label de gramatica

Substantiv/Noun Genul Genitivul format cu of sUi atat la substantive care denumesc cantita1i
Genul nu poate fi recunoscutin limba engleza dupa articol: cat ~i In anumrte expresii:
Scrierea cu majuscule the man (bOrbatul) apound of apples - 0 livra de mere
Cele mai multe substantive se seriu (exceptand la Inceputul propozi­ the woman (femeia) the city of New York - ora~u l New York
1iei) cu litera mica: car (malina), friend (prieten), house (caso). Cu the chair (scaunul) agroup of boys - un grup de baieti
majusculese scriu numeletarilor (Po/and), zilele saptamanii (Mon­ amember of Parliament - un membru al parlamentului
Deosebiri apar la alegerea pronumelui:

day), lunile (October), zilele de sarbatori (Sunday, (hristmas) ~i nu­ two pieces of cake - doua felii de prajitura
Persoane masculine:

mele proprii (Peter, Sandra, Paris, Oxford Street, Buckingham Palace). the role of the teacher - rolul tnvatatorului
he ~ My father is old; he is 64. - Tatal meu ebatran; are 64 de

anumber of problems - cateva probleme

Formarea pluralului ani.
akind of puzzle - un fel de puzzle
Persoane de gen feminin:
De regula, substantivelor Ii se adauga la pluralla sfar~it un -s: streets
she ~ My aunt is rich; she lives in Hollywood. ­
(strazi), girls (fete), radios (radiouri). Exceplie fac substantivele care
Matu~a mea este bogata; ea traie~te la Hollywood. ArticollArticle
se termina In:
Obiecte, plante, anima Ie:
-f,-fe ~ -yes: it ~ Look at my watch; it is new. ­ Articolulhotarat
leaf (frunza) ~ leaves Uita-te la ceasul meu; el este nou. Articolul hotarat In limba engleza este tntotdeauna the
wife (SOfie) ~ wives the man - barbatul, the woman - femeia,
Substantivele care se refera la persoane pot fi atat masculine cat ~i
the child - copilul
consoana + -y ~ -ies: feminine; genullor rezulta abia din context:
story (poveste) ~ stories boss - ~ef!~eta Pronun\ia se modifica tn [oi:] la cuvintele care tncep cu 0 vocala:
guest - musafir the aCCident (accidentu!), the egg (ou!), the idea (ideea),
(cateodata) consoana + -0 ~ -/JeS:
customer - clientlciienra the office (biroul), the uncle (unchiu/)
potato (corrot) ~ potatoes
partner - partener/partenera
Pronun1ia [oi:] se mai folose~te cand dorim sa sublin iem ceva:
-s, -ss, -sh, ch,-x,-z ~ -es: doctor - doctor/doctorita
Harrods is the [Oi:] shop in London. -
bus (autobuz) ~ buses secretary -secretarlsecretara
Harrods este magazinul numarull din Londra.
church (biserico) ~ churches friend - prieten/prietena
box (cutie) ~ boxes student - student/studenta Articolul hotarat se folose~e tn majoritatea cazurilor la fel ca tn limba
~ Ilike my boss; she is very generous. - romana, ca de exemplu tn expresii!e:
Unele substantive au forme de plural neregulate:
Tmi place de ~efa mea; ea este foarte generoasa. • tara articol:
child (copi/) ~ children
Peter has to go to school. ­
foot (picior) ~ feet De gen feminin sunt considerate afi ~i substantivele:
Peter trebuie sa mearga la ~coala.
man (barbat) ~ men vapoare ~
On Sunday we go to church. -

mouse (loarece) ~ mice Look at my ship; isn't she abea uty? -

Duminica mergem la biserica.

penny (penny) ~ pence UitHe la corabia mea; nu este ea 0 bijuterie?

tooth (dinte) ~ teeth Exista insa urmatoarele abateri, ca de exemplu tn construqiile:
De gen masculin sau feminin sunt considerate afi:
woman (femeie) ~ women • cu articol:
animalele de casa ~
I'm listening to the radio. -
Unele substantive nu au forme de plural: That's our cat; she is seven years old. -
Eu ascult radio.

advice (sfat, sfaturi), bread (paine, paini), furniture (mobila), Aceasta este pisica noastra; ea are ?apte ani.
He plays the trumpet. - EI canta la trompeta.

homework (temo de coso, teme de coso), knowledge (cuno~­ Look at my dog; he'svery fat. ­
tinJe, cunoa~tere), news (~tiri, noutafi), progress (progres, pro­ Uita-te la cainele meu; el efoarte gras. Articolulnehotarclt
grese), shopping (cumparoturi)
Genitivul Tnaintea substantivelor care tncep cu 0 consoana sta 0:
~ That is alot of homework.
---------------------------==~----­
La persoane ~i animale la singular precum ~i la substantive cu forme
acup - 0 cea~ca
- Astea sunt multe teme de casa.
a dog - un ca ine
neregulate de plural se adauga un S. La plural ~i la substantive
Unele substantive ~i cuvinte perechi nu se folosesc decat la plural: in ahouse - tntr-o casa
terminate la plural tn -(e)s se adauga numai un' (apostrof):
clothes (haine, Tmbrocominte) atable - 0 masa
the doctor's house - casa doctorului

glasses (oche/ari) the pupils' room - camera elevilor

Tnaintea cuvintelor care tncep cu 0 vocala care se pronunla, sta an:
congratulations (felicitari, urori) the dog's name - numele cainelui
an apple - un mar
headphones (co~ti de ascu/tare) the houses' owner - proprietarul caselor
an old island - 0 insula veche
looks (TnfOJil are, aspect) the men's voices - vocile barba1i1or
an hour - 0 ora
pyjamas (pijama) the Sm~hes' house - casa familiei Smith
(litera hIn cuvantul hour este muta; ea nu se pronunta)
stairs (scaro)
scissors (foarfece) La substantivele care denumescobiecte se folose?te atat la singular Spre deosebire de limba romana articolul nehotarat este folosit ~i
thanks (mu/fumiri) cat ~i la plural prepozilia of • la profesii ~i ocupaiii:
trousers (panta/oni) the roof ofthe house (acoperi~u/ casei) He is ateacher. - EI este invatator.
~ Her glasses are expensive. - Ochelarii ei sunt scumpi. the computers of the boys (ca/cu/atoare/e bOieJilor)
• dupa as, with, without. • unele adejective compuse din douil silabe pot forma gradele de Adverbe cu sensuri diferite
as a child - ca copil comparatie cu more/mostsau cu -erl-est. hard - dur hardly - abia daca
without aticket - fara tichet de calatorie clever (de?tept) - cleverer - cleverest fair - cinstit fairly - destul de
sau: more clever - most clever late - tarziu lately - in ultimul timp
Exista ~i unele expresii In care se folose~te articolulnehotarat:
common (comun), handsome (ehip~), pleasant (frumos), polite pretty - destul de prettily - dragut
for achange ~ de dragul schimbarii
(politicos), simple (simp/u), stupid (prost)
in a hurry -In graba Folosire
for a long time -mult timp Grade de compara!ie neregulate Adverbele se pot referi la verbe, adjective, alte adverbe, denumiri de

as a rule - de regula bad - worse - worst (rau)

cantitati ~i propozitii complete.

ta ke/have ashower - aface du~ far - farther/further - farthest/furthest (departat)

take aseat - a Iua loc Verb: He drives carefully. - EI conduce precaut.

good - better - best (bun)

have (got) atemperature - a avea febra Adjectiv: She is usually on time. - Ea este de regula punctuala.

ill- worse - worst (bolnav, rau)

Adverb: He did it extremely carefully. - EI afacut acest lucru

little - smaller - smallest (mie)

deosebit de grijuliu.
AdjectivlAdjective well - better - best (bine, sonatos)

(antitate: It's quite asmall house. - Este 0 casa destul de

Adjectivele pastreaza in limba engleza, spre deosebire de limba
romana, mereu aceea~i forma:
anew table - 0 masa noua
anew pen - un stilou nou
anew school - 0 ~coala noua
Folosire
• Atributiv (Tnaintea substantivelor):
It's an ideal car. - este 0 ma~ina ideala.
• Predicativ (parte apredicatului), dupa anumrte verbe ca be (a fil,
become (a deveni), feel (a simtil,loak (a arata), smell (a mirosi):
The car is ideal. - Ma~ina este ideala.
wmpm~H .________________~ mica.
Propozitie: Frankly, Idon't agree with you. - (instit spus,
She is as tall as her brother. - Ea este la fel de mare ca fratele ei.
nu sunt de acord cu tine.
Your car isn't as old as ours. ­
Ma~ina voastra nu ea~ de veche ca anoastra.
Gradele de compara!ie
Your car is not so old as ours. ­
Adverbele formeaza gradele de comparatie Ingeneral ca adjectivele:
Ma~ina voastra nu e a~a de veche ca anoastra.
fast - faster - fastest (repede)
He is older than his sister. - EI este mai batran decat sora sa.
clearly - more clearly - most clearly (/impede)
The quicker she walked, the more tired she felt ­
(u cat mergea mai repede, cu atat mai obosita se simtea. Forme neregulate:
You are the greatest! - Tu e~ti eel mai mare! badly - worse - worst (rou)
Your English isgetting better and better. - far - farther/further - farthest/furthest (departe)
Engleza ta devine din ce in ce mai buna. (a) little -less -least (pujin)

She will become rich. - Ea va deveni bogata. much - more - most (mu/t)

You look funny. - Tu arap nonim. well - better - best (bine)

AdverblAdverb
• ca substantiv: Cele mai multe adverbe se formeaza adaugand sufixul-Iy la sfar~itul Loc in propozitie
the hungry -infometatii unui adjectiv: La ineeput:
the rich - bogatii bad - badly (rau), slow - slowly (/neet, ago/e) Usually Iprefer coffee. - De obicei prefer cafeaua.
aSwiss - un elvetian
the unemployed - ~omerii ExcePtii: fntre subiect ~i verb:
the wounded - ranipi full- fully (plin) Iusually drink tea. - De obicei beau ceai.
true - truly (eu adevorat)
OupiJ 0 forma alui be:
Gradele de comparafie whole - wholly (intreg)
She is often late. - Ea lntarzie deseori.
Felul formarii lor depinde de lungimea adjectivelor. good - well (bine)
• la adjectivele monosilabice se adauga -erl-est: OupiJ un verb auxiliar:
Pentru adjectiveIe terminate In -y, -ic sau in consoana + -Ie este
fast - faster - fastest Ihave never been to London. - Eu nu am fost niciodata la
valabila regula:
repede, mai repede.eel rnai repede Londra.
angry - angrily (suporat)
young - younger - youngest systematic - systematically (sistematic) La srar~itu/ propozifiei:
tOntJr, mai tonar, eel mai tanar,
terrible - terribly (cump/it) Please listen carefully. - Asculta te rog cu atenlie.
• adjectivele monosilabice terminate intr-o consoana dubleaza
Adverbe cu forma de adjedive Very - very much
ultima litera:
hot - hotter - hottest Adjectiv: Sandra is afast runner.­ Your computer is very expensive. - Calculatorul tau este foarte

fierbinte, ma; fierbinte, eel mai fierbinte Sandra este 0 alergatoare rapida. scump.

thin - thinner - thinnest Ilove her very much. - 0 iubesc foarte mult.

Adverb: Don't drive so fast! - Sa nu conduci a~a de repede!

sub{ire, mai sub{ire, eel rna; 5ub[ire
close - apropiat
• adjectivele monosilabice terminate In -e primesc -rl-st: daily - zilnic Pronume/Pronoun
nice - nicer - nicest deep - adanc
dragu!, mai draguL eel mai draguJ early - devreme Pronumele personal

large -larger -largest fair - dnstit Tn engleza pronumele personal are doua forme:

mare, mai mare, eel mai mare far - departe

Forma de subiect Forma de complement
fast - rapid
• adjectivele formate din doua silabe ~i care se termina in -y primesc free - gratis eu me mie, imi, mi, pe mine,
-ierl-iest: hard -greu ma
easy - easier - easiest high - ina It you tu, d-voastra you tie, i\i, ti, d-voastra,
simplu, mai simp/u, eel mai simplu

last - ultim pe tine, te

silly - sillier - silliest - prost, mai prost, eel mai prost
late - tarziu he el him lui, ii, i, pe el, 11,-1
• cele mai multe adjective formate din doua silabe ~i care nu se left - stanga she ea her ei, Ii, i, pe ea, 0,
term ina in -y precum ~i toate adjectivele cu mai mult de doua silabe long -lung it el, ea it lui/ei, Ti, i
formeaza gradele de comparatie cu more/most. low- scund we noi us noua, ne, ni, pe noi, ne
useful- more useful- most useful near - apropiat you voi, d-voastra you voua, va vi, d-voastra,
util mai uti/, eel mai util next - urmator pe voi, va, d-voastra
famous - more famous - most famous right - corect/dreapta they ei, ele them lor, Ie, Ii, pe ei, Ii,
celebru, mai eelebru, eel mai celebru wide-Iarg pe ele, Ie
exciting - more exciting - most exciting weekly - saptamanal
emotionant, rna; emotionant, eel mai emo{ionont wrong - gre~it
Folosire
f< Pronume§i aaverbe interogadve/Question Words
You are late, Penny. - Tuai Intarziat, Penny.
.who ' . . Who bel~eq)ou? . One te~~/Y~ aJ~at1 .
Isaw him yesterday. - Eu I-am vazut ieri. if, .;
. !',".
Can you help me? ­ Acui vIt\~afost?
Pute!i dumneavoastraJPo\i tu sa ma aju\i?
Does he know you? ­
TeNa cunoa~e el 7 what
Daca genul nu este cunoscut, atunci se folosesc ambele pronume sau wtiidl
. .
pronumele they
If aperson wants something,

.whetl .. C:indeStelZ!ua,ta de ~a~ere~ .

"

he or she/they should say so. . wltee .: Unde.ttlwl1i ~

Daca cineva dore~te ceva,

why .WhydO~wasR? . ~(e ·intrebu '. '

atunci el sau ea/ ei sau ele s-o spuna.

.how . How ao:you do? CUm \iafl)ei~1,'

Tn locul formei impersonalese ... din limba romana, In engleza se

folose~te you sau one, iar la plural they (sau: people): . .hQwmuch: HowlnllCh isthMjamblirger4 .at(t~ta haFl}butyl¥'~ul?
One doesn't do that. ­
how;~aRY ~ow nfany'~lewerethere?' .
Asta nu se face.

You can't be too careful.- how lem,' HowfoAg i5\tI'I~ Mdge,?

.... "

Nu pori ft destul de precaut

They (People) say he was murdered.­

Se spune, ca el ar fi fost ucis.

approach - • many - few (la notiuni numarabile)

ase apropia many accidents, many CDs­
Pronumele posesiv wash- multe accidente, multe CD-uri
ase spala few friends, afew things ­
ca adjectiv ca substantiv
decide - putini prieteni, cateva (puline) lucruri

my meu, mea mine al meu,a mea ase decide each - every

your ta u, ta, d-voastra yours al tau, ata, ad-voastra I amafraid of spiders. - There is aTV in each room. ­
his sau, sa his al sau, asa Eu rna tern de paianjeni. Exista un televizorln fiecare camera.

her ei, sa hers al ei, asa Every day I go for awalk. ­

its sau, sa ~p~ID_~~c=-________-=~__~__-=__
. _

Fac In fiecare zi 0 plimbare.

our nostru, noastra ours al nostru, anoastra no, nobody

Do it yourselfl ­
your vostru, voastra, d-voastra yours al vostru, avoastra I have no money. - Eu nu am bani.
Fa-o singur!
their lor theirs allor, alor Nobody/No one loves me. ­
Help yourself!­
Nimeni nu ma iube~e.
Serv~te-te!/Serviti-va!
Folosire • all
Behave yourself! ­
All of us love soft drinks. ­
This is your car. - PoartiHefrumos!
Noi toti apreciem bauturile nealcoolice.
It's faster than mine. Enjoy yourself! ­
all day/morning, all week-
Aceasta este ma~ina ta/voastra/d-voastra. - Distraqie placuta!
toata dimineata/ziua/saptamana
Ea este mai rapida decat amea. all the time - tot timpul
Pronumele relativ • both, either, neither
Tom is her brother. - Pentru persoane se folosesc who sau that, pentru obiede sau Both girls live in New York. ­
He is younger than yours. animale which sau that. Ambele fete tra iesc la New York.
Tom este fratele ei.­ This is the girl who/that lives next door. - You ca npark on either side of the street. ­
EIeste mai tanar decM al tau, al vostru, al d-voastra.
Aceasta este fata care locuie~te alaturi. Puteti parca pe orkare parte astrazii (din cele doua).
I need someone who/that can help me. - Neither of the two men has acar. -
Pronumele reflexiv Am nevoie de cineva care sa ma poata ajuta. Nici unul din cei doi barbap nu are ma~ina.
Where's ashop thatlwhich sells fruit 7­
myself ma Unde este un magazin care vinde fructe?
ourselves ne That's aproblem which/that has to be solved.­
yourself te Aceasta este 0 problema care trebuie rezolvata.

yourselves va

himself se

themselves se Cuantificatoril

herself se Quantifiers

itself se
• some-any
I'd like some apples. ­
She introduces herself. ­ A~ vrea ni~te mere. (afirma!ie)

Ea se prezinta.
Do you have any apples? ­
We can look after ourselves.- Aveti mere? (intrebare)
Noi putem sa ne lngrijim singuri de noi. Sorry, Ihaven't got any.­
fmi pare rau, nu am.(negatie)
Multe verbe, care In limba romana sunt refiexive, In limba engleza • much, a lot of - little
nu sunt refiexive, ca de exemplu: (pentru no\iuni care nu sunt numarabile )
afraid of- much money, a lot of time ­
ase teme Bani multi, timp mult

undress ­ little ueam, little interest ­

ase dezbraca Fri?Ca pupna, interes pupn

 from
from March to May - din martie pana in mai
" NU{ne(oie ~ord""ale. back from Paris - ina poi din Paris
1 9JJ:¢ aletter from Henry - 0 scrisoare de la Henry
i
·2 two • in
, 3c three in America -in America
4 four 14 ,'1' ',i' , in winter - iama
5 "five T5 50 in 1989 - (in anul) 1989
6 six 16 , ' siXteen ; 60' in case - in caz ca
7 ' seven. 17 , 5eventeen 7~ saVeR, in love - indragostit
8 er9ht " ~ghteen ' go , ,ei9.hty' in general- in general
9 nine nineteen ',;90 , nlh~" in particular - in special
10 terr lWent;y TOO ' (o~)htilld~ in the long run - pe termen lung
in the street - pe strada
W1 one h,undr.ed,a'odone in spite of - in ciuda
34.7 ," tfiree htlndr~tllnd);fo~~seven ' , Instead of
t,ooo, 'one thoUsand , ' instead of - in loc de
~oo(r " three tb!>~sand ,
100;'000 ' one nunrlrea thQus:and into
,onemiltion into abag - intr-o punga
tOOO,ff® '
into the fire - in foc
, 1mfHaro '"" lbHUon
ltiijlQI) near
near the church - Tn apropierea bisericii
Zero ' ,
next to
,zero~Pe~radatil sau~le}: next to -Ianga
ri~Q'ght sauzerO:(la;Qp'ei3tt1 cteealru/): ' '
,ob'OcHiymereiede teleRm?1 ((Jntbanc®f:' ,:'," • on
"nUi"'g (~ r&ulta~SJ10rtl~k ," ' on the wall- pe perete
love'(Ja ten}$): on the table - pe masa
on Wednesday - miercuri
on foot - pe jos
on holiday - in concediu
, Romana: 6.134,55 '(Virgul61ilaintide 55} " , on the radio -Ia radio
En~lezN;.6; 134.55, (sfxtl:lIMand q~~hood~and, th!lty.,foUr pointfl~ftvel , ' on the right/left - pe dreapta/stanga
..... ', • out of
,., '.
out of the Window - pe fereastra
out of work - fara munca, ~omer
1st ,'first 1'Oib , te¢i
That's out of the question, - Nici nu intra in discu!ie.
2nd second ~(1h, .tWen~
,lid : thinl ·, . "< . 3Q1b' thirtieth ' outside
4lhfu~rfu ' 3ylb .thirtY--seventh ·'\" outside the museum - (afara) in fata muzeului
St!i · Mb ~' , ': 4Q1hfQitjeilt , "
over

'@f!' si*ih 'lOOIh " o,ne h~th look over the wall- aprivi peste ziduri

onehtWdr~d ~nd fiW clouds over the city - nori deasupra ora?ului

QoethousaAdth '
, ~rtfloU@!\d.orre;hfJ~~arid
~\ , .'
., , ::, ',. .
".
twenty,;second
'. .
• since
'. ' ' '

since three o'clock - de la ora trei

• through
through the tunnel- prin tunel
Prepozil ii/Prepositions • behind
behind our house - Tn spatele casei noastre • to
• about to New York - spre/la New York
• between
abook about fiowers - 0 carte despre fiori acard to her mother - 0 carte po~tala catre mama ei
between one and three - Tntre 1 ~i 3
welcome to - bun venit in
• across • by aright to - un drept la

across the street - pe cealalta parte astrazii adrama by Shakespeare - 0 piesa de Shakespeare avisit to - 0 vizita la

• after by tomorrow - pana (cel tarziu) maine

• under
after breakfast - dupa micul dejun by the month -lunar
under the bed - sub pat
• at • dose
• with
at seven o'clock -Ia ora 7:00 dose to the school- aproape de/langa ~coala
ahouse with agarden - 0 casa cu 0 gradina
at night - noaptea He lives with his parents, - Ellocui~te la parintii saL
• for
at home - acasa for example - de exemplu He cried with pain,- EI urla de dureri.
at the baker's -la brutar
to go for awalk - amerge la plimbare
at school-la ~coala
for sale - de vanzare
• because of apresent for the boss ­
because of the storm - din cauza furtunii un cadou pentru ~ef
for achange - de dragul schimbdrll
• before What's for lunch? - Ce ede mancare la pranz?
before lunch - Tnainte de masa
 Ordinea cuvintelor/Word Order ~omplement circumstantial de 1oc ~i de timp
Timpsau loc Subiect Verb Obiect Loc Timp
Propozitieofirmotivil/Positive Sentence Helen met her fr iend in London last week.
Last week Helen met her friend in London.
Subiect Verb Complement
In London Helen met her frien d last week.
MrDunlop plays tennis.

Susan can speak English.

~ropozifii condifiono/e(cu -if)
The children are writing atest.

Tip 1
!:!!:p0zitie negotivalNegotive Sentence Propoz. subord. cu -if (Simple Present) PropOl. principa/a cu will/can
If we need money, we will/can get it from the bank.
Subiect Verb auxiliar + not Verb Complement Daca avem nevoiede bani, ii putem primi de la banciL
Mrs Dunlop does not/doesn't play tennis. Tip}
Peter can't speak English. Propol. subord. cu -if (Simple Past) Propoz. principa/a cu wouldlcould
The children aren't writing atest. If we needed money, we would/could get it from the bank.
Daca am avea nevoie de bani, i-am putea primi de la banca.
Propozipe interogotivOlQuestion Tip 3
Propoz. subord. cu -if (Past Perfect) Propol. principala cu would/(f)uld
Adverb interog. Verb auxiliar Subiect Verb Complement
If we had needed money, we.would/could have got it from the bank.
Can Peter speak English?
Daca am fr avut nevoie de bani, i-am fi putut primi de la banca .
Does Mr Dunlop play tennis?
Are the children writing atest?
What has Mark lost? Verbe auxiliare: be - do - have
Where is he going?
Aceste verbe pot fi nu doar verbe auxiliare, dar ~i verbe principale, de sine statatoare.Ca verbe auxiliare ele
How did you like it?
se utilizeaza informarea timpurilor verbului principal.
Why doesn't Tom have breakfast?
be
intrebari referitoore 10 subiect
Present Tense PastTense Past Participle -ingfonn
Adverb interogativ Verb Complement lam weare Iwas we were
What is the problem? you are you are you were you were been being
Who knows the answer? he/she/it is they are he/she/it was they were

(omplemen~~irect~i indired Forme contrase

Unele verbe foarte des folosite pot aveaatat un complement direct cat ~i un complement indirect. Din l'm=lam isn't = is not
aceasta categorie fac parte verbele: bring, buy, cook, get, give, make, offe" orde" read, sell send, show, take, he's/she's/it's = he is/sheis/it is aren't = are not
teoch, tell, write. in cazul adoua complemente, ordinea normala acuvintelor este urmatoarea: you're/we're/they're = you are/we are/they are wasn't =was not
Complement indirect Complement direct weren't =were not
Ioffered my friends some sandwiches.

Mr Cook bought his wife acar.

do
Daca vrem sa evidenliem complementul indirect, se schimba ordinea cuvintelorin propozitie; complemen­
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle -Ingform
tul indirect sta la star~itul propozitiei, fiind precedatlntotdeauna de to, iarTn cazul verbelor buy, cook, gee Ido we do
make, order de for. you do you do did done doing
Complement direct Complement indirect he/she/it does they do
Ioffered some sandwiches to my friends.
acar for his wife. Forme contrase
Mr Cook bought
don't =do not doesn't =does not didn't = did not

hove
.... . . . ' ..'. " , 'j, ... Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle -ing form
"erbe moda,le/r,4odals ' Ihave we have
you have you have had had having
Wfbe!trnoQate'n~auinfinitlv~FnjdPci5tPt1!11dp,;e. Eleau:P.entru-wattp:ersoaMtef)@laio-~ft..ra he/she/it has they have
. forma~i 'se'fol~se~c rnt~tdeaUfla {~;uffvetb,l~inffnitit '
.she'can.sing· .:). ea jlOat~ ~~~ . Forme contrase
s~e ~ltOt (can't) SIng ea ·nu~ate"sa(3nte I've/you've =Ihave/you have he's/she's/it's = he has/she has/it has
she (Ould slng eaar:p'uteaI8 p,utut~ ,~hte · we've/they've =we have/they have
$he'~d nOt'{coufdn'.tJslng ,eallU~a,fPQtealflu, apvtut s! (ante I'd/you'd =Ihad/you had he'd/she'd/it'd = he had/she had/it had
. she.~..,slng . e>a are"l.ole/poate sacante . we'd/they'd =they had
.shemayQot sltlg haven't = have not hasn't = has not hadn't = had not
she mtgIitsifl9
she mightnot(~tl$in'f ,"
Rol indeplinit
she:rnustsing . 0" '. . . ' . Mary is cooking dinner at the moment. Present (ontinuous (refenre la prezent)
, she;doe$fnot(~')_to'Sl!1g We're having aparty tomorrow. Present (ontinuous (referire la viitor)
SMmustilAt'ftrtustn't) Sing' . ' . The mobile was made in China. Passive
sb¢'~II.Ot (~,$!ng, '~~., .,' Do you still walk to work? Present Simple (lntrebare)
. .sh~ stJollld"sing, >
Idon't know. Present Simple (neg are)
sheshoufd;not(slItuIdnftt sing Did she go to London last week? Past Simple (lntrebare)
sh~ wi"~R9: ", . He didn't play on Saturday. Past Simple (negare)
sh~WQ.ld sing . Tony has just arrived. Present Perfect
'Sha". ~tre~~rsbapplrrg? He's been learning Englishfor two years. Presenr Perfecr Conrlnuous
1
Have you ever seen the Queen 7 Present Perfect (lntreba re)
He had already left when Iarrived. Past Perfect
 Verbe principaleNerbs
tntrebiJi.,.disJunctiiE:.fQUf!!dJo, ',Tags " ", " ~' I~
Verbe regulate $; verbe nere[ulate , O:ainOtr4t('O~r~lfe:ne~~p~lw~:(Jneva.sa..~~Ji~;~Uf'falHi'(eea.,<;e,s;aZjSanterIOl;'':
Verbele regulate formeaza Past Simple ~i Past Participle eu desinenta -ed. Verbele neregulate au forme , se~fe ad~ijg~}~Mi~iwr~WJ!PlftfekP;~lSft.«I~<6~UJjde·tn)oarecate\m~ura
proprii, care se gasesc men!ionate in mod distinct In dictionare. ' ~(~$Tei,J)~~f!~'~ " • "" eala'ru~au.xr@!r~oZ!Jttri ."Uilttatiyt!* ~"'· "
_ _QaL.a~~:~\tia;llU{OfItUr~niww.b'il~l~r,"~~Gtsg.~lb$~edlildt!tsliutt, O'Jca'.
Present Tense Past Tense Past Participle
p~zftia_Mfteste~rmativa~_tit~II[a9,estf;~~'-[}~a~~
Verb regulat play played played enu~hs~ n~,.atutl~Qpesticm 1Qg$aft~. ,'~ "
work worked worked
' tte "'~'~r,~~t,bel .

Verb neregulat forget forgot forgotten Mike.. ..tItay~,al{!vtolfn, can't be?

go went gone ¥ou~.ft.~ ,t\:JerepOf;t,.baWiyou?

show showed shown . ' The.y'. 'ti:ome:f)y:{4U.theyl

write wrote written yoU Ii.JrrBrlghtoO;doIf~JOUl
, l'bWdidIJ1..9.:fQrtheitti<,k~~ dkUftej1
Timpurile ~i diateza pasiva
Present Simple - Prezent Aceasta forma continua descrie 0 aqiune afiata tocmai In curs de desfa~urare la un moment dat lntrecut.
Ialways answer the phone.
Ea se formeaza cu 0 forma averbului auxiliar be la Past Simple (was/were) ~i -ing adaugat la sfar~itul
verbului.
He/she/it never answers the phone.

They sometimes answer the phone.

!:!!!!!,erfed- Mai mult ca perfectul
Prezentul se utilizeaza pentru aexprima ce face cineva in mod obi~nuit (usually), deseori (often) sau
The game had already started when we arrived.
niciodata (never). La persoana a3-a singular (he/she/it) se adauga la infinitiv (answer) desinenta -so
Liz had forgotten her money and couldn't pay.
Present Continuous - Prezentul continuu Cu Past Perfect se exprima doua aqiuni din trecut care se succed una dupa alta; actiunea care s-a desfa~urat
in timp mai intai sta la Past Perfect.
Mary is cooking dinner at the moment.
Prezentul continuu exprima 0 aqiune aftata In curs de desfa~urare. EI se formeaza dintr-o forma averbului
auxiliar be la prezent (is, are) ~i -ing adaugat la sfar~itul verbului.
!:!!! Perfect Continuous - Mai mult ca perfectul continuu
They told us that it had been raining for weeks.
Pr!!!ntPerfed - Prezentul perfect Liz and Tom had been dancing for two hours when they felt hot and tired.
Tony has cleaned her bicycle. Cu forma Past Perfect Continuous se exprima 0 aqiune care afost in curs de desfa~urare in trecut ~i care
The Andrews have gone shopping. Inca acontinuat In momentulln care ainceput 0 alta actiune. Ea seformeaza cu Past Perfect al verbului
be (had been) ~i forma -ing-averbului principal.
Cu ajutorul timpului Present Perfectse exprima, ca ceva s-a Intamplat candva In trecut, nefiind important
momentul exact,care de altfel nicinu este men!ionat. Adesea aceasta actiune din trecut are efecte asupra Future - Viitor
prezentului sau viitorului. Se formeaza cu has/have ~i past participle.
Exista mai multe posibilita\i de aexprima 0 actiune viitoare:
!!!!.ent Perfed Continuous - Prezentul perfed (o!!!!.~u will
Fred will be 16 next July.
He has been learning English for sixyears.
The sun will rise at 5.16 tomorrow morning.
Paul and Mary have been waiting for along time.
Prin aspectul continuu la prezentul perfect se exprima faptul ca 0 aqiune alnceput In trecut ~i inca mai Viitorul format cu will + verb reprezinta 0 forma generala pentru predictii ~i fapte viitoare. Ca expresie
neutra aunelacpunlviitoare, will serve~te drept"forma universala'~
dureaza in prezent. EI se formeaza cu Present Perfect de la be (has/have been) ~i forma -ing averbului.
going to
PostSimple - Trecutul simplu I'm going to ask my teacher for help.
We are going to buy ahouse inthe country.
Sally visited Scotland last year.
Cu going to + verb se exprima 0 intenlie viitoare.
We went to Scotland last year.
Prin acest timp se exprima aqiuni care au fost savar~ite la un moment bine definit In trecut ~i care nu au PresentSimple + complement circumstantial de timp
nicio legatura cu prezentul. EI se formeaza, adaugand la infinitiv desinenla -ed. Verbele neregulate au
The new restaurant opens next Friday.
forme proprii la Past Simp/e.
The train leaves every hour.
Past Continuous - Trecutul continuu We meetn~xt Monday at the same time again.
Constructia Present Simple + complement circumstantial de timp se folose~te, cand 0 act iune
I was reading the newspaper when the telephone rang.
viitoare este deja exact precizata (orar, mersul trenurilor), fiind adesea legata de begin, end, open, dose,
They were eating alot of meat in those days.
leave,arrive.

!!!!!!!!perfed - viitor cu wiJ/ have + Past Pa,!!dpl!­

Iwill have finished my work before you come back.
I'll have repaired the watch by next Friday.
Aceasta forma de viitor se folose~te pentru aexprima faptul ca 0 aC\iune va avea loc In viitor la un moment
dat anume.

Passive - Diateza pasiva

Diateza pasiva sefo'ose~te in limbajul cotidian foarte rar. Ea se formeaza cu ajutorul unei forme averbului
auxiliar be + Post Partidple:
Mini cars are made in England.
Iwas bom in 1975.
Ameeting will be held in the town hall.
Propozitia negativa se formeaza, plasand intotdeauna pe notinainte lui Past Particple:
The house was not destroyed in the storm.

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