face la o persoana who ? = care, cine ? whom ? = pe care ? to whom = caruia, careia ? which ? = care ? which ? = care, pe care ? to which ? = caruia, careia ? Referire se face la un lucru, actiune

whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) ? whose ? = al, a, ale, (...) careia, caruia, (...) ?

Exemple Which car are we talking about ? Who is this girl ? What did you say? Comentarii

Cand pronumele interogative sunt in cazul nominativ, auxiliarul verbului "to do" nu se foloseste

Tot pronume interogative sunt considerate si: How much - pentru cantitati How many - pentru numar What kind - pentru calitati, etc.

Ex: How many did you buy?

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What kind of skirts does she wear? Exercitii Completati cu pronumele intorogativ adecvat spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos.
Who

said that ?

(Cine a zis asta ?)

What

is her phone number ?

(Care e numarul ei de telefon ?)

What

time is it ?

(Cat e ceasul ?)
Who

has been sitting in my chair ?

(Cine a stat pe scaunul meu ?)

What

did he say ?

(Ce a zis el ?) Pronumele reflexiv si de intarire Cum se identifica Aceste tipuri de pronume se folosesc in propozitii in care referirea la subiect se face de 2 ori. (A doua oara se foloseste acest pronume reflexiv si/sau de intarire). Formele pronumelui reflexiv (si/sau de intarire) sunt: Pronume personal I you (singular) you (plural) he she it we they Exemple I hurt myself. (M-am ranit singur.) I'll do it myself. (O voi face eu.) She did it by herself. (Ea a facut-o singura.) He did it by himself. (El a facut-o singur.) Pronume reflexiv/ de intarire myself yourself yourselves himself herself itself ourselves themselves

24

Comentarii Pronumele de intarire (reflexiv) se foloseste de regula in 3 cazuri: Cand subiectul si obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea e acelasi (I hurt myself. ); Cand se doreste intarirea faptului ca un anume subiect a facut actiunea si nu altul (She did it by herself.); Se foloseste o prepozitie in fata unui pronume care face referire la subiect (I am talking to myself.). Exercitii Completati cu pronumele reflexiv (de intarire) adecvat in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos. She looked at (Ea a privit la ea insasi in oglinda.)
himself herself

in the mirror.

John hurt while he was fixing his boat. (John s-a ranit pe el insusi in timp ce-si repara barca sa.) There's a nice bird washing (Iata o pasare frumoasa spalandu-se in apa). I did it (Am facut-o singur.) They believe in (Ei cred in ei.)
myself itself

in the water. .

themselves

Pronumele nehotarat Cum se identifica Un pronume nehotarat face referire la ceva ce nu e definit, specific sau exact. Pronumele nehotarate cele mai utilizate sunt: any, all, anybody, anyone, everybody, everyone, everything, nobody, some, somebody, someone. Exemple All are welcome to attend the course. Do you have some ? No, I don't have any. Somebody will take the pie. Has anybody seen that movie ? Some get it and some just refuse to open their eyes ! Comentarii Pronume nehotarat all some Traducere toti unii someone somebody something somewhere cineva cineva ceva undeva Variante Traducere

25

any

oricare

anyone anybody anything anywhere everyone everybody everything everywhere

cineva cineva ceva undeva fiecare toata lumea totul peste tot

every each

fiecare fiecare (in parte)

Formele lui "some" se folosesc la afirmativ, iar formele lui "any" la negativ si interogativ.

Any poate fi folosit si in propozitiile afirmative atunci cand are sensul de oricare, orice: Ex: Any of you could answer this question. Mai exista un pronume nehotarat, cu forma afirmativa si una negativa: Either (afirmativ) = fiecare Neither (negativ) = niciunul Se folosesc atunci cand e vorba doar de doua persoane si sunt utilizate mai ales in propozitiile interogative si negative: Ex: Have you seen either of them? L-ai vazut pe vreunul dintre ei (doi)? In propozitiile afirmative, either are sensul de oricine, oricare: Ex: Either of you can do it. Oricare dintre voi (doi) poate face acest lucru. Exercitii Completati cu pronumele nehotarat in spatiile libere din propozitiile de mai jos. Has (A vazut cineva acel film ?) Yes, (Da, cineva l-a vazut.)
somebody anybody

seen that movie ? has seen it. has seen it. inside? can do it. can do it. of the members has been voted.

No, (Nu, nimeni nu l-a vazut.) Is there (E cineva inauntru ?)

Anybody anybody

nobody

(Oricine o poate face.)

Nobody

(Nimeni nu o poate face.)

Each

(Fiecare dintre membrii a fost votat.)

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Numeralul cardinal Cum se identifica Numeralul cardinal este partea de vorbire care exprima un numar de obiecte, persoane (numeralul cardinal). Exemple 1 one 2 two 3 three 4 four 5 five 6 six 7 seven 8 eight 9 nine 10 ten 11 eleven 12 twelve 13 thirteen 14 fourteen 15 fifteen 16 sixteen 17 seventeen 18 eighteen 19 nineteen 20 twenty 21 twenty-one 22 twenty-two 23 twenty-three 30 thirty 40 forty 50 fifty 60 sixty 70 seventy 80 eighty 90 ninety 100 one hundred 350 three hundred and fifty 500 five hundred 1,000 one thousand 2,652 two thousand six hundred and fifty-two 5,000 five thousand 1,000,000 one million 2,000,000 two million

Comentarii intre numeralul zecilor si cel al unitatilor se foloseste cratima; punctul se foloseste pentru a marca zecimalele : (Ex: 3.10); Cand sunt folosite la singular, numeralele hundred, thousand si million sunt intotdeauna precedate de articolul nehotarat sau de un numeral: 100 one/ a hundred books 141 a hundred and forty- one 1200 a thousand and two hundred 1500000 a million and five hundred-thousand Cand sunt precedate de numarul unitatilor si acesta este mai mare decat 1, numeralele hundred si thousand nu primesc "-s" la plural: 300 three hundred 5000 five thousand Atentie! Aceste numerale primesc terminatia "-s" cand sunt folosite: a) ca substantive: Thousands have read this book. Mii au citit aceasta carte. b) cand sunt urmate de prepozitia OF: The number of young people studying in our schools amounts to hundreds OF thousands. Numarul de tineri ce studiaza in scolile noastre se ridica la sute de mii.

inaintea zecilor este obligatorie conjunctia "and".

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Numeralul nehotarat Cum se identifica Face referire la un numar indefinit de obiecte. Exemple a number of (un numar de) a lot of (o multime de) lots of, many (multi, multe) tens of (zeci de) hundreds of (sute de) many (multi) several (cativa)

Numeralul distributiv Cum se identifica Numeralul distributiv exprima gruparea, repartizarea obiectelor (distributia). Exemple one at a time = cate unul o data one by one = unul cate unul two at a time = cate doi o data two by two = doi cate doi every other minute = din doua in doua minute every other hour = din doua in doua ore = la fiecare doua ore every three hours = din trei in trei ore = la trei ore o data every six hours = din sase in sase ore = la interval de sase ore

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Numeralul multiplicativ Cum se identifica Arata de cite ori se repeta o actiune, eveniment, etc. Exemple once = o data twice = de doua ori three times = de trei ori four times = de patru ori five times = de cinci ori ten times = de zece ori fifty times = de cincizeci de ori sixty times = de saizeci de ori a hundred times = de o suta de ori a thousand times = de o mie de ori Comentarii Tot cu sensul de multiplicare se mai folosesc: double = twofold triple = threefold fourfold = impatrit ( dublu ) ( triplu )

Numeralul adverbial Cum se identifica Arata "in al catelea rand" se doreste sa se precizeze, sublinieze ceva. Exemple first(ly) = in primul rand

second(ly) = in al 2-lea rand third(ly) = in al 3-lea rand

fourth(ly) = in al 4-lea rand fifth(ly) sixth(ly) = in al 5-lea rand = in al 6-lea rand

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Numeralul fractional Cum se identifica Reprezinta numere ce se pot scrie ca fractii. Exemple one whole (1/1) one half (1/2) = un intreg = o jumatate = o treime = un sfert, o patrime

one third (1/3) one quarter (1/4) one tenth two tenths

(1/10) = o zecime (2/10) = doua zecimi Numeralul ordinal

Cum se identifica Arata ordinea; locul pe care se afla un obiect, o actiune, un eveniment, etc dintr-o multitudine de obiecte, evenimente, etc. Exemple Numeral Cardinal 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Numeral Ordinal ( forma I ) the1st the 2nd the 3rd the 4th the 5th the 6th the 7th the 8th the 9th the 10th the 11th the 12th the 13th the 14th the 15th the 16th the 17th the 18th Numeral Ordinal ( forma II ) the first the second the third the fourth the fifth the sixth the seventh the eighth the ninth the tenth the eleventh the twelfth the thirteenth the fourteenth the fifteenth the sixteenth the seventeenth the eighteenth

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19 20 21 30 100 1000 Comentarii

the 19th the 20th the 21st the 30th the 100th the 1000th

the nineteenth the twentieth the twenty-first the thirtieth the hundredth the thousandth

Numeralul ordinal se formeaza prin adaugarea sufixului "th" la numeralul cardinal. Exceptii: 1) one ---> first (1st) 2) two ---> second (2nd) 3) three ---> third (3rd) 4) la five si nine ---> se suprima -e final: fifth (5th) si ninth (9th) 5) in cazul zecile la care -y final se transforma in -ie: forty ---> fortieth (40th) Observatii: 1. La numeralele compuse, numai ultimul numar primeste "th": 27: the twenty-seventh 236: the two hundred and thirty-sixth 2. In engleza, numeralul ordinal se foloseste si la exprimarea datei: April 25th the 25th of April In exprimarea datei, numeralul ordinal poate fi asezat inainte sau dupa numele lunii. Daca numeralul ordinal precede denumirea lunii, acesta este urmat de of: I was born on the 25th of April 1986. Daca numeralul ordinal este asezat dupa denumirea lunii, of este omis: I was born on April (the) 25th.

Numeralul iterativ Cum se identifica Arata pentru a cata ora ceva s-a intamplat (se intampla, se va intampla). Exemple (for) the first time (for) the second time (for) the third time (for) the fourth time (for) the fifth time (for) the sixth time (for) the seventh time

31

(for) the eighth time (for) the ninth time (for) the tenth time (for) the eleventh time (for) the twelfth time (for) the thirteenth time (for) the fourteenth time (for) the sixteenth time (for) the eighteenth time (for) the nineteenth time (for) the twentieth time (for) the twenty-first time (for) the thirtieth time

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Verbul in limba engleza - gramatica limbii engleze Diateza activa a verbelor Cum se identifica Subiectul gramatical face actiunea exprimata Actiunea se rasfrange asupra altui lucru. Exemple I have seen a tree. Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = eu ("I") Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra copacului ("tree"). Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. Subiectul (cel care face actiunea) = el ("he") Actiunea "se rasfrange" asupra bicicletei sale ("his bicycle"). Exercitii Cunoscandu-se subiectul, verbul (timpul indicativ prezent) si obiectul asupra caruia se rasfrange actiunea, va rugam sa creati cate o propozitie simpla (diateza activa): Ex1: Subiectul: he Verbul: "to see" Obiectul: bridge.
He sees a bridge.

de verb.

Verbul: "to drink" Obiectul: coffee.

She drinks a coffee.

Ex3: Subiectul: John Verbul: "to want" Obiectul: car.

John w ants a car.

Ex2: Subiectul: she Diateza pasiva a verbelor Cum se identifica Actiune ). Exemple I have seen a tree. (diateza activa). The tree has been seen by me. (diateza pasiva). Yesterday, he broke his bicycle. (diateza activa). Yesterday, his bicycle was broken by him. (diateza pasiva). este realizata

de subiectul logic ( complementul

de agent

I will buy a car. (diateza activa). The car will be bought by me. (diateza pasiva). Exercitii

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Cunoscandu-se subiectul actiunii, verbul (timpul indicativ prezent) si obiectul (subiectul logic) , va rugam sa creati cate o propozitie simpla (diateza pasiva): Ex1: Subiectul: he Verbul: "to see" Obiectul: bridge.
The bridge has been seen by him.

Ex2: Subiectul: Jennifer Verbul: "to drink" Obiectul: coffee.

The coffee has been drunk by Jennifer.

Ex3: Subiectul: John Verbul: "to want" Obiectul: car.

The car is w anted by John.

Diateza reflexiva a verbelor Cum se identifica La diateza reflexiv aciunea este realizat i suportat de subiect. Diateza reflexiva se foloseste cu verbe reflexive. Exemple Mary washes herself. Maria s-a spalat. Jen and Greg kiss each other. Comentarii Verbe care au forma reflexiva: to shower, to wash, to shave, to hurry, to rest, to sit down, kiss. Articole ce v-ar putea interesa prezentate pe site-ul Academiei de Engleza: Exercitii Traduceti urmatoarele propozitii (se foloseste diateza reflexiva): Jen si Tom se saruta.
Jen and Tom kiss each other.

Jen si Greg se saruta. He shaved himself. El s-a barbierit.

Diana s-a spalat.

Diana w ashed herself.

Tom s-a barberit.

Tom shaved himself.

James s-a asezat.

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James sit dow n.

Prezentul Simplu (Simple Present Tense) Cum se formeaza VERB + s/es (pentru persoana a 3-a singular) Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. pentru a exprima adevaruri general valabile (nu poti sa le schimbi in viitor) The sun rises in the East and sets in West. (Soarele rasare in Est si apune in Vest.) The water boils at 100 degrees C. (Apa fierbe la 100 C.) 2. pentru a exprima actiuni care se repeta in mod regulat (sau nu se repeta deloc si devin general valabile) I drink a tea every day. (Beau ceai in fiecare zi.) I never drink tea. (Nu beau ceai niciodata.) In acest caz repetarea actiunii se "marcheaza" prin: every day/ month/ week/ year, occasionally, often, usually, sometimes, seldom, twice a week. 3. in vorbirea directa pentru a marca ce a spus cineva John says: "I speak French". (John spune: Vorbesc Franceza.) 4. pentru a exprima actiuni planificate in viitor The match starts at 2pm on Sunday. (Meciul incepe la ora 2 pm, duminica.) 5. in modul conditional (Conditional Prezent Real) Tom helps me with my homework when he has time. (Tom ma ajuta cu temele cand are timp.) 6. cateodata cand se povesteste o intamplare (de regula se folosesc si expresii, cuvinte care sa accentueze surprinderea, sau rapiditatea cu care se intampla o alta actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza) I went into the house and suddenly I see a misterious map. (Am intrat in casa si dintr-o data am vazut o harta misterioasa.) I went into the house = actiunea de baza (suddenly) I see a misterious map = actiune paralela sau imediat urmatoare actiunii de baza care accentueaza surprinderea Comentarii a) "-es" se adauga la persoana a 3-a singular pentru verbele care se termina in s, z, sh, ch, consoana+y b) Din punct de vedere al formei, prezentul simplu este identic cu infinitivul, la toate persoanele singular si plural, cu exceptia persoanei a III- a singular, care se adauga (e) s. Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Daca ma duc in oras iau autobuzul. (afirmatie general valabila in prezent)
If I go to the city I take the bus.

De ce e apa la 4 grade cea mai grea ?

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(afirmatie general valabila)

Why is 4 degree w ater the heaviest?

Eu ma duc la teatru o data pe luna. (afirmatie valabila in prezent, care se repeta cu o anumita frecventa)
I go to the theatre once a month.

Eu niciodta nu ma duc la teatru. (afirmatie valabila in prezent, care se repeta cu o anumita frecventa; se poate considera ca frecventa e zero)
I never go to the theatre.

Prezentul (Simplu) Continuu (Present Tense Continuous) Cum se formeaza am/is/are + present participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (are loc chiar acum) I am just writing my exercise. (Tocmai imi scriu exercitiul.) I am writing my exercise now. (Imi scriu exercitiul acum.) In acest caz, de regula, in propozitie intalnim cuvinte (care sa intareasca aceasta idee) precum: just, now. 2. pentru o actiune ce are loc in prezent si e in progres (dar care se va termina in viitorul mai departat) I am studying French. (Studiez franceza.) Cand fac afirmatia poate ca nu studiez franceza (la acea ora), insa aceasta actiune/ activitate e inceputa in trecut si va continua si in viitor. In acest caz nu se folosesc cuvinte de subliniere a prezentului precum just, now. 3. pentru a exprima planuri in viitorul apropiat (are nuanta subiectiva; Prezentul Simplu in acest caz nu are nuanta subiectiva) What are you doing tomorrow ? (Ce faci maine?) In acest caz frecvent se folosesc verbe de miscare precum to come, to arrive, to go, to leave: My friend is leaving tomorrow. (Prietenul meu pleaca maine.) 4. pentru o actiune care se repeta regulat, frecvent I am constantly thanking God for the opportunities that He has given me in my life. (nu exprima iritarea) (Ii multumesc lui Dumnezeu in permanenta, pentru oportunitatile pe care mi le-a dat in viata.) De regula exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiune: He is continually making noise. (El face galagie in permanenta.) Repetarea se exprima folosind adverbe precum: always, constantly, continually, often. Verbe care nu au forma continua in limba engleza 1. Verbele de perceptie to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste

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ex: I see a red car. TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se poate folosi aspectul continuu: What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o actiune voluntara; de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai departe, etc) DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza, iar se poate folosi forma continua: I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a fi consultat, de a se duce la) 2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to remember, to understand, to suppose, to recognize, to forget, to think, to mean NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens: I am thinking. (nu se spune si ce gandesc.) 3. Verbe care exprima dorinta to wish, to want, to intend, to desire ex: I wish to go there. 4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi emotionale to love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to adore, to hate ex.: I like it. 5. verbele modale can, may, must, ought to ex.: I can do it. 6. Verbe care exprima posesia to posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to hold ex.: I keep it for me. 7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continua to expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserve ex.: This movie appears to be interesting. Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Dormi ? (e considerata actiune continua)
Are you sleeping ?

O sa ma intalnesc cu niste prieteni maine.

37

(e un plan in viitorul apropiat)

I am meeting some friends tomorrow .

John is alw ays coming late.

Mary studiaza pentru TOEFL acum. (actiune prezenta in curs de desfasurare) John mereu ajunge/ vine tarziu. (situatie neplacuta, suparatoare care se repeta)
Mary is studying for TOEFL now .

Prezentul Perfect (The Present Perfect Tense) Cum se formeaza has/have + past participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. pentru o actiune trecuta cand nu se precizeaza timpul exact (dar se stie ca e in trecut) I have seen that movie 10 times. (Am vazut acel film de 10 ori.) Yes, I have seen that movie. (Da, am vazut acel film.) Uneori se pot folosi adverbe de frecventa sau de timp care nu precizeaza timpul cu exactitate (ever, never, often, seldom, always, sometimes): I have never seen him. (Nu l-am vazut niciodata.) 2. actiunea din trecut are repercursiuni in prezent I have seen an interesting museum. (Am vazut un muzeu interesant.) ... in prezent imi amintesc bine acel muzeu. A terrible accident has happened. (Un accident teribil a avut loc.) ... inca sunt afectat de acel lucru. 3. actiunea e terminata in trecutul apropiat. It has just rained. (Tocmai a plouat.) In general, propozitiile contin adverbe precum just, recently, lately, latterly, till now, up to now, so far, up to the present, last week. 4. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE I have been at home since 5Pm. (Sunt acasa de la ora 5 pm.) I have been at home for 2 hours. (Sunt acasa de 2 ore.) SINCE: specifica de la ce data/ ora. FOR: specifica perioada In cazul in care actiunea/ activitatea e facuta fara intrerupere sau se doreste accentuarea ei se va folosi The Present Perfect Continuous 5. in propozitiile care se folosesc adverbele YET (=INCA) si ALREADY (=DEJA) Have you learned Polish curses already ? (Ai invatat deja cursurile in poloneza? ) I have already learned the Polish curses. (Am invatat dj cursurile in poloneza.) I have not learned the Polish curses yet. (Inca nu am invatat cursurile in poloneza.) 6. cand actiunea trecuta s-a desfasurat intr-o perioada care a inceput in trecut dar care nu s-a terminat I have eaten a good cake this morning. (este ora 9 am si dimineata nu s-a terminat) (Am mancat o prajitura buna in aceasta dimineata.) In acest caz se folosesc constructii ca: this week, this day, this year, this month, all day, all night, today, etc.

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Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Il stiu pe Dan de 7 ani. (propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR)
I have know n Dan for 7 years.

Inca nu ti-ai facut temele. (propozitie ce foloseste YET sau ALREADY)

You have not done your homew ork yet.

A nins. (prezentul e afectat; vedem zapada afara)

It has snow ed.

Am vazut un film interesant in aceasta saptamana. (saptamana nu e terminata)

I have seen an interesting movie this w eek.

Prezentul Perfect Continuu (Present Perfect Continuous Tense) Cum se formeaza has/have + been + present participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. cand actiunea e inceputa in trecut, continua (FARA INTRERUPERE) in prezent si se folosesc FOR sau SINCE I have been working for 2 hours. (Lucrez de 2 ore.) dar, I have worked in this factory for two years. (inca mai lucrez, dar la modul general; acum poate ca sunt acasa si ma uit la TV) (Lucrez in aceasta fabrica de 2 ani.) 2. actiunea tocmai s-a terminat (si dorim sa subliniem asta) I have been reading all afternoon. Ive just finished the novel. (Am citit toata dupa-masa. Tocmai am terminat de citit romanul.) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Tu astepti aici de o ora. (propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)
You have been w aiting here for 1 hour.

Ea uda florile salbatice din park de 2 ore. (propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)
She has been w atering the w ildflow ers in the park for 2 hours.

Ea se uita la TV de 20 minute. (propozitie ce foloseste SINCE sau FOR; actiunea e fara intrerupere)
She has been w atching TV for 20 minutes.

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Trecutul Simplu (The Simple Past Tense) Cum se formeaza Acest timp desemneaza o actiune care a avut loc in trecut, dar care este amintita in momentul prezent. a) VERB+ed --> pentru verbele regulate. b) forma a 2-a a verbelor neregulate --> pentru verbele neregulate. Observatii: 1) consoana finala a formei de infinitive se dubleaza cand vocala care o precede este scurta si accentuate: stop -> stopped prefer -> preferred 2) verbele terminate in y precedat de consoana il schimba in i: study -> studied 3) verbele terminate in e adauga doar d: move -> moved Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. actiunea e in trecut; timpul e definit cu exactitate (last week, last month, last year, that day, that week, that year, in 1990, on Thursday, 10 years ago) I visited London 10 years ago. (Am vizitat Londra acum 10 ani.) 2. pentru o actiune care era o obistuinta in trecut (acum nu mai e) We went to the Black See every year. (acum nu mai mergem in fiecare an la Marea Neagra) (Am mers la Marea Neagra in fiecare an. /Obisnuiam sa mergem la Marea Neagra in fiecare an) 3. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Present Conditional (Unreal)" Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest? (Unde ai sta daca ai merge la Bucuresti?) Tom would help me with my homework if he had time. (Tom m-ar ajuta cu temele daca ar avea timp.) 4. in fraze ce implica utilizarea lui "Future-in-the-Past" (cand actiunile viitoare fata de actiunea trecuta sunt simultane) He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea) (Mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Daca as avea bani i-as cheltui. (situatie ipotetica in prezent: nu am bani)
If I had money, I w ould spend it.

Am vizitat Italia anul trecut. (actiune trecuta; timpul e clar precizat)

I visited Italy last year.

Shakespeare a scris multe drame. (actiune trecuta; timpul e clar precizat pentru ca stim ca Shakespeare a murit sau nu va mai scrie drame)

40
Shakespeare w rote many plays.

John obisnuia sa bea 6 pahare de vin pe zi. (actiune trecuta repetitiva; dar acum nu mai e valabila)
John drank 6 glasses of w ine a day.

Trecutul (Simplu) Continuu (The Past Tense Continuous) Cum se formeaza was/were + present participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. pentru a exprima o actiune in progres la un anumit moment din trecut I remember that yesterday at 5 Pm I was watching TV. (Imi amintesc ca ieri la ora 5 pm, ma uitam la Tv.) 2. pentru a arata ca o actiune trecuta a fost intrerupta de o alta I was playing a computer game when she called. (Ma jucam pe calculator cand ea a sunat.) While we were having the picnic, it started to rain. (In timp ce eram la picnic, a inceput sa ploua.) 3. folosind "Past Continuous Tense" pentru actiuni trecute sublinieaza ideea de paralelism, simultaneitate (se cunoaste timpul) Last evening at 5 Pm, I was studying while he was making dinner. (Seara trecuta, la ora 5 pm, eu invatam in timp ce el pregatea cina.) 4. pentru a exprima iritarea vis-a-vis de actiuni care se repetau in trecut He was constantly/ always coming late to the English class. (Intotdeauna venea tarziu la ora de engleza.) 5. pentru a exprima conditionalul prezent ireal continuu What would you say if the boy were studying now ? (Discutie intre parinti cand se pregatesc sa intre in camera copiilor. Ei nu se asteapta ca baiatul lor sa invete acum.) (Ce ai spune daca baiatul ar invata acum?) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Ieri la 7 Pm imi luam cina. (actiune continua in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)
Yesterday at 7PM I w as having dinner.

Ieri la 9 Pm ma uitam la TV. (actiune continua in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)

Yesterday at 9 Pm, I w as w atching TV.

Ieri, in timp ce eu ma uitam la TV, Maria se juca pe calculator. (2 actiuni simultane in trecut, stim timpul cu exactitate)

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Yesterday, w hile I w as w atching TV, Mary w as playing on the computer.

Trecutul Perfect (The Past Perfect Tense) Cum se formeaza had + past participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. exprima o actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut sau anterioara unui moment din trecut The little boy said that he had seen a flying saucer in the garden. (Baietelul a spus ca vazuse o farfurie zburatoare in gradina.) The little spoke as if he had seen a flying saucer. (Micutul a vorbit ca si cum vazuse o farfurie zburatoare.) 2. in constructiile care folosesc Conditional in Trecut (Ireal) Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had time. (situatie ipotetica in trecut) (Tom m-ar fi ajutat cu temele daca ar fi avut timp.) 3. pot exprima o dorinta nerealizata I wish I hadn't missed the buss. (Imi doresc sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.) I wished I hadn't missed the buss. (Mi-as fi dorit sa nu fi pierdut autobuzul.) 4. exprima o actiune anterioara unei actiuni a carui timp e "Future-in-the-Past" Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit. (Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Tu studiasei Franceza inainte sa te muti in Quebec. (actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
You had studied Franch before you moved to Quebec City.

Dupa ce am luat micul dejun m-am dus la scoala. (actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
After I had had breakfast I w ent to school.

Mary preparase deja cina inainte ca Tom sa vina acasa . (actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
Mary had already cooked dinner before Tom got\came holme.

Ea a vizitat Londra inainte ca ea sa paraseasca Anglia. (actiune anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
She had visited London before she left England.

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Trecutul Perfect Continuu (The Past Perfect Continuous Tense) Cum se formeaza had been + present participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple

1. exprima o actiune continua inainte unei actiuni situate in trecut They had been talking for over two hours before Tom arrived. (Ei vorbeau de peste doua ore, cand Tom a ajuns.) Aceeasi situatie poate fi prezenta si in vorbirea indirecta: John said that he had been watching TV at 9 o'clock. (John a spus ca se uitase la TV la ora 9. ) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Greg ne-a spus ca gatea la ora 8am ieri. (actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
Greg told us that he had been cooking yesterday at 8 o'clock.

Ei lucrau de 3 ore inainte ca seful sa soseasca. (actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
They had been w orking for 3 hours before the boss arrived.

Tom condusese mai putin de 2 ore inainte ca masina sa ramana fara benzina. (actiune continua anterioara altei actiuni din trecut)
Tom had been driving less than tw o hours before the car ran out of gas.

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Viitorul Simplu (Simple Future Tense) Cum se formeaza will + verb Cand se foloseste & Exemple Viitorul simplu se foloseste in propozitiile simple si in cele subordonate care incep cu verbe ce exprima promisiunea, actiuni neplanificate, predictii. In aceste cazuri, de regula, in propozitia principala avem verbe precum: think, assume, expect, hope, doubt, belive, suppose, be sorry, wonder, be sure pentru a exprima opinii/ optiuni personale despre o actiune viitoare. I suppose I will be there. (predictia) (Presupun ca voi fi acolo.) I will be there at 7 o'clock. (promisiunea) (Voi fi acolo la ora 7.) Comentarii 1) Pentru actiunile planificate in viitor nu se foloseste viitorul simplu ci "TO BE GOING TO" sau Simple Present Continuous ! Daca actiunea e planificata in decursula a 1-7 zile sau e vorba de o activitate repetitiva in viitor de regula se foloseste viitorul format cu "to be going to": I am going to see that movie on Friday. "am going to" are sensul de "planific sa" (Imi planific/ Intentionez sa merg vineri la acel film.) Daca actiunea e planificata mult mai tarziu (in viitor) de regula se foloseste prezentul simplu continuu: Mike is moving to New York next month. (Mike se muta la New York luna viitoare.) Nota: viitorul format cu "to be going to" are nuanta de viitor apropiat; cel format cu prezentul simplu continuu nu are nici o nuanta de acest fel. 2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor ! Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Cred ca ma voi duce la New York. (predictie viitoare)
I suppose I w ill go to New York.

O sa ma duc in excursie luna viitoare. (actiune planificata viitoare)

I am going on a trip next month.

Ma astept sa ploua maine. (predictie viitoare)

I expect it w ill rain tomorrow .

O sa fiu acasa la 8 Pm. (promisiune)

I w ill be at home at 8 PM.

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Viitorul Continuu (Future Continuous Tense) Cum se formeaza will be + present participle am/is/are + going to be + present participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. la un anumit timp in viitor actiunea e in desfasurare (incepuse inainte de acel moment/ timp) Tonight at 7 o'clock, Tom will be watching TV. (Acum e1 Pm si Tom va incepe sa se uite la TV la 6:30 Pm) (Deseara la ora 7, Tom se va uita la TV. ... deja se uita de ceva vreme) 2. o actiune viitoare se va intinde pe toata durata viitoare Ann will be writing letters all day long. (Ann va scrie scrisori toata ziua.) Comentarii 1) O varianta a cazului 1 de folosire a lui "Future Continuous Tense" este cand se vrea sa se sublinieze faptul ca in viitor doua sau mai multe actiuni vor avea loc simultan: Tonight, they will be watching TV, discussing their vacation plans, and having a good time. (Deseara, ei se vor uita la TV, isi vor discuta planurile de vacanta si vor petrece o seara minunata.) 2) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor ! I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. (Ma voi uita la TV cand ea va sosi deseara.) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Diseara la 7 Pm voi juca jocuri pe calculator. (actiune viitoare inceputa la 6 Pm)
In the evening, at 7 Pm I w ill be playing computer games.

(pentru "to be going to")

Cand tu vei ajunge acasa eu ma voi uita la TV. (In propozitiile incepute cu "when" nu se foloseste viitorul !!!)
When you arrive at home I w ill be w atching TV.

Diseara la 7 Pm el inca va lucra. (actiune viitoare inceputa la 8 am ... )

In the evening, at 7 Pm he w ill still be w orking.

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Viitorul Perfect (Future Perfect Tense) Cum se formeaza will have + past participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor Jerry will have worked for this company for 20 years when he retires. (Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie, in momentul cand se va pensiona.) Comentarii 1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor !

2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week" By next January, I will have received my reward. (Pana in ianuarie viitor , imi voi fi primit premiul.) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Pana lunea viitoare imi voi termina tema. (actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei date viitoare)
By next Monday I w ill have finished my homew ork.

Sora mea va ajunge pana la 9 Pm. (actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei date viitoare)
My sister w ill have arrived by 9 o'clock.

Pana cand tu vei termina cursul de engleza, eu voi fi luat testul TOEFL. (actiune viitoare terminata inaintea unei eveniment viitor)
By the time you finish the English course I w ill have passed the Toefl test.

Viitorul Perfect Continuu (Future Perfect Continuous) Cum se formeaza will have been + present participle Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. Se foloseste pentru actiuni viitoare care incep si NU se termina inaintea altei actiuni/ altui eveniment viitor

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Jerry will have been working for this company for 20 years when she retires. (Jerry va fi lucrat 20 de ani pentru aceasta companie ( si va continua sa lucreze) in momentul cand ea se va pensiona.) Comentarii 1) In propozitiile de timp nu se foloseste viitorul ! Astfel, in propozitiile introduse cu after,while, when, before, as soon as, by the time, if nu vom avea viitor ! 2) "Future Perfect Tense" e folosit in constructii de genul "By next January/ month/ week" By next January, I will have been learning a lot of things related to this subject. (Pana in ianuarie viitor, voi fi invatat o multime de lucruri legat de acest subiect. ... si voi continua sa invat. ) Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Pana vinerea viitoare, tu vei fi calatorit 2 zile. (actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)
By next Friday you w ill have been travelling for tw o days.

Pana la 9 Pm, tu te vei fi uitat de 2 ore la TV. (actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)
By 9 oclock PM you w ill have been w atching Tv for 2 hours.

Pana la 6 Pm, tu vei fi dormit de 2 ore. (actiune viitoare in progress la un timp viitor, anterior altui timp viitor)
By 6 oclock PM, you w ill have been sleeping for tw o hours.

"Viitorul in Trecut" (The Future-in-the-Past) Cum se formeaza would + VERB or was/ were going to + VERB Exemple 1. exprima o actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute He promised me that we would go to Italy when he had time. (when arata simultaneitatea) (El mi-a promis ca vom merge in Italia cand va avea timp.) Tom said that he would go to England after he had learned English a little bit. (after arata anterioritatea) (Tom a spus ca va merge in Anglia, dupa ce va invata putina engleza.) Comentarii (pentru actiuni planificate)

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Propozitiile (de timp) care incep cu before, when, while, after, as soon as, by the time, if, unless nu au verbul la viitor. Exercitii Traduceti in engleza urmatoarele propozitii: Greg mi-a zis ca imi va imprumuta cartea cand o va avea. (actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)
Greg told me that he w ould lend me the book, w hen he got it.

Tom mi-a spus ca va merge in excursie. (actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)
Tom told me that he w ould go on a trip.

Am stiut ca John va termina munca pina la 4:30 Pm. (actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)
I knew John w ould finish w ork by 4:30 PM.

El mi-a explicat ca va cauta un job. (actiune viitoare unei actiuni trecute)

- He explained to me that he w ould look for a job.

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Exercitii cu timpurile verbelor la indicativ (cu explicatii ) - Exercitii Exercitii Atunci cnd avem de stabilit ce timp i ce aspect avem de pus ntr-o propoziie, trebuie avute n vedere urmtoarele criterii: - cnd se folosete acel timp i/sau aspect - ce cuvinte cheie avem n propoziie 1. Apa fierbe ... Apa fierbe la 100 de grade Celsius. - Water boils at 100 C. Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevr general valabil. Apa fierbe (acum) - The water is boiling now. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, sau n jurul momentului (acum). 2. Soarele rsare ... Soarele rsare la est. - The sun rises in the east. Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevr general valabil. Soarele rasare. - The sun is rising. Explicatie: Soarele rasare acum, in acest moment. 3. Plec mine dimineata ... Plec mine dimineata la Londra cu avionul. - I leave to London tomorrow morning by plane. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o actiune, care depinde de orarul unui aeroport, sau programul turistic fcut de o agenie de turism. Plec mine dimineata la Londra. - I am leaving to London tomorrow morning. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca este o aciune viitoare, planificat de subiect, i care nu depinde de programul altcuiva. 4. Ea face curat n cas ... Ea face curat n cas in fiecare zi - She does the housework every day. Explicatie : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o aciune prezent, general, repetabil n prezent Ea face curat n cas, acum, c mama ei este n concediu - She is doing the housework now that her mother is in vacation. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, sau n jurul momentului acum 5. Lucrez in gradina ... Lucrez in gradina. - I am working in the garden. Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta. Lucrez in gradina. - I work in the garden. - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ta. De exemplu ca esti gradinar. 6. El locuieste la Londra ... El locuieste la Londra. - He lives in London. Explicatie: : Idem 4

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El locuieste la Londra (in acest moment) - He is living in London at the moment. Explicatie: Idem 4

7. Ploua ... Ploua des in Marea Britanie - It often rains in the Uk. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este un obicei in prezent, cuvantul cheie fiind often Ploua (acum) - It is raining. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum 8. Nu m-am trezit devreme azi dimineata ... Nu m-am trezit devreme azi dimineata - I havent got up early this morning. (Este ora 10 a.m.) Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata (este ora 10 a.m., dimineata inca nu a trecut) Nu m-am trezit devreme azi dimineata - I didnt get up early this morning. (Este ora 2 p.m.) Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp terminata (este ora 2 pm, dimineata s-a inchiat, este trecut de amiaza) 9. Mi-am pierdut umbrela. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua I have lost my umbrella . I must buy a new one. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste Past Simple. Ex. Mi-am pierdut umbrela ieri. Trebuie sa-mi cumpar una noua. I lost my umbrella yesterday. I must buy a new one. 10. Te-am iubit..... Te-am iubit toata viata - Ive loved you all my life. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata. Te-am iubit candva demult - I loved you a long time ago. Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, incheiata. 11. Am vizitat Londra ... Am vizitat Londra anul trecut - I visited London last year. Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, incheiata. Am vizitat Londra pentru prima data - Its the first time I have visited London. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, construita cu expresiile its the first / second / third time, care cer folosirea acestui timp. 12. Locuiesc aici de ani de zile ... Locuiesc aici de ani de zile....(si voi pleca) - I have lived here for years. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta inceputa in trecut care continua si acum , folosind constructia for Locuiesc aici de ani de zile....(si raman) - I have been living here for years.

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Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece acest timp se foloseste cam in aceleasi situatii ca si Present Perfect Simple, doar ca acesta insista asupra duratei acelei actiuni. 13. Eu scriu o scrisoare ... Eu scriu o scrisoare (acum) - I am writing a letter. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, sau n jurul momentului acum

Eu scriu o scrisoare de 3 ore - I have been writing a letter for three hours. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece se insista asupra duratei actiunii 14. N-au auzit vorbindu-se ... N-au auzit vorbindu-se despre el anul acesta They havent heard from him this year. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple pentru ca se vorbeste despre evenimente situate in aceeasi perioada de timp cu aceea in care ne aflam la momentul prezent cand vorbim. N-au auzit vorbindu-se despre el anul trecut They didnt hear from him last year. Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple, deoarece ne referim la o perioada de timp care nu mai este cea prezenta (ieri, saptamana trecuta, anul trecut etc), evenimentul este plasat intr-un trecut datat. 15. Am trimis raportul final ... Am trimis raportul final saptamana aceasta I have sent the final report this week. Explicatie: Idem 14 Am trimis raportul final saptamana trecuta I sent the final report last week. Explicatie: Idem 14 Exercitii Atunci cnd avem de stabilit ce timp i ce aspect avem de pus ntr-o propoziie, trebuie avute n vedere urmtoarele criterii: - cnd se folosete acel timp i/sau aspect - ce cuvinte cheie avem n propoziie 1. Apa ingheata ... Apa ingheata la 0 grade Celsius. - Water freezes at 0 C. Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevr general valabil Apa din lac ingheata. - The water in the lake is freezing. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, sau n jurul momentului acum 2. Soarele apune ... Soarele apune la vest - The sun sets in the west. Explicatie: Pentru ca se refera la un adevr general valabil Soarele apune (acum) - The sun is setting. Explicatie: Soarele apune acum, in acest moment 3. Ea pleaca seara ... Ea pleaca seara la Bucuresti cu trenul - She leaves to Bucharest in the evening by train. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o actiune, care depinde de orarul unei gari, sau programul turistic fcut de o agenie de turism.

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Ea pleaca seara la Bucuresti - She is leaving to Bucharest in the evening. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca este o aciune viitoare, planificat de subiect, i care nu depinde de programul altcuiva. 4. Jane face cumparaturi ... Jane face cumparaturi in fiecare zi - Jane shops everyday. Explicatie : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o aciune prezent, general, repetabil n prezent. Jane face cumparaturi acum. - Jane is shopping now. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, sau n jurul momentului acum 5. Ann lucreza in bucatarie ... Ann lucreaza in bucatarie. - Ann is working in the kitchen. Folosind verbul in engleza la prezentul continuu indica faptul ca te referi la clipa asta. Ann lucreaza in bucatarie. - Ann works in the kitchen. - inseamna ca asta e ocupatia ei. De exemplu ca este bucatar. 6. John locuieste in Bucuresti ... John locuieste in Bucuresti - John lives in Bucharest. Explicatie: : S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este o aciune prezent, general. John locuieste in Bucuresti (in acest moment) - John is living in Bucharest at the moment. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, te referi la clipa asta. 7. Ninge ... Ninge des in Nord - It often snows in the North Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Simple pentru ca este un obicei in prezent, cuvantul cheie fiind often. Ninge (acum) - It is snowing. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum. 8. Am mancat o salata de fructe azi dimineata ... Am mancat o salata de fructe azi dimineata - I have eaten a fruit salad this morning. (Este ora 10 a.m.). Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata (este ora 10 a.m., dimineata inca nu a trecut). Am mancat o salata de fructe azi dimineata. - I ate a fruit salad this morning. (Este ora 2 p.m.) Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp terminata (este ora 2 pm, dimineata s-a inchiat, este trecut de amiaza). 9. Ea si-a pierdut portofelul. Trebuie sa-si cumpere unul nou ... She has lost her wallet. She must buy herself a new one. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, terminata, care are rezultate in prezent Trebuie precizat faptul ca, daca se mentioneaza momentul trecut in care a avut loc actiunea care intereseaza in prezent sau care are rezultate in prezent, nu mai poate fi folosit timpul Present Perfect. In acest caz, se foloseste Past Simple. Ex. Ea si-a pierdut portofelul saptamana trecuta. Trebuie sa-si cumpere unul nou She lost her wallet last week. She must buy herself a new one.

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10. Te-am asteptat ... Te-am asteptat toata viata - Ive waited for you all my life. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, efectuata intr-o perioada de timp neterminata Te-am asteptat la aeroport candva demult - I waited for you at the airport a long time ago. Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, incheiata. 11. Noi am vizitat Parisul ... Noi am vizitat Parisul luna trecuta - We visited Paris last month. Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, incheiata Noi am vizitat Parisul pentru prima data - Its the first time we have visited Paris. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta, construita cu expresiile its the first / second / third time, care cer folosirea acestui timp. 12. Lucrez aici de ani de zile ... Lucrez aici de ani de zile....(si voi pleca) - I have worked here for years. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple deoarece exprima o actiune trecuta inceputa in trecut care continua si acum , folosind constructia for. Lucrez aici de ani de zile....(si raman) - I have been working here for years. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece acest timp se foloseste cam in aceleasi situatii ca si Present Perfect Simple, doar ca acesta insista asupra duratei acelei actiuni 13. Ea scrie o carte ... Ea scrie o carte (acum) - She is writing a novel. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Continuous pentru ca aciunea este prezent i se desfoar acum, sau n jurul momentului acum Ea scrie o carte de 2 zile - She has been writing a novel for two days. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Continuous deoarece se insista asupra duratei actiunii 14. Nu am vazut-o pe Anna ... Nu am vazut-o pe Anna anul acesta I havent seen Anna this year. Explicatie: S-a folosit Present Perfect Simple pentru ca se vorbeste despre evenimente situate in aceeasi perioada de timp cu aceea in care ne aflam la momentul prezent cand vorbim. Nu am vazut-o pe Anna anul trecut I didnt see Anna last year. Explicatie: S-a folosit Past Tense Simple, deoarece ne referim la o perioada de timp care nu mai este cea prezenta (ieri, saptamana trecuta, anul trecut etc), evenimentul este plasat intr-un trecut datat 15. Ti-am inapoiat banii ... Ti-am inapoiat banii saptamana aceasta I have given you back the money this week. Explicatie: Idem 14 Ti-am inapoiat banii saptamana trecuta I gave you back the money last week. Explicatie: Idem 14 Exercitii 1. They didnt know that I played basketball. - Ei nu stiau ca am jucat basket (actiune simultana-Past Simple)

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2. She was in a hurry because she wanted to catch the train. - Era grabita deoarece a vrut sa prinda trenul (actiune simultana-Past Simple) 3. Amber said she was happy. (actiune simultana-Past Simple) 4. You didnt tell me you had to learn by heart this poem. - Nu mi-ai spus ca trebuia sa inveti poezia pe de rost (actiune simultana-Past Simple) 5. She told me Johns phone number after he had left. - Ea mi-a spus nr. de tel a lui John, dupa ce el plecase (actiune anterioara-Past Perfect) 6. When I arrived, the movie already had begun. - Cand am ajuns, filmul deja incepuse (actiune anterioaraPast Perfect) 7. Yesterday I bought a new bracelet because I had lost my old one. - Ieri mi-am cumparat o bratara noua, deoarece mi-am pierdut-o pe cea veche. (actiune anterioara-Past Perfect) 8. We all believed he would win the race. - Noi toti am crezut ca el va castiga cursa (actiune posterioaraFuture- in-the-Past) 9. They told us they would arrive the next day. - Ei ne-au spus ca vor sosi in ziua uramtoare (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past) 10. Father said he would take me to the movies if he had time. - Tata a spus ca ma va duce la film daca va avea timp (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past urmat de Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate)) 11. Father said he would buy me a bycicle if he had had the money. - Tata a spus ca mi-ar fi cumparat cumpara o masina daca ar fi avut banii (actiune posterioara- Future- in-the-Past urmat de Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate)). 12. I will watch Tv when I have time. - Ma voi uita la Tv, cand voi avea timp.(viitor- actiune simultana prezent) 13. I will go to Spain, after I have learned Spanish. - Ma voi duce in Spania, dupa ce voi invata spaniola .(viitor- actiune anterioara - Present Perfect) 14. You will not go on this strip because you got a D minus. - Nu vei merge in aceasta excursie, deoarece ai primit un patru (Exceptie, propozitie cauzala) 15. The teacher told us that water freezes at 0 C. - Profesorul ne-a spus ca apa ingheata la 0 C (Exceptie, adevar general)

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Lista verbelor neregulate in limba engleza Cum se identifica verbele neregulate in engleza Sunt verbe care nu formeaza trecutul simplu prin adaugarea lui "ed" la sfarsitul formei de infinitiv. Practic aceste verbe neregulate trebuiesc invatate ca atare. Lista principalelor verbe neregulate in engleza

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Infinitiv -forma 1to abide to arise to awake to be to bear to beat to become to begin to behold to bend to beseech to bear to bet to bid to bind to bite to bleed to bless to blow to break to breed to bring to broadcast to burn to burst to buy

Trecut -forma 2abode arose awoke awaked was, were bore beat became began beheld bent besought bore bet bade bound bit bled blest blew broke bred brought broadcast

Participiu trecut -forma 3abode arisen awoken awaked been born beaten become begun beheld bent besought born bet bidden bound bitten bled blest blown broken bred brought broadcast

Traducere verb a astepta, a sta, a locui a se ridica a se trezi a fi a se naste a bate a deveni a icepe a zari, a vedea a indoi, a curba a implora a se naste a paria a oferi, a licita a lega a musca a sangera a binecuvanta a sufla a sparge a creste a aduce a transmite prin radio a arde a izbucni a cumpara

burnt (burned) burnt (burned) burst bought burst bought

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to can to cast to catch to choose to cleave to cling to come to cost to creep to cut to deal to dig to do to draw to dream to drink to drive to dwell to eat to fall to feed to feel to fight to find to fly to forbid to forecast

could cast caught chose cleft clung came cost crept cut dealt dug did drew dreamt (dreamed) drank drove dwelt ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forecast

been able to cast caught chosen cleft clung come cost crept cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt (dreamed) drunk driven dwelt eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forecast

a putea a arunca a prinde a alege a despica a se lipi a veni a costa a se tara a taia a se ocupa, a trata afaceri a sapa a face a desena a visa a bea a conduce masina a locui, a ramane, a insista a manca a cadea a hrani a simti a lupta a gasi a zbura a interzice a prevedea

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to foresee to foretell to forget to forgive to forgo forsake to freeze to get to give to go to grind to grow to hang to have to hear to hide to hit to hold to hurt to keep to kneel to knit to know to lay to lead to lean to learn to leave

foresaw foretold forgot forgave forwent forsook froze got gave went ground grew

foreseen foretold forgotten forgiven forgone forsaken frozen got given gone ground grown

a prevedea a prezice a uita a ierta a renunta la, a da uitarii a parasi a igheta a primi a da a merge a macina a creste a spanzura a avea a auzi a ascunde a lovi a tine a rani a pastra a igenunchia a tricota a sti, a cunoaste a aseza a conduce a se sprijini de a ivata a parasi

hung (hanged) hung (hanged) had heard hid hit held hurt kept knelt knit knew laid led leant learnt (learned) left had heard hidden hit held hurt kept knelt knit known laid led leant learnt (learned) left

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to lend to let to lie to light to lose to make to mean to meet to misgive to mislead to mistake to outdo to overcome to overdo to pay to put to read to rend to ride to ring to rise to run to say to see to seek to sell to send to set

lent let lay lit lost made meant met misgave misled mistook outdid overcame overdid paid put read rent rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set

lent let lain lit lost made meant met misgiven misled mistaken outdone overcome overdone paid put read rent ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set

a mprumuta (cuiva) a permite a fi culcat a aprinde a pierde a face a isemna a intalni a inspira neicredere a induce in eroare a intelege gresit a intrece a invinge a face exces a plati a pune a citi a sfasia, a rupe a calari a suna a se ridica a alerga a spune a vedea a cauta a vinde a trimite a regla, a fixa

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to sew to shake to shave to shed to shine to shoe to shoot to show to shrink to shut to sing to sink to sit to slay to sleep to slide to sling to slit to smell to smite to sow to speak to speed to spell to spend to spill to spin to spit

sewed shook shaved shed shone shod shot showed shrank shut sang sank sat slew slept slid slung slit

sewn (sewed) shaken shaven shed shone shod shot shown shrunk shut sung sunk sat slain slept slid slung slit

a coase a scutura, a clatina a se barbieri a varsa (lacrimi) a straluci a icalta, a potcovi a mpusca a arata a se strange a inchide a canta a se scufunda a sta (pe ceva) a ucide a dormi a aluneca a azvarli a despica a mirosi a lovi a semana a vorbi a accelera

smelt (smelled) smelt (smelled) smote sowed spoke sped smitten sown spoken sped

spelt (spelled) spelt (spelled) a pronunta litera cu litera spent spilt spun spat spent spilt spun spat a cheltui a varsa a toarce, a se roti a scuipa

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to split to spoil to spread to spring to stand to steal to stick to sting to stink to strike to string to strive to swear to sweep to swim to swing to take to teach to tear to tell to think to throw to thrust to tread to underlie to understand to upset to wake

split spoilt spread sprang stood stole stuck stung stank struck strung strove swore swept swam swung took taught tore told thought threw thrust trod underlay understood upset woke

split spoilt spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk struck strung striven sworn swept swum swung taken taught torn told thought thrown thrust trodden underlain understood upset woken

a despica a strica a intinde a sari, a tasni a sta in picioare a fura a infige, a se lipi a itepa a mirosi urat a lovi a insira, a incorda a se stradui a jura a matura a inota a se legana a lua a invata, a preda a rupe, a sfasia a spune a gandi, a crede a arunca a mbranci a calca a sustine a intelge a supara a se trezi

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to wear to weave to wet to win to wind to wring to write

wore wove wet won wound wrung wrote

worn woven wet won wound wrung written

a purta a tese a uda a castiga a se rasuci a frange, a smulge a scrie

Verbe care nu au forma continua in limba engleza 1. Verbele de perceptie to feel, to hear, to notice, to see, to smell, to taste ex: I see a red car. TOTUSI, daca actiunea e una voluntara, una constienta se poate folosi aspectul continuu: What are you seeing ? (se presupune ca persoana care vede ceva realizeaza o actiune voluntara; de exemplu: se uita cu binoclu, s-a urcat pe ceva sa vada mai departe, etc) DEASEMENEA, daca sensul verbului nu mai este cel de baza, iar se poate folosi forma continua: I am seeing my dentist on Wednesday. (sensul nu mai e de a vedea ci de a fi consultat, de a se duce la) 2. Verbele care exprima activitati mentale to agree, to believe, to distrust, to imagine, to doubt, to remember, to understand, to suppose, to recognize, to forget, to think, to mean NOTA: Daca se foloseste forma continua apare o modificare de sens: I am thinking. (nu se spune si ce gandesc.) 3. Verbe care exprima dorinta to wish, to want, to intend, to desire ex: I wish to go there. 4. Verbe care exprima sentimente, atitudini, trairi emotionale to love, to like, to dislike, to detest, to prefer, to abhor, to adore, to hate ex.: I like it. 5. verbele modale can, may, must, ought to

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ex.: I can do it. 6. Verbe care exprima posesia to posses, to owe, to belong to, to own, to keep, to hold ex.: I keep it for me. 7. Alte verbe care nu pot avea forma continua to expect, to suffice, to differ, to appear, to contain, to deserve ex.: This movie appears to be interesting.

Modul conditional Cum se formeaza If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Present ... Exemple

When I have a day off from work, I often go to the beach.

(situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)

Tom helps me with my homework when he has time.

(situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)

If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)

Where do you stay if you go to Bucharest?

(situatie general valabila: e valabila in prezent)

Comentarii 1) "Present Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii care apar in mod normal in viata de zi cu zi; sint situatii generale si care se repeta frecvent sau sunt sigure (sunt reale si nu fictive); 2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente. Conditional in Prezent (Ireal) ( Present Unreal Conditional ) Cum se formeaza If ... Simple Past ..., ... would + verb ... Exemple What would you do if you won the lottery? (situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul)

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Where would you stay if you went to Bucharest? (situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; calatoria la Bucuresti in acest caz nu e reala)

If the weather were nice, I would walk to my office. (situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; vremea nu e frumoasa)

Tom would help me with my homework if he had time. (situatie ipotetica ce vizeaza prezentul/ viitorul; Tom nu are timp deci nu ma ajuta, dar daca ar avea timp mar ajuta) Comentarii 1) "Present Unreal Conditional" se foloseste pentru a vorbi despre situatii ipotetice.

Conditional in Trecut (Real) (Past Real Conditional) Cum se formeaza If / When ... Simple Past ..., ... Simple Past ... Exemple Tom helped me with my homework when he had time. (situatie general valabila in trecut)

If the weather were nice, I walked to my office. (situatie general valabila in trecut)

When I had a day off from work, I often went to the beach. (situatie general valabila in trecut)

Comentarii 1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la un obicei trecut (nu mai e valabil in prezent).

2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente. Conditional in Trecut (Ireal) (Past Unreal Conditional) Cum se identifica If ... Past Perfect ..., ... would have + past participle ... Exemple Tom would have helped me with my homework if he had had time. (situatie ipotetica in trecut)

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If the weather had been nice, I would have walked to my office. (situatie ipotetica in trecut)

If I had had a day off from work, I would have gone to the beach. (situatie ipotetica in trecut) Comentarii 1) "Past Real Conditional" face referire la o situatie trecuta ipotetica. 2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu a avut loc.

Conditional in Viitor (Real) (Future Real Conditional) Cum se formeaza If / When ... Simple Present ..., ... Simple Future ... Exemple If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (valabila pentru o situatie particulara in viitor) Tom will help me with my homework when he has time. (valabila pentru o situatie particulara in viitor)

Comentarii 1) "Future Real Conditional" se foloseste pentru a spune ce se va face intr-o situatie particulara viitoare. If the weather is nice, I walk to my office. (situatie generala) vezi "Present Real Conditional" If the weather is nice, I will walk to my office. (situatie particulara) Diferenta dintre cele 2 mesaje e foarte mica, practic insesizabila in vorbirea curenta.

2) If e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai putin frecvente; When e folosit in cazul actiunilor mai frecvente. Conditional in Viitor (Ireal) (Future Unreal Conditional) Cum se formeaza Forma 1 If ... were + present participle ..., ... would be + present participle ... (Cu aceeasi semnificatie se poate folosi Present Unreal Conditional (Forma 2); aceasta forma e preferata formei de Present Unreal Conditional) Forma 3 If ... were going to + verb ..., ... would be + present participle ... (Se traduce cu "Daca se va intampla sa/ ca sa ..." (se pune accentul pe predictie) ... dar stiu ca nu se va intampla)

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Exemple Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were having time. ( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca va avea timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea) Tom would be helping me with my homework if he were going to have time. ( Tom ma va ajuta cu lectiile, daca se va intampla sa aibe timp. (dar stiu ca nu va avea) Comentarii 1) "Future Unreal Conditional" face referinta la o situatie imaginara (nu e rela) in viitor. 2) Pentru situatiile imaginare (ireale) nu se foloseste "when" deoarece se considera ca actiunea/ evenimentul nu va avea loc. 3) Forma 2 e cea mai folosita (in aceasta situatie) in manualele de gramatica.

Subjonctivul (The Subjunctive) Cum se identifica Subjonctivul se foloseste cand avem : o actiune posibila in viitor o actiune nerealizata (ireala) in trecut sau prezent o recomandare, un sfat Exemple It is necessary that the work be done. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv) He speaks as if he were not from Bucharest. (situatie ireala in prezent, deci AVEM subjonctiv) El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar e din Bucuresti. He speaks as if he is not from Bucharest. (situatie reala in prezent, deci NU AVEM subjonctiv) El vorbeste ca si cum nu ar fi din Bucuresti, dar nici nu e din Bucuresti. It's time you went to bed. (recomandare, sfat, deci AVEM subjonctiv) Comentarii Subjonctivul in engleza se formeaza cu : a) infinitivul scurt al verbului 1) dupa constructii ca: It is necessary, It is advisable, It is recommendable, It is possible, It is unsure, It is probable ( ca si formularile de genul "He recommends", "He advices", "He requests" ); 2) in propozitii de scop (so that ...); ex.: Come earlier so that you find him at home. (forma americana) Come earlier so that you can find him at home. (forma britanica) 3) in propozitii concesive ( however ... ); ex.: I go there however difficult it be.

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4) in exclamatii afective: ex.: Bless you ! 5) In formulas (short infinitive): Long live the queen. (Triasc regina!) So be it. (Aa s fie.) Come what may. (Fie ce o fi.) Suffice it to say. (Este suficient de zis.) Be that as it may. (Fie ce o fi.) Say what you will. (Spune ce vrei.) b) forma de "Past Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima: 1) un regret prezent I wish I knew her address. ( ... nu-i stiu adresa si regret); If only he was faithful to me! (Dac mi-ar fi fidel!) If only I had known about her mischance! (Dac a fi tiut de ghinionul ei!) 2) ceva ce e ireal in prezent (cu constructiile "as if", "as though"); 3) preferinta (cind se folosesc constructiile "would rather/ sooner", "it is time", "had better", "I'd prefer"). You had better go home. (Mai bine ai merge acas.) Id prefer if you didnt go. (A prefera s nu mergi.) c) forma de "Past Perfecte Tense" a verbului, pentru a exprima un regret vis-a-vis de o actiune anterioara timpului din propozitia principala: ex.: I wish(ed) you had written to him. (As dori/ As fi dorit ca tu sa-i fi scris lui.) d) alte forme de imperativ: Somebody bring me a glass of water! (Cineva s mi aduc un pahar cu ap!) Come on everybody, leave the room! (Haidei, toat lumea s prseasc ncperea!) e) After verbs expressing a desire that someone should do something: ask, advise, desire, intend, order, recommend, request, require, suggest, urge, want; after verbs expressing plans: arrange, leave word, pland; after adjectives expressing feelings: anxious, willing, eager, pleased, glad. They demanded that the meeting be held in our new conference room. (Au cerut ca ntlnirea s se in n sala nou de conferine.) We planned that they should see the room beforehand. (Am plnuit s vedem camera nainte.)

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She was anxious that they should see her dancing. (Era emoionat c o vor vedea dansnd.) f) cu "may/might" May you live long! (S trieti mult!) However tired might he be, he must come down. (Orict de obosit ar fi, trebuie s vin jos.)

Alte comentarii: i) Forma de "Past Tense" a lui "to be" este "were"; ii) in constructiile cu "for + subiect" se foloseste forma lunga a infinitivului: It's time for you to go to bed. iv) In engleza americana, in propozitia subordonata introdusa de "that" cand propozitia principala exprima o recomandare, decizie, cerere, speranta, intentie sau surprindere. They recommended that he pay more attention to class. (I-au recomandat s fie mai atent la lecie.) They hoped that he be elected President. (Au sperat s fie ales preedinte.) They suggested that our flowers be put into a vase. (Au sugerat ca florile noastre s fie puse n vaz.) v) if need be inseamna if it is necessary If need be she can always tell him the truth. (La nevoie, i poate spune oricnd adevrul.) Modul Imperativ in limba engleza Cum se identifica Verbele din infinitiv se gasesc in propozitii exclamative ce reprezinta ordine, sfaturi ce trebuiesc executate. Exemple Let him go ! ( Lasa-l sa se duca ! ) Lock the door ! ( Incuie usa ! ) Go there ! ( Du-te acolo ! ) Let me know ! (Da-mi voie sa stiu !)

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Don't worry be happy! Nu te ingrijora, fii fericit! Leave me alone ! Lasa-ma in pace! Take it easy ! Usor !

Verbele modale in limba engleza Verbele modale in limba engleza Caracteristicile generale ale verbelor modale: - Au numai infinitiv scurt (nu au particula "to"); - Nu au forma cu "-ing" si nici participiu; - Au aceeasi forma pentru toate persoanele (nu au "-s", "-es" la persoana a 3-a singular); - In forma negativa nu folosesc verbul "do", ci numai NOT (I cannot dance tonight.); - Fac interogativul numai prin inversare (May I have this dance?); - Formarea lui "nu-i asa" in propozitiile care folosesc verbe modale, se face folosind verbul modal (I can play the game, can't I? -> Pot sa joc jocul, nu-i asa?) - Verbele modale nu pot forma anumite timpuri, de aceea, se inlocuiesc cu alte verbe. can se inlocuieste cu to be able to may se inlocuieste cu to be allowed to must se inlocuieste cu to have to - CAN si MAY au forme de trecut: can -> could may -> might CAN - Verbele modale in engleza 1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala 2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea 3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial 4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. exprima capacitatea fizica sau intelectuala I can speak English. I can swim very well.

2. pentru a exprima imposibilitatea sau neincrederea Can Tom make such a mistake ?

3. pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul neoficial Can I borrow your book ? Nota: Aceasta forma de exprimare a permisiunii nu este foarte delicata si poate fi vazuta si ca o cerere politicoasa.

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4. pentru a exprima continuitatea verbelor de perceptie I can see somebody near my car. Comentarii 1. Pentru a exprima permisiunea in limbajul oficial/ politicos se foloseste "May"; 2. Cererea cu "Could" este may politicoasa decat cea cu "Can"; de aceea de regula cererile se fac cu "Could"; 3. "Could" este folosit in unele cazuri drept trecutul lui "Can". MAY - Verbele modale in engleza 1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos 2. exprima posibilitatea 3. exprima o dorinta Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. cand se cere permisiunea in mod oficial, politicos May I go home now ? Nota: Permisiunea se poate cere si cu "Can" insa in mod neoficial, protocolar.

2. exprima posibilitatea It may rain in the afternoon. ( Se poate sa ploua in dupa-amiaza ) Nota: Daca se foloseste "might" probabilitatea e mai mica decat "may", insa diferenta nu e foarte mare: It might rain in the afternoon. ( S-ar putea sa ploua in dupa-amiaza )

3. exprima o dorinta May all your wishes come true. ( Fie ca ... ) Comentarii 1. "May" in situatia in care exprima posibilitatea poate fi inlocuit cu "it is possible" fara ca sensul sa se schimbe: It is possible for Tom to do that thing. Tom may do that thing. MUST - Verbele modale in engleza 1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala) 2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie

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Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. cand se exprima o obligatie interna (subiectiva, personala) I must go. (Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca asta e decizia mea) Nota: Daca obligatia e externa in loc de must se va folosi "to have to": I have to go. (Trebuie sa plec -> pentru ca cineva ma asteapta, pentru ca trebuie sa ajung undeva; nu e o decizie subiectiva, ci una obiectiva)

2. pentru a exprima o deductie logica, o concluzie John always at this hour is at home. Now must be at home as well. (logic John ar trebui sa fie acasa, dar poate nu e).

Comentarii Daca nu suntem foarte siguri de deductia logica folosim verbul "may". OUGTH TO - Verbele modale in engleza 1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. "Ought to" se foloseste cu precadere pentru a exprima o recomandare: Margaret ought to exercise more. Margaret trebuie sa exerseze mai mult; este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa. - Shall I go to this funeral ? - Well, you ought to. Este o recomandare si nu are semnificatie imperativa; insa e ceva ce trebuie facut caci asa e bine din punct de vedere moral. Nota: Daca s-ar raspunde "Well you have to." semnificatia ar fi: "Trebuie sa te duci, nu ai de ales." (obligatia e exterioara in acest caz) Comentarii 1) Pentru a exprima recomandari negative dispare "to" dupa "to have": You ought not smoke so much. We ought not be afraid of the these risks. Totusi, sunt acceptate deasemenea si formele: You ought not to smoke so much. We ought not to be afraid of the these risks.

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2) "Ought not" e folosit mai mult de englezi, Americanii folosesc mai mult "should not".

SHALL - Verbele modale in engleza 1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ) 2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III) 3. pentru a exprima o hotarare 4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. pentru a exprima solicitarea unui sfat, o ofert sau o sugestie (Folosit cu persoana I, interogativ) What shall I do? (Ce sa fac?) Shall I listen to you? (S te ascult ?) Shall we go on a vacation? (S mergem intr-o vacanta?) 2. pentru a exprima o promisiune, o obligaie sau o ameninare care provin de la cel care vorbete ( Folosit cu persoanele II i III) You shall have a great surprise if you keep your promise to me. Vei avea o mare surpriza daca iti tii promisiunea fata de mine. He shall not see his children again if he treats them like that. Nu isi va mai vedea copiii daca ii trateaza asa. You shall hear from me again! Vei mai auzi tu de mine!) 3. pentru a exprima o hotarare The gates shall not open . (Usile nu se vor deschide.) 4. pentru a exprima o interdictie in acte oficiale The candidates shall not have more than 5 paper sheets to write on, during the examination. Candidatii/Participantii nu vor avea mai mult de 5 foi in timpul examinarii. Comentarii 1. 2. Folosit cu persoana I, shall indic viitorul. Folosit cu persoanele II si III, shall poate arata o promisiune, o obligatie sau o amenintare care provin de la cel care vorbeste.

WILL - Verbele modale in engleza 1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare 2. pentru a exprima o promisiune 3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere 4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil 5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata 6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa Cand se foloseste & Exemple 1. pentru a exprima vointa, hotarare

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I will climb this mountain even if its the last thing I do. Voi urca acest munte, chiar daca va fi ultimul lucru pe care il fac. 2. pentru a exprima o promisiune I will not let you down. Nu te voi dezamagi . 3. pentru a exprima o posibilitate, presupunere This boy looks very much like Tom. He will be his brother. Acest baiat seamana foarte bine cu Tom. O fi fratele lui. 4. pentru a exprima ceva inevitabil Polar bears will perish. Ursii polari vor disparea. 5. pentru a inlocui prezentul simplu pentru o actiune obisnuita, repetata I always drink coffee in the morning . (= I will drink coffee in the morning). Intotdeauna beau cafea dimineata. Voi bea cafea dimineata. 6. pentru a exprima o invitatie, cerere politicoasa Will you sit down? Vrei sa iei loc? Comentarii 1. Will - are si intelesul de a voi. La casatorie se foloseste expresia I will. NEED, USED TO, DARE - Verbele modale in engleza NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa acesteia USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima: 1) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care nu mai este precticat in prezent 2) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care mai este practicat si in prezent DARE - se foloseste cu sensul de "a indrazni", in special in propozitii interogative si negative Alte verbe modale: Dare, Need, Used to NEED / NOT NEED - este folosit pentru a exprima necesitatea sau lipsa acesteia You needn't come early to the meeting. Nu trebuie sa vii devreme la sedinta. She doesn't need to come. Nu este necesar sa vina si ea. You don't need to go there tomorrow. Nu e necesar sa mergi maine acolo.

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USED TO - este folosit doar la Past Tense, pentru a exprima: 1) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care nu mai este precticat in prezent I used to swim in the Olt river when I was a child, but I don't do this any longer. Obisnuiam sa inot in Olt cand eram copil, dar acum nu mai inot. 2) o actiune repetata, un obicei trecut, care mai este practicat si in prezent They used to spend their holidays in the mountains. Obisnuiau sa isi petreaca vacantele la munte; poate ca inca si le mai petrec.

DARE - se foloseste cu sensul de "a indrazni", in special in propozitii interogative si negative The boy dared not tell his father what he had done. Baiatul nu a indraznit sa ii spuna tatalui sau ce a facut. They dared not speak to him ugly. Ei nu au indraznit sa vorbeasca urat cu el. How dare you contradict me? Cum indraznesti sa ma contrazici? Comentarii NEED poate fi folosit si ca verb principal: He needs help. Are nevoie de ajutor. USED TO nu are forma de prezent. Pentru a exprima un obicei in prezent folositi prezentul simplu: I (usually) spend my holidays in the mountains. De obicei imi petrec vacantele la munte.

DARE ca verb modal este urmat de: a) infinitivul fara to dupa forma invariabila dare (persoana a III-a singular sau Past Tense): I wonder wheter he dare come. Ma intreb daca va indrazni sa vina. He felt that he daren't try. Si-a dat seama ca n-are curajul sa incerce. b) infinitivul cu to, dupa participial prezent sau dupa persoana a III-a singular: Now he dares to attack me! Acum indrazneste sa ma atace! c) infinitivul cu sau fara to dupa forma de infinitiv a verbului, forma de Past Tense dared si participiul trecut: He wouldn't dare (to) tell me this. N-ar indrazni sa imi spuna acest lucru. He dared (to) write upon the subject. A avut curajul sa scrie despre acea problema.

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ATENTIE! Verbul dare este urmat de infinitivul cu to cand este folosit ca verb principal: He dared me to compete with him. M-a provocat la intrecere.

Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza Concordanta timpurilor in limba engleza Este acordul obligatoriu al timpului verbului din subordonata cu timpul verbului din regenta sa. In limba engleza timpul verbului din subordonata trebuie sa se subordoneze timpului verbului din regenta. Cu alte cuvinte timpurile verbelor din regente dicteaza folosirea anumitor timpuri in subordonatele lor. Exista in acest sens trei reguli de cunoscut si aplicat. Regula I: Daca in regenta verbul este la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense in subordonata se poate folosi orice timp: REGENTA Verbul este la prezent (Present Tense Simple, Present Tense Continuous, Present Perfect Simple, Present Perfect Continuous ) We all know that = Noi toti stim ca SUBORDONATA Verbul poate fi la orice timp (cerut de sens)

... he had gone = el merse ... he went = el a mers ... he will go= el va merge

Regula II: Daca in regenta verbul este la trecut in subordonata el trebuie sa fie la unul din cele trei timpuri trecute ale limbii engleze: The Past Perfect, The Past Tense, The Future in the Past. REGENTA Verbul este la trecut (Past Tense Simple, Past Tense Continuous, Past Perfect Simple, Past Perfect Continuous) SUBORDONATA Orice alt timp past"

a) Past Tense actiune simultana Past Tense He said = El a spus ... he was ill = ca este bolnav b) Past Tense actiune anterioara Past Perfect He said = El a spus ... he had returned home a week before = ca se intorsese acasa cu o saptamna inainte Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundara cu actiunea anterioara celei din principala, se poate folosi Past Perfect in mod repetat. Ex. She said she had forgotten where she had put her glasses. (Ea a spus ca uitase unde si-a pus ochelarii.) c) Past Tenseactiunea posterioar Future-in-the-Past He said = El a spus ... he would leave the next day = ca va pleca a doua zi .

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Atentie: Daca intr-o fraza exista doua propozitii secundare cu actiune posterioara celei din principala, dintre care una este temporala sau conditionala. Future-in-the-Past se poate folosi numai o singura data, dupa care (in temporala sau conditionala) se intrebuinteaza Past Tense (pentru simultaneitate) sau Past Perfect (pentru anterioritate). He said = El a spus ... he would buy a car if he had money = ca va cumpara o masina daca va avea bani Regula III: Daca verbul din regenta este la viitor in subordonatele conditionale si temporale, el trebuie sa fie la Present Tense sau Present Perfect Tense, iar daca subordonata este completiva directa verbul va fi la viitor. REGENTA Verbul este la viitor SUBORDONATA Teoretic se poate folosi orice timp cerut de sens, cu exceptia propozitii temporale sau conditionale, care nu pot include un verb la viitor.

Situatiile cel mai des intlnite sunt urmatoarele: a) Future actiune simultana Present I will read this book = Voi citi aceasta carte when I have time =cnd voi avea timp

b)Future actiune anterioara Present Perfect I will go to England = Voi merge in Anglia after I have received a visa= dupa ce voi obtine viza

c) verbul va fi la orice timp in subordonata completiva directa I shall see what = Eu voi vedea ce I shall do. = voi face. Nota: In limba engleza contemporana, se poate observa uneori o oarecare tendinta de a nu se respecta concordanta timpurilor atunci cnd verbul din propozitia principala este la trecut. Se poate intlni, de exemplu, o formulare de tipul: He said he loves me". Este posibil ca ceea ce apare acum ca tendinta, cu timpul, sa ajunga regula. Pentru moment insa, sfatuim pe vorbitorii romni de limba engleza sa respecte regulile de concordanta a timpurilor asa cum sunt prezentate mai sus. EXCEPTII (deci cazuri cand nu se aplica regulile de concordanta a timpurilor) 1. Cand in subordonata se exprima un adevar stiintific /general. Everybody knew that gold is a metal. = Toata lumea stia ca aurul este metal. I told you that silver is gray. = Ti-am spus ca argintul este gri. 2. Cand subordonata este: a) cauzala He will not go to school because he didn't learn his lessons. = El nu va merge la scoala pentru ca nu si-a invatat lectiile. We shall go on the trip because they gave us the money. = Vom merge in excursie pentru ca ei ne-au dat banii. b) atributiva You will see the man who wrote that book. = Il vei vedea pe omul care a scris cartea aceea. I saw the girl who will play the piano. = Am vazut fata care va canta la pian.

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c) comparativ modala Tomorrow I shall work more than I worked yesterday. = Maine voi munci mai mult decat am muncit ieri. Timpurile verbelor in orice limba sunt folosite pentru a exprima diferite situatii legate de succesiunea evenimentelor, a actiunilor pe scara timpului. Vei observa ca timpurile verbelor in limba engleza nu corespunde in mod direct unui timp din limba romana. Asta nu e o problema. Invatand si exersind intelegerea timpurilor se poate face relativ usor. Academia de Engleza va ofera o serie de articole pentru intelegerea timpurilor limbii engleze. Primele 3 cele mai folosite verbe in limba engleza sunt "to be" (a fi), "to have" (a avea) and "to do" (a face); de aceea noi va oferim aici formele celor 3 verbe la timpul prezent (afirmativ, negativ, interogativ):

Verbul "TO BE" - a fi Forma afirmativa: I am (I'm) - Eu sunt You are (You're) - Tu esti He is (He's) - El este She is (She's) - Ea este It is (It's) - El/ Ea este We are (We're) - Noi suntem You are (You're) - Voi sunteti They are (They're) - Ei/Ele sunt Forma interogativa: Am I ? - Sunt eu? Are you ? - Esti tu? Is he ? - Este el? Is she ? - Este ea? Is it ? - Este el/ ea? Are we ? - Suntem noi? Are you ? - Sunteti voi? Are they ? - Sunt ei/ele? Forma negativa: I am not (I'm not) - Eu nu sunt You are not (You aren't) - Tu nu esti He is not (He isn't) - El nu este She is not (She isn't) - Ea nu este It is not (It isn't) - El/ Ea nu este We are not (We aren't) - Noi nu suntem You are not (You aren't) - Voi nu sunteti They are not (They aren't) - Ei/Ele nu sunt

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Verbul "TO HAVE" - a avea Forma afirmativa: I have (I've) - Eu am You have (You've) - Tu ai He has (He's) - El are She has (She's) - Ea are It has (It's) - El/ Ea are We have (We've) - Noi avem You have (You've) - Voi aveti They have (They've) - Ei/Ele au

Forma interogativa: Have I ? - Am eu ? Have you ? - Ai tu ? Has he ? - Are el ? Has she ? - Are ea ? Has it ? - Are el/ ea ? Have we ? - Avem noi ? Have you ? - Aveti voi ? Have they ? - Au ei/ele ? Forma negativa: I have not (I haven't) - Eu nu am You have not (You haven't) - Tu nu ai He has not (He hasn't) - El nu are She has not (She hasn't) - Ea nu are It has not (It hasn't) - El/ Ea nu are We have not (We haven't) - Noi nu avem You have not (You haven't) - Voi nu aveti They have not (They haven't) - Ei/Ele nu au

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Verbul "TO DO" - a face Forma afirmativa: I do - Eu fac You do - Tu faci He does - El face She does - Ea face It does - El/Ea face We do - Noi facem You do - Voi faceti They do - Ei/Ele fac Forma interogativa: Do I ? - Fac eu ? Do you ? - Faci tu ? Does he ? - Face el ? Does she ? - Face ea ? Does it ? - Face el/ ea ? Do we ? - Facem noi ? Do you ? - Faceti voi ? Do they ? - Fac ei/ele ? Forma negativa: I do not (I don't) - Eu nu fac You do not (You don't) - Tu nu faci He does not (He doesn't) - El nu face She does not (She doesn't) - Ea nu face It does not (It doesn't) - El/Ea nu face We do not (We don't) - Noi nu facem You do not (You don't) - Voi nu faceti They do not (They don't) - Ei/ Ele nu fac

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Conjunctia in limba engleza Cum se identifica Conjunctia : a) exprima raporturi de coordonare sau de subordonare intre doua propozitii, raporturi de coordonare intre doua parti de propozitie sau intre o parte de propozitie si o propozitie; b) este neflexibila din punct de vedere morphologic; c) nu indeplineste nicio functie sintactica in propozitie dar marcheaza raporturile de coordonare si subordonare in cadrul propozitiei ai al frazei. Exemple Dorina went to mall but she forgot the money at home. Dorina a plecat la mall, dar si-a uitat banii acasa. Will you come or should I come? Vii tu sau sa vin eu? I didn't call you yesterday because I was busy. Nu te-am sunat ieri pentru ca am fost ocupata. Comentarii A. Conjunctiile coordonatoare (Coordinating Conjunctions) Conjunctiile coordonatoare leaga parti de propozitie cu aceeasi functie sintactica sau propozitii de acelasi fel. 1. Dupa relatiile pe care le stabilesc, conjunctiile coordonatoare pot fi: a) copulative: and (si), as well as (precum), both and (atat cat si), not only but also (nu numai dar si) b) disjunctive: or (sau); eitheror (sausau), neithernor (nicinici) c) adversative: but (dar, ci). Either or indica doua alternative din care numai una este posibila, in propozitii pozitive sau interogative: We can either have a snack now, or we can have lunch at noon. Putem lua o gustare acum sau putem lua pranzul la amiaza. eitheror + verb negativ sau neithernor + verb pozitiv se folosesc pentru a exprima o negatie: I can't travel either by air or by sea. (Nu pot calatori prin aer sau pe mare.) I can travel neither by air nor by sea. (Nu pot calatori nici prin aer nici pe mare.) Atentie: Conjunctiile coordonatoare nu pot fi asezate la inceputul frazei. B. Conjunctiile subordonatoare (Subordinating Conjunctions) Conjunctiile subordonatoare leaga propozitiile secundare din fraza de elementele lor regente.

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1. Dupa felul propozitiilor pe care le introduce, conjunctiile subordonatoare pot fi: a) universale: that (ca); if, whether (daca); -> Aceste prepozitii pot introduce mai multe tipuri de propozitii subordonate. b) specializate: De loc: where (unde), wherever (oriunde); De timp: when (cand), since (de cand), till/ until (pana cand), while/as (in timp ce), before (inainte ca), after (dupa ce) De mod: exactly/just as (exact cum) De cauza: as, since, because (deoarece, fiindca) De scop: so that, in order that/ so (that) (mai formal) (pentru ca, cu scopul ca) for fear (that) (de teama sa), in case, lest (formal) (ca sa nu) Conditionale: if (daca), provided (that) /on condition (that), as long as/ so long as (cu conditia ca, atata timp cat); unless (afara daca, numai daca nu) Consecutive: so that (incat), so (familiar) (incat), so/ such (that) (asa/ astfelincat) Concesive: though, although (mai formal), while, whereas (formal), even if/ though (desi, cu toate ca, chiar daca) Comparative: as as (la fel de ... ca ...); as if/ as though (ca si cum, de parca) When indica: simultaneitatea a doua actiuni: When I am tired I go for a walk. Cand sunt obosit fac o plimbare. When she rang the bell, he came to the door. Cand ea a sunat la sonerie, el a venit la usa. ---> Accentual este pe momentul actiunii sau succesiunea lor imediata in timp. As este folosit pentru actiuni paralele: She wept as she spoke. Plangea in timp ce vorbea. sau sinonim al lui while: As I was crossing the street, I heard somebody call my name. In timp ce/ Pe cand traversam strada, am auzit pe cineva strigandu-mi numele. Since presupune un argument admis de interlocutor: Since you need this book, i'll get it for you. Deoarece ai nevoie de carte, am sa ti-o iau. Cand folosim conjunctia unless, verbul din propozitia conditionala este la forma pozitiva: You can't see me unless you call me first. Nu ma poti vedea decat daca ma suni inainte. Direct and indirect (reported) speech Vorbirea directa si vorbirea indirecta in limba engleza Sunt 2 moduri in care putem reda ceea ce o persoana a spus: modul direct (vorbirea directa) si modul indirect (vorbirea indirecta). In direct speech, we repeat the original speakers exact words: - vorbirea directa He said, "I have lost my umbrella." (El spuse: Mi-am pierdut umbrela.) Here what a person says appears within quotation marks (" ... "). Direct speech is found in conversations in books, in plays and in quotations.

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In indirect speech, we give the exact meaning of a remark or a speech, without necessarily using the speakers exact words: He said (that) he had lost his umbrella. (El spuse c i-a pierdut umbrella.) - vorbirea indirecta There is no comma after say in indirect speech. That can usually be omitted after say and tell + object. But it should be kept after other verbs: complain, explain, object, point out, protest etc. Indirect speech is normally used when conversation is reported verbally, although direct speech is sometimes used for a more dramatic effect. When we turn direct speech into indirect (reported) speech, some changes are usually necessary.

TENSE CHANGES 1. Indirect Speech can be introduced by a verb in a present tense: He sais that . (El a spus c.) - vorbirea indirecta = reporting a conversation that is still going on = reading a letter and reporting what it sais = reading instructions and reporting them = reporting a statement that someone makes very often: Tom sais that he ll never get married. 2. Indirect Speech is usually introduced by a verb in the past tense: - vorbirea indirecta Direct speech - vorbirea directa Simple Present - Vorbirea directa "I never eat meat" he explained. (Eu niciodat nu mnnc carne explic el). Present Continuous - Vorbirea directa "I m waiting for Ann" he said. (O atept pe Ana spuse el). Present Perfect - Vorbirea directa "I have found a flat" she said. (Am gsit un apartament spuse ea). Present Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea directa He said "I ve been waiting for ages". (El spuse: Am ateptat o groaz de timp.) Simple Past - Vorbirea directa "I took it home with me" she said. (L-am luat acas cu mine spuse ea.) Future - Vorbirea directa He said, "I shall/will be in Rome on Monday". (El spuse: Voi fi n Roma luni.) Future Continuous - Vorbirea directa "I will/shall be using the car on the 1st " she said. (Voi folosi maina pe data de 1 spuse ea) Conditional - Vorbirea directa I said, "I would/should like to see it" . (Eu am spus: A vrea s o vd.) Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta Simple past - Vorbirea indirecta = He explained that he never ate meat. (El explic faptul c nu mnca niciodat carne.) Past Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta = He said (that) he was waiting for Ann. (Spuse c o atepta pe Ann). Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta = She said (that) she had found a flat. (Ea spuse c i gsise un apartament). Past Perfect Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta = He said (that)he had been waiting for ages. (El spuse c ateptase o groaz de timp). Past Perfect - Vorbirea indirecta = She said she had taken it home with her. (Ea spuse c l luase acas cu ea.) Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta = he said he would be in Rome on Monday. (El spuse c va fi n Roma luni.) = Conditional Continuous - Vorbirea indirecta She said shed be using the car on the 1st. (Ea spuse c va folosi maina pe data de 1). Conditional - Vorbirea indirecta I said I would/should like to see it. (Eu am spus c a vrea s o vd.)

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Direct speech - vorbirea directa

Indirect speech - vorbirea indirecta

3. Note on I/we shall/should I/ we shall normally becomes he/she/they would in indirect speech: "I shall be 21 tomorrow" said Bill = Bill said he would be 21 the following day. (Voi mplini 21 ani mine. Spuse Bill. = Bill spuse c va mplini 21 ani n ziua urmtoare.) But if the sentence is reported by the original speaker, I/we shall can become either I/we should or I/we would.

PAST TENSES SOMETIMES REMAIN UNCHANGED

1.

In spoken English, past tenses usually remain unchanged. He said, "Ann arrived on Monday". = He said Ann (had) arrived on Monday. (El spuse: Ann a ajuns luni. = El spuse c Ann ajunsese (a ajuns) luni.) He said, "When I saw them they were playing tennis" . = He said that when he saw them they were playing tennis. (El spuse: "Cnd i-am vzut eu, jucau tenis. = El spuse c atunci cnd i-a vzut, jucau tenis.) 2. A past tense used to describe a state of affairs which still exists when the speech is reported remains unchanged: She said, "I decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road". = She said that she had decided not to buy the house because it was on a main road. (Ea spuse: M-am hotrt s nu cumpr casa pentru c era pe strada principal. = Ea spuse c s-a hotrt s nu cumpere casa pentru c era pe strada principal).

SUBJUNCTIVES IN INDIRECT SPEECH

- vorbirea indirecta

1.

Unreal past tenses after wish, would rather/sooner and it is time do not change: "It s time we began planning our holidays" he said. = He said that it was time they began planning their holidays. (Este timpul s ncepem s ne planificm concediul. Spuse el. = El spuse c era timpul s nceap s i planifice concediul.) 2. I/he/she/we/they had better remains unchanged. You had better can remain unchanged or be reported by advise + object + infinitive. "Youd better not drink the water" she said = She advised us not to drink water. (Mai bine nu ai bea ap. Spuse ea. = Ne suger s nu bem ap.)

3.

Conditional sentences remain unchanged. "If my children were older, I would emigrate" he said. = He said that if his children were older, he would emigrate. (Dac ar fi mai mari copiii mei, a emigra. Spuse el. = el spuse c dac ar fi mai mari copiii lui, ar emigra.)

MIGHT, OUGHT TO, SHOULD, WOULD, USED TO IN INDIRECT STATEMENTS

1.

Might remains unchanged except when it is used as a request form: He said, "Ann might ring today." = He said that Ann might ring that day. (El spuse: S-ar putea s sune Ann astzi. = El spuse c s-ar putea s sune Ann n acea zi.)

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2.

Ought to/should for obligation or assumption remains unchanged: "They ought to widen this road" I said. = I said that they ought to widen this road. (Ar trebui s lrgeasc strada. Spuse el. = El spuse c ar trebui s lrgeasc strada.) Would in statements does not change. "Id be very grateful if youd keep me informed" he said. = He asked me to keep him informed. (A fi foarte recunosctor dac m-ai ine la curent.Spuse el = El m rug s l in la current.)

3.

4.

Used to does not change. "I know the place well because I used to live here" he explained. = He explained that he knew the place well because he used to live there. (Cunosc bine locul pentru c am stat acolo. Explic el. = El explic faptul c tia locul pentru c a stat acolo.)

PRONOUN AND ADJECTIVE IN INDIRECT SPEECH

Pronouns and possessive adjectives usually change from first or second to third person, except when the speaker is reporting his own words: I said, "I like my new house" = I said that I liked my new house. (Am spus: mi place casa mea nou. = El a spus c i plcea casa lui nou.) This used in time expressions usually becomes that. This, these used as pronouns can become it, they/them. He said, "We will discuss them tomorrow". = He said that they will discuss it (the matter) the next day. (El a spus: Vom discuta (problema) mine. = El a spus c vor discuta (problema) yiua urmtoare.)

EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND PLACE IN INDIRECT SPEECH Direct speech - vorbirea directa Today Yesterday The day before yesterday Tomorrow The day after tomorrow Next week/ year etc. Last week/ year etc. A year ago Direct speech - vorbirea directa Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta That day The day before Two days before The next day/ the following day In two days time The following week/ year etc. The previous week/ year etc. A year before/ the previous year Indirect speech - vorbire indirecta

SAY AND TELL

1.

Say and tell with direct speech Say can introduce a statement or follow it, while tell requires the person addressed. Inversion of say and noun subject is possible, when say follows the statement, but inversion with tell is not possible. "Im leaving at once" Tom said. (Plec odat. A spus Tom) - vorbirea directa "Im leaving at once" Tom told me. (Plec odat. Mi-a spus Tom) - vorbirea directa 2. Say and tell with indirect speech Indirect statements are normally introduced by say, or tell + object. Say + to + object is also possible, but much less usual than tell + object.

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Infinitive and Gerund Folosirea infinitivului si a gerunziului & Exemple Sunt verbe in limba engleza care cer infinitivul iar altele care cer gerunziul. Iata mai jos modul in care verbele limbii engleze se folosesc fie cu gerunziul, fie cu infinitivul. 1) Verbs which may take either infinitive or gerund: (Verbe care folosesc fie infinitivul fie gerunziul ) advise, agree, allow, begin, can/could bear, cease, continue, forget, hate, intend, like, love, mean, need, permit, prefer, propose, recommend, regret, remember, require, start, stop, try, used to verbs taking infinitive or gerund without changing meaning: (verbe care folosesc infinitivul sa gerunziul fara sa-si modifice intelesul) o begin, start, continue, cease I began working./ I began to work. (Am nceput s lucrez.) He continued living/ to live above the shop. (A continuat s locuiasc deasupra magazinului.) o cant bear I cant bear waiting./ to wait. (Nu suport s atept.) o intend I intend selling it./ to sell it. (Intenionez s l vnd.) o advise, allow, permit, recommend They dont allow us parking here./ to park here. (Nu ni se permite s parcm aici.) o it needs/requires/wants The grass needs cutting./ to be cut. (Iarba trebuie tuns.) 2) Verbs which take only gerund: (Verbe care folosesc numai gerunziul ) o regret, remember, forget (when the action expressed by the gerund is the earlier action) I regret spending so much money. (mi pare ru c am cheltuit atia bani.) I remember reading about the earthquake in the newspapers. (mi amintesc c am citit de cutremur n ziare.) Ill never forget waiting to find out the results. (Nu o s uit niciodat ateptarea rezultatelor.) o go on, stop He went on to tell us about his new plans. (A continuat s ne spun despre planurile lui noi.) I cant stop him talking to the press. (Nu pot s l opresc s nu vorbeasc cu presa.) o admit, adore, appreciate, avoid, celebrate, commence, consider, contemplate, delay, deny, detest, dislike, dread, endure, enjoy, face, fancy, finish, go, imagine, involve, keep, lie, loathe, mention, mind, miss, practice, report. resent, resist, risk, postpone, stand, sit, suggest. !!! when regret, remember, forget themselves express the earlier action, they are followed by an infinitive: I regret to say that you have failed your exam. (mi pare ru s te anun c ai picat examenul.) I often forget to sign my cheques. (Adesea uit s semnez cecurile.) 3) Verbs which take only infinitive: (Verbe care folosesc numai infinitivul) o agree (to), mean, propose, refuse (to)

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Tom agreed to wait a week. (Tom a fost de acord s atepte o sptmn.) I mean to get to the top by sunrise. (Vreau s ajung pn s rsr soarele.) I propose to start tomorrow. (Mi-am propus s ncep mine.) o try, used to They tried to put wire netting all round the garden. (Au ncercat s pun gard de srm n jurul grdinii.) I used to swim all the year around. (Obinuiam s not tot anul.) o afford, aim, appear, arrange, ask, attempt, beg, care, choose, consent, dare, decide, demand, deserve, expect, fail, fight, guarantee, happen, help, hesitate, hope, intend, learn, manage, neglect, offer, pause, plan, prepare, pretend, promise, prove, swear, tend, threaten, undertake, volunteer, vow, wait, want, refuse, seem , wish, yearn.