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Aritmogeneza Si Bradi
Aritmogeneza Si Bradi
conducere
– Pompe ionice:
• asigura schimburi intre ioni diferiti
– Sisteme de cotransport:
• schimburi intre ioni si alte molecule
Depolarizarea
Repolarizarea
• Curentul If (“funny”):
– Curent de pace-maker in celule cu automatism normal
(autodepolarizarea lenta diastolica)
– Curent cationic neselectiv cu cinetica f. lenta
– Influx de Na+ sau eflux de K+
– Activat de hiperpolarizare
– Canalul are un domeniu IC de fixare a AMPc = posibilitatea influentarii de
catecoli a functiei de PM
– Blocata de digitalice:
• Acumularea de Na+ IC duce la activarea antiportului Na+/Ca2+ cu acumularea Ca2+ IC
• Antiportul Na+-Ca2+:
– Identificata pe toata suprafata celulei, m.a. la nivelul tubilor T
– Principalul mecanism de expulzare a Ca2+ din celula
– Se schimba 3 Na+ cu 1 Ca+2; poate mentine un potential de repaus la – 40 mV
– Activitatea antiportului Na+-Ca+2 controlata indirect de ATP-aza Na+-K+ dep:
• Mentine redusa disponibilitatea Na+ IC
– Acidoza si depletia de ADP inhiba antiportul Na+-Ca+2 (ex. ischemie)
• Antiportul Na+-H+:
– Prezent in toate celulele
– Proteina reglatoare: pH intracelular, volumul celular, bilantul sodic al
organismului
– In miocard: protectie impotriva acidifierii celulare in timpul ischemiei
• Poate supraincarca celula cu Na+ = edem celular
RV - Aritmogeneza si bradi 2016 13
RV - Aritmogeneza si bradi 2016 14
PA celula miocardica adulta
= raspuns rapid
Faza 1
30 mV
Faza 2
0 mV
Faza 3
Faza 0
Faza 4
-90 mV
0 mV
Faza 3
Faza 0
-50 mV Faza 4
Slab polarizate Depolarizare
Potential de repaus instabil lenta diastolica = curentul If
RV - Aritmogeneza si bradi 2016 16
RV - Aritmogeneza si bradi 2016 17
Efectul medicatiei antiaritimice
asupra potentialului de actiune
Cardiomiocit
Miocard
• ± Nu este evidenta in RS
• “Bloc central”
• Aritmie declansatoare
– Extrasistola
“normal” initiere aritmie
• Conducere intarziata sau
• circuit anatomic sau functional
– “Bloc unidirectional”
• macroreintrare sau microreintrare
• se poate suprima prin “overdrive
RV - Aritmogeneza pacing”22
si bradi 2016
Tipuri clinice de reintrare
1. Reintrarea ordonata:
v Substrat anatomic fix (macro sau micro reintrare) sau
localizarea
• Macroreintrare:
– TV monomorfa sustinuta in boala coronara
– TSV din sdr. de preexcitatie (WPW) = TRAV
ABLATIE
– TSV prin reintrare in NAV = TRNAV CU RF
– Flutter-ul atrial
• Microreintrare:
– Fibrilatia atriala
– Fibrilatia ventriculara
Normal
Stimul care atinge potentialul de prag
Automatism
crescut
• PDP apar cand PA (QT) este lung: AA clasa Ia sau III, hipo K, bradicardie
AD
VD
• Zonele de tranzitie
• NAV compact
AS
• Fasciculul His și ramurile sale VS
RV - Aritmogeneza si bradi 2016 31
LBB - anatomy
• Funcţionale (reversibile)
• dezechilibru al SN vegetativ
• intoxicaţii
• diselectrolitemii
• Organice
• ischemie-necroză
• inflamaţie
• fibroză
• boli infiltrative
• boli degenerative
• Noninvazive
– IHR (Frecvenţa Cardiacă Intrinsecă)
– ECG ± diagramele ,,ladder’’
– monitorizarea Holter
– compresia de sinus carotidian
– testul de inclinare
• Invazive
– studiul electrofiziologic (EPS)
– dispozitive de monitorizare implantabile
(implantable loop recorder)
• prezenţa undei P
• relatia undei P cu complexul QRS
Monitorizarea Holter
RV - Aritmogeneza si bradi 2016 41
Compresia sinusului carotidian
• metodologie
– bolnavul în decubit dorsal, fără pernă, cu capul
întors lateral;
– se auscultă artera carotidă respectivă;
– se masează apoi profund timp de 5-10’’ SC, urmărind
ritmul cardiac (stetoscop / monitor)
• test pozitiv:
– asistola ≥3’’
– BAV tranzitoriu
• poate orienta asupra localizării leziunii
în cazul unor tulburări de conducere
2 excepţii:
• excepţia 1: incompetenţa cronotropă (FC nu creşte sau creşte cu
mai puţin de 10% din valoarea anterioară începerii testului);
• excepţia 2: creşterea excesivă a FC (>130 bpm) atât la începutul
testului cât şi pe durata testului până la momentul apariţiei sincopei.
• funcţia NSA
– automatismul NSA: SNRT
– conducerea impulsului de la nivelul NSA: SACT
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05:42:23
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11:24:24
• Bradicardia sinusală
• Opririle sinusale
– înlăturarea cauzei
– atropină sau preparate orale de
belladonă
– implantarea de stimulator cardiac
permanent (de tip AAI sau DDD, în
funcţie de coexistenţa sau nu a
afectării NAV).
• BAV
• ECG:
– nu există nici o relaţie între undele P şi intervalele QRS,
care se succed regulat cu frecvenţa generată de focarul
de înlocuire (atriile şi ventriculii sunt disociate =
transmiterea impulsului de la A la V este complet blocată)
– uneori la nivel atrial poate fi exista o aritmie (FlA sau FA)
– morfologia QRS:
• tipul A: complexe înguste, ritm mai stabil de 40-60 bpm,
sediul blocului intranodal
• tipul B: complexe largi, ritm instabil de 20-40 bpm, risc de
oprire cardiacă, sediul blocului intra- sau infrahisian
V V I R P
A A T
D D D
CRT is contra-indicated in patients with a QRS duration < 130 msec. III A
2
AF ¼ atrial fibrillation; AV ¼ atrio-ventricular; CRT ¼ cardiac resynchronization therapy; HF ¼ heart failure; HFrEF ¼ heart failure with reduced ejection fraction
implantable cardioverter-defibrillator; LBBB ¼ left bundle branch block; LVEF ¼ left ventricular ejection fraction; NYHA ¼ New York Heart Association; OMT ¼ o
therapy; QRS ¼ Q, R and S waves (combination of three of the graphical deflections); RV ¼ right ventricular.
a
Class of recommendation. ESC HF guidelines Vatasescu 2016
b
nd towards an increase in heart failure-related hos-
ESC 2013
edunderlying
before a new treatmentplantation
bradyarrhythmias, withis used
in this subgroup of patients. The evidence of benefit in patients
rather than toin LVpatientsdysfunction. This is often added to improve symptoms, exercise toler-
roven superiority
in patients with mildby
pporting recommendations:
trials† RBBB
ms and NYHA classes I and II.
andmost often
,150
Table 18
theimplies a worse disease state than LBBB and is gener- Comparative results of CRT-D vs. CRT-P
device in
Table
was 17
implanted, Clinical
followed guidance
by AV junction choice 89
to theablation. of During
CRT-Pa or
in difficult to recognize. ance and cardiac function andprevention
toCRTreduce hospitalization in
nitude of the benefits symptoms
primary prevention
ally expected not to benefit from CRT. For these patients, the decision to
terms of mortality, hospitalization,
sk Force is of the opinion that no
cardiac function
medianCRT-Dfollow-up in primary
of 20 months, significantly decreased the
In the and
made, decision-making
prefers to merely process offer between upgraded and de novo CRT symptomatic primary chronic HF patients
composite endpoint with optimal
(of death due to medical treatment,
HF, hospitalization
npacing instead for of conventional
or CRT-P, RV pacing, physicians should take into LVEF CRT-P due and complete
Factors LBBB, of according
by 63%to the
the recommendation
Magnitude of benefit from CRT
of patients CRT-D CRT-D ≤35% to HF or worseningfavouring HF)
CRT-P inFactorsoverall population.
favouring CRT-D
on,account Highest the added
device-related
(responders)
complication
complicationsWider QRS, leftand rateblock,related
bundle branch females, toMortality
the more complex Similarbiven-
level of reported inofthe section
Compared
Similar level 3.2 RV
withAdvanced
the and 3.3failure
pacing
heart ofgroup,
theseresponders
Guidelines. increased
Life expectancy >1 yearfrom
non-ischaemic cardiomyopathy 107
tricular system, the shorter service life of CRTreduction devices with evidence but CRT-D
the conse- evidence but63 to 83% (P ¼ 0.003). The beneficial effects
CRT-P of heart
Stable CRTfailure,
were simi-
slightly better slightly worse
larly consistent in 46 patients (25% of total) who had EF ≤35%,
or dialysis NYHA II
quent need for earlier pacemaker replacement and the additional
Complications Higher Lower NYHA classOther andco-morbidities
≥IIImajor QRS width ≥120, thusheart
Ischaemic meeting
disease the
implantable
costs. See also cardioverter
sectionMales, 5,ischaemic
Complications.
cardiomyopathy 3.5.2 Benefit of adding implantable cardioverter
(low and intermediate MADIT
Costs Higher Lower
chronization therapy and defibrillator in patients with indications for cardiac risk score)
resynchronization therapy (Recommendation
Frailty 2)
Lack of comorbidities
CRT-D ¼ cardiac resynchronization therapy and defibrillator; CRT-PIndications
¼ cardiac for cardiac resynchronization therapy in
Lowest
(non-responders)
Narrower QRS, non-left bundle branch block
resynchronization therapy and pacemaker. Even though the theoretical reason for
Cachexia
patients with permanent adding
atrial an ICD to CRT is clear
fibrillation
Indication
Class a for
Level b upgraded
Ref. C or de novo cardiac
cal factors influencing the likelihood to respond to CRT. —to reduce of the risk of arrhythmic death—the survival benefit of
resynchronization therapy in patients with conventional
50, 53, CRT-D over CRT-P CRT-D is ¼ still
Recommendations cardiaca matter of debate,
resynchronization therapymainly
Class a
Level
and because
b
defibrillator;Ref. no¼RCT
C
CRT-P cardiac
pacemaker indications
54, 60, 62 and heart failure resynchronization therapy and pacemaker; MADIT ¼ Multicentre Automatic
has been designed to compare these treatments.
I (see alsoA era from 5– 7% with thrombolytic therapy to 3.2% with 1)primary Patients
Defibrillator with HF,
Trial; NYHAwide ¼ New York Heart Association.
sections 3.2 132,w174 – COMPANION
w179 QRS and had reduced
threeLVEF: study arms—optimal medical therapy,
Recommendations
and 3.3) Classpercutaneous
a
Level bcoronary
Ref.intervention.
C High-degree AV
CRT-P
block, associated with inferior wall infarction, and above
is located CRT-D—but
1A)theCRT should was be not designed to compare CRT-D
w180,w181 55 considered in chronic HF
1) Upgrade from His bundle in 90% of patients. with CRT-P.
High-degree AV blockOnly asso- CRT-D was associated with a significant de-
conventional PM46,or55,ICD.
57, ciated with anterior infarction is more often locatedinbelow
crease
4.
total the
Indications
patients,
AV
mortality
intrinsic QRS ≥120
at 1who
for pacing
year, compared with
in specifi
IIa B ms and LVEF ≤35% IIa B optimal 62, 89–95medical
therapy (P ¼ conditions
131
CRT is indicated in HF patients w181
node. AV block complicating acute myocardial infarction most
remain inwhereas
NYHA functional
with LVEF <35% and high 0.003), the 24% relative risk reduction in the
often resolves itself47,spontaneously within a few days class or
III and ambulatory IV
percentage of ventricular I weeks,133 –B136 with only 9% of these patientsCRT-P arm was only marginally significant (P ¼ 0.059). Sudden
pacing who remain in NYHA
108–122 4.1 despite
requiring permanent Pacing
adequate
in
medical
acute myocardial infarction
pacing.132 Patients with AV block have acardiac death was only, provided
significantly
treatment d
that a reduced by CRT-D, compared
py; CRT-D ¼ CRT and defibrillator; higher in-hospitalThe and
incidence
BiV pacing as close of new-onset AV block in patients with
to 100%
class III and ambulatory IV