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* n rad
30 s
n care:
n - turaia motorului
n = 5500rot/min
=
* 5500
rad
= 575.96
30
s
S
[ mm]
2
n care:
S cursa pistonului
S = 63.1mm
r=
63.1
= 31.55mm
2
Lungimea bielei
Lungimea bielei se determin cu formula:
b=
r
[ mm]
n care:
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
La motoarele de turism
b=
1
1
...
.
3 3.8
Aleg
1
.
3.5
31.55
= 110.42mm
1
3.5
s = r * (1 cos ) + * (1 cos2 )
4
unde:
D alezajul
D = 70.1mm
p cart - presiunea gazelor din carter
p cart = 0.1MPa
p - presiunea din cilindru. Se determin din diagrama indicat n funcie de unghiul .
gp
AP
gp
mp = p *
D
[ kg ]
10 6
3
n care:
D alezajul
D = 70.1mm
p -
kg
.
dm 3
70.13
= 0.224kg
10 6
m p = 0.224kg
* D 2 * 0.12
[ kg ]
4 * 10 3
n care:
D alezajul
D = 70.1mm
* 70.12 * 0.12
mB =
= 0.463[ kg ]
4 * 10 3
cu formula:
FA = m A * r * 2 * ( cos + * cos2 )
n care:
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
rad
= 575.96
s
Fora rezultant F
Fora rezultant F, aplicat de piston n articulaie este:
F =F + F
n care:
F - este fora de presiune a gazelor
FA - este fora de inerie a maselor m A care au o micare de translaie.
Valorile acestei fore sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.1.
Componenta B a forei F i componenta normal N
Fora F se descompune n dou componente (fig. 6.3.): o component B, dup
axa bielei:
p
B=
F
cos
n care:
= asin ( * sin )
Valorile acestor dou fore sunt prezentate n tabelul 6.1.
Fora tangenial la maneton T i fora normal pe maneton ZB
Forele care lucreaz asupra fusului maneton i fusului palier se determin
deplasnd fora B n butonul de manivel (punctul M) i descompunnd-o dup dou
direcii (fig. 6.3): una tangenial la maneton fora T, cealalt normal pe maneton
fora ZB.
sin ( + )
cos( + )
T =F*
Z =F*
cos
cos
Tabel 6.1
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
s()
0
0.024709
0.098786
0.22208
0.394342
0.615222
0.884275
1.200956
1.564628
1.974561
2.429933
2.929837
3.473279
4.059182
4.686394
5.353684
6.059753
6.803233
7.582693
8.396644
9.243541
10.12179
11.02975
11.96575
12.92806
13.91495
14.92464
15.95534
17.00524
18.07252
19.15536
20.25192
21.3604
22.47896
23.60582
24.73917
25.87726
27.01835
28.16072
29.3027
30.44264
31.57893
32.71002
33.83439
34.95057
36.05714
37.15273
38.23603
39.30577
40.36075
41.39984
42.42193
43.42599
44.41107
45.37624
46.32064
47.24349
p()
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
Fp[N]
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
FA()
-5931.97
-5925.95
-5907.91
-5877.89
-5836.01
-5782.38
-5717.19
-5640.62
-5552.94
-5454.4
-5345.33
-5226.05
-5096.94
-4958.39
-4810.84
-4654.74
-4490.56
-4318.79
-4139.96
-3954.6
-3763.25
-3566.48
-3364.86
-3158.98
-2949.41
-2736.76
-2521.61
-2304.55
-2086.17
-1867.05
-1647.77
-1428.89
-1210.96
-994.525
-780.098
-568.186
-359.27
-153.813
47.74706
244.9965
437.5476
625.0399
807.1411
983.548
1153.987
1318.216
1476.023
1627.227
1771.679
1909.262
2039.889
2163.504
2280.085
2389.635
2492.189
2587.81
2676.589
FAP[N]
-4218.15
-4213.87
-4201.03
-4179.69
-4149.91
-4111.78
-4065.42
-4010.97
-3948.62
-3878.55
-3800.99
-3716.17
-3624.36
-3525.85
-3420.93
-3309.92
-3193.18
-3071.04
-2943.87
-2812.06
-2676
-2536.08
-2392.71
-2246.31
-2097.29
-1946.07
-1793.08
-1638.73
-1483.45
-1327.64
-1171.71
-1016.07
-861.1
-707.194
-554.718
-404.029
-255.472
-109.374
33.95231
174.2138
311.1344
444.4578
573.9476
699.3882
820.5854
937.3664
1049.581
1157.1
1259.818
1357.651
1450.538
1538.44
1621.338
1699.238
1772.163
1840.158
1903.288
F[N]
-5943.55
-5937.53
-5919.48
-5889.47
-5847.59
-5793.96
-5728.76
-5652.2
-5564.52
-5465.98
-5356.9
-5237.62
-5108.51
-4969.97
-4822.42
-4666.32
-4502.13
-4330.37
-4151.54
-3966.17
-3774.83
-3578.06
-3376.44
-3170.56
-2960.99
-2748.34
-2533.19
-2316.13
-2097.75
-1878.63
-1659.35
-1440.47
-1222.54
-1006.1
-791.677
-579.764
-370.848
-165.391
36.16869
233.4181
425.9692
613.4616
795.5628
971.9697
1142.409
1306.638
1464.445
1615.649
1760.101
1897.683
2028.31
2151.926
2268.506
2378.056
2480.61
2576.232
2665.011
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
s()
48.14405
49.02162
49.87558
50.70536
51.51042
52.29031
53.04459
53.77288
54.47485
55.1502
55.79869
56.42009
57.01423
57.58095
58.12012
58.63167
59.1155
59.57159
59.99989
60.40039
60.77309
61.118
61.43514
61.72454
61.98623
62.22024
62.42662
62.60539
62.75659
62.88026
62.97641
63.04508
63.08627
63.1
63.08627
63.04508
62.97641
62.88026
62.75659
62.60539
62.42662
62.22024
61.98623
61.72454
61.43514
61.118
60.77309
60.40039
59.99989
59.57159
59.1155
58.63167
58.12012
57.58095
57.01423
56.42009
55.79869
p()
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.097
0.100238
0.100318
0.100451
0.100639
0.100881
0.101178
0.101531
0.101941
0.10241
0.102938
0.103529
0.104182
0.104901
0.105688
0.106544
0.107474
0.108479
0.109564
0.110731
0.111985
0.11333
0.11477
0.116311
Fp[N]
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
-11.5784
0.919362
1.227636
1.742456
2.465373
3.398571
4.544871
5.90775
7.491358
9.300534
11.34083
13.61855
16.14075
18.91533
21.951
25.2574
28.8451
32.72568
36.91178
41.41718
46.25691
51.44725
57.00594
62.9522
FA()
2758.643
2834.113
2903.165
2965.987
3022.787
3073.793
3119.249
3159.418
3194.572
3224.997
3250.99
3272.854
3290.898
3305.437
3316.785
3325.256
3331.165
3334.82
3336.523
3336.568
3335.242
3332.818
3329.555
3325.701
3321.484
3317.117
3312.793
3308.685
3304.945
3301.705
3299.072
3297.131
3295.941
3295.541
3295.941
3297.131
3299.072
3301.705
3304.945
3308.685
3312.793
3317.117
3321.484
3325.701
3329.555
3332.818
3335.242
3336.568
3336.523
3334.82
3331.165
3325.256
3316.785
3305.437
3290.898
3272.854
3250.99
FAP[N]
1961.635
2015.301
2064.403
2109.074
2149.464
2185.734
2218.058
2246.621
2271.618
2293.253
2311.737
2327.284
2340.115
2350.453
2358.522
2364.547
2368.748
2371.347
2372.558
2372.59
2371.647
2369.923
2367.604
2364.863
2361.864
2358.759
2355.684
2352.763
2350.104
2347.8
2345.927
2344.547
2343.701
2343.416
2343.701
2344.547
2345.927
2347.8
2350.104
2352.763
2355.684
2358.759
2361.864
2364.863
2367.604
2369.923
2371.647
2372.59
2372.558
2371.347
2368.748
2364.547
2358.522
2350.453
2340.115
2327.284
2311.737
F[N]
2747.064
2822.534
2891.586
2954.408
3011.208
3062.214
3107.671
3147.839
3182.993
3213.419
3239.412
3261.275
3279.32
3293.859
3305.206
3313.678
3319.587
3323.241
3324.944
3324.99
3323.664
3321.239
3317.977
3314.123
3309.906
3305.539
3301.214
3297.106
3293.367
3290.127
3287.494
3285.552
3284.363
3283.962
3296.861
3298.358
3300.815
3304.171
3308.344
3313.23
3318.7
3324.608
3330.785
3337.042
3343.174
3348.959
3354.158
3358.519
3361.78
3363.665
3363.891
3362.168
3358.202
3351.694
3342.346
3329.86
3313.942
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
s()
55.1502
54.47485
53.77288
53.04459
52.29031
51.51042
50.70536
49.87558
49.02162
48.14405
47.24349
46.32064
45.37624
44.41107
43.42599
42.42193
41.39984
40.36075
39.30577
38.23603
37.15273
36.05714
34.95057
33.83439
32.71002
31.57893
30.44264
29.3027
28.16072
27.01835
25.87726
24.73917
23.60582
22.47896
21.3604
20.25192
19.15536
18.07252
17.00524
15.95534
14.92464
13.91495
12.92806
11.96575
11.02975
10.12179
9.243541
8.396644
7.582693
6.803233
6.059753
5.353684
4.686394
4.059182
3.473279
2.929837
2.429933
p()
0.117958
0.119716
0.121592
0.123593
0.125727
0.128001
0.130425
0.133007
0.135759
0.138691
0.141817
0.145148
0.148701
0.152491
0.156535
0.160852
0.165464
0.170393
0.175663
0.181303
0.187343
0.193815
0.200757
0.208207
0.216212
0.224818
0.234081
0.24406
0.254821
0.266437
0.278988
0.292566
0.307269
0.323206
0.340501
0.359289
0.379718
0.401954
0.42618
0.452596
0.481422
0.512896
0.547281
0.584854
0.625915
0.670777
0.719763
0.773198
0.831399
0.894656
0.96321
1.037227
1.116758
1.201694
1.291716
1.386231
1.484316
Fp[N]
69.30689
76.09263
83.33396
91.0575
99.29213
108.0692
117.4226
127.3895
138.0098
149.3274
161.3897
174.2485
187.9601
202.5863
218.1941
234.857
252.6554
271.6773
292.0191
313.7868
337.0964
362.0759
388.8659
417.6214
448.5131
481.7296
517.4792
555.9922
597.5232
642.3543
690.7978
743.1996
799.9435
861.4545
928.2036
1000.713
1079.558
1165.379
1258.878
1360.829
1472.079
1593.555
1726.259
1871.273
2029.746
2202.887
2391.946
2598.178
2822.802
3066.939
3331.521
3617.186
3924.131
4251.939
4599.373
4964.15
5342.705
FA()
3224.997
3194.572
3159.418
3119.249
3073.793
3022.787
2965.987
2903.165
2834.113
2758.643
2676.589
2587.81
2492.189
2389.635
2280.085
2163.504
2039.889
1909.262
1771.679
1627.227
1476.023
1318.216
1153.987
983.548
807.1411
625.0399
437.5476
244.9965
47.74706
-153.813
-359.27
-568.186
-780.098
-994.525
-1210.96
-1428.89
-1647.77
-1867.05
-2086.17
-2304.55
-2521.61
-2736.76
-2949.41
-3158.98
-3364.86
-3566.48
-3763.25
-3954.6
-4139.96
-4318.79
-4490.56
-4654.74
-4810.84
-4958.39
-5096.94
-5226.05
-5345.33
FAP[N]
2293.253
2271.618
2246.621
2218.058
2185.734
2149.464
2109.074
2064.403
2015.301
1961.635
1903.288
1840.158
1772.163
1699.238
1621.338
1538.44
1450.538
1357.651
1259.818
1157.1
1049.581
937.3664
820.5854
699.3882
573.9476
444.4578
311.1344
174.2138
33.95231
-109.374
-255.472
-404.029
-554.718
-707.194
-861.1
-1016.07
-1171.71
-1327.64
-1483.45
-1638.73
-1793.08
-1946.07
-2097.29
-2246.31
-2392.71
-2536.08
-2676
-2812.06
-2943.87
-3071.04
-3193.18
-3309.92
-3420.93
-3525.85
-3624.36
-3716.17
-3800.99
F[N]
3294.304
3270.664
3242.752
3210.307
3173.085
3130.856
3083.409
3030.554
2972.123
2907.97
2837.979
2762.058
2680.149
2592.221
2498.279
2398.361
2292.544
2180.939
2063.698
1941.014
1813.119
1680.292
1542.853
1401.169
1255.654
1106.77
955.0268
800.9887
645.2703
488.5413
331.5278
175.0141
19.8452
-133.071
-282.759
-428.178
-568.212
-701.671
-827.29
-943.718
-1049.53
-1143.21
-1223.16
-1287.71
-1335.12
-1363.59
-1371.3
-1356.42
-1317.16
-1251.85
-1159.03
-1037.55
-886.711
-706.453
-497.563
-261.897
-2.62102
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
s()
1.974561
1.564628
1.200956
0.884275
0.615222
0.394342
0.22208
0.098786
0.024709
0
0.024709
0.098786
0.22208
0.394342
0.615222
0.884275
1.200956
1.564628
1.974561
2.429933
2.929837
3.473279
4.059182
4.686394
5.353684
6.059753
6.803233
7.582693
8.396644
9.243541
10.12179
11.02975
11.96575
12.92806
13.91495
14.92464
15.95534
17.00524
18.07252
19.15536
20.25192
21.3604
22.47896
23.60582
24.73917
25.87726
27.01835
28.16072
29.3027
30.44264
31.57893
32.71002
33.83439
34.95057
36.05714
37.15273
38.23603
p()
1.58466
1.685523
1.784727
1.879682
1.967476
2.045019
2.109257
2.157419
2.187282
2.197403
8.343515
8.231266
8.050184
7.808564
7.516749
7.186156
6.828339
6.454213
6.073495
5.694384
5.323443
4.965637
4.624485
4.30226
4.000215
3.718805
3.457879
3.216857
2.99486
2.790824
2.603582
2.431928
2.274659
2.130604
1.99865
1.877747
1.766919
1.665265
1.571957
1.486238
1.407421
1.33488
1.268049
1.206417
1.149519
1.096938
1.048296
1.00325
0.961494
0.922748
0.88676
0.853302
0.822169
0.793173
0.766144
0.740929
0.717389
Fp[N]
5729.977
6119.255
6502.128
6868.603
7207.438
7506.713
7754.638
7940.517
8055.77
8094.832
31815.47
31382.25
30683.37
29750.85
28624.61
27348.7
25967.72
24523.79
23054.43
21591.27
20159.64
18778.71
17462.04
16218.43
15052.7
13966.61
12959.58
12029.37
11172.58
10385.11
9662.461
8999.97
8392.996
7837.025
7327.753
6861.134
6433.4
6041.069
5680.949
5350.122
5045.93
4765.962
4508.033
4270.166
4050.572
3847.638
3659.904
3486.053
3324.896
3175.357
3036.463
2907.335
2787.178
2675.268
2570.953
2473.638
2382.784
FA()
-5454.4
-5552.94
-5640.62
-5717.19
-5782.38
-5836.01
-5877.89
-5907.91
-5925.95
-5931.97
-5925.95
-5907.91
-5877.89
-5836.01
-5782.38
-5717.19
-5640.62
-5552.94
-5454.4
-5345.33
-5226.05
-5096.94
-4958.39
-4810.84
-4654.74
-4490.56
-4318.79
-4139.96
-3954.6
-3763.25
-3566.48
-3364.86
-3158.98
-2949.41
-2736.76
-2521.61
-2304.55
-2086.17
-1867.05
-1647.77
-1428.89
-1210.96
-994.525
-780.098
-568.186
-359.27
-153.813
47.74706
244.9965
437.5476
625.0399
807.1411
983.548
1153.987
1318.216
1476.023
1627.227
FAP[N]
-3878.55
-3948.62
-4010.97
-4065.42
-4111.78
-4149.91
-4179.69
-4201.03
-4213.87
-4218.15
-4213.87
-4201.03
-4179.69
-4149.91
-4111.78
-4065.42
-4010.97
-3948.62
-3878.55
-3800.99
-3716.17
-3624.36
-3525.85
-3420.93
-3309.92
-3193.18
-3071.04
-2943.87
-2812.06
-2676
-2536.08
-2392.71
-2246.31
-2097.29
-1946.07
-1793.08
-1638.73
-1483.45
-1327.64
-1171.71
-1016.07
-861.1
-707.194
-554.718
-404.029
-255.472
-109.374
33.95231
174.2138
311.1344
444.4578
573.9476
699.3882
820.5854
937.3664
1049.581
1157.1
F[N]
275.5742
566.3166
861.5035
1151.418
1425.057
1670.707
1876.745
2032.611
2129.819
2162.858
25889.52
25474.34
24805.48
23914.84
22842.22
21631.51
20327.09
18970.86
17600.03
16245.94
14933.59
13681.77
12503.65
11407.59
10397.96
9476.056
8640.792
7889.409
7217.984
6621.862
6095.98
5635.106
5234.016
4887.61
4590.994
4339.527
4128.853
3954.902
3813.899
3702.351
3617.039
3554.999
3513.508
3490.068
3482.387
3488.368
3506.091
3533.8
3569.892
3612.904
3661.503
3714.477
3770.726
3829.256
3889.169
3949.661
4010.011
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
486
488
490
492
494
496
498
500
502
504
506
508
510
512
514
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
538
540
542
544
546
548
550
552
554
556
558
560
562
564
566
568
s()
39.30577
40.36075
41.39984
42.42193
43.42599
44.41107
45.37624
46.32064
47.24349
48.14405
49.02162
49.87558
50.70536
51.51042
52.29031
53.04459
53.77288
54.47485
55.1502
55.79869
56.42009
57.01423
57.58095
58.12012
58.63167
59.1155
59.57159
59.99989
60.40039
60.77309
61.118
61.43514
61.72454
61.98623
62.22024
62.42662
62.60539
62.75659
62.88026
62.97641
63.04508
63.08627
63.1
63.08627
63.04508
62.97641
62.88026
62.75659
62.60539
62.42662
62.22024
61.98623
61.72454
61.43514
61.118
60.77309
60.40039
p()
0.695395
0.674832
0.655596
0.637589
0.620723
0.60492
0.590105
0.576211
0.563177
0.550946
0.539467
0.528691
0.518576
0.50908
0.500167
0.491803
0.483956
0.476597
0.4697
0.463239
0.457192
0.451539
0.446259
0.441335
0.43675
0.43249
0.42854
0.424888
0.421521
0.41843
0.415605
0.413036
0.410716
0.408637
0.406794
0.405181
0.403793
0.402625
0.401674
0.400937
0.400413
0.400098
0.399994
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
Fp[N]
2297.9
2218.539
2144.296
2074.799
2009.708
1948.716
1891.538
1837.915
1787.61
1740.406
1696.101
1654.513
1615.473
1578.825
1544.426
1512.145
1481.86
1453.459
1426.839
1401.904
1378.568
1356.748
1336.371
1317.367
1299.672
1283.23
1267.985
1253.889
1240.896
1228.966
1218.061
1208.147
1199.193
1191.172
1184.059
1177.833
1172.473
1167.966
1164.296
1161.453
1159.429
1158.216
1157.812
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
FA()
1771.679
1909.262
2039.889
2163.504
2280.085
2389.635
2492.189
2587.81
2676.589
2758.643
2834.113
2903.165
2965.987
3022.787
3073.793
3119.249
3159.418
3194.572
3224.997
3250.99
3272.854
3290.898
3305.437
3316.785
3325.256
3331.165
3334.82
3336.523
3336.568
3335.242
3332.818
3329.555
3325.701
3321.484
3317.117
3312.793
3308.685
3304.945
3301.705
3299.072
3297.131
3295.941
3295.541
3295.941
3297.131
3299.072
3301.705
3304.945
3308.685
3312.793
3317.117
3321.484
3325.701
3329.555
3332.818
3335.242
3336.568
FAP[N]
1259.818
1357.651
1450.538
1538.44
1621.338
1699.238
1772.163
1840.158
1903.288
1961.635
2015.301
2064.403
2109.074
2149.464
2185.734
2218.058
2246.621
2271.618
2293.253
2311.737
2327.284
2340.115
2350.453
2358.522
2364.547
2368.748
2371.347
2372.558
2372.59
2371.647
2369.923
2367.604
2364.863
2361.864
2358.759
2355.684
2352.763
2350.104
2347.8
2345.927
2344.547
2343.701
2343.416
2343.701
2344.547
2345.927
2347.8
2350.104
2352.763
2355.684
2358.759
2361.864
2364.863
2367.604
2369.923
2371.647
2372.59
F[N]
4069.579
4127.801
4184.185
4238.303
4289.793
4338.35
4383.726
4425.725
4464.199
4499.048
4530.214
4557.678
4581.46
4601.612
4618.219
4631.394
4641.278
4648.03
4651.836
4652.894
4651.422
4647.647
4641.808
4634.151
4624.929
4614.395
4602.805
4590.411
4577.465
4564.209
4550.879
4537.703
4524.894
4512.656
4501.176
4490.625
4481.158
4472.911
4466.001
4460.525
4456.559
4454.157
4453.353
3334.536
3335.725
3337.667
3340.3
3343.54
3347.279
3351.387
3355.712
3360.079
3364.296
3368.15
3371.412
3373.837
3375.163
570
572
574
576
578
580
582
584
586
588
590
592
594
596
598
600
602
604
606
608
610
612
614
616
618
620
622
624
626
628
630
632
634
636
638
640
642
644
646
648
650
652
654
656
658
660
662
664
666
668
670
672
674
676
678
680
682
s()
59.99989
59.57159
59.1155
58.63167
58.12012
57.58095
57.01423
56.42009
55.79869
55.1502
54.47485
53.77288
53.04459
52.29031
51.51042
50.70536
49.87558
49.02162
48.14405
47.24349
46.32064
45.37624
44.41107
43.42599
42.42193
41.39984
40.36075
39.30577
38.23603
37.15273
36.05714
34.95057
33.83439
32.71002
31.57893
30.44264
29.3027
28.16072
27.01835
25.87726
24.73917
23.60582
22.47896
21.3604
20.25192
19.15536
18.07252
17.00524
15.95534
14.92464
13.91495
12.92806
11.96575
11.02975
10.12179
9.243541
8.396644
p()
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
Fp[N]
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
FA()
3336.523
3334.82
3331.165
3325.256
3316.785
3305.437
3290.898
3272.854
3250.99
3224.997
3194.572
3159.418
3119.249
3073.793
3022.787
2965.987
2903.165
2834.113
2758.643
2676.589
2587.81
2492.189
2389.635
2280.085
2163.504
2039.889
1909.262
1771.679
1627.227
1476.023
1318.216
1153.987
983.548
807.1411
625.0399
437.5476
244.9965
47.74706
-153.813
-359.27
-568.186
-780.098
-994.525
-1210.96
-1428.89
-1647.77
-1867.05
-2086.17
-2304.55
-2521.61
-2736.76
-2949.41
-3158.98
-3364.86
-3566.48
-3763.25
-3954.6
FAP[N]
2372.558
2371.347
2368.748
2364.547
2358.522
2350.453
2340.115
2327.284
2311.737
2293.253
2271.618
2246.621
2218.058
2185.734
2149.464
2109.074
2064.403
2015.301
1961.635
1903.288
1840.158
1772.163
1699.238
1621.338
1538.44
1450.538
1357.651
1259.818
1157.1
1049.581
937.3664
820.5854
699.3882
573.9476
444.4578
311.1344
174.2138
33.95231
-109.374
-255.472
-404.029
-554.718
-707.194
-861.1
-1016.07
-1171.71
-1327.64
-1483.45
-1638.73
-1793.08
-1946.07
-2097.29
-2246.31
-2392.71
-2536.08
-2676
-2812.06
F[N]
3375.117
3373.414
3369.76
3363.851
3355.379
3344.032
3329.493
3311.448
3289.584
3263.592
3233.166
3198.012
3157.844
3112.387
3061.381
3004.581
2941.759
2872.707
2797.237
2715.184
2626.405
2530.783
2428.229
2318.679
2202.099
2078.483
1947.856
1810.274
1665.821
1514.617
1356.811
1192.582
1022.143
845.7357
663.6345
476.1422
283.591
86.3416
-115.218
-320.675
-529.591
-741.504
-955.931
-1172.37
-1390.3
-1609.18
-1828.46
-2047.57
-2265.95
-2483.01
-2698.17
-2910.82
-3120.39
-3326.27
-3527.89
-3724.65
-3916
684
686
688
690
692
694
696
698
700
702
704
706
708
710
712
714
716
718
720
s()
7.582693
6.803233
6.059753
5.353684
4.686394
4.059182
3.473279
2.929837
2.429933
1.974561
1.564628
1.200956
0.884275
0.615222
0.394342
0.22208
0.098786
0.024709
0
p()
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
Fp[N]
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
38.59454
FA()
-4139.96
-4318.79
-4490.56
-4654.74
-4810.84
-4958.39
-5096.94
-5226.05
-5345.33
-5454.4
-5552.94
-5640.62
-5717.19
-5782.38
-5836.01
-5877.89
-5907.91
-5925.95
-5931.97
FAP[N]
-2943.87
-3071.04
-3193.18
-3309.92
-3420.93
-3525.85
-3624.36
-3716.17
-3800.99
-3878.55
-3948.62
-4010.97
-4065.42
-4111.78
-4149.91
-4179.69
-4201.03
-4213.87
-4218.15
F[N]
-4101.36
-4280.2
-4451.96
-4616.14
-4772.25
-4919.8
-5058.34
-5187.45
-5306.73
-5415.81
-5514.34
-5602.03
-5678.59
-5743.79
-5797.41
-5839.3
-5869.31
-5887.36
-5893.38
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
mB[kg]
0
0.571322
1.142005
1.711409
2.278895
2.843827
3.405566
3.963476
4.516922
5.065272
5.607895
6.144162
6.673448
7.19513
7.708589
8.213211
8.708386
9.193512
9.667989
10.13123
10.58264
11.02167
11.44773
11.86027
12.25876
12.64266
13.01146
13.36465
13.70175
14.0223
14.32583
14.61192
14.88017
15.13018
15.36159
15.57405
15.76726
15.94093
16.09479
16.22862
16.34221
16.43538
16.50799
16.55994
16.59114
16.60155
16.59114
16.55994
16.50799
16.43538
16.34221
16.22862
16.09479
15.94093
15.76726
15.57405
15.36159
0
-59.2077
-118.001
-175.969
-232.706
-287.815
-340.91
-391.62
-439.591
-484.487
-525.994
-563.824
-597.713
-627.424
-652.753
-673.525
-689.598
-700.863
-707.248
-708.714
-705.256
-696.908
-683.738
-665.846
-643.369
-616.475
-585.366
-550.269
-511.443
-469.171
-423.759
-375.534
-324.84
-272.036
-217.493
-161.59
-104.711
-47.2407
10.436
67.94068
124.9028
180.9632
235.7772
289.017
340.3746
389.5642
436.3234
480.4161
521.6327
559.792
594.7416
626.3581
654.5474
679.2442
700.4114
718.0393
732.1443
sin()
-5943.55
-5937.82
-5920.66
-5892.1
-5852.21
-5801.1
-5738.9
-5665.75
-5581.85
-5487.41
-5382.67
-5267.88
-5143.36
-5009.42
-4866.4
-4714.67
-4554.64
-4386.72
-4211.35
-4029
-3840.14
-3645.3
-3444.98
-3239.72
-3030.08
-2816.63
-2599.94
-2380.6
-2159.19
-1936.33
-1712.6
-1488.62
-1264.96
-1042.23
-821.009
-601.862
-385.348
-172.006
37.64418
243.1048
443.9037
639.5958
829.7656
1014.03
1192.037
1363.475
1528.063
1685.562
1835.771
1978.527
2113.708
2241.23
2361.049
2473.161
2577.596
2674.425
2763.751
F[N]
0
-266.388
-530.636
-790.622
-1044.27
-1289.55
-1524.54
-1747.38
-1956.35
-2149.86
-2326.44
-2484.82
-2623.86
-2742.62
-2840.34
-2916.45
-2970.58
-3002.55
-3012.39
-3000.29
-2966.67
-2912.09
-2837.31
-2743.24
-2630.94
-2501.61
-2356.56
-2197.22
-2025.11
-1841.79
-1648.92
-1448.16
-1241.21
-1029.77
-815.504
-600.067
-385.055
-172.006
37.61902
242.443
441.187
632.6766
815.85
989.7628
1153.592
1306.638
1448.325
1578.201
1695.933
1801.307
1894.22
1974.674
2042.773
2098.709
2142.762
2175.282
2196.689
ZB[N]
-5943.55
-5931.85
-5896.83
-5838.81
-5758.29
-5655.96
-5532.7
-5389.57
-5227.79
-5048.74
-4853.94
-4645.03
-4423.75
-4191.94
-3951.5
-3704.39
-3452.6
-3198.12
-2942.95
-2689.06
-2438.36
-2192.69
-1953.85
-1723.49
-1503.18
-1294.35
-1098.31
-916.207
-749.039
-597.642
-462.688
-344.682
-243.963
-160.702
-94.9112
-46.446
-15.0127
-0.17733
-1.376
-17.9257
-49.0365
-93.8248
-151.327
-220.512
-300.298
-389.564
-487.166
-591.948
-702.756
-818.451
-937.919
-1060.08
-1183.91
-1308.41
-1432.68
-1555.86
-1677.16
N[N]
0
-8.40456
-16.7416
-24.9441
-32.9466
-40.6854
-48.0991
-55.1298
-61.7229
-67.8279
-73.3992
-78.396
-82.7827
-86.5296
-89.6126
-92.0139
-93.7218
-94.7306
-95.0408
-94.6593
-93.5984
-91.8765
-89.5172
-86.5493
-83.0063
-78.9259
-74.3496
-69.3224
-63.8921
-58.1085
-52.0234
-45.6895
-39.1603
-32.4892
-25.7292
-18.9321
-12.1485
-5.42678
1.18688
7.649078
13.91945
19.96095
25.74007
31.22702
36.39583
41.22443
45.69465
49.79223
53.50669
56.83124
59.76263
62.30097
64.44948
66.21428
67.60413
68.63015
69.30553
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
mB[kg]
15.13018
14.88017
14.61192
14.32583
14.0223
13.70175
13.36465
13.01146
12.64266
12.25876
11.86027
11.44773
11.02167
10.58264
10.13123
9.667989
9.193512
8.708386
8.213211
7.708589
7.19513
6.673448
6.144162
5.607895
5.065272
4.516922
3.963476
3.405566
2.843827
2.278895
1.711409
1.142005
0.571322
2.01E-15
-0.57132
-1.142
-1.71141
-2.2789
-2.84383
-3.40557
-3.96348
-4.51692
-5.06527
-5.6079
-6.14416
-6.67345
-7.19513
-7.70859
-8.21321
-8.70839
-9.19351
-9.66799
-10.1312
-10.5826
-11.0217
-11.4477
-11.8603
742.7673
749.9724
753.8445
754.4878
752.0233
746.5866
738.3259
727.3992
713.9721
698.2161
680.3055
660.416
638.7222
615.3963
590.6057
564.5121
537.27
509.0252
479.9144
450.0638
419.5894
388.5957
357.1763
325.4137
293.3792
261.1339
228.7288
196.2056
163.5978
130.9313
98.22572
65.49545
32.75094
1.15E-13
-32.8756
-65.7507
-98.6237
-131.49
-164.342
-197.165
-229.94
-262.64
-295.23
-327.664
-359.889
-391.839
-423.439
-454.602
-485.231
-515.217
-544.441
-572.773
-600.075
-626.202
-650.998
-674.304
-695.958
sin()
2845.71
2920.472
2988.236
3049.226
3103.694
3151.912
3194.174
3230.79
3262.086
3288.399
3310.076
3327.472
3340.944
3350.853
3357.559
3361.419
3362.784
3361.999
3359.4
3355.312
3350.044
3343.896
3337.147
3330.061
3322.882
3315.837
3309.129
3302.939
3297.428
3292.731
3288.961
3286.205
3284.526
3283.962
3297.024
3299.013
3302.288
3306.786
3312.423
3319.091
3326.657
3334.966
3343.843
3353.09
3362.489
3371.804
3380.78
3389.147
3396.618
3402.894
3407.665
3410.608
3411.394
3409.689
3405.154
3397.448
3386.232
F[N]
2207.458
2208.111
2199.211
2181.349
2155.138
2121.205
2080.182
2032.7
1979.382
1920.838
1857.658
1790.409
1719.63
1645.831
1569.485
1491.031
1410.872
1329.372
1246.854
1163.605
1079.874
995.87
911.768
827.7079
743.797
660.1119
576.7015
493.5889
410.7748
328.2401
245.949
163.8526
81.89161
4.02E-13
-82.2032
-164.491
-246.946
-329.641
-412.643
-496.003
-579.756
-663.92
-748.489
-833.432
-918.692
-1004.18
-1089.78
-1175.34
-1260.67
-1345.54
-1429.7
-1512.85
-1594.65
-1674.73
-1752.68
-1828.06
-1900.4
ZB[N]
-1795.88
-1911.39
-2023.12
-2130.61
-2233.45
-2331.32
-2423.96
-2511.2
-2592.92
-2669.07
-2739.66
-2804.73
-2864.4
-2918.81
-2968.15
-3012.63
-3052.5
-3088.01
-3119.44
-3147.08
-3171.23
-3192.16
-3210.18
-3225.55
-3238.57
-3249.47
-3258.49
-3265.85
-3271.74
-3276.33
-3279.75
-3282.12
-3283.51
-3283.96
-3296
-3294.91
-3293.04
-3290.31
-3286.62
-3281.82
-3275.75
-3268.21
-3259
-3247.86
-3234.55
-3218.8
-3200.32
-3178.82
-3154
-3125.57
-3093.24
-3056.72
-3015.74
-2970.06
-2919.45
-2863.71
-2802.69
N[N]
69.64529
69.6659
69.3851
68.82155
67.9946
66.92401
65.62973
64.13167
62.4495
60.60243
58.6091
56.4874
54.25434
51.92596
49.51724
47.04204
44.51303
41.94168
39.33825
36.71175
34.07002
31.4197
28.76628
26.11418
23.46679
20.82653
18.19493
15.57273
12.95994
10.35597
7.759692
5.16955
2.58368
1.27E-14
-2.59351
-5.1897
-7.79113
-10.4002
-13.0189
-15.6489
-18.2913
-20.9467
-23.6148
-26.2948
-28.9847
-31.6819
-34.3826
-37.082
-39.7741
-42.4519
-45.1071
-47.7304
-50.3112
-52.8377
-55.2971
-57.6753
-59.9575
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
mB[kg]
-12.2588
-12.6427
-13.0115
-13.3647
-13.7018
-14.0223
-14.3258
-14.6119
-14.8802
-15.1302
-15.3616
-15.5741
-15.7673
-15.9409
-16.0948
-16.2286
-16.3422
-16.4354
-16.508
-16.5599
-16.5911
-16.6015
-16.5911
-16.5599
-16.508
-16.4354
-16.3422
-16.2286
-16.0948
-15.9409
-15.7673
-15.5741
-15.3616
-15.1302
-14.8802
-14.6119
-14.3258
-14.0223
-13.7018
-13.3647
-13.0115
-12.6427
-12.2588
-11.8603
-11.4477
-11.0217
-10.5826
-10.1312
-9.66799
-9.19351
-8.70839
-8.21321
-7.70859
-7.19513
-6.67345
-6.14416
-5.6079
-715.791
-733.637
-749.331
-762.71
-773.618
-781.904
-787.432
-790.074
-789.719
-786.274
-779.663
-769.832
-756.752
-740.416
-720.845
-698.088
-672.22
-643.349
-611.608
-577.164
-540.209
-500.966
-459.685
-416.64
-372.132
-326.483
-280.033
-233.143
-186.184
-139.542
-93.6084
-48.7794
-5.45197
35.98041
75.13164
111.6271
145.1082
175.2364
201.6983
224.2102
242.5237
256.4305
265.7689
270.43
270.3646
265.5908
256.2024
242.3775
224.3884
202.6103
177.5309
149.7578
120.0234
89.18477
58.21641
28.19287
0.257358
sin()
3371.171
3351.935
3328.203
3299.666
3266.03
3227.016
3182.367
3131.849
3075.251
3012.394
2943.127
2867.335
2784.936
2695.89
2600.195
2497.892
2389.066
2273.85
2152.421
2025.007
1891.885
1753.382
1609.878
1461.802
1309.637
1153.919
995.2361
834.2292
671.5939
508.0794
344.4898
181.6848
20.58047
-137.849
-292.571
-442.489
-586.448
-723.222
-851.522
-969.987
-1077.18
-1171.61
-1251.7
-1315.8
-1362.22
-1389.22
-1395.03
-1377.9
-1336.13
-1268.14
-1172.55
-1048.3
-894.798
-712.06
-500.957
-263.41
-2.63362
F[N]
-1969.19
-2033.9
-2093.99
-2148.88
-2198.01
-2240.77
-2276.59
-2304.9
-2325.14
-2336.76
-2339.26
-2332.19
-2315.12
-2287.72
-2249.68
-2200.81
-2140.99
-2070.18
-1988.46
-1896.02
-1793.16
-1680.29
-1557.96
-1426.82
-1287.67
-1141.44
-989.145
-831.958
-671.145
-508.079
-344.228
-181.143
-20.4425
136.2006
287.0779
430.4644
564.64
687.9123
798.6424
895.2716
976.3517
1040.576
1086.816
1114.155
1121.935
1109.794
1077.719
1026.09
955.7392
867.9981
764.7496
648.4704
522.2602
389.8474
255.5603
124.2482
1.138277
ZB[N]
-2736.26
-2664.34
-2586.92
-2504.02
-2415.72
-2322.19
-2223.64
-2120.35
-2012.69
-1901.08
-1786.02
-1668.09
-1547.93
-1426.25
-1303.82
-1181.48
-1060.1
-940.616
-823.973
-711.156
-603.157
-500.966
-405.56
-317.885
-238.842
-169.273
-109.94
-61.513
-24.5487
0.523803
13.42089
14.02072
2.379167
-21.255
-56.4256
-102.456
-158.439
-223.22
-295.399
-373.314
-455.043
-538.401
-620.946
-699.985
-772.593
-835.632
-885.795
-919.649
-933.71
-924.534
-888.84
-823.668
-726.572
-595.86
-430.867
-232.265
-2.37493
N[N]
-62.1279
-64.1696
-66.0653
-67.7973
-69.3471
-70.6963
-71.8266
-72.7197
-73.358
-73.7247
-73.8037
-73.5805
-73.0422
-72.1774
-70.9774
-69.4356
-67.5481
-65.3141
-62.736
-59.8196
-56.5743
-53.0132
-49.1535
-45.0162
-40.6261
-36.0123
-31.2075
-26.2483
-21.1746
-16.0299
-10.8604
-5.71506
-0.64496
4.29713
9.057308
13.58115
17.81439
21.70363
25.19717
28.24582
30.8039
32.83018
34.28904
35.1516
35.39705
35.01401
34.00202
32.37314
30.15357
27.38534
24.12785
20.45924
16.47731
12.29969
8.062926
3.92003
0.035913
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
mB[kg]
-5.06527
-4.51692
-3.96348
-3.40557
-2.84383
-2.2789
-1.71141
-1.142
-0.57132
-4E-15
0.571322
1.142005
1.711409
2.278895
2.843827
3.405566
3.963476
4.516922
5.065272
5.607895
6.144162
6.673448
7.19513
7.708589
8.213211
8.708386
9.193512
9.667989
10.13123
10.58264
11.02167
11.44773
11.86027
12.25876
12.64266
13.01146
13.36465
13.70175
14.0223
14.32583
14.61192
14.88017
15.13018
15.36159
15.57405
15.76726
15.94093
16.09479
16.22862
16.34221
16.43538
16.50799
16.55994
16.59114
16.60155
16.59114
16.55994
-24.426
-44.7384
-59.6904
-68.519
-70.7896
-66.4861
-56.0745
-40.5188
-21.2381
-1.5E-13
258.1646
507.8153
741.1531
951.6964
1134.686
1287.257
1408.388
1498.677
1560.009
1595.189
1607.584
1600.811
1578.499
1544.108
1500.817
1451.46
1398.499
1344.025
1289.778
1237.172
1187.331
1141.122
1099.19
1061.987
1029.798
1002.773
980.94
964.2293
952.4882
945.4952
942.9721
944.5948
950.0029
958.8078
970.6001
984.9563
1001.445
1019.631
1039.084
1059.377
1080.096
1100.842
1121.232
1140.906
1159.526
1176.78
1192.384
sin()
276.6546
568.081
863.5689
1153.454
1426.814
1672.029
1877.583
2033.015
2129.925
2162.858
25890.81
25479.41
24816.55
23933.77
22870.39
21669.78
20375.83
19029.96
17669.03
16324.07
15019.87
13775.1
12602.9
11511.62
10505.72
9586.572
8753.233
8003.073
7332.313
6736.442
6210.534
5749.486
5348.191
5001.654
4705.072
4453.881
4243.78
4070.747
3931.038
3821.173
3737.937
3678.353
3639.677
3619.376
3615.119
3624.755
3646.309
3677.96
3718.041
3765.017
3817.488
3874.17
3933.896
3995.606
4058.342
4121.242
4183.535
F[N]
-108.388
-199.103
-266.334
-306.415
-317.173
-298.357
-251.941
-182.208
-95.5548
-5.3E-13
1161.539
2283.579
3329.972
4270.738
5083.958
5756.572
6284.122
6669.697
6922.364
7055.428
7084.748
7027.291
6899.986
6718.904
6498.727
6252.452
5991.278
5724.618
5460.194
5204.18
4961.366
4735.329
4528.598
4342.81
4178.847
4036.963
3916.894
3817.952
3739.111
3679.078
3636.355
3609.295
3596.151
3595.11
3604.338
3622.003
3646.307
3675.503
3707.919
3741.975
3776.19
3809.198
3839.754
3866.74
3889.169
3906.186
3917.066
ZB[N]
254.5386
532.0469
821.4728
1112.01
1391.114
1645.194
1860.603
2024.834
2127.78
2162.858
25864.74
25376.87
24592.12
23549.66
22298.16
20891.18
19382.57
17822.87
16256.55
14720.61
13243.98
11847.81
10546.24
9347.387
8254.492
7266.994
6381.511
5592.668
4893.782
4277.402
3735.717
3260.866
2845.162
2481.239
2162.162
1881.484
1633.282
1412.171
1213.302
1032.353
865.5023
709.413
561.2018
418.4113
278.9807
141.2159
3.759153
-134.44
-274.155
-415.908
-560.002
-706.543
-855.468
-1006.57
-1159.53
-1313.9
-1469.2
N[N]
-3.41963
-6.28171
-8.40283
-9.66739
-10.0068
-9.41315
-7.94873
-5.74866
-3.01475
-1.7E-14
36.64654
72.04691
105.0606
134.7418
160.3989
181.6198
198.2641
210.4289
218.4006
222.5987
223.5238
221.711
217.6946
211.9814
205.0348
197.2649
189.0248
180.6117
172.2691
164.1919
156.5311
149.3996
142.8773
137.0156
131.8426
127.3662
123.578
120.4564
117.969
116.0749
114.727
113.8733
113.4585
113.4257
113.7169
114.2742
115.041
115.9621
116.9849
118.0593
119.1388
120.1802
121.1442
121.9957
122.7033
123.2402
123.5834
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
486
488
490
492
494
496
498
500
502
504
506
508
510
512
514
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
538
540
542
544
546
548
550
552
554
556
558
560
562
564
566
568
mB[kg]
16.50799
16.43538
16.34221
16.22862
16.09479
15.94093
15.76726
15.57405
15.36159
15.13018
14.88017
14.61192
14.32583
14.0223
13.70175
13.36465
13.01146
12.64266
12.25876
11.86027
11.44773
11.02167
10.58264
10.13123
9.667989
9.193512
8.708386
8.213211
7.708589
7.19513
6.673448
6.144162
5.607895
5.065272
4.516922
3.963476
3.405566
2.843827
2.278895
1.711409
1.142005
0.571322
6.02E-15
-0.57132
-1.142
-1.71141
-2.2789
-2.84383
-3.40557
-3.96348
-4.51692
-5.06527
-5.6079
-6.14416
-6.67345
-7.19513
-7.70859
1206.082
1217.648
1226.888
1233.637
1237.763
1239.163
1237.765
1233.524
1226.426
1216.479
1203.718
1188.199
1169.999
1149.213
1125.95
1100.335
1072.501
1042.592
1010.757
977.1496
941.9239
905.235
867.2355
828.0742
787.8944
746.8327
705.0176
662.5688
619.5962
576.1995
532.4675
488.4783
444.2993
399.987
355.5879
311.1386
266.6667
222.1916
177.7255
133.2743
88.83874
44.41588
4.68E-13
-33.2513
-66.4956
-99.7248
-132.928
-166.09
-199.191
-232.205
-265.097
-297.826
-330.34
-362.577
-394.466
-425.923
-456.855
sin()
4244.538
4303.651
4360.35
4414.19
4464.793
4511.852
4555.12
4594.412
4629.6
4660.607
4687.406
4710.016
4728.496
4742.944
4753.494
4760.31
4763.582
4763.527
4760.379
4754.392
4745.834
4734.984
4722.126
4707.554
4691.561
4674.441
4656.486
4637.982
4619.208
4600.436
4581.924
4563.919
4546.655
4530.348
4515.2
4501.391
4489.086
4478.427
4469.536
4462.516
4457.444
4454.379
4453.353
3334.701
3336.388
3339.156
3342.944
3347.663
3353.201
3359.422
3366.166
3373.252
3380.475
3387.609
3394.411
3400.615
3405.942
F[N]
3921.215
3918.166
3907.571
3889.198
3862.926
3828.73
3786.681
3736.931
3679.706
3615.299
3544.054
3466.365
3382.661
3293.398
3199.054
3100.116
2997.079
2890.432
2780.659
2668.227
2553.586
2437.162
2319.356
2200.537
2081.045
1961.185
1841.226
1721.404
1601.919
1482.933
1364.576
1246.944
1130.1
1014.077
898.8792
784.4841
670.8458
557.8969
445.5514
333.7077
222.2515
111.059
1.64E-12
-83.1426
-166.355
-249.703
-333.246
-417.033
-501.1
-585.466
-670.131
-755.072
-840.239
-925.555
-1010.91
-1096.18
-1181.16
ZB[N]
-1624.86
-1780.28
-1934.82
-2087.87
-2238.79
-2386.97
-2531.83
-2672.82
-2809.44
-2941.24
-3067.81
-3188.82
-3303.98
-3413.07
-3515.93
-3612.45
-3702.6
-3786.37
-3863.82
-3935.07
-4000.27
-4059.59
-4113.28
-4161.57
-4204.76
-4243.13
-4277
-4306.7
-4332.54
-4354.87
-4374.01
-4390.27
-4403.97
-4415.39
-4424.82
-4432.51
-4438.68
-4443.54
-4447.27
-4450.02
-4451.9
-4452.99
-4453.35
-3333.66
-3332.24
-3329.81
-3326.29
-3321.59
-3315.55
-3308.01
-3298.79
-3287.66
-3274.39
-3258.72
-3240.38
-3219.1
-3194.57
N[N]
123.7143
123.6181
123.2839
122.7042
121.8753
120.7964
119.4698
117.9002
116.0947
114.0627
111.8149
109.3638
106.7229
103.9067
100.9301
97.80867
94.55784
91.19314
87.72979
84.18256
80.56563
76.89246
73.17567
69.42694
65.65697
61.87537
58.09068
54.31031
50.54053
46.78653
43.05238
39.34109
35.65466
31.99414
28.35964
24.75047
21.16519
17.60165
14.05715
10.52848
7.012035
3.503912
5.16E-14
-2.62315
-5.24849
-7.87812
-10.5139
-13.1574
-15.8097
-18.4715
-21.1426
-23.8225
-26.5095
-29.2013
-31.8943
-34.5843
-37.2657
570
572
574
576
578
580
582
584
586
588
590
592
594
596
598
600
602
604
606
608
610
612
614
616
618
620
622
624
626
628
630
632
634
636
638
640
642
644
646
648
650
652
654
656
658
660
662
664
666
668
670
672
674
676
678
680
682
mB[kg]
-8.21321
-8.70839
-9.19351
-9.66799
-10.1312
-10.5826
-11.0217
-11.4477
-11.8603
-12.2588
-12.6427
-13.0115
-13.3647
-13.7018
-14.0223
-14.3258
-14.6119
-14.8802
-15.1302
-15.3616
-15.5741
-15.7673
-15.9409
-16.0948
-16.2286
-16.3422
-16.4354
-16.508
-16.5599
-16.5911
-16.6015
-16.5911
-16.5599
-16.508
-16.4354
-16.3422
-16.2286
-16.0948
-15.9409
-15.7673
-15.5741
-15.3616
-15.1302
-14.8802
-14.6119
-14.3258
-14.0223
-13.7018
-13.3647
-13.0115
-12.6427
-12.2588
-11.8603
-11.4477
-11.0217
-10.5826
-10.1312
-487.156
-516.71
-545.39
-573.059
-599.571
-624.77
-648.495
-670.576
-690.842
-709.118
-725.226
-738.993
-750.246
-758.819
-764.554
-767.301
-766.925
-763.304
-756.333
-745.928
-732.023
-714.578
-693.575
-669.024
-640.962
-609.453
-574.592
-536.502
-495.335
-451.272
-404.523
-355.323
-303.936
-250.647
-195.764
-139.615
-82.5444
-24.9127
32.90984
90.54413
147.606
203.7094
258.4701
311.5086
362.4539
410.9464
456.6411
499.2109
538.3489
573.7717
605.2212
632.4671
655.3089
673.5774
687.1361
695.8824
699.7482
sin()
3410.093
3412.757
3413.61
3412.315
3408.527
3401.894
3392.06
3378.663
3361.343
3339.742
3313.505
3282.285
3245.743
3203.554
3155.408
3101.009
3040.086
2972.386
2897.685
2815.783
2726.51
2629.731
2525.34
2413.269
2293.485
2165.993
2030.837
1888.101
1737.906
1580.415
1415.83
1244.39
1066.374
882.0956
691.9061
496.189
295.3599
89.86387
-119.826
-333.213
-549.776
-768.977
-990.258
-1213.05
-1436.77
-1660.82
-1884.61
-2107.55
-2329.03
-2548.44
-2765.21
-2978.74
-3188.45
-3393.78
-3594.18
-3789.1
-3978.03
F[N]
-1265.67
-1349.44
-1432.2
-1513.61
-1593.31
-1670.9
-1745.94
-1817.95
-1886.43
-1950.83
-2010.58
-2065.1
-2113.77
-2155.96
-2191.05
-2218.39
-2237.37
-2247.36
-2247.77
-2238.04
-2217.65
-2186.1
-2142.99
-2087.95
-2020.71
-1941.08
-1848.93
-1744.28
-1627.21
-1497.95
-1356.81
-1204.26
-1040.85
-867.302
-684.421
-493.152
-294.556
-89.8038
119.8262
332.9601
548.137
763.8212
978.4153
1190.274
1397.72
1599.06
1792.602
1976.67
2149.628
2309.89
2455.943
2586.364
2699.833
2795.152
2871.258
2927.238
2962.34
ZB[N]
-3166.52
-3134.63
-3098.64
-3058.25
-3013.21
-2963.27
-2908.22
-2847.88
-2782.09
-2710.75
-2633.79
-2551.23
-2463.1
-2369.51
-2270.66
-2166.79
-2058.23
-1945.36
-1828.68
-1708.74
-1586.16
-1461.66
-1336.02
-1210.09
-1084.8
-961.119
-840.09
-722.788
-610.33
-503.857
-404.523
-313.486
-231.895
-160.87
-101.498
-54.8122
-21.7788
-3.28479
-0.12353
-12.9816
-42.4266
-88.8961
-152.688
-233.95
-332.677
-448.698
-581.68
-731.124
-896.36
-1076.56
-1270.72
-1477.7
-1696.21
-1924.81
-2161.95
-2405.95
-2655.04
N[N]
-39.9319
-42.5749
-45.1858
-47.7543
-50.2689
-52.7169
-55.0844
-57.3564
-59.5169
-61.5486
-63.4339
-65.1539
-66.6893
-68.0205
-69.1275
-69.9903
-70.589
-70.9043
-70.9173
-70.6103
-69.9667
-68.9715
-67.6113
-65.8749
-63.7535
-61.2409
-58.3338
-55.0319
-51.3385
-47.2602
-42.8074
-37.9943
-32.839
-27.3634
-21.5935
-15.559
-9.29324
-2.83331
3.780518
10.50489
17.29372
24.09856
30.869
37.55315
44.09807
50.45035
56.55658
62.36394
67.82075
72.87702
77.48501
81.59979
85.17973
88.18705
90.5882
92.35437
93.46183
684
686
688
690
692
694
696
698
700
702
704
706
708
710
712
714
716
718
720
mB[kg]
-9.66799
-9.19351
-8.70839
-8.21321
-7.70859
-7.19513
-6.67345
-6.14416
-5.6079
-5.06527
-4.51692
-3.96348
-3.40557
-2.84383
-2.2789
-1.71141
-1.142
-0.57132
-8E-15
698.7009
692.743
681.9127
666.283
645.9617
621.0901
591.8421
558.423
521.0678
480.0395
435.6271
388.1437
337.924
285.3223
230.7093
174.4701
117.0011
58.70743
8.25E-13
sin()
-4160.45
-4335.89
-4503.88
-4663.98
-4815.77
-4958.85
-5092.85
-5217.42
-5332.25
-5437.04
-5531.52
-5615.46
-5688.64
-5750.87
-5802
-5841.9
-5870.48
-5887.65
-5893.38
F[N]
2975.982
2967.765
2937.475
2885.09
2810.785
2714.929
2598.087
2461.014
2304.652
2130.121
1938.711
1731.868
1511.185
1278.386
1035.308
783.8871
526.1385
264.1375
2.89E-12
ZB[N]
-2907.39
-3161.07
-3414.12
-3664.56
-3910.38
-4149.62
-4380.3
-4600.53
-4808.48
-5002.4
-5180.65
-5341.73
-5484.24
-5606.98
-5708.88
-5789.07
-5846.85
-5881.72
-5893.38
N[N]
93.89225
93.63299
92.67733
91.02459
88.68027
85.65602
81.96965
77.64501
72.71179
67.20533
61.16633
54.64043
47.67789
40.33307
32.66396
24.73164
16.59967
8.333537
9.11E-14
n figurile 6.4, 6.5, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8, 6.9 sunt prezentate variaiile forelor F, F A, Fp, T,
ZB, M, B i N n funcie de unghiul .
34000
33000
32000
31000
30000
29000
28000
27000
26000
25000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6000
-7000
-8000
90
180
270
360
450
540
[grade]
Fp[N]
FA[N]
F[N]
630
720
810
34000
33000
32000
31000
30000
29000
28000
27000
26000
25000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
Fp[N]
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0
90
180
270
360
-2000
[grade]
450
540
630
720
28000
27000
26000
25000
24000
23000
22000
21000
20000
19000
18000
17000
16000
15000
14000
13000
12000
11000
10000
9000
8000
7000
6000
5000
4000
3000
2000
1000
0
-1000 0
90
180
270
360
450
-2000
-3000
-4000
-5000
-6000
-7000
-8000
[grade]
T[N]
ZB[N]
540
630
720
810
240
230
220
210
200
190
180
170
160
150
140
130
120
110
M[Nm]
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
-10 0
90
180
270
360
450
-20
-30
-40
-50
-60
-70
-80
-90
-100
-110
-120
[grade]
540
630
720
810
1800
1700
1600
1500
1400
1300
1200
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
N[N]
500
400
300
200
100
0
-100
90
180
270
360
450
-200
-300
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
[grade]
540
630
720
810
30000
27000
24000
21000
18000
15000
B[N]
12000
9000
6000
3000
0
0
90
180
270
360
450
-3000
-6000
-9000
[grade]
540
630
720
810
6.1. Pistonul
6.1.1. Construcia pistonului i analiza funcional
Pistonul este piesa care asigur evoluia fluidului motor n cilindru avnd
urmtoarele funcii:
- transmite bielei prin intermediul bolului fora de presiune a gazelor;
- transmite cilindrului reaciunea normal produs de biel;
- etaneaz mpreun cu segmenii cilindrul n ambele sensuri;
- evacueaz o parte din cldura dezvoltat prin arderea combustibilului;
- creeaz micarea dirijat a gazelor n cilindru;
- conine parial sau integral camera de ardere.
Construcia pistonului:
Pentru MAS apar exigene sporite n ceea ce privete btaia; ele pot fi satisfcute
mai uor deoarece pistonul este mai puin solicitat. O soluie curent const n separarea
mantalei de capul pistonului practicnd o tietur ntr-un plan normal pe axa pistonului,
sub canalul segmentului de ungere. Prin acest procedeu fluxul de cldur este
mpiedicat s se deplaseze spre manta i temperatura acesteia scade cu 30...50% de
aceea soluia se numete piston cu manta rece. Dezavantajele ei const n aceea c RPSul are un nivel ridicat de temperatur, iar pistonul, n ansamblu, o rigiditate insuficient.
Ultimul dezavantaj se elimin, n parte, prin separarea mantalei numai n regiunile
opuse umerilor acesteia sau prin utilizarea unor nervuri N puternice care leag mantaua
de capul pistonului (fig.6.13).
O alt soluie eficient este mantaua elastic. n acest scop se taie mantaua n
lungul ei (fig. 6.14 a) i se confecioneaz pereii mantalei cu o grosime redus (
2mm). La rece mantaua se monteaz cu joc mic iar la cald tietura preia dilatrile.
Aceast soluie a permis realizarea unor jocuri de montaj de 0.08...0.10 mm.
D
2
valori mai mari ale lui a, momentul i schimb semnul. Pentru a se atenua efectul de
basculare n acest caz, la motoarele moderne se dezaxeaz umerii mantalei cu distana e
( e = 0.014...0.025D ), n sensul forei normale, dezvoltate n cursa de destindere, iar
momentul de rsturnare nu i schimb semnul n jurul pmi, dar are valori mai mari. La
motoarele cu biele scurte, dezaxarea este cu att mai eficient cu ct oblicitatea bielei
este mai mare, ntruct crete reaciunea normal. Dac dezaxarea se alege raional se
obine o distribuie mai uniform a solicitrilor laterale, reducerea btii i mrirea
durabilitii pistonului.
Locaurile bolului trebuie s aib o rigiditate mare, altfel se produce deformarea
lor, a capului i a canalelor pentru segmeni. Rigiditatea se obine prin intermediul
Fig. 6.19
Lp
Lungimea pistonului, Lp
Lungimea pistonului se determin n funcie de alezajul pistonului:
= ( 0.8...1.1) * D
L p = 56.08...77.11mm
Aleg L p = 70mm .
Lungimea mantalei, Lm
Lungimea mantalei este:
L m = ( 0.5...0.8) * D
L m = 33.05...56.08mm
Aleg L m = 50mm .
nlimea de compresie, Hc
nlimea de compresie este:
H c = ( 0.5...0.7 ) * D
H c = 35.05...49.07mm
Aleg H c = 38mm .
Aleg h = 8mm .
Grosimea flancului primului segment, hc1
Grosimea flancului primului segment este:
h c1 =1.5...2.5mm
Aleg h c1 = 2mm .
Grosimea flancului, hc
Grosimea flancului este:
h c = ( 0.035...0.045) * D
h c = 2.4...3.1mm
Aleg h c = 3mm .
Grosimea capului,
Grosimea capului pistonului este:
= ( 0.08...0.1) * D
= 5.6...7.01mm
Aleg = 8mm .
Diametrul interior, Dci
Diametrul interior este: D ci = 48mm
6.1.4.2. Verificarea pistonului
Efortul unitar radial n extremitatea capului pistonului
re = 0.75 * ( p max
D
1) * ci
2*
daN
maxad = 250...600 2
cm
48
N
re = 0.75 * ( 8.4 1) *
= 49.95
2
2*8
mm
Efortul unitar re se ncadreaz n limitele
A = p max *
admisibile.
* D2
4 * AA
daN
.
cm 2
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
A A - aria seciunii reduse
( D 2 * a ) D ci
2
A A = * ( D 2 * a ) D ci2 n orif * d su *
4
2
n care:
D ci - diametrul interior
D ci = 48[ mm]
n orif - numrul orificiilor de scurgere a uleiului din piston
n orif = 6
d su - diametrul unui orificiu
d su = 2.5mm
* 70.12
N
A = 8.4 *
= 27.761
2
4 * 1167.821
mm
m ps * r * 2 * (1 + )
AA
* 10 3
n care:
1
1
m ps = * m p = * 0.224 = 0.075kg
3
3
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
rad
= 575.96
s
A A = 1167.821[ mm 2 ]
=
1
3.5
3.5 * 10 3 = 0.86 N
i =
mm 2
1167.821
N
Valori admisibile pentru i : i 4 2 .
mm
La baza mantalei:
m = ( 0.0002...0.0004 ) * D
m = 0.0003 * D = 0.0003 * 70.1 = 0.021[ mm]
m = 0.021[ mm]
m = ( 0.0006...0.0008) * D
La baza mantalei:
t m = 100 0 130 0 C
t m = 120 0 C
Temperatura cilindrului
La motoarele rcite cu lichid temperatura cilindrului este ntre 110 120 0C. Aleg
t cil = 120 0 C .
Diametrul capului pistonului i diametrul bazei mantalei
cil = 11 * 10 6
t 0 = 20 0 C
D * [1 + cil * ( t cil t 0 ) ] cp 70.1 * [1 + 11 * 10 6 * (120 20 ) ] 0.175
=
=
=
1 + pist * ( t cp t 0 )
1 + 20 * 10 6 * ( 300 20)
pist = 20 * 10 6
D Pcp
= 69.612[ mm]
D * [1 + cil * ( t cil t 0 ) ] m 70.1 * [1 + 11 * 10 6 * (120 20) ] 0.021
D Pm =
=
=
1 + pist * ( t m t 0 )
1 + 20 * 10 6 * (120 20)
= 70.016[ mm]
p mt =
N max
( L m * D A ev )
n care:
N max - valoarea maxim a forei normale care se citete din tabelul 4.1.
N max = 1436[ N ]
L m - lungimea mantalei
L m = 50mm
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
Aev aria suprafeei proiectate a poriunii evazate
A ev =
* ( D 2Pm D 2Pcp )
4
* ( 70.016 2 69.612 2 )
= 44.3[ mm 2 ]
4
1436
N
p mt =
= 0.415
2
( 50 * 70.1 44.3)
mm
6.2. Bolul
6.2.1. Analiza funcional
Bolul este organul care stabilete legtura dintre piston i biel i transmite fora
de presiune de la piston la biel.
Pentru ca biela s poat oscila fa de axa cilindrului, bolul se monteaz cu joc,
fie n piston, fie n biel, fie simultan n ambele organe. Cnd bolul e fix n biel el
execut o micare alternativ de rotaie. Cnd bolul se prevede cu joc att n piston ct
i n biel (bol flotant) el este antrenat n micarea alternativ de rotaie de fore de
frecare variabile, iar dup un numr de cicluri motoare, execut o rotaie complet.
Bolul dezvolt fore de inerie care ncarc organele mecanismului motor. De
aceea masa bolului trebuie s fie ct mai redus. Bolul lucreaz n condiii grele de
solicitare mecanic, fiind ncrcat de fora de presiune a gazelor i de fora de inerie
dezvoltat de piston. ntr-o seciune transversal apar solicitri de ncovoiere care
produc deformarea bolului dup axa lui longitudinal (fig.6.20).
6.2.3. Materiale
Bolul se confecioneaz din bare laminate. Materialul pentru bol trebuie s fie
tenace pentru a rezista la solicitarea prin oc. Un material tenace are ns o deformare
mare ceea ce nu corespunde cerinei de rigiditate i o rezisten mic la rupere
ceea ce nu corespunde solicitrilor de ncovoiere i oboseal. Se obin e compromis
dac se asigur o duritate ridicat (55...65 HRC) stratul superficial, pentru ca materialul
s reziste la uzur i oboseal, i o tenacitate ridicat miezului (35...44HRC).
Materialele care satisfac cel mai bine aceste condiii sunt oelurile carbon de calitate
(STAS 880-66) i oelurile aliate (STAS 791-66) (elemente de aliere Cr, Ni, Mn, Mo),
cu coninut redus de carbon (0,12...0,35%). Prin tratament termochimic de cementare se
aduce duritatea suprafeei la nivelul dorit. Tratamentul de cementare este o operaie
scump i se nlocuiete cu clirea superficial prin CIF, pe o adncime de 1.0...1.5mm.
Pentru bolurile cu solicitare intermediar se utilizeaz oel (mrcile: OLC15, OLC20,
OLC45, OLC60, 15CO8/15Cr3) care prin cementare (adncimea stratului de
0.5...1.5mm) atinge duritatea de 58..62HRC. Cnd se utilizeaz oeluri aliate ( mrcile:
18MC10/16MnCr5, 15CN15/15CrNi6, 21MoMC12), dup cementare, duritatea
stratului superficial ajunge la 58...64HRC cu rezisten la rupere de 100...120daN/cm 2.
Prin cementarea bolului pe ambele suprafee rezistena la oboseal crete cu 15...20%,
iar prin nitrurare pe ambele suprafee cu 35...45%.
6.2.4. Stabilirea datelor constructive pentru dimensionarea bolului
Lungimea bolului, l
La bolul flotant lungimea l este cuprins ntre ( 0.8...0.87 ) * D .
l = 56.08...60.98mm
Aleg l = 58mm
*
Fpmax FAPmax
2 * l p * d eb
F
se calculeaz cu masa pistonului i a segmenilor
F
= 0.7 * FAPmax
FAPmax se calculeaz cu masa grupului piston
FAP = m gp * r * 2 * ( cos + * cos2 ) * 10 3 [ N ]
*
APmax
*
APmax
Valorile forei FAP se gsesc n tabelul 4.1. Din tabel se extrage valoarea maxim i se
obine FAPmax .
FAPmax = 4218[ N ]
*
FAPmax
= 0.7 * ( 4218) = 2952.6[ N ]
lp =
Fpmax
l lb
j
2 2
l - lungimea bolului
l = 58mm
l b - lungimea de contact cu piciorul bielei
l b = 22mm
d eb - diametrul exterior al bolului
d eb = 19mm
- jocul; j =1...2mmm
Aleg j =1mm
j
58 22
1 = 17mm
2
2
31819 ( 2952.6)
pp =
= 53.82MPa
2 * 17 * 19
lp =
: 250...540 2
cm
Presiunea n piciorul bielei
pb =
*
Fpmax FAPmax
l b * d eb
pp
daN
n care:
*
FAPmax
= 0.7 * ( 4218) = 2952.6[ N ]
31819 ( 2952.6 )
N
pb =
= 83.19
2
19 * 22
mm
pmax
*
APmax
l b = 22mm
d eb - diametrul exterior al bolului
d eb = 19mm
j - jocul;
j =1mm
d ib 12
=
= 0.632
d eb 19
34689.6 * (1 + 0.5 * 22 + 4 * 1)
N
i =
= 366.75
3
4
2
1.2 * 19 * (1 0.632 )
mm
=
daN
2
cm
0.85 * F * (1 + + 4 )
d eb2 * (1 4 )
F = 34689.6[ N ]
d eb - diametrul
d eb = 19mm
exterior al bolului
d ib 12
=
= 0.632
d eb 19
0.85 * 34689.6 * (1 + 0.632 + 0.632 4 )
N
=
= 197.7
2
4
2
19 * (1 0.632 )
mm
daN
Valori admisibile pentru oel aliat: (1000...2200 ) 2
cm
=
l * d eb
l - lungimea bolului
l = 58mm
( 2 + ) * (1 + ) 1 * K
1 = 0.19 *
1
(1 ) 2
K = 1.314
34689.6
N
e =
* 4.33 = 136.62
2
58 * 19
mm
i =
F
* 3
l * d eb
(1 + 2 * ) * (1 + ) + 1 * K
3 = 0.19 *
1
(1 ) 2 *
i =
34689.6
N
* 14.317 = 451.7
2
58 * 19
mm
= 90 0
F
e =
* 2
l * d eb
Pentru
( 2 + ) * (1 + ) + 0.636 * K
2 = 0.174 *
1
(1 ) 2
e =
34689.6
N
* 9.499 = 299.7
2
58 * 19
mm
F
* 4
l * d eb
i =
(1 + 2 * ) * (1 + ) 0.636 * K
4 = 0.174 *
1
(1 ) 2 *
i =
34689.6
N
* 7.578 = 239.112
2
58 * 19
mm
d max =
0.09 * F 1 +
*
*K
l*E
1
K = 1.314
d
12
= ib =
= 0.632
d eb 19
E - modul de elasticitate
E = 2 * 10 5
l - lungimea bolului
l = 58mm
F = 34689.6[ N ]
3
0.09 * 34689.6 1 + 0.632
d max =
*
+ d eb * [ OL * ( t b t 0 ) Al * ( t p t 0 ) ]
1 + Al * ( t p t 0 )
n care:
= 0.076[ mm]
d eb - diametrul exterior al bolului
d eb = 19mm
OL - coeficientul de dilatare termic al oelului
OL = 12 * 10 6 K 1
Al - coeficientul de dilatare termic al aluminiului
Al = 17 * 10 6 K 1
tp
t p = 200 0 C
t b = 150 0 C
t 0 - temperatura mediului
t 0 = 20 0 C
0.076 + 19 * [12 * 10 6 * (150 20) 17 * 10 6 * ( 200 20) ]
=
= 0.047[ mm]
1 + 17 * 10 6 * ( 200 20 )
6.3. Segmenii
6.3.1. Analiza funcional
Principala funcie a segmenilor este de a etana cilindrul. Segmenii care
mpiedic scparea gazelor din cilindru spre carter se numesc segmeni de compresie.
Segmenii care mpiedic trecerea uleiului din carter spre camera de ardere se numesc
segmeni de ungere.
Dimensiunea caracteristic a seciunii dup direcia radial se numete grosimea
radial a , iar cea dup direcia axial se numete nlimea h (fig.6.22). n stare
montat diametrul exterior al segmentului este egal cu alezajul D. Diametrul interior al
segmentului este: D i = D 2 * a .
trebuie evacuat, ceea ce se obine practicnd unul sau mai multe canale n peretele
pistonului, sub segmentul de ungere sau n dreptul canalului de segment. Numrul i
dimensiunile orificiilor de ndeprtare a uleiului dintre piston i cilindru, precum i
dimensiunile spaiului de acumulare a uleiului sub segment sunt factori eseniali care
determin eficiena segmentului de ungere. Deplasarea unui flux de ulei spre camera de
ardere nu poate fi evitat. Ea este determinat de dou fenomene: parial, consumul de
ulei este provocat de aciunea de pompaj a segmentului care are loc la deplasarea
segmentului de pe flancul inferior pe flancul superior al canalului; parial, el este
determinat de ungerea hidrodinamic, datorit distribuiei inegale a presiunii n pelicula
de ulei, dup nlimea segmentului, care produce scparea de ulei ctre extremitile
uleiului.
6.3.4. Construcia segmenilor
Segmenii cu elasticitate proprie. n prezent exist o mare varietate de tipuri
constructive de segmeni de compresie. Segmentul cel mai cel mai simplu este cel cu
seciunea dreptunghiular. Muchiile ascuite ale segmentului, racleaz energic pelicula
de ulei, iar perioada de rodaj este mare deoarece segmentul se aplic pe toat nlimea.
Primul dezavantaj se nltur prin racordarea muchiilor segmentului; al doilea
dezavantaj se nltur dezvoltnd o presiune specific mai mare pe suprafaa lateral. n
acest scop se micoreaz nlimea de reazem a segmentului pe cilindru. Pentru a reduce
nlimea de reazem o prim soluie const n nclinarea suprafeei laterale a
segmentului cu un unghi de 25...45 . n acelai scop se prevede pe suprafaa lateral o
poriune cilindric. Deschiderea unghiului este ndreptat totdeauna spre chiulas pentru
a reduce consumul de ulei. n acest caz muchia inferioar a suprafeei laterale racleaz
mai energic uleiul la deplasarea pistonului spre pmi. Pentru acelai motiv se practic se
practic segmeni cu degajri pe suprafaa lateral. Teind ambele muchii ale
segmentului se reduce nlimea de reazem i se creeaz efectul de pan la deplasarea
segmentului n ambele sensuri; forma optim este segmentul bombat. Segmenii cu
seciune nesimetric se numesc segmeni de torsiune sau de rsucire. n timpul
funcionrii, segmenii se rsucesc n canal se sprijin pe suprafeele de lucru i
realizeaz o presiune mare de contact, necesar prevenirii vibraiei i nchiderii ermetice
a canalului ceea ce sporete eficiena etanrii. O soluie eficient contra blocrii
segmentului o constituie segmentul trapezoidal. n acest caz canalul segmentului se
prelucreaz i el n form de trapez.
Segmenii de ungere se grupeaz n dou clase: segmenii cu seciunea unitar
sau neperforai i segmeni cu seciunea radial perforat. Segmentul neperforat
evacueaz o cantitate mai mic de ulei (fig. 6.23 a); segmenii se perforeaz cnd este
necesar s se evacueze o cantitate sporit de ulei (b). n acest caz, pe suprafaa lateral
se prevede o degajare care permite raclarea uleiului n dou etape i evacuarea lui att
prin jocul axial, ct i prin canalul practicat n segment. O evacuare mai energic a
uleiului raclat se obine dac se prevd dou canale n peretele pistonului. Canalele din
segmeni se obin prin gurire (d) sau frezare (e i f); canale frezate se execut mai
simplu. Particularitatea fundamental a segmentului de ungere const n aceea c el
trebuie s dezvolte o presiune superioar pentru a spori eficiena raclrii.
6.3.5. Materiale
Materialul pentru segmeni trebuie s posede urmtoarele proprieti:
- caliti bune de alunecare, pentru a atenua pierderile mecanice n condiiile frecrii
semifluide i a preveni gripajul;
- duritate ridicat, pentru a prelua sarcinile mari de contact i pentru a rezista la uzura
adeziv i abraziv;
- rezisten la coroziune, pentru a atenua efectul atacurilor chimice i electrochimice;
- rezisten mecanic ridicat la temperaturi relativ mari (200...300 0C), pentru a realiza
un segment uor, cu dimensiuni reduse;
- modul de elasticitate superior la temperaturi relativ mari, invariabil n timp, pentru a
preveni vibraia;
- caliti bune de adaptabilitate rapid la forma cilindrului.
Dintre cele dou aliaje ale fierului, oelul este impropriu ntruct nu posed
caliti satisfctoare de alunecare. Cea mai bun soluie de compromis o constituie
fonta; n unele cazuri, cnd fonta nu poate satisface cerinele de rezisten mecanic se
utilizeaz oelul.
daN
2
cm
pE =
daN
2
mm
n care:
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
Ft - fora tangenial de strngere;
Aleg Ft = 42[ N ]
h nlimea segmentului de ungere
h = 4mm
pE =
max
2 * 42
N
= 0.3
2
4 * 70.1
mm
pE * K D
=
* 3 * 1 1
2
n care:
N
=
* 3 *
1 1 = 260.22
2
2
mm
3.7
Momentul maxim
M max = R * r * h * p E * K[ Nmm]
n care:
D 70.1
R= =
= 35.05[ mm]
2
2
r=
D a 70.1 3.7
=
= 33.2[ mm]
2
2
N max = R * h * p E * K[ N ]
N max = 35.05 * 4 * 0.3 * 1.8 = 75.6[ N ]
s0
( 3 C) * * R * h * r
=
E * Ir
* pE
[ mm]
n care:
C = 0.1625
I r - moment de inerie al seciunii
h * a3
4 * 3.7 3
Ir =
[ mm 4 ]
Ir =
= 16.884[ mm 4 ]
12
12
E modul de elasticitate
daN
E = 11000
2
mm
R = 35.05[ mm]
s0 =
r = 33.2[ mm]
* 0.3
11000 * 16.884
N
p E = 0.3
2
mm
= 7.38[ mm]
s0
2*m*E
N
* 1
2
2
D ( 3 C ) * * a mm
1
a
n care:
E modul de elasticitate
daN
E = 11000
2
mm
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
a grosimea radial a segmentului
a = 3.7mm
s 0 - rostul n stare liber
s 0 = 7.38[ mm]
dmax =
2 * 0.5 * 110000
7.38
N
* 1
= 265.163
2
2
mm
70.1
( 3 0.1625) * * 3.7
3.7
s0
2*K
a N
fmax =
*
2
* ( 3 C ) D mm 2
7.38
110000 *
2 * 1.8
3.7 = 275 N
fmax =
*
2
mm 2
* ( 3 0.1625)
70.1
1
3.7
daN
2
cm
daN
2
mm
N
2
mm
s0
( 3 C) * * R * h * r
=
E * Ir
* pE
[ mm]
n care:
E modul de elasticitate
daN
E = 11000
2
mm
R = 35.05[ mm]
r = 33.2[ mm]
N
p E = 0.22
2
mm
s0 =
* 0.22
11000 * 10.553
= 5.42[ mm]
dmax =
s0
2*m*E
N
* 1
2
2
D ( 3 C ) * * a mm
1
a
n care:
E modul de elasticitate
daN
E = 11000
2
mm
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
a grosimea radial a segmentului
a = 3.7mm
dmax =
2 * 0.5 * 110000
5.42
N
* 1
= 285.45
2
2
mm
70.1
( 3 0.1625) * * 3.7
1
3.7
s
E* 0
2*K
a N
fmax =
*
2
* ( 3 C ) D mm 2
1
a
5.42
110000 *
2 * 1.8
3.7 = 201.962 N
fmax =
*
2
mm 2
* ( 3 0.1625)
70.1
3.7
105
90
75
120
60
4
135
45
3
150
30
2
165
15
1
pE ( )
180
195
345
210
330
225
315
240
300
255
270
285
Fig. 6.25 Curba de distribuie a presiunii elastice pe suprafaa lateral a segmentului de foc
6.4. Biela
6.4.1. Analiza funcional
Biela este organul mecanismului motor care transmite fora de presiune a gazelor
de la piston la arborele cotit i servete la transformarea micrii alternative de translaie
a pistonului n micare de rotaie a arborelui cotit. Biela este compus din trei pri:
partea articulat cu bolul se numete piciorul bielei (1); partea articulat cu manetonul
se numete capul bielei (2); partea central se numete corpul bielei (3).
Dac ungerea se face prin stropire se practic un orificiu (fig. 6.29, a) sau o
tietur 8b) la partea superioar a piciorului. Dac uleiul este adus sub presiune se
practic un canal n corpul bielei prin care sosete uleiul la picior (c). Dac este necesar
s se sigure rcirea simpl a capului pistonului, prin jeturi de ulei, se prelungete canalul
pn la extremitate i se prevede, la captul lui un pulverizator P (d).
Fig. 6.31. Descompunerea forei de ntindere n cazul separrii capului dup un plan oblic
Pentru prinderea capacului se utilizeaz adesea dou sau patru uruburi cu piuli.
Prinderea se face din partea capacului, fiind astfel uor accesibil. La unele biele, pentru
a micora dimensiunile capacului, se folosesc uruburi fr piuli. Este avantajos a se
fileta gaura n capacul bielei deoarece n acest caz, la defectarea filetului se nlocuiete
numai capacul, soluia complic ns montajul, de aceea se prefer filetarea gurii n
partea superioar a capului. O soluie comod dar scump , const n folosirea unor
uruburi prizoniere prelucrate dintr-o bucat cu partea superioar a capului. urubul are
o form special; capul este prevzut cu un umr care intr ntr-un prag din capul bielei
pentru a mpiedica rotirea la montaj.
6.4.2.5. Cuzineii bielei
La motoarele pentru autovehicule se folosesc pe scar larg cuzinei subiri,
formai din dou pri semicilindrice. Cuzineii se confecioneaz din band de oel cu
coninut sczut de carbon cu grosimea de 0.9...2.5 mm sau ( = 0.03...0.05) din
diametrul manetonului, pe suprafaa interioar aplicndu-se un material antifriciune.
Cuzinetul se monteaz cu strngere (0.04...0.08 mm) ceea ce asigur un contact mai bun
cu capul bielei necesar pentru evacuarea cldurii. Strngerea mai mare se aplic
cuzinetului cu grosimea mai mic. Strngerea mpiedic rotirea cuzinetului (n acelai
scop cuzinetul se prevede cu un prag de fixare) ceea ce este necesar pentru a preveni
obturarea orificiului de ulei din capul bielei.
6.4.3. Materiale
Bielele se confecioneaz din:
a) oel carbon de calitate (STAS 880-66, mrcile OLC 45X, OLC 50);
b) oel aliat cu elemente de aliere: Cr, Mn, Mo, Ni, V (STAS 781-66, mrcile: 40C10,
41Moc11, 41VMoC17, STAS 8580-74, marca 34MoCN15AT);
c) aliaj uor (duraluminiu);
d) font cu grafit nodular.
Rezistena de rupere la traciune a oelurilor pentru biel trebuie s fie cuprins
ntre 80...105 daN/mm2. Bielele din oeluri aliate se lustruiesc fiind foarte sensibile la
concentrarea de tensiuni. O metod mai eficient i economic de ridicare a rezistenei
la oboseal este ecruisarea (durificarea bielelor cu alice).
uruburile de biel se execut din oeluri aliate pentru mbuntire (STAS 79166, mrcile: 45C10; 41CN12; 34MoCN15) cu rezisten la rupere de 70...80 daN/mm2.
Bucele din piciorul bielei se confecioneaz din bronzuri cu rezisten ridicat la
uzare i rupere (bronz cu plumb, bronz cu aluminiu, bronz fosforos).
6.4.4. Calculul bielei
6.4.4.1. Calculul piciorului bielei
Determinarea dimensiunilor caracteristice ale piciorului bielei
Dimensiunile caracteristice ale piciorului bielei se determin pe baza datelor
constructive. n figura 6.32 sunt prezentate dimensiunile caracteristice ale piciorului
bielei.
d eb = 19mm
Aleg h b = 0.085 * d eb = 0.085 * 19 = 1.6[ mm]
- d ibc - diametrul interior al bucei
d ibc = d eb = 19[ mm]
- d ebc - diametrul exterior al bucei
d ebc = d ibc + 2 * h b
n care:
d ibc - diametrul interior al bucei
d ibc = d eb = 19[ mm]
h b - grosimea radial a bucei
h b = 1.6[ mm]
d ebc = 19 + 2 * 1.6 = 22[ mm]
hp
h p = ( 0.16...0.27 ) * d eb
d eb
d eb = 19mm
n care:
h p = 3.8[ mm]
m gp = 0.313[ kg ]
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
1
=
3.5
Ft = 4218.15[ N ]
I = 1250
N 0t = 4218.15 * ( 0.572 0.0008 * 125) = 1990.96[ N ]
M 0t = 633.36[ Nmm]
N 0t - fora normal n seciunea V-V
N 0t = 1990.96[ N ]
d + d i 30 + 22
rm = e
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
I = 1250
Ft - fora de ntindere a piciorului
Ft = 4218.15[ N ]
N 0t = 1990.96[ N ]
I = 1250
Coeficientul de proporionalitate
K=
1
1+
A b E BZ
*
A p E OL
n care:
A b = 2 * 1.6 * 22 = 70.4[ mm 2 ]
Ap
Ap = 2 * h p * b
hp
h p = 3.8[ mm]
b = 22[ mm]
A p = 2 * 3.8 * 22 = 167.2[ mm 2 ]
6 * rm + h p
1 N
et = 2 * M t I *
+ K * N t I *
n care:
2
h p * ( 2 * rm + h p )
b * h p mm
t
M
I - momentul ncovoietor n seciunea I-I
M t I = 3175.75[ Nmm]
t
N
I
N I =1795.39[ N ]
t
hp
h p = 3.8[ mm]
b = 22[ mm]
rm =
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
K - coeficient de proporionalitate
K = 0.812
6 * 13 + 3.8
1
N
et = 2 * 3175.75 *
+ 0.812 * 1795.39 *
= 72.33
2
3.8 * ( 2 * 13 + 3.8)
mm
22 * 3.8
6 * rm h p
1 N
it = 2 * M t I *
+ K * N t I *
2
h p * ( 2 * rm h p )
b * h p mm
t
M
I
M t I = 3175.75[ Nmm]
t
N
I
N t I =1795.39[ N ]
hp
h p = 3.8[ mm]
b = 22[ mm]
rm =
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
K - coeficient de proporionalitate
K = 0.812
6 * 13 3.8
1
N
it = 2 * 3175.75 *
+ 0.812 * 1795.39 *
= 49.37
2
3.8 * ( 2 * 13 3.8)
mm
22 * 3.8
n care:
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
p max - presiunea maxim pe ciclu
p max = 8.4MPa
m gp
rm =
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
m gp = 0.313[ kg ]
1
=
3.5
* 70.12
1
Fc =
* 8.4 0.313 * 13 * 575.95 * 1 +
= 30681.35[ N ]
4
3.5
1
sin I I
M c I = M c0 + N c0 * rm * (1 cos I ) Fc * rm *
* sin I * cos I [ Nmm] n care:
c
3
0
M 0 = 1.8 * Fc * rm * 10 - pentru I = 125
M c0 = 1.8 * 30681.35 * 13 * 10 3 = 717.94[ Nmm]
N c0 = 6 * Fc * 10 3 [ N] - pentru I = 1250
N c0 = 6 * 10 3 * 30681.35 = 184.09[ N ]
I - se introduce n radiani
125 *
=
= 2.18166[ rad ]
I
180
rm =
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
1
sin I I
N c I = N c0 * cos I + Fc *
* sin I * cos I [ N ]
c
3
0
N 0 = 6 * Fc * 10 [ N] - pentru I = 125
N c0 = 6 * 10 3 * 30681.35 = 184.09[ N ]
I - se introduce n radiani
125 *
=
= 2.18166[ rad ]
I
180
1
sin125 2.18166
* sin125 * cos125 =
= 609.15[ N ]
6 * rm + h p
1
ce = 2 * M c I *
+ K * N c I *
h p * ( 2 * rm + h p )
b * hp
hp
N
mm 2
h p = 3.8[ mm]
b = 22[ mm]
rm =
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
M c I = 4807.84[ Nmm]
N c I = 609.15[ N ]
6 * 13 + 3.8
1
N
ce = 2 * ( 4807.84) *
+ 0.812 * 609.15 *
= 77.16
2
3.8 * ( 2 * 13 + 3.8)
mm
22 * 3.8
6 * rm h p
1 N
ic = 2 * M c I *
+ K * N c I *
2
h p * ( 2 * rm h p )
b * h p mm
hp
h p = 3.8[ mm]
b = 22[ mm]
rm =
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
M c I = 4807.84[ Nmm]
N c I = 609.15[ N ]
6 * 13 3.8
1
N
ic = 2 * ( 4807.84) *
+ 0.812 * 609.15 *
= 107.08
2
3.8 * ( 2 * 13 3.8)
mm
22 * 3.8
Strngerea termic
St = d i * ( BZ OL ) * ( t 150 )
BZ - coeficientul de dilatare termic a bronzului
BZ = 18 * 10 6 K 1
OL - coeficientul de dilatare termic a oelului
OL = 10 * 10 6 K 1
t = (100...150 ) C
0
Aleg t = 100 0 C
d i - diametrul interior al piciorului bielei
d i = d ebc = 22[ mm]
Presiunea de fretaj
pf =
Sm + St
d i2 + d eb2
d + d
2
2
d d
d d eb
di *
+ i
E OL
E BZ
2
e
2
e
2
i
2
i
n care:
S m = ( 0.004...0.008) mm
Aleg Sm = 0.004[ mm]
d i - diametrul interior al piciorului bielei
d i = d ebc = 22[ mm]
E BZ - modulul de elasticitate al bucei de bronz
N
E BZ = 1.15 * 10 5
2
mm
E OL - modulul de elasticitate al piciorului bielei
N
E OL = 2.1 * 10 5
2
mm
d e - diametrul exterior al piciorului bielei
d e = 30[ mm]
d eb - diametrul exterior al bolului
d eb = 19mm
= 0.3
pf =
0.004 + 0.015
=11.58[ mm]
22 2 + 19 2
30 + 22 2
+ 0.3
0.3
2
2
2
2
22 * 30 22 5
+ 22 19 5
2.1 * 10
1.15 * 10
if = p f *
d e2 + d i2 N
d e2 d i2 mm 2
if = 11.58 *
30 2 + 22 2
N
= 38.53
2
2
2
30 22
mm
max = fe + et
N
fe = 26.95
2
mm
N
et = 72.33
2
mm
N
max = 26.95 + 72.33 = 99.28
2
mm
min = fe + ce
N
N
fe = 26.95
ce = 77.16
2
2
mm
mm
N
min = 26.95 77.16 = 50.21
2
mm
Coeficientul de siguran
c=
1t
k
* v + * m
*
Aleg
= 0.7
=1.1
daN
daN
N
1t = 4000 2 = 400
2 . Aleg
2
cm
cm
mm
=0.12...0.2
=0.12 .
400
= 3.99
1
* 74.74 + 0.12 * 24.53
0.7 * 1.1
c=
Coeficientul de siguran pentru piciorul bielei trebuie s fie cuprins ntre 2.5 i 5.
Deformaia piciorului
8 * Ft * rm3 * ( I0 90 0 )
( d i ) max =
10 6 * E OL * I
I - momentul de inerie al piciorului bielei
I=
b * h 3p
hp
12
[ mm ]
4
h p = 3.8[ mm]
b = 22[ mm]
22 * 3.83
I=
= 100.59[ mm 4 ]
12
I = 1250
d e + d i 30 + 22
=
= 13[ mm]
4
4
8 * 4218.15 * 133 * (1250 90 0 )
( d i ) max =
= 0.0043[ mm]
10 6 * 2.1 * 10 5 * 100.59
rm =
d e = 30[ mm]
gp
gp
m gp = 0.313[ kg ]
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
rad
= 575.95
s
1
=
3.5
1
t =
Ft
[ MPa ]
A
n care:
Ft - fora de ntindere
Ft = 4218.15[ N ]
t =
4218.15
= 30.67[ MPa ]
137.544
Fora de compresiune
Fc =
* D2
* p max m gp * r * 2 * (1 + ) * 10 3 [ N ]
4
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
p max - presiunea maxim pe ciclu
p max = 8.4MPa
m gp
n care:
m gp = 0.313[ kg ]
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
rad
= 575.95
s
1
=
3.5
* 70.12
1
3
Fc =
* 8.4 0.313 * 31.55 * 575.95 2 * 1 +
* 10 = 28201.27[ N ]
4
3.5
c =
Fc
[ MPa ]
A
A = 137.544[ mm 2 ]
Fc - fora de compresiune
Fc = 28201.27[ N ]
c =
28201.27
= 205.03[ MPa ]
137.544
c=
k
n care:
* v + * m
*
1t = 400[ MPa ]
max = c = 205.03[ MPa ]
min = t = 30.67[ MPa ]
+ min 205.03 30.67
m = max
=
= 87.18[ MPa ]
2
2
min 205.03 + 30.67
v = max
=
= 117.85[ MPa ]
2
2
c=
=1.1
=0.2
k =1
400
= 2.34
1
* 117.85 + 0.2 * 87.18
0.7 * 1.1
m gp = 0.313[ kg ]
m B - masa bielei
m B = 0.463[ kg ]
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
rad
= 575.95
s
1
=
3.5
1
3
Ft = ( 0.313 + 0.275 * 0.463) * 31.55 * 575.952 * 1 +
* 10 = 5931.97[ N ]
3.5
t =
Ft
[ MPa ]
A
n care:
Ft - fora de ntindere
Ft = 5931.97[ N ]
A = 2 * B * a + h * a [ mm 2 ] unde:
H + H c 19.5 + 25.35
H= p
=
= 22.425[ mm]
2
2
h = 0.65 * H = 0.65 * 22.425 = 14.57[ mm]
B = 0.7 * H = 0.7 * 22.425 = 15.69[ mm]
a = 0.16 * H = 0.16 * 22.425 = 3.58[ mm]
t =
5931.97
= 35.96[ MPa ]
164.95
Fora de compresiune
Fc =
* D2
* p max Ft [ N ]
4
D alezajul
D = 70,1mm
p max - presiunea maxim pe ciclu
p max = 8.4MPa
Ft - fora de ntindere
Ft = 5931.97[ N ]
* 70.12
Fc =
* 8.4 + 5931.97 = 38351.39[ N ]
4
c =
0f =
Fc
[ MPa ]
A
c =
38351.39
= 232.51[ MPa ]
164.95
n care:
E = 2.1 * 10 5 [ MPa ]
b - lungimea bielei
b =110.42[ mm]
I c - momentul
Ic =
2 * a * B + ( H 2 * a) * a3
[ mm 4 ]
12
3
( )
0
f
i planul de
b 110.42
=
= 55.21[ mm]
2
2
300
55.212
= 2
*
* 38351.39 = 14.26[ MPa ]
* 2.1 * 10 5 1185.89
c
f
0 = K 0 *
a = 300[ MPa ]
b2 * A
K0 = 1 + C *
Ic
C=
e
300
= 2
= 0.00014
* E * 2.1 * 105
2
Fc = 38351.39[ N ]
110.42 2 * 164.95
= 1.245
2371.79
38351.39
0 = 1.245 *
= 289.58[ MPa ] < a
164.95
K 0 = 1 + 0.00014 *
Fc
< a
A
b2 * A
KC = 1 + C * c
I0
c = KC *
c = 1.061 *
K C =1 + 0.00014 *
55.21 * 164.95
=1.061
1185.89
38351.39
= 246.78[ MPa ] < a
164.95
Coeficientul de siguran
1t
c=
k
n care:
* v + * m
*
1t = 400[ MPa ]
+ min 289.58 35.96
m = max
=
= 126.81[ MPa ]
2
2
min 289.58 + 35.96
v = max
=
= 162.77[ MPa ]
2
2
c=
=1.1
=0.2
400
= 1.68
1
* 162.77 + 0.2 * 126.81
0.7 * 1.1
k =1
exterior al cuzinetului
d ecap
l M = ( 0.45...0.62 ) * d M
Aleg l M = 0.5 * d M = 0.5 * 42 = 21[ mm] .
l M = 21[ mm]
Fora de ntindere
Ft = m A * r * 10 3 * 2max * ( 1 + ) + ( m BC m C ) * r * 10 3 * 2max [ N]
n care:
max = 1.5 *
max
m A = m gp + 0.275 * m B
m gp
n care:
- masa grupului piston
m gp = 0.313[ kg ]
m B - masa bielei
m B = 0.463[ kg ]
m A = 0.313 + 0.275 * 0.463 = 0.44[ kg ]
m BM = 0.725 * m B = 0.725 * 0.463 = 0.336[ kg ]
mC =
m BM 0.336
=
= 0.168[ kg ]
2
2
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
=
1
3.5
3
2
Ft = 0.44 * 31.55 * 10 3 * 863.938 2 * 1 +
+ ( 0.336 0.168) * 31.55 * 10 * 863.938 =
3.5
= 17283.934[ N ]
0.023 * d C
0.4
[ MPa ]
= Ft *
+
A C + A cuz
I cuz
1 + I
* WC
n care:
I cuz =
l M * 3 21 * 1.6 3
=
= 7.168[ mm 4 ]
12
12
l M * ecap
21 *
2
2
= 896[ mm 4 ]
IC =
=
12
12
WC - momentul de inerie polar al capacului
2
2
d d icap
61.2 45.2
l M * ecap
21 *
2
2
= 224[ mm 3 ]
WC =
6
6
A cuz - aria cuzinetului
d d icap
61.2 45.2
2
= 21 *
A C = l M * ecap
= 168[ mm ]
2
2
0.023 * 61.2
0.4
=142.04[ MPa ]
=17283.934 *
+
1 + 7.168 * 224 168 +33.6
896
a = (100...150 ) [ MPa ]
Deformaia capului
( d C ) max =
1
* unde:
2
0.0003
0.0003
0.0126
* d M =
* 42 =
=
0.003
0.003
0.126
( d C ) max
ds =
4 * c c * C1 * Ff
[ mm]
* C2 * c
0.0063
2
0.063
n care:
c c - coeficientul de siguran
c c = (1.25...3.0) . Aleg c c = 2.5.
C1 - factorul care ine seama de solicitrile suplimentare de rsucire care apar la
strngerea piuliei
C1 =1.3
C 2 - factorul care ine seama de scurgerea materialului n prezena filetului
C 2 =1.15
c - limita de curgere
Pentru oeluri aliate c = ( 600...1400) MPa. Aleg c = 600MPa .
Ff = F0 + Fs
n care:
Fs = * Ft
Ft =
- constant
= ( 0.2...0.25) .
Aleg
Ft 17283.934
=
= 8641.967[ N ]
2
2
=0.22.
4 * 2 * 1.3 * 20049.363
= 9.808[ mm]
* 1.15 * 600
4 * c c * Ff
4 * 2 * 20049.363
=
= 9.225[ mm]
* c
* 600
* ds * 9.225
* d s2 * 9.8 2
AS
=
= 75.43[ mm 2 ]
AS =
=
= 66.476 mm 2
4
4
4
4
F0 18148.13
Ff
20049.363
max =
=
= 265.802[ MPa ] min =
=
= 240.597[ MPa ]
AS
75.43
AS
75.43
F 18148.13
F
20049.363
max = f =
= 301.603[ MPa ]
min = 0 =
= 273.002[ MPa ]
AS
66.476
AS
66.476
2
c=
k
n care:
* v + * m
*
1 = 500[ MPa ]
+ min 265.802 + 240.597
m = max
=
= 253.199[ MPa ]
2
2
min 265.802 240.597
v = max
=
= 12.603[ MPa ]
2
2
=1
500
c=
5
* 12.603 + 0.2 * 253.199
0.8 * 1
=0.2
k = 5
= 3.642
c
k
* v + * m
*
c - limita de curgere
c = 600MPa
=1
=0.2
k = 5
c =
600
5
* 14.3 + 0.2 * 287.302
0.8 * 1
= 1.556
fiecare cilindru i-l transmite utilizatorului. Arborele cotit antreneaz n micare unele
sisteme auxiliare ale motorului.
Arborele cotit este alctuit dintr-un numr de coturi, egal cu numrul cilindrilor,
la motoarele n linie i cu jumtatea numrului de cilindrii la motoarele n V, precum i
din dou sau mai multe fusuri de reazem 1 (fig. 6.33), numite fusuri paliere. Fiecare cot
este alctuit din dou brae 2 i un fus 3, numit fus maneton, care se articuleaz cu capul
bielei. n unele cazuri la extremitile braelor se prevd masele 4, pentru echilibrare.
Partea arborelui cotit prin care se transmite micarea la utilizare se numete partea
posterioar; n opoziie cu ea, cealalt extremitate se numete partea frontal. La partea
posterioar se prelucreaz o flan 5 de care se prinde volantul 10 cu coroana dinat 11:
la partea frontal se fixeaz prin pan o roat dinat 6, care acioneaz mecanismul de
distribuie i alte organe auxiliare, o fulie 7 pentru antrenarea ventilatorului i a
generatorului de curent, fixat pe amortizorul de vibraii 8 i un clichet 9 pentru
pornirea manual. Masa arborelui cotit reprezint 7...15%, din masa motorului; preul
de fabricaie al arborelui ajunge pn la 15...20% din preul motorului. Arborele cotit
trebuie s realizeze o mas redus, o tehnologie simpl, o durabilitate ridicat i o
siguran mare n funcionare.
prima varietate este cea mai rspndit: Fonta modificat cu grafit nodular (C=3,7%,
Si=2,3%, Mn=0,3%, Mg=0,05%, S=0,08, P=0,025%) dup un tratament de clire i
revenire a cptat o rezisten la rupere de 120 daN/mm 2, limita de elasticitate 82
daN/mm2 i E=17500 daN/mm2, apropiat de al oelului (21000 daN/mm 2). Fonta
nodular are duritatea 212...270HB, dar permite prin tratament termic realizarea uni
duriti de 500 HB.
6.5.4. Calculul arborelui cotit
6.5.4.1. Alegerea dimensiunilor
Arborele cotit se dimensioneaz pe baza datelor constructive . n figura 6.34 sunt
prezentate dimensiunile caracteristice ale unui cot.
Lungimea cotului, l
l = (1.10...1.25) * D
D alezaj
D = 70mm
d L = ( 0.6...0.7 ) * D
D alezaj
D = 70mm
d L = ( 0.6...0.7 ) * 70 = ( 42...49 ) [ mm]
Aleg d L = 44[ mm]
Lungimea fusului palier, l L
l Le = ( 0.74...0.84 ) * d L
l Le = ( 0.74...0.84 ) * 44 = ( 32.56...36.96)[ mm]
Aleg l Le = 33[ mm]
Diametrul fusului maneton, d M
d M = ( 0.55...0.68) * D
D alezaj
D = 70mm
Grosimea braului, h
h = ( 0.15...0.35) * d M
d M - diametrul fusului maneton
d M = 42[ mm]
Limea braului, b
b = (1.7..1.9 ) * d M
d M - diametrul fusului maneton
d M = 42[ mm]
b = (1.7..1.9) * 42 = ( 71.4...79.8)[ mm ]
Aleg b = 76[ mm]
Raza de racordare,
= ( 0.06...0.1) * d M
d M - diametrul fusului maneton
d M = 42[ mm]
R Mmax
n care:
d M * lM
Mmax
Fig. 6.35 Schema forelor pentru calculul unui cot sprijinit pe dou fusuri paliere egale
j= 1
T
j=1
*r
M d = M S + T * r
n tabelul 6.2 sunt prezentate momentele de rsucire care solicit fusurile paliere.
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
MII [N*mm]
0
-8404.55647
-16741.5694
-24944.1397
-32946.6497
-40685.3864
-48099.1445
-55129.8005
-61722.8549
-67827.9337
-73399.2451
-78395.9869
-82782.6988
-86529.5572
-89612.6089
-92013.9412
-93721.787
-94730.5645
-95040.85
-94659.2865
-93598.4286
-91876.5251
-89517.2445
-86549.3457
-83006.2983
-78925.8583
-74349.6051
-69322.4444
-63892.0854
-58108.4979
-52023.357
-45689.4828
-39160.2806
-32489.1916
-25729.1579
-18932.1111
-12148.4874
-5426.77846
1186.8802
7649.07752
13919.4486
19960.9474
25740.0685
31227.017
36395.8264
41224.4253
45694.6538
49792.2332
53506.6904
56831.2409
59762.6348
62300.9701
64449.4764
66214.2761
67604.1263
68630.146
69305.5349
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
MII [N*mm]
69645.2863
69665.9004
69385.0993
68821.5502
67994.5977
66924.0083
65629.7311
64131.6736
62449.4968
60602.4293
58609.1011
56487.398
54254.3359
51925.9558
49517.238
47042.0355
44513.0257
41941.6794
39338.2457
36711.7528
34070.0224
31419.6972
28766.2801
26114.1845
23466.7942
20826.5311
18194.9318
15572.73
12959.9448
10355.9742
7759.69232
5169.55046
2583.68044
1.2694E-11
-2593.51191
-5189.69967
-7791.13435
-10400.1781
-13018.8816
-15648.8825
-18291.3081
-20946.6798
-23614.8228
-26294.7802
-28984.7329
-31681.9265
-34382.6054
-37081.956
-39774.0589
-42451.8524
-45107.1077
-47730.417
-50311.1954
-52837.6985
-55297.056
-57675.3225
-59957.5464
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
MII [N*mm]
-62127.8585
-64169.5787
-66065.3447
-67797.2592
-69347.0581
-70696.299
-71826.5677
-72719.7037
-73358.042
-73724.6695
-73803.6946
-73580.5249
-73042.1537
-72177.4476
-70977.434
-69435.5838
-67548.0837
-65314.0947
-62735.9905
-59819.5725
-56574.2553
-53013.218
-49153.5175
-45016.158
-40626.1156
-36012.3105
-31207.5279
-26248.2825
-21174.626
-16029.8952
-10860.4018
-5715.06092
-644.960473
4297.12961
9057.30805
13581.1527
17814.3912
21703.6334
25197.167
28245.8202
30803.8952
32830.179
34289.0375
35151.6024
35397.0545
35014.0126
34002.0225
32373.1391
30153.5718
27385.3404
24127.8501
20459.2422
16477.3097
12299.6858
8062.92595
3920.03025
35.9126478
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
MII [N*mm]
-3419.6287
-6281.70931
-8402.83321
-9667.39014
-10006.7961
-9413.14796
-7948.72746
-5748.66064
-3014.75268
-1.672E-11
36646.5398
72046.9087
105060.612
134741.773
160398.883
181619.839
198264.06
210428.938
218400.585
222598.746
223523.807
221711.035
217694.556
211981.424
205034.84
197264.863
189024.817
180611.686
172269.109
164191.866
156531.084
149399.616
142877.265
137015.649
131842.616
127366.184
123578.004
120456.391
117968.96
116074.907
114726.995
113873.269
113458.549
113425.723
113716.864
114274.205
115040.973
115962.105
116984.857
118059.31
119138.787
120180.186
121144.231
121995.651
122703.293
123240.166
123583.431
= M [N*mm] = MS
60366.0754
48602.90728
37834.76339
28343.10859
20319.47836
13837.66796
8834.183527
5102.348415
2304.031499
5.7679E-11
73293.07964
144093.8174
210121.2232
269483.5459
320797.7652
363239.6783
396528.121
420857.8767
436801.1693
445197.4923
447047.6134
443422.0702
435389.1121
423962.8488
410069.68
394529.7266
378049.6339
361223.3727
344538.2186
328383.7327
313062.1681
298799.2325
285754.5309
274031.2981
263685.2323
254732.3676
247156.0076
240912.783
235937.9204
232149.8142
229453.9892
227746.5374
226917.0982
226851.4451
227433.7271
228548.4095
230081.9458
231924.2106
233969.7143
236118.6193
238277.5732
240360.371
242288.4612
243991.3027
245406.5866
246480.3315
247166.8622
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
486
488
490
492
494
496
498
500
502
504
506
508
510
512
514
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
538
540
542
544
546
548
550
552
554
556
558
560
562
564
566
568
MII [N*mm]
123714.342
123618.13
123283.853
122704.208
121875.307
120796.436
119469.785
117900.169
116094.736
114062.674
111814.912
109363.824
106722.949
103906.708
100930.143
97808.6693
94557.8422
91193.1438
87729.7903
84182.5573
80565.6277
76892.4581
73175.6674
69426.9436
65656.9708
61875.3742
58090.682
54310.3051
50540.5299
46786.5277
43052.3752
39341.0878
35654.6635
31994.1365
28359.6397
24750.4739
21165.1852
17601.6467
14057.1461
10528.4773
7012.035
3503.91226
5.1641E-11
-2623.14951
-5248.49347
-7878.11881
-10513.898
-13157.3835
-15809.7042
-18471.4642
-21142.6452
-23822.5134
-26509.5303
-29201.2704
-31894.3445
-34584.332
-37265.72
570
572
574
576
578
580
582
584
586
588
590
592
594
596
598
600
602
604
606
608
610
612
614
616
618
620
622
624
626
628
630
632
634
636
638
640
642
644
646
648
650
652
654
656
658
660
662
664
666
668
670
672
674
676
678
680
682
MII [N*mm]
-39931.8539
-42574.8973
-45185.8046
-47754.3061
-50268.9078
-52716.9054
-55084.4158
-57356.4252
-59516.8552
-61548.649
-63433.8761
-65153.858
-66689.3138
-68020.526
-69127.5272
-69990.3045
-70589.0239
-70904.2699
-70917.3011
-70610.3177
-69966.7393
-68971.4897
-67611.2838
-65874.9155
-63753.5389
-61240.9418
-58333.8038
-55031.9363
-51338.4985
-47260.185
-42807.3805
-37994.2771
-32838.9502
-27363.3899
-21593.4845
-15558.9548
-9293.23639
-2833.31048
3780.51769
10504.8909
17293.7216
24098.5596
30869.0032
37553.1487
44098.0744
50450.3525
56556.583
62363.9443
67820.7517
72877.0181
77485.0096
81599.788
85179.7344
88187.0455
90588.1974
92354.3702
93461.8272
684
686
688
690
692
694
696
698
700
702
704
706
708
710
712
714
716
718
720
MII [N*mm]
93892.2451
93632.9887
92677.328
91024.5941
88680.2711
85656.0229
81969.6543
77645.0063
72711.7858
67205.3328
61166.3259
54640.4298
47677.8889
40333.0705
32663.9639
24731.6384
16599.6697
8333.53686
9.112E-11
= M [N*mm] = MS
187784.4903
187265.9774
185354.656
182049.1883
177360.5423
171312.0458
163939.3087
155290.0125
145423.5715
134410.6656
122332.6518
109280.8596
95355.77774
80666.14109
65327.92774
49463.27688
33199.33941
16667.07373
1.82239E-10
M max N
n care:
WpL mm 2
WpL =
* d 3L
[ mm 3 ]
16
M min N
n care:
WpL mm 2
WpL =
* d 3L
[ mm 3 ]
16
Coeficientul de siguran
cL =
k
* Lv + * Lm
*
n care:
N
N
1 = 230
0 = 1.82 * 1 = 1.82 * 230 = 418.6
2
2
mm
mm
2 * 1 0 2 * 230 418.6
k
=
=
= 0.099
= 2.5 =1.1
0
418.6
cos
Z = Z B + FRB + FRM
cos( + )
cos
rad
= 575.96
s
m BM - masa braului
m BM
d
d
r+ M + L
b
2
2
= * *
2
2
* OL * h * 10 9 [ kg ]
b - limea braului
b = 76[ mm ]
d L - diametrul
d L = 44[ mm]
kg
OL = 7800 3
m
fusului palier
n care:
h - grosimea braului
h =12[ mm]
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
42 44
31.55 +
+
76
2
2 * 7800 * 12 * 10 9 = 0.416[ kg ]
= *
*
2
2
m BM
FRM = m M * r * 2 [ N ]
n care:
m M - masa manetonului
* d 2M * d 2Mi
mM =
* l M * OL * 10 9 [ kg ]
4
4
* 21 * 7800 * 10 9 = 0.146[ kg ]
4
4
TS = 0.5 * T[ N ]
Valorile forei T se gsesc n tabelul 6.1, iar valorile forei TS se gsesc n tabelul 6.3.
Z S = 0.5Z + FRb FRc [ N ]
FRb = m BM * br * 2 * 10 3 [ N ]
m BM - masa braului
m BM = 0.416[ kg ]
d M d L 42 44
+
=
+
= 43[ mm]
2
2
2
2
FRb = 0.416 * 43 * 575.96 * 10 3 = 5941.25[ N ]
br =
FRB + FRM
4359.22 + ( 1533.59)
+ FRb =
+ ( 5941.25) = 8887.66[ N ]
2
2
Valorile forei Z se gsesc n tabelul 6.3, iar valorile forei Z S se gsesc n tabelul
FRc =
6.3.
Momentul ncovoietor n planul cotului M z
l - lungimea cotului
l = 84[ mm]
a=
l lM h
2 2 2
h - grosimea braului
h = 12[ mm]
a=
84 21 12
= 25.5[ mm]
2
2
2
l - lungimea cotului
l = 84[ mm]
Fig. 6.36 Schema pentru determinarea momentului din seciunea orificiului de ungere al fusului maneton.
= 45 0
M 0 = M Z * cos M T * sin [ N ]
0
r raza manivelei
r = 31.55mm
Tabelul 6.3
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
0
-266.3885
-530.6361
-790.6225
-1044.268
-1289.553
-1524.537
-1747.379
-1956.35
-2149.855
-2326.442
-2484.817
-2623.857
-2742.617
-2840.336
-2916.448
-2970.58
-3002.554
-3012.388
-3000.294
-2966.67
-2912.093
-2837.314
-2743.244
-2630.944
-2501.612
-2356.564
-2197.225
-2025.106
-1841.791
-1648.918
-1448.161
-1241.213
-1029.768
-815.5042
-600.0669
-385.0551
-172.0057
37.619024
242.44303
441.18696
632.67662
815.85003
989.76282
1153.592
1306.6379
1448.325
1578.2007
1695.9331
1801.3072
1894.2198
1974.6742
2042.7726
2098.7092
2142.7615
2175.282
2196.6889
-11836.36
-11824.66
-11789.65
-11731.63
-11651.1
-11548.77
-11425.51
-11282.38
-11120.6
-10941.55
-10746.75
-10537.84
-10316.56
-10084.75
-9844.308
-9597.199
-9345.407
-9090.933
-8835.766
-8581.872
-8331.168
-8085.506
-7846.658
-7616.298
-7395.987
-7187.163
-6991.123
-6809.02
-6641.851
-6490.454
-6355.5
-6237.495
-6136.775
-6053.514
-5987.724
-5939.258
-5907.825
-5892.99
-5894.188
-5910.738
-5941.849
-5986.637
-6044.139
-6113.324
-6193.11
-6282.377
-6379.978
-6484.76
-6595.568
-6711.263
-6830.731
-6952.894
-7076.718
-7201.225
-7325.494
-7448.672
-7569.975
0
-133.1942
-265.3181
-395.3112
-522.1339
-644.7763
-762.2685
-873.6894
-978.1752
-1074.928
-1163.221
-1242.409
-1311.929
-1371.308
-1420.168
-1458.224
-1485.29
-1501.277
-1506.194
-1500.147
-1483.335
-1456.046
-1418.657
-1371.622
-1315.472
-1250.806
-1178.282
-1098.612
-1012.553
-920.8954
-824.4589
-724.0806
-620.6067
-514.8842
-407.7521
-300.0335
-192.5275
-86.00283
18.80951
121.2215
220.5935
316.3383
407.925
494.8814
576.796
653.3189
724.1625
789.1004
847.9666
900.6536
947.1099
987.3371
1021.386
1049.355
1071.381
1087.641
1098.344
-2971.78
-2965.92
-2948.42
-2919.41
-2879.15
-2827.98
-2766.35
-2694.78
-2613.89
-2524.37
-2426.97
-2322.51
-2211.87
-2095.97
-1975.75
-1852.19
-1726.3
-1599.06
-1471.48
-1344.53
-1219.18
-1096.35
-976.923
-861.743
-751.588
-647.175
-549.155
-458.104
-374.519
-298.821
-231.344
-172.341
-121.981
-80.3509
-47.4556
-23.223
-7.50633
-0.08866
-0.688
-8.96283
-24.5182
-46.9124
-75.6633
-110.256
-150.149
-194.782
-243.583
-295.974
-351.378
-409.225
-468.959
-530.041
-591.953
-654.206
-716.341
-777.93
-838.581
Tabelul 6.3
M [N*mm]
-76198.879
-75953.074
-75217.789
-73999.386
-72308.4
-70159.421
-67570.949
-64565.2
-61167.874
-57407.89
-53317.088
-48929.903
-44283.006
-39414.939
-34365.716
-29176.42
-23888.795
-18544.828
-13186.335
-7854.5559
-2589.7587
2569.1432
7584.9492
12422.508
17049.027
21434.347
25551.187
29375.349
32885.885
36065.224
38899.256
41377.376
43492.489
45240.965
46622.567
47640.336
48300.436
48611.978
48586.806
48239.263
47585.936
46645.382
45437.843
43984.955
42309.448
40434.855
38385.216
36184.8
33857.832
31428.239
28919.413
26353.995
23753.678
21139.039
18529.389
15942.655
13395.28
-1.672E-11
15635.1486
30192.9851
42700.2623
52375.1488
58685.4165
61371.978
60439.5593
56121.8011
48830.7505
39100.6335
27533.8395
14754.2882
1370.66311
-12050.0978
-25000.0129
-37039.6043
-47801.5943
-56990.4386
-64379.1071
-69804.2051
-73160.2286
-74393.495
-73496.0989
-70500.0966
-65472.0297
-58507.829
-49728.1073
-39273.822
-27302.2844
-13983.4855
503.287625
15972.5672
32235.5702
49102.8277
66386.5859
83902.9863
101474.027
118929.306
136107.551
152857.931
169041.155
184530.357
199211.773
212985.217
225764.356
237476.8
248064.014
257481.068
265696.232
272690.44
278456.633
282998.998
286332.127
288480.101
289475.534
289358.573
0
-5594.158
-11143.36
-16603.07
-21929.62
-27080.61
-32015.28
-36694.95
-41083.36
-45146.96
-48855.28
-52181.16
-55101
-57594.95
-59647.06
-61245.41
-62382.17
-63053.62
-63260.15
-63006.18
-62300.06
-61153.95
-59583.59
-57608.12
-55249.83
-52533.85
-49487.85
-46141.72
-42527.22
-38677.61
-34627.27
-30411.38
-26065.48
-21625.14
-17125.59
-12601.41
-8086.156
-3612.119
789.9995
5091.3036
9264.9262
13286.209
17132.851
20785.019
24225.431
27439.396
30414.825
33142.215
35614.596
37827.45
39778.616
41468.158
42898.225
44072.894
44997.992
45680.921
46130.467
-53880.744
-49751.267
-45307.464
-40585.323
-35623.174
-30461.322
-25141.656
-19707.24
-14201.897
-8669.7863
-3154.9735
2298.98905
7649.47945
12855.2094
17876.611
22676.2022
27218.928
31472.4722
35407.5371
38998.0882
42221.5614
45059.0292
47495.3267
49519.1338
51123.0149
52303.415
53060.6128
53398.6331
53325.1181
52851.1616
51991.1079
50762.3187
49184.9113
47281.4727
45076.7532
42597.3437
39871.3421
36928.0131
33797.446
30510.2148
27097.0461
23588.4975
20014.6523
16404.8319
12787.3311
9189.1774
5635.91748
2151.43205
-1242.2198
-4524.9258
-7678.6158
-10687.327
-13537.239
-16216.684
-18716.128
-21028.129
-23147.273
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
2207.4576
2208.1109
2199.2108
2181.3487
2155.1378
2121.2047
2080.1817
2032.6996
1979.3818
1920.8377
1857.6577
1790.4088
1719.6303
1645.8306
1569.4846
1491.0312
1410.8724
1329.3718
1246.8541
1163.6055
1079.8739
995.86996
911.76799
827.70791
743.79696
660.11192
576.70148
493.58891
410.7748
328.24007
245.94904
163.85263
81.891614
4.023E-13
-82.20323
-164.4913
-246.9456
-329.6411
-412.6428
-496.0026
-579.7562
-663.9201
-748.4888
-833.432
-918.692
-1004.182
-1089.781
-1175.339
-1260.667
-1345.542
-1429.702
-1512.85
-1594.65
-1674.729
-1752.68
-1828.061
-1900.398
-7688.696
-7804.201
-7915.935
-8023.422
-8126.262
-8224.129
-8316.774
-8404.014
-8485.735
-8561.885
-8632.468
-8697.541
-8757.211
-8811.624
-8860.964
-8905.446
-8945.312
-8980.823
-9012.256
-9039.896
-9064.038
-9084.972
-9102.988
-9118.367
-9131.379
-9142.278
-9151.301
-9158.663
-9164.554
-9169.142
-9172.564
-9174.93
-9176.317
-9176.775
-9188.812
-9187.722
-9185.854
-9183.127
-9179.433
-9174.633
-9168.561
-9161.025
-9151.808
-9140.674
-9127.366
-9111.613
-9093.133
-9071.632
-9046.815
-9018.385
-8986.052
-8949.531
-8908.555
-8862.874
-8812.262
-8756.524
-8695.5
1103.729
1104.055
1099.605
1090.674
1077.569
1060.602
1040.091
1016.35
989.6909
960.4188
928.8289
895.2044
859.8151
822.9153
784.7423
745.5156
705.4362
664.6859
623.427
581.8027
539.937
497.935
455.884
413.854
371.8985
330.056
288.3507
246.7945
205.3874
164.12
122.9745
81.92631
40.94581
2.01E-13
-41.10162
-82.24564
-123.4728
-164.8206
-206.3214
-248.0013
-289.8781
-331.9601
-374.2444
-416.716
-459.346
-502.0908
-544.8907
-587.6697
-630.3337
-672.771
-714.8512
-756.425
-797.3248
-837.3645
-876.34
-914.0305
-950.1988
-897.942
-955.694
-1011.56
-1065.3
-1116.72
-1165.66
-1211.98
-1255.6
-1296.46
-1334.54
-1369.83
-1402.36
-1432.2
-1459.41
-1484.08
-1506.32
-1526.25
-1544.01
-1559.72
-1573.54
-1585.61
-1596.08
-1605.09
-1612.78
-1619.28
-1624.73
-1629.24
-1632.93
-1635.87
-1638.16
-1639.88
-1641.06
-1641.75
-1641.98
-1648
-1647.46
-1646.52
-1645.16
-1643.31
-1640.91
-1637.87
-1634.11
-1629.5
-1623.93
-1617.28
-1609.4
-1600.16
-1589.41
-1577
-1562.79
-1546.62
-1528.36
-1507.87
-1485.03
-1459.72
-1431.86
-1401.34
Tabelul 6.3
M [N*mm]
10902.149
8476.5462
6130.1236
3872.8987
1713.2695
-341.95177
-2287.4886
-4119.5355
-5835.6811
-7434.8202
-8917.057
-10283.602
-11536.663
-12679.332
-13715.474
-14649.608
-15486.795
-16232.525
-16892.607
-17473.063
-17980.027
-18419.643
-18797.981
-19120.946
-19394.198
-19623.082
-19812.56
-19967.151
-20090.878
-20187.223
-20259.089
-20308.765
-20337.904
-20347.505
-20600.287
-20577.409
-20538.167
-20480.905
-20403.328
-20302.529
-20175.016
-20016.753
-19823.204
-19589.386
-19309.925
-18979.121
-18591.024
-18139.506
-17618.348
-17021.33
-16342.323
-15575.39
-14714.89
-13755.582
-12692.738
-11522.249
-10240.738
288175.89
285979.663
282826.572
278776.824
273893.202
268240.164
261882.997
254887.026
247316.886
239235.864
230705.31
221784.123
212528.298
202990.557
193220.038
183262.059
173157.938
162944.88
152655.919
142319.912
131961.584
121601.618
111256.788
100940.125
90661.1219
80425.9674
70237.8035
60097.0103
50001.5088
39947.0816
29927.7081
19935.9112
9963.11335
8.3375E-11
-9106.92929
-18222.7426
-27355.9547
-36514.3434
-45704.5874
-54931.9104
-64199.7343
-73509.3447
-82859.5704
-92246.4807
-101663.103
-111099.161
-120540.846
-129970.61
-139367.001
-148704.528
-157953.574
-167080.349
-176046.896
-184811.152
-193327.056
-201544.731
-209410.721
46356.609
46370.33
46183.426
45808.322
45257.894
44545.299
43683.815
42686.692
41567.018
40337.592
39010.812
37598.585
36112.236
34562.443
32959.176
31311.656
29628.321
27916.807
26183.935
24435.715
22677.352
20913.269
19147.128
17381.866
15619.736
13862.35
12110.731
10365.367
8626.2707
6893.0415
5164.9299
3440.9052
1719.7239
8.449E-12
-1726.268
-3454.317
-5185.858
-6922.464
-8665.5
-10416.05
-12174.88
-13942.32
-15718.27
-17502.07
-19292.53
-21087.81
-22885.41
-24682.13
-26474.02
-28256.38
-30023.75
-31769.85
-33487.64
-35169.31
-36806.28
-38389.28
-39908.35
-25070.089
-26794.951
-28321.962
-29652.822
-30790.699
-31740.079
-32506.62
-33097.001
-33518.77
-33780.196
-33890.121
-33857.819
-33692.86
-33404.98
-33003.962
-32499.522
-31901.205
-31218.292
-30459.715
-29633.981
-28749.109
-27812.569
-26831.244
-25811.386
-24758.59
-23677.776
-22573.176
-21448.329
-20306.091
-19148.639
-17977.496
-16793.553
-15597.098
-14387.859
-13345.947
-12107.855
-10855.722
-9587.2656
-8299.8983
-6990.7929
-5656.9502
-4295.2709
-2902.6301
-1475.9539
-12.298437
1491.06924
3036.59011
4626.33107
6261.90344
7944.38246
9674.22868
11451.2121
13274.3402
15141.7907
17050.8501
18997.8598
20978.17
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
-1969.187
-2033.901
-2093.989
-2148.883
-2198.005
-2240.77
-2276.595
-2304.903
-2325.136
-2336.757
-2339.261
-2332.188
-2315.124
-2287.716
-2249.681
-2200.811
-2140.985
-2070.177
-1988.462
-1896.024
-1793.162
-1680.292
-1557.956
-1426.82
-1287.674
-1141.436
-989.1451
-831.9582
-671.145
-508.0791
-344.2283
-181.143
-20.44249
136.20062
287.07791
430.46443
564.63997
687.91231
798.64238
895.27164
976.35167
1040.5762
1086.8158
1114.1554
1121.9352
1109.7944
1077.7186
1026.09
955.7392
867.99811
764.74961
648.47043
522.26021
389.84741
255.56025
124.24819
1.1382773
-8629.068
-8557.154
-8479.731
-8396.829
-8308.537
-8215.006
-8116.453
-8013.165
-7905.5
-7793.887
-7678.829
-7560.898
-7440.738
-7319.059
-7196.634
-7074.293
-6952.916
-6833.428
-6716.786
-6603.969
-6495.969
-6393.779
-6298.372
-6210.697
-6131.654
-6062.085
-6002.753
-5954.325
-5917.361
-5892.289
-5879.391
-5878.792
-5890.433
-5914.067
-5949.238
-5995.269
-6051.251
-6116.033
-6188.211
-6266.126
-6347.855
-6431.213
-6513.758
-6592.798
-6665.405
-6728.445
-6778.607
-6812.461
-6826.522
-6817.346
-6781.653
-6716.48
-6619.385
-6488.672
-6323.68
-6125.077
-5895.187
-984.5936
-1016.951
-1046.994
-1074.442
-1099.003
-1120.385
-1138.297
-1152.452
-1162.568
-1168.378
-1169.631
-1166.094
-1157.562
-1143.858
-1124.84
-1100.405
-1070.493
-1035.089
-994.2312
-948.0122
-896.5809
-840.1461
-778.9781
-713.4098
-643.837
-570.7181
-494.5725
-415.9791
-335.5725
-254.0395
-172.1141
-90.57149
-10.22124
68.10031
143.539
215.2322
282.32
343.9562
399.3212
447.6358
488.1758
520.2881
543.4079
557.0777
560.9676
554.8972
538.8593
513.045
477.8696
433.9991
382.3748
324.2352
261.1301
194.9237
127.7801
62.12409
0.569139
-1368.13
-1332.17
-1293.46
-1252.01
-1207.86
-1161.1
-1111.82
-1060.18
-1006.34
-950.538
-893.008
-834.043
-773.963
-713.123
-651.911
-590.74
-530.052
-470.308
-411.987
-355.578
-301.579
-250.483
-202.78
-158.942
-119.421
-84.6364
-54.9701
-30.7565
-12.2744
0.261902
6.710444
7.010358
1.189583
-10.6275
-28.2128
-51.2282
-79.2193
-111.61
-147.7
-186.657
-227.521
-269.2
-310.473
-349.993
-386.296
-417.816
-442.897
-459.824
-466.855
-462.267
-444.42
-411.834
-363.286
-297.93
-215.434
-116.133
-1.18746
Tabelul 6.3
M [N*mm]
-8845.6729
-7335.4665
-5709.5861
-3968.6488
-2114.512
-150.35453
1919.2533
4088.2933
6349.258
8693.126
11109.357
13585.907
16109.268
18664.527
21235.454
23804.618
26353.522
28862.771
31312.266
33681.42
35949.403
38095.409
40098.941
41940.122
43600.018
45060.972
46306.958
47323.929
48100.179
48626.702
48897.541
48910.137
48665.665
48169.348
47430.764
46464.117
45288.493
43928.075
42412.323
40776.112
39059.809
37309.284
35575.837
33916.01
32391.255
31067.424
30014.009
29303.075
29007.795
29200.49
29950.057
31318.672
33357.687
36102.646
39567.49
43738.135
48565.829
-216868.295
-223857.823
-230317.22
-236182.462
-241388.171
-245868.275
-249556.724
-252388.283
-254299.375
-255228.975
-255119.554
-253918.052
-251576.874
-248054.903
-243318.5
-237342.498
-230111.151
-221619.041
-211871.912
-200887.43
-188695.823
-175340.426
-160878.071
-145379.345
-128928.679
-111624.261
-93577.7745
-74913.9428
-55769.8755
-36294.2204
-16646.1136
3006.06934
22486.1585
41611.8272
60196.4188
78050.9561
94986.3304
110815.666
125356.862
138435.302
149886.756
159560.457
167322.382
173058.74
176679.682
178123.229
177359.426
174394.675
169276.175
162096.34
152996.953
142172.7
129873.546
116405.237
102126.969
87445.0819
72801.5674
-41352.93
-42711.92
-43973.76
-45126.54
-46158.11
-47056.17
-47808.49
-48402.97
-48827.86
-49071.89
-49124.49
-48975.94
-48617.6
-48042.04
-47243.3
-46217.03
-44960.69
-43473.72
-41757.71
-39816.51
-37656.4
-35286.14
-32717.08
-29963.21
-27041.15
-23970.16
-20772.05
-17471.12
-14094.05
-10669.66
-7228.794
-3804.003
-429.2922
2860.2131
6028.6361
9039.753
11857.439
14446.158
16771.49
18800.704
20503.385
21852.1
22823.131
23397.263
23560.639
23305.682
22632.091
21547.89
20070.523
18227.96
16059.742
13617.879
10967.464
8186.7956
5366.7653
2609.2119
23.903823
22986.1039
25014.9319
27056.8593
29103.0263
31143.5235
33167.4228
35162.8259
37116.9299
39016.112
40846.033
42591.76
44237.9092
45768.8062
47168.6664
48421.7913
49512.7811
50426.7623
51149.6259
51668.2765
51970.8877
52047.1614
51888.5878
51488.7021
50843.3349
49950.8521
48812.3812
47432.0193
45817.0205
43977.9583
41928.8602
39687.3116
37274.5256
34715.3769
32038.3965
29275.7251
26463.0216
23639.3248
20846.863
18130.807
15538.9597
13121.3729
10929.8795
9017.52497
7437.87707
6244.18879
5488.3806
5219.80436
5483.74399
6319.60554
7758.75044
9821.936
12516.351
15832.2783
19739.4869
24183.5644
29082.5401
34324.3242
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
-108.3876
-199.1033
-266.3339
-306.4149
-317.1726
-298.3565
-251.9406
-182.2079
-95.55476
-5.3E-13
1161.5385
2283.5787
3329.9718
4270.7377
5083.9582
5756.5718
6284.1224
6669.6969
6922.364
7055.4278
7084.7482
7027.2911
6899.9859
6718.9041
6498.7271
6252.4521
5991.2779
5724.6176
5460.1936
5204.1796
4961.3656
4735.3286
4528.598
4342.8098
4178.8468
4036.963
3916.8939
3817.9522
3739.1113
3679.0779
3636.3548
3609.2954
3596.1505
3595.1101
3604.338
3622.0033
3646.3066
3675.5025
3707.9194
3741.9749
3776.1897
3809.1976
3839.7537
3866.7401
3889.1694
3906.1859
3917.066
-5638.274
-5360.765
-5071.34
-4780.802
-4501.698
-4247.618
-4032.209
-3867.979
-3765.032
-3729.954
19971.93
19484.05
18699.31
17656.84
16405.35
14998.36
13489.76
11930.05
10363.74
8827.795
7351.163
5954.998
4653.428
3454.575
2361.68
1374.182
488.6986
-300.1445
-999.0299
-1615.41
-2157.096
-2631.946
-3047.651
-3411.573
-3730.65
-4011.328
-4259.531
-4480.642
-4679.51
-4860.46
-5027.31
-5183.399
-5331.611
-5474.401
-5613.832
-5751.596
-5889.053
-6027.253
-6166.967
-6308.72
-6452.814
-6599.355
-6748.281
-6899.385
-7052.339
-7206.717
-7362.016
-54.1938
-99.55165
-133.1669
-153.2075
-158.5863
-149.1783
-125.9703
-91.10397
-47.77738
-2.65E-13
580.7693
1141.789
1664.986
2135.369
2541.979
2878.286
3142.061
3334.848
3461.182
3527.714
3542.374
3513.646
3449.993
3359.452
3249.364
3126.226
2995.639
2862.309
2730.097
2602.09
2480.683
2367.664
2264.299
2171.405
2089.423
2018.482
1958.447
1908.976
1869.556
1839.539
1818.177
1804.648
1798.075
1797.555
1802.169
1811.002
1823.153
1837.751
1853.96
1870.987
1888.095
1904.599
1919.877
1933.37
1944.585
1953.093
1958.533
127.2693
266.0234
410.7364
556.0052
695.5571
822.5972
930.3015
1012.417
1063.89
1081.429
12932.37
12688.43
12296.06
11774.83
11149.08
10445.59
9691.287
8911.433
8128.276
7360.304
6621.988
5923.905
5273.12
4673.694
4127.246
3633.497
3190.755
2796.334
2446.891
2138.701
1867.858
1630.433
1422.581
1240.62
1081.081
940.7419
816.6408
706.0853
606.6512
516.1764
432.7511
354.7065
280.6009
209.2056
139.4904
70.60794
1.879577
-67.2201
-137.077
-207.954
-280.001
-353.271
-427.734
-503.286
-579.763
-656.952
-734.602
Tabelul 6.3
-2276.14
-4181.169
-5593.011
-6434.713
-6660.625
-6265.487
-5290.754
-3826.367
-2006.65
-1.11E-11
24392.309
47955.153
69929.409
89685.491
106763.12
120888.01
131966.57
140063.64
145369.64
148163.98
148779.71
147573.11
144899.7
141096.99
136473.27
131301.49
125816.84
120216.97
114664.07
109287.77
104188.68
99441.9
95100.557
91199.006
87755.783
84776.224
82254.773
80176.996
78521.336
77260.635
76363.451
75795.203
75519.161
75497.311
75691.098
76062.07
76572.438
77185.553
77866.307
78581.474
79299.985
79993.15
80634.829
81201.543
81672.557
82029.904
82258.385
39765.6711
45233.5191
50529.5971
55439.0332
59743.2583
63236.7501
65746.164
67149.3865
67391.3346
66493.3027
401200.286
377294.328
350103.323
320653.83
289994.392
259113.89
228878.564
199992.601
172982.108
148198.607
125836.349
105957.558
88520.6064
73407.4778
60448.2719
49441.6769
40171.158
32417.1385
25965.7155
20614.547
16176.5331
12481.8422
9378.73965
6733.58273
4430.25709
2369.26023
466.578249
-1347.5417
-3129.8546
-4925.3701
-6768.5689
-8684.5634
-10690.197
-12795.078
-15002.544
-17310.564
-19712.577
-22198.27
-24754.292
-27364.921
-30012.668
-32678.831
-35344
-37988.503
-40592.813
-43137.898
-45605.531
M [N*mm]
58656.2611
45462.0526
33633.3468
23509.4135
15316.0803
9131.09398
4859.8198
2228.01809
796.655157
4.9319E-11
91616.3495
180117.272
262651.529
336854.432
400997.206
454049.598
495660.151
526072.346
546001.462
556496.865
558809.517
554277.588
544236.39
529953.561
512587.1
493162.158
472562.042
451529.216
430672.773
410479.666
391327.71
373499.041
357193.164
342539.123
329606.54
318415.46
308945.01
301140.979
294922.401
290187.268
286817.487
284683.172
283646.373
283564.306
284292.159
285685.512
287602.432
289905.263
292462.143
295148.274
297846.966
300450.464
302860.577
304989.128
306758.233
308100.414
308958.578
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
486
488
490
492
494
496
498
500
502
504
506
508
510
512
514
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
538
540
542
544
546
548
550
552
554
556
558
560
562
564
566
568
3921.2153
3918.1658
3907.5706
3889.1983
3862.9257
3828.7302
3786.681
3736.9309
3679.7064
3615.2987
3544.0543
3466.3653
3382.6608
3293.398
3199.0537
3100.1163
2997.079
2890.4325
2780.659
2668.2269
2553.5857
2437.1619
2319.3555
2200.537
2081.045
1961.1846
1841.2261
1721.4043
1601.9185
1482.9327
1364.5761
1246.9441
1130.1003
1014.0772
898.87923
784.48412
670.84581
557.89688
445.55138
333.70768
222.25151
111.05903
1.637E-12
-83.14262
-166.3548
-249.7027
-333.2456
-417.0328
-501.1
-585.4664
-670.1314
-755.0717
-840.2387
-925.5553
-1010.914
-1096.175
-1181.164
-7517.674
-7673.089
-7827.637
-7980.684
-8131.603
-8279.784
-8424.642
-8565.633
-8702.253
-8834.049
-8960.622
-9081.63
-9196.791
-9305.883
-9408.743
-9505.267
-9595.411
-9679.181
-9756.637
-9827.887
-9893.08
-9952.407
-10006.09
-10054.39
-10097.57
-10135.94
-10169.81
-10199.51
-10225.36
-10247.69
-10266.82
-10283.08
-10296.78
-10308.21
-10317.63
-10325.32
-10331.49
-10336.35
-10340.09
-10342.83
-10344.71
-10345.81
-10346.17
-9226.477
-9225.05
-9222.619
-9219.105
-9214.398
-9208.36
-9200.825
-9191.6
-9180.471
-9167.199
-9151.531
-9133.195
-9111.909
-9087.385
1960.608
1959.083
1953.785
1944.599
1931.463
1914.365
1893.34
1868.465
1839.853
1807.649
1772.027
1733.183
1691.33
1646.699
1599.527
1550.058
1498.539
1445.216
1390.329
1334.113
1276.793
1218.581
1159.678
1100.269
1040.523
980.5923
920.613
860.7021
800.9593
741.4664
682.288
623.4721
565.0501
507.0386
449.4396
392.2421
335.4229
278.9484
222.7757
166.8538
111.1258
55.52951
8.18E-13
-41.57131
-83.17739
-124.8513
-166.6228
-208.5164
-250.55
-292.7332
-335.0657
-377.5359
-420.1193
-462.7777
-505.4571
-548.0877
-590.5819
-812.431
-890.138
-967.412
-1043.94
-1119.4
-1193.49
-1265.92
-1336.41
-1404.72
-1470.62
-1533.9
-1594.41
-1651.99
-1706.54
-1757.97
-1806.23
-1851.3
-1893.18
-1931.91
-1967.54
-2000.13
-2029.8
-2056.64
-2080.79
-2102.38
-2121.57
-2138.5
-2153.35
-2166.27
-2177.44
-2187
-2195.14
-2201.98
-2207.7
-2212.41
-2216.25
-2219.34
-2221.77
-2223.64
-2225.01
-2225.95
-2226.5
-2226.68
-1666.83
-1666.12
-1664.9
-1663.15
-1660.79
-1657.77
-1654.01
-1649.39
-1643.83
-1637.19
-1629.36
-1620.19
-1609.55
-1597.29
Tabelul 6.3
M [N*mm]
14493.61
11229.891
7984.3882
4770.3958
1601.0952
-1510.6931
-4552.7285
-7513.5347
-10382.553
-13150.269
-15808.301
-18349.473
-20767.854
-23058.777
-25218.832
-27245.851
-29138.861
-30898.034
-32524.619
-34020.863
-35389.927
-36635.792
-37763.162
-38777.36
-39684.232
-40490.036
-41201.344
-41824.941
-42367.729
-42836.627
-43238.488
-43580.009
-43867.652
-44107.573
-44305.549
-44466.918
-44596.521
-44698.657
-44777.035
-44834.739
-44874.201
-44897.173
-44904.712
-21391.26
-21361.294
-21310.239
-21236.436
-21137.591
-21010.794
-20852.555
-20658.84
-20425.12
-20146.419
-19817.38
-19432.325
-18985.333
-18470.319
309285.854
309045.324
308209.632
306760.519
304688.268
301991.091
298674.463
294750.422
290236.84
285156.686
279537.279
273409.56
266807.372
259766.769
252325.357
244521.673
236394.605
227982.86
219324.476
210456.393
201414.069
192231.145
182939.168
173567.359
164142.427
154688.435
145226.705
135775.763
126351.325
116966.319
107630.938
98352.7194
89136.6586
79985.3413
70899.0992
61876.1848
52912.963
44004.1166
35142.8652
26321.1933
17530.0875
8759.78065
1.291E-10
-6557.87378
-13121.2337
-19695.297
-26284.745
-32893.4589
-39524.2606
-46178.6605
-52856.6131
-59556.2836
-66273.8259
-73003.1759
-79735.8614
-86460.83
-93164.3
82345.521
82281.481
82058.983
81673.165
81121.441
80403.333
79520.301
78475.548
77273.834
75921.273
74425.139
72793.671
71035.877
69161.358
67180.127
65102.442
62938.659
60699.081
58393.838
56032.764
53625.299
51180.4
48706.466
46211.278
43701.946
41184.877
38665.747
36149.49
33640.289
31141.587
28656.098
26185.827
23732.106
21295.622
18876.464
16474.166
14087.762
11715.835
9356.579
7007.8613
4667.2816
2332.2395
3.437E-11
-1745.995
-3493.45
-5243.756
-6998.157
-8757.688
-10523.1
-12294.79
-14072.76
-15856.51
-17645.01
-19436.66
-21229.2
-23019.68
-24804.44
-47978.546
-50241.061
-52378.648
-54378.47
-56229.375
-57921.964
-59448.609
-60803.464
-61982.426
-62983.091
-63804.677
-64447.935
-64915.041
-65209.483
-65335.931
-65300.105
-65108.639
-64768.942
-64289.058
-63677.53
-62943.27
-62095.425
-61143.26
-60096.042
-58962.932
-57752.884
-56474.562
-55136.249
-53745.785
-52310.497
-50837.149
-49331.896
-47800.247
-46247.043
-44676.43
-43091.854
-41496.054
-39891.069
-38278.245
-36658.255
-35031.118
-33396.238
-31752.426
-13891.3
-12634.473
-11360.719
-10067.984
-8753.9131
-7415.9196
-6051.2506
-4657.0624
-3230.4973
-1768.7618
-269.20827
1270.58208
2852.71542
4478.90062
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
570
572
574
576
578
580
582
584
586
588
590
592
594
596
598
600
602
604
606
608
610
612
614
616
618
620
622
624
626
628
630
632
634
636
638
640
642
644
646
648
650
652
654
656
658
660
662
664
666
668
670
672
674
676
678
680
682
-1265.669
-1349.442
-1432.197
-1513.607
-1593.309
-1670.9
-1745.94
-1817.953
-1886.43
-1950.829
-2010.582
-2065.099
-2113.766
-2155.96
-2191.047
-2218.393
-2237.37
-2247.362
-2247.775
-2238.045
-2217.646
-2186.101
-2142.988
-2087.953
-2020.714
-1941.076
-1848.932
-1744.277
-1627.211
-1497.946
-1356.811
-1204.256
-1040.854
-867.3024
-684.4211
-493.1523
-294.5558
-89.80382
119.82623
332.96009
548.13698
763.82122
978.41531
1190.2741
1397.7203
1599.0603
1792.6017
1976.6702
2149.6276
2309.8896
2455.9433
2586.3641
2699.8331
2795.152
2871.2582
2927.2384
2962.34
-9059.328
-9027.445
-8991.448
-8951.061
-8906.02
-8856.084
-8801.035
-8740.69
-8674.9
-8603.559
-8526.607
-8444.04
-8355.908
-8262.327
-8163.475
-8059.605
-7951.039
-7838.177
-7721.496
-7601.551
-7478.973
-7354.471
-7228.83
-7102.903
-6977.61
-6853.932
-6732.902
-6615.601
-6503.143
-6396.669
-6297.335
-6206.299
-6124.707
-6053.683
-5994.311
-5947.625
-5914.591
-5896.097
-5892.936
-5905.794
-5935.239
-5981.709
-6045.5
-6126.763
-6225.489
-6341.51
-6474.493
-6623.936
-6789.172
-6969.369
-7163.533
-7370.517
-7589.024
-7817.624
-8054.759
-8298.758
-8547.855
-632.8345
-674.721
-716.0983
-756.8036
-796.6546
-835.4502
-872.9701
-908.9766
-943.2148
-975.4144
-1005.291
-1032.549
-1056.883
-1077.98
-1095.523
-1109.197
-1118.685
-1123.681
-1123.887
-1119.022
-1108.823
-1093.051
-1071.494
-1043.976
-1010.357
-970.5379
-924.466
-872.1385
-813.6054
-748.9728
-678.4054
-602.128
-520.4271
-433.6512
-342.2105
-246.5761
-147.2779
-44.90191
59.91312
166.48
274.0685
381.9106
489.2077
595.1371
698.8601
799.5301
896.3008
988.3351
1074.814
1154.945
1227.972
1293.182
1349.917
1397.576
1435.629
1463.619
1481.17
-1583.26
-1567.32
-1549.32
-1529.12
-1506.6
-1481.64
-1454.11
-1423.94
-1391.04
-1355.37
-1316.9
-1275.61
-1231.55
-1184.76
-1135.33
-1083.4
-1029.11
-972.682
-914.342
-854.369
-793.08
-730.83
-668.009
-605.045
-542.399
-480.56
-420.045
-361.394
-305.165
-251.928
-202.261
-156.743
-115.947
-80.4351
-50.7492
-27.4061
-10.8894
-1.64239
-0.06177
-6.49078
-21.2133
-44.4481
-76.3439
-116.975
-166.338
-224.349
-290.84
-365.562
-448.18
-538.278
-635.36
-738.852
-848.106
-962.406
-1080.97
-1202.97
-1327.52
Tabelul 6.3
M [N*mm]
-17881.118
-17211.576
-16455.653
-15607.518
-14661.659
-13612.994
-12456.981
-11189.735
-9808.1404
-8309.9684
-6693.9878
-4960.074
-3109.3133
-1144.0994
931.77875
3113.0591
5392.9418
7763.0392
10213.341
12732.201
15306.338
17920.863
20559.329
23203.801
25834.956
28432.2
30973.819
33437.148
35798.766
38034.712
40120.723
42032.487
43745.917
45237.429
46484.236
47464.645
48158.348
48546.722
48613.108
48343.089
47724.744
46748.883
45409.258
43702.745
41629.494
39193.047
36400.412
33262.104
29792.142
26008.009
21930.562
17583.912
12995.252
8194.6537
3214.8256
-1909.1641
-7140.1957
-99829.6348
-106437.243
-112964.511
-119385.765
-125672.269
-131792.263
-137711.04
-143391.063
-148792.138
-153871.623
-158584.69
-162884.645
-166723.284
-170051.315
-172818.818
-174975.761
-176472.56
-177260.675
-177293.253
-176525.794
-174916.848
-172428.724
-169028.21
-164687.289
-159383.847
-153102.355
-145834.51
-137579.841
-128346.246
-118150.462
-107018.451
-94985.6928
-82097.3756
-68408.4747
-53983.7112
-38897.3869
-23233.091
-7083.2762
9451.29422
26262.2273
43234.3041
60246.3991
77172.5079
93882.8717
110245.186
126125.881
141391.458
155909.861
169551.879
182192.545
193712.524
203999.47
212949.336
220467.614
226470.494
230885.925
233654.568
-26579.05
-28338.28
-30076.13
-31785.75
-33459.49
-35088.91
-36664.75
-38177.02
-39615.02
-40967.41
-42222.23
-43367.07
-44389.08
-45275.15
-46011.98
-46586.26
-46984.77
-47194.6
-47203.27
-46998.94
-46570.57
-45908.12
-45002.76
-43847.01
-42435
-40762.59
-38827.57
-36629.81
-34171.43
-31456.86
-28493.03
-25289.38
-21857.94
-18213.35
-14372.84
-10356.2
-6185.672
-1885.88
2516.3509
6992.162
11510.877
16040.246
20546.722
24995.757
29352.126
33580.266
37644.635
41510.074
45142.18
48507.682
51574.808
54313.647
56696.495
58698.192
60296.423
61472.006
62209.14
6150.36484
7867.7701
9631.13147
11439.738
13292.077
15185.7635
17117.4744
19082.891
21076.6484
23092.2949
25122.262
27157.8464
29189.2055
31205.3666
33194.2524
35142.7231
37036.6354
38860.9202
40599.6788
42236.2975
43753.582
45133.9087
46359.3948
47412.0845
48274.1501
48928.1065
49357.0366
49544.8249
49476.397
49137.9609
48517.2475
47603.746
46388.9308
44866.4758
43032.4531
40885.5102
38427.0254
35661.2347
32595.3294
29239.5211
25607.0716
21714.2858
17580.4679
13227.838
8681.41058
3968.83547
-879.79869
-5832.1957
-10854.116
-15909.672
-20961.647
-25971.844
-30901.445
-35711.394
-40362.785
-44817.255
-49037.386
T [N]
Z[N]
TS[N]
ZS[N]
684
686
688
690
692
694
696
698
700
702
704
706
708
710
712
714
716
718
720
2975.9824
2967.7651
2937.4747
2885.0901
2810.7851
2714.9294
2598.0873
2461.0145
2304.6525
2130.1215
1938.7108
1731.8678
1511.1851
1278.3858
1035.3079
783.88711
526.1385
264.13746
2.888E-12
-8800.2
-9053.878
-9306.931
-9557.369
-9803.197
-10042.43
-10273.11
-10493.34
-10701.29
-10895.21
-11073.46
-11234.54
-11377.05
-11499.79
-11601.7
-11681.88
-11739.66
-11774.53
-11786.19
1487.991
1483.883
1468.737
1442.545
1405.393
1357.465
1299.044
1230.507
1152.326
1065.061
969.3554
865.9339
755.5925
639.1929
517.6539
391.9436
263.0693
132.0687
1.44E-12
-1453.69
-1580.53
-1707.06
-1832.28
-1955.19
-2074.81
-2190.15
-2300.27
-2404.24
-2501.2
-2590.33
-2670.86
-2742.12
-2803.49
-2854.44
-2894.54
-2923.43
-2940.86
-2946.69
62495.631
62323.067
61686.97
60586.893
59026.488
57013.518
54559.833
51681.304
48397.702
44732.551
40712.927
36369.224
31734.886
26846.101
21741.466
16461.629
11048.909
5546.8867
6.065E-11
-52987.092
-56632.008
-59939.855
-62880.801
-65427.783
-67556.819
-69247.279
-70482.131
-71248.139
-71536.04
-71340.66
-70661.005
-69500.299
-67865.978
-65769.645
-63226.976
-60257.588
-56884.859
-53135.714
M [N*mm]
234730.613
234082.472
231693.32
227561.485
221700.678
214140.057
204924.136
194112.516
181779.464
168013.332
152915.815
136601.075
119194.722
100832.676
81659.9097
61829.0961
41499.1743
20833.8422
2.278E-10
max
M 0max
=
WM
N
mm 2
0
Din tabelul 6.3 se extrage valoarea maxim a momentului M .
* d 3M
[ mm 3 ]
WM =
32
d Mi - diametrul interior al fusului maneton
d Mi = 25[ mm]
* 253
= 7273.572[ mm 3 ]
32
401200.28
N
=
= 55.15
2
7273.572
mm
WM =
max
min
M 0min
=
WM
N
mm 2
k
* v + * m
*
N
1 = 550
k =1.9 =0.8 = 0.7
2
mm
min 55.15 + 9.83
N
v = max
=
= 32.49
2
2
2
mm
+ min 55.15 9.83
N
m = max
=
= 22.66
2
2
2
mm
550
c =
= 4.88
1.9
* 32.49 + 0.1 * 22.66
0.8 * 0.7
= 0.1
d 4
3
= * * d M * 1 Mi
16
d M
- coeficient de corecie
=1
25 4
* 42 3 * 1 = 12720.98[ mm 3 ]
16
42
M max N
WpM mm 2
WpM
k
* v + * m
*
N
1 = 320
k =1.8 = 0.7 = 0.8 = 0.1
2
mm
min 43.92 + 20.06
N
v = max
=
= 31.99
2
2
2
mm
+ min 43.92 20.06
N
m = max
=
= 11.93
2
2
2
mm
320
c =
= 3.07
1.8
* 31.99 + 0.1 * 11.93
0.7 * 0.8
Coeficientul global de siguran c M
c *c
4.88 * 3.07
c M = 2 2 =
= 2.6
c + c
4.882 + 3.07 2
Valorile admisibile pentru MAS sunt: c M = 2.5...3.0
Calculul braului
Braul arborelui cotit este solicitat la ncovoiere, ntindere, compresiune i
rsucire. ncovoierea se produce n dou planuri: n planul cotului i n planul normal pe
planul cotului.
Momentul ncovoietor n planul cotului M ib
M ib = ZS * a[ N * mm]
a = 25.5[ mm]
dL
[ N * mm]
2
a = 25.5[ mm]
b - limea braului
b = 76[ mm ]
h - grosimea braului
h =12[ mm]
76 * 12 2
Wb =
= 1824[ mm 3 ]
6
A b = b * h[ mm 2 ]
A b = 76 * 12 = 912[ mm 2 ]
2
b * h mm 2
b*h
a = 25.5[ mm]
1
6 * 25.5
N
max = 12932.37 *
+
= 194.97
2
2
76 * 12
76 * 12
mm
1 N
6*a
min = ZSmin *
+
2
b * h mm 2
b*h
Tabelul 6.4
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
26
28
30
32
34
36
38
40
42
44
46
48
50
52
54
56
58
60
62
64
66
68
70
72
74
76
78
80
82
84
86
88
90
92
94
96
98
100
102
104
106
108
110
112
Tabelul 6.4
-75780.281
-75631.043
-75184.619
-74444.875
-73418.205
-72113.467
-70541.895
-68716.976
-66654.314
-64371.467
-61887.766
-59224.117
-56402.787
-53447.175
-50381.575
-47230.931
-44020.587
-40776.036
-37522.665
-34285.514
-31089.03
-27956.839
-24911.529
-21974.439
-19165.481
-16502.966
-14003.456
-11681.643
-9550.246
-7619.9331
-5899.2709
-4394.6977
-3110.5224
-2048.9478
-1210.1176
-592.18654
-191.41137
-2.2609438
-17.544053
-228.55219
-625.21497
-1196.2657
-1929.4142
-2811.525
-3828.7969
-4966.9429
-6211.3666
-7547.3335
-8960.1355
-10435.246
-11958.461
-13516.036
-15094.8
-16682.26
-18266.69
-19837.207
-21383.828
0
-3396.45309
-6765.61047
-10080.4368
-13314.4147
-16441.7964
-19437.8476
-22279.0794
-24943.4675
-27410.6546
-29662.1355
-31681.421
-33454.181
-34968.363
-36214.2873
-37184.7147
-37874.8902
-38282.5578
-38407.9505
-38253.7529
-37825.0385
-37129.1821
-36175.7486
-34976.36
-33544.5421
-31895.5529
-30046.1954
-28014.617
-25820.0979
-23482.8319
-21023.7021
-18464.0541
-15825.47
-13129.5465
-10397.6787
-7650.85312
-4909.4521
-2193.07212
479.6425525
3091.1486
5625.13374
8066.626912
10402.08789
12619.47596
14708.29753
16659.63304
18466.14377
20122.0594
21623.14748
22966.66628
24151.30251
25177.09567
26045.35099
26758.54266
27320.20953
27734.84507
28007.78351
-1.672E-11
19837.427
38563.77
55172.332
68848.474
79028.11
85421.55
88004.46
86983.229
82744.717
75800.256
66731.833
56145.638
44635.442
32756.207
21006.958
9821.2892
-436.31203
-9470.0136
-17049.464
-23004.991
-27221.966
-29634.873
-30221.426
-28996.948
-26009.101
-21333.026
-15066.885
-7327.7793
1751.9645
12028.193
23348.029
35552.707
48480.166
61967.407
75852.641
89977.23
104187.42
118335.87
132283.01
145898.21
159060.68
171660.32
183598.26
194787.3
205152.14
214629.47
223167.9
230727.72
237280.61
242809.12
247306.15
250774.26
253224.99
254678.04
255160.46
254705.81
-44.804733
-44.716496
-44.452551
-44.01518
-43.408166
-42.636746
-41.707562
-40.628587
-39.409048
-38.059325
-36.590849
-35.015979
-33.347881
-31.60039
-29.787868
-27.925065
-26.026964
-24.108638
-22.185098
-20.271148
-18.381242
-16.529349
-14.728823
-12.992283
-11.3315
-9.7573004
-8.2794769
-6.9067161
-5.6465378
-4.5052494
-3.487916
-2.5983443
-1.8390817
-1.2114307
-0.7154763
-0.3501275
-0.1131711
-0.0013368
-0.0103728
-0.1351304
-0.3696554
-0.7072864
-1.140757
-1.6623008
-2.2637581
-2.9366815
-3.6724411
-4.4623252
-5.2976378
-6.1697895
-7.0703835
-7.9912926
-8.9247292
-9.8633071
-10.800094
-11.728655
-12.643087
0
-1.0344947
-2.0606757
-3.0703085
-4.0553164
-5.0078571
-5.9203971
-6.785782
-7.5973037
-8.3487618
-9.0345198
-9.6495556
-10.189504
-10.650695
-11.03018
-11.325754
-11.535968
-11.660136
-11.698328
-11.651362
-11.520784
-11.30884
-11.018442
-10.653131
-10.217027
-9.7147761
-9.1514971
-8.5327172
-7.8643086
-7.152422
-6.403418
-5.6237981
-4.8201358
-3.999009
-3.1669343
-2.3303037
-1.4953253
-0.6679679
0.14608996
0.94150481
1.71330828
2.45694046
3.16827726
3.84365131
4.47986645
5.07420597
5.62443463
6.12879489
6.58599765
6.99520781
7.35602537
7.66846238
7.93291636
8.15014092
8.32121392
8.44750398
8.53063582
114
116
118
120
122
124
126
128
130
132
134
136
138
140
142
144
146
148
150
152
154
156
158
160
162
164
166
168
170
172
174
176
178
180
182
184
186
188
190
192
194
196
198
200
202
204
206
208
210
212
214
216
218
220
222
224
226
Tabelul 6.4
-22897.514
-24370.202
-25794.815
-27165.273
-28476.477
-29724.29
-30905.509
-32017.823
-33059.768
-34030.674
-34930.604
-35760.292
-36521.079
-37214.842
-37843.929
-38411.081
-38919.373
-39372.138
-39772.902
-40125.322
-40433.121
-40700.031
-40929.736
-41125.822
-41291.725
-41430.69
-41545.731
-41639.589
-41714.709
-41773.205
-41816.837
-41846.998
-41864.689
-41870.519
-42023.994
-42010.103
-41986.278
-41951.511
-41904.411
-41843.212
-41765.793
-41669.705
-41552.193
-41410.232
-41240.559
-41039.714
-40804.084
-40529.948
-40213.531
-39851.055
-39438.801
-38973.163
-38450.717
-37868.28
-37222.981
-36512.327
-35734.267
28145.08402
28153.41458
28039.93711
27812.19541
27478.00698
27045.35994
26522.31606
25916.92038
25237.11835
24490.68062
23685.13596
22827.71235
21925.2863
20984.34029
20010.92818
19010.64825
17988.6237
16949.49008
15897.3893
14835.96984
13768.39258
12697.34196
11625.04186
10553.27584
9483.411269
8416.426978
7352.943917
6293.258568
5237.378661
4185.060893
3135.850305
2089.121027
1044.118085
5.12976E-12
-1048.09118
-2097.26373
-3148.55667
-4202.92461
-5261.19619
-6324.03333
-7391.89153
-8464.98152
-9543.23266
-10626.2582
-11713.3231
-12803.3142
-13894.7138
-14985.5765
-16073.5103
-17155.6614
-18228.7044
-19288.8373
-20331.7826
-21352.7942
-22346.6708
-23307.7769
-24230.0703
253353.25
251146.71
248134.02
244366.05
239895.9
234778.16
229068.13
222821.19
216092.14
208934.65
201400.76
193540.42
185401.13
177027.58
168461.42
159741.04
150901.43
141974.04
132986.8
123964.04
114926.57
105891.77
96873.648
87883.032
78927.725
70012.702
61140.338
52310.645
43521.536
34769.095
26047.862
17351.136
8671.2731
7.703E-11
-7810.1733
-15627.893
-23460.387
-31314.254
-39195.147
-47107.469
-55054.08
-63036.005
-71052.159
-79099.091
-87170.736
-95258.197
-103349.54
-111429.63
-119479.97
-127478.6
-135400.02
-143215.14
-150891.3
-158392.3
-165678.53
-172707.07
-179431.95
-13.538047
-14.408767
-15.251063
-16.061339
-16.836582
-17.574346
-18.272736
-18.930386
-19.546432
-20.120475
-20.652554
-21.143103
-21.592915
-22.0031
-22.375044
-22.71037
-23.010895
-23.27859
-23.51554
-23.723907
-23.905892
-24.063701
-24.199513
-24.315448
-24.413537
-24.4957
-24.563717
-24.61921
-24.663625
-24.69821
-24.724007
-24.741839
-24.752299
-24.755746
-24.846487
-24.838275
-24.824188
-24.803633
-24.775785
-24.739601
-24.693828
-24.637016
-24.567538
-24.483604
-24.383286
-24.264537
-24.125221
-23.96314
-23.77606
-23.561748
-23.318005
-23.042698
-22.733804
-22.389441
-22.007912
-21.587741
-21.127717
8.57245493
8.57499226
8.54042919
8.47106342
8.369276
8.23749998
8.07819081
7.89379885
7.68674414
7.45939346
7.21403995
6.9528851
6.67802336
6.39142918
6.09494645
5.79028029
5.47899114
5.16249089
4.84204109
4.518753
4.19358936
3.8673678
3.54076567
3.21432622
2.88846591
2.56348288
2.23956625
1.91680634
1.59520549
1.2746896
0.9551201
0.63630636
0.31801842
1.5624E-15
-0.3192286
-0.6387865
-0.9589902
-1.2801305
-1.6024599
-1.9261797
-2.2514289
-2.5782717
-2.9066864
-3.2365553
-3.5676545
-3.8996449
-4.2320644
-4.5643203
-4.8956842
-5.2252867
-5.5521151
-5.8750114
-6.1926726
-6.5036532
-6.806369
-7.0991036
-7.3800165
228
230
232
234
236
238
240
242
244
246
248
250
252
254
256
258
260
262
264
266
268
270
272
274
276
278
280
282
284
286
288
290
292
294
296
298
300
302
304
306
308
310
312
314
316
318
320
322
324
326
328
330
332
334
336
338
340
Tabelul 6.4
-34887.263
-33970.352
-32983.211
-31926.213
-30800.487
-29607.963
-28351.415
-27034.498
-25661.77
-24238.707
-22771.709
-21268.09
-19736.049
-18184.642
-16623.722
-15063.873
-13516.324
-11992.851
-10505.658
-9067.2427
-7690.2528
-6387.3208
-5170.8906
-4053.0305
-3045.2368
-2158.2287
-1401.7375
-784.29098
-312.996
6.67849113
171.116319
178.764119
30.3343775
-271.00072
-719.42692
-1306.3195
-2020.0911
-2846.0594
-3766.3373
-4759.7512
-5801.7925
-6864.611
-7917.0608
-8924.8132
-9850.5572
-10654.312
-11293.885
-11725.524
-11904.801
-11787.807
-11332.713
-10501.768
-9263.7948
-7597.2128
-5493.5573
-2961.3803
-30.280332
-25107.1377
-25932.2386
-26698.3564
-27398.2585
-28024.5639
-28569.8197
-29026.5844
-29387.5189
-29645.4845
-29793.6462
-29825.5818
-29735.3944
-29517.8276
-29168.3821
-28683.4321
-28060.3389
-27297.5616
-26394.7609
-25352.8963
-24174.3122
-22862.8132
-21423.7252
-19863.9413
-18191.9498
-16417.8439
-14553.3109
-12611.6
-10607.4676
-8557.09925
-6478.00838
-4388.91041
-2309.57296
-260.641713
1736.557925
3660.24335
5488.421447
7199.159666
8770.881946
10182.69031
11414.7134
12448.48381
13267.34649
13856.90107
14205.48115
14304.67339
14149.87831
13740.91241
13082.64732
12185.6748
11066.9759
9750.557471
8267.998029
6658.817728
4970.554483
3258.393214
1584.164364
14.51303515
-185804.37
-191773.03
-197284.55
-202283.83
-206714.64
-210520.13
-213643.44
-216028.43
-217620.35
-218366.64
-218217.71
-217127.79
-215055.8
-211966.18
-207829.78
-202624.71
-196337.11
-188961.99
-180503.92
-170977.64
-160408.7
-148833.82
-136301.31
-122871.27
-108615.62
-93618.105
-77974.011
-61789.801
-45182.562
-28279.273
-11215.913
5863.5998
22808.639
39463.262
55667.765
71260.38
86079.135
99963.85
112758.28
124312.39
134484.81
143145.37
150177.86
155482.94
158981.15
160616.22
160358.42
158208.11
154199.39
148403.67
140933.03
131943.08
121634.89
110255.39
98095.506
85485.067
72783.611
-20.626929
-20.08481
-19.501167
-18.876222
-18.210642
-17.505568
-16.76264
-15.984019
-15.1724
-14.331021
-13.463666
-12.574657
-11.668846
-10.751584
-9.828697
-8.9064434
-7.9914626
-7.0907165
-6.2114205
-5.3609643
-4.5468256
-3.7764732
-3.0572646
-2.3963351
-1.8004819
-1.2760425
-0.8287707
-0.4637083
-0.1850574
0.0039486
0.1011717
0.1056934
0.0179351
-0.1602279
-0.4253578
-0.7723552
-1.1943693
-1.6827191
-2.2268291
-2.8141804
-3.4302824
-4.0586688
-4.6809247
-5.2767536
-5.8240953
-6.2993113
-6.6774561
-6.9326604
-7.0386571
-6.9694852
-6.7004131
-6.2091206
-5.4771748
-4.4918161
-3.2480398
-1.7509021
-0.0179031
-7.64715452
-7.8984645
-8.13180934
-8.34498613
-8.5357468
-8.70182131
-8.84094311
-8.95087687
-9.02944824
-9.07457547
-9.08430245
-9.05683309
-8.99056639
-8.88413199
-8.73642547
-8.54664319
-8.31431578
-8.03933995
-7.72200789
-7.36303368
-6.96357613
-6.52525743
-6.05017705
-5.54092037
-5.0005616
-4.43266048
-3.84125244
-3.23083199
-2.60632896
-1.9730776
-1.33677827
-0.7034518
-0.07938649
0.52892237
1.1148402
1.67166833
2.19272651
2.67144309
3.10145294
3.47670364
3.79157036
4.04098029
4.22054735
4.32671819
4.35693025
4.30978262
4.18521942
3.98472445
3.71152376
3.37078944
2.96983354
2.51827425
2.02814867
1.51393594
0.99244433
0.4825062
0.00442039
342
344
346
348
350
352
354
356
358
360
362
364
366
368
370
372
374
376
378
380
382
384
386
388
390
392
394
396
398
400
402
404
406
408
410
412
414
416
418
420
422
424
426
428
430
432
434
436
438
440
442
444
446
448
450
452
454
Tabelul 6.4
3245.36666
6783.59784
10473.778
14178.1321
17736.7066
20976.2276
23722.6871
25816.6275
27129.1995
27576.4458
329775.406
323555.054
313549.563
300258.119
284301.579
266362.486
247127.808
227241.539
207271.034
187687.748
168860.686
151059.588
134464.563
119179.189
105244.774
92654.1782
81364.2645
71306.5153
62395.7262
54536.8752
47630.3861
41576.0429
36275.8117
31635.8025
27567.5704
23988.9196
20824.3394
18005.1748
15469.6063
13162.4978
11035.1537
9045.01584
7155.32244
5334.74349
3557.00406
1800.50256
47.9292039
-1714.1117
-3495.4732
-5302.8285
-7140.0238
-9008.4203
-10907.223
-12833.795
-14783.96
-16752.285
-18732.347
-1381.94187
-2538.56715
-3395.75668
-3906.78999
-4043.95088
-3804.04553
-3212.24327
-2323.15129
-1218.32319
-6.757E-12
14809.61593
29115.62871
42457.14098
54451.90507
64820.4676
73396.28998
80122.56011
85038.63594
88260.14118
89956.70408
90330.53994
89597.9619
87974.82058
85666.02729
82858.77053
79718.7641
76388.79291
72988.87483
69617.46889
66353.28989
63257.41115
60375.43922
57739.62391
55370.82489
53280.29653
51471.27872
49940.39773
48678.89038
47673.66855
46908.24297
46363.52397
46018.51587
45850.91921
45837.65333
45955.30937
46180.54233
46490.40902
46862.65745
47275.97238
47710.18061
48146.4193
48567.2699
48956.86023
49300.93675
49586.90933
49803.87046
49942.59101
60366.075
48602.907
37834.763
28343.109
20319.478
13837.668
8834.1835
5102.3484
2304.0315
5.768E-11
73293.08
144093.82
210121.22
269483.55
320797.77
363239.68
396528.12
420857.88
436801.17
445197.49
447047.61
443422.07
435389.11
423962.85
410069.68
394529.73
378049.63
361223.37
344538.22
328383.73
313062.17
298799.23
285754.53
274031.3
263685.23
254732.37
247156.01
240912.78
235937.92
232149.81
229453.99
227746.54
226917.1
226851.45
227433.73
228548.41
230081.95
231924.21
233969.71
236118.62
238277.57
240360.37
242288.46
243991.3
245406.59
246480.33
247166.86
1.9188077
4.0107701
6.1925717
8.3827535
10.486744
12.402095
14.025927
15.263959
16.040011
16.304443
194.97815
191.3004
185.3847
177.52619
168.09196
157.48556
146.11315
134.35549
122.54802
110.96949
99.838082
89.313267
79.501537
70.464132
62.225475
54.781345
48.106237
42.15964
36.891178
32.244669
28.16124
24.581639
21.447902
18.704519
16.299196
14.183335
12.312292
10.645474
9.1463316
7.7822646
6.5244824
5.3478228
4.2305506
3.1541419
2.1030618
1.0645386
0.0283379
-1.0134604
-2.066682
-3.1352722
-4.2215053
-5.3261859
-6.4488439
-7.5879206
-8.7409464
-9.904709
-11.075411
-0.4209131
-0.7731991
-1.0342826
-1.1899336
-1.2317102
-1.1586396
-0.9783879
-0.7075875
-0.371078
-2.058E-15
4.5107261
8.8680643
12.931634
16.58501
19.743076
22.355108
24.403801
25.901144
26.882353
27.399094
27.512957
27.289828
26.79545
26.092235
25.237199
24.280813
23.266567
22.231017
21.204151
20.209945
19.266999
18.389205
17.586386
16.864895
16.22816
15.677168
15.210891
14.82666
14.520489
14.287355
14.121444
14.016361
13.965314
13.961274
13.997109
14.065711
14.16009
14.27347
14.399358
14.53161
14.66448
14.792663
14.911324
15.016124
15.103225
15.169308
15.211559
456
458
460
462
464
466
468
470
472
474
476
478
480
482
484
486
488
490
492
494
496
498
500
502
504
506
508
510
512
514
516
518
520
522
524
526
528
530
532
534
536
538
540
542
544
546
548
550
552
554
556
558
560
562
564
566
568
Tabelul 6.4
-20716.984
-22698.528
-24669.012
-26620.365
-28544.583
-30433.883
-32280.833
-34078.465
-35820.369
-37500.768
-39114.573
-40657.428
-42125.731
-43516.648
-44828.11
-46058.8
-47208.128
-48276.197
-49263.766
-50172.2
-51003.418
-51759.836
-52444.31
-53060.074
-53610.674
-54099.912
-54531.778
-54910.391
-55239.94
-55524.628
-55768.615
-55975.967
-56150.608
-56296.274
-56416.474
-56514.448
-56593.135
-56655.147
-56702.733
-56737.768
-56761.727
-56775.674
-56780.251
-42504.227
-42486.033
-42455.035
-42410.227
-42350.213
-42273.23
-42177.156
-42059.543
-41917.642
-41748.431
-41548.657
-41314.873
-41043.486
-40730.799
49995.49468
49956.61335
49821.52532
49587.27886
49252.30325
48816.30944
48280.18257
47645.86851
46916.25629
46095.05859
45186.69174
44196.15715
43128.92545
41990.82478
40787.93411
39526.48284
38212.75714
36853.01376
35453.40178
34019.89243
32558.2172
31073.81429
29571.78317
28056.84725
26533.32418
25005.10366
23475.6322
21947.90458
20424.46138
18907.39235
17398.34497
15898.53785
14408.77842
12929.48465
11460.71017
10002.17251
8553.284033
7113.185259
5680.780116
4254.772921
2833.706698
1416.002578
2.08693E-11
-1060.06834
-2121.02351
-3183.70887
-4248.88113
-5317.16768
-6389.02469
-7464.6963
-8544.17518
-9627.1647
-10713.0432
-11800.8303
-12889.1567
-13976.2356
-15059.8393
247428.68
247236.26
246567.71
245408.42
243750.61
241592.87
238939.57
235800.34
232189.47
228125.35
223629.82
218727.65
213445.9
207813.42
201860.29
195617.34
189115.68
182386.29
175459.58
168365.11
161131.26
153784.92
146351.33
138853.89
131313.94
123750.75
116181.36
108620.61
101081.06
93573.055
86104.75
78682.176
71309.327
63988.273
56719.279
49500.948
42330.37
35203.293
28114.292
21056.955
14024.07
7007.8245
1.033E-10
-5246.299
-10496.987
-15756.238
-21027.796
-26314.767
-31619.408
-36942.928
-42285.29
-47645.027
-53019.061
-58402.541
-63788.689
-69168.664
-74531.44
-12.248819
-13.420397
-14.585437
-15.739165
-16.87685
-17.993889
-19.08589
-20.148731
-21.178624
-22.172152
-23.126306
-24.038512
-24.906639
-25.729012
-26.504408
-27.232048
-27.911582
-28.543073
-29.126969
-29.664076
-30.155529
-30.602758
-31.00745
-31.371518
-31.697058
-31.986317
-32.241656
-32.465509
-32.660353
-32.828674
-32.97293
-33.095526
-33.198781
-33.284906
-33.355973
-33.4139
-33.460424
-33.497087
-33.525223
-33.545937
-33.560103
-33.568349
-33.571055
-25.130423
-25.119666
-25.101339
-25.074846
-25.039363
-24.993847
-24.937044
-24.867506
-24.783607
-24.683562
-24.565447
-24.427224
-24.266767
-24.081892
15.2276726
15.2158301
15.1746849
15.1033379
15.0013107
14.8685153
14.7052213
14.5120214
14.2897954
14.0396743
13.7630031
13.4613052
13.1362468
12.7896031
12.4232255
12.0390116
11.6388758
11.224724
10.7984289
10.3618093
9.91661099
9.46449022
9.00700024
8.54557969
8.08154367
7.61607689
7.15022911
6.68491246
6.22090076
5.75883052
5.29920351
4.84239091
4.38863865
3.93807403
3.49071338
3.04647067
2.60516692
2.16654034
1.7302571
1.29592255
0.86309293
0.43128733
6.3564E-15
-0.3228766
-0.6460232
-0.9696969
-1.294128
-1.6195077
-1.9459749
-2.2736039
-2.6023925
-2.9322505
-3.2629883
-3.5943075
-3.9257909
-4.2568944
-4.5869394
570
572
574
576
578
580
582
584
586
588
590
592
594
596
598
600
602
604
606
608
610
612
614
616
618
620
622
624
626
628
630
632
634
636
638
640
642
644
646
648
650
652
654
656
658
660
662
664
666
668
670
672
674
676
678
680
682
Tabelul 6.4
-40373.069
-39966.562
-39507.608
-38992.669
-38418.398
-37781.708
-37079.844
-36310.444
-35471.619
-34562.014
-33580.883
-32528.15
-31404.474
-30211.308
-28950.953
-27626.605
-26242.39
-24803.402
-23315.719
-21786.411
-20223.543
-18636.152
-17034.227
-15428.654
-13831.167
-12254.269
-10711.143
-9215.5505
-7781.711
-6424.1724
-5157.666
-3996.952
-2956.6554
-2051.0945
-1294.1041
-698.8561
-277.67918
-41.881015
-1.5750667
-165.51489
-540.93857
-1133.4257
-1946.7697
-2982.8671
-4241.6262
-5720.8976
-7416.4261
-9321.8276
-11428.59
-13726.1
-16201.692
-18840.729
-21626.702
-24541.351
-27564.818
-30675.812
-33851.795
-16137.2785
-17205.3864
-18260.5074
-19298.4914
-20314.6933
-21303.9792
-22260.7386
-23178.904
-24051.9779
-24873.0673
-25634.9262
-26330.006
-26950.5151
-27488.4852
-27935.8469
-28284.5129
-28526.4677
-28653.865
-28659.1312
-28535.0729
-28274.9897
-27872.789
-27323.102
-26621.4001
-25764.1084
-24748.7166
-23573.8827
-22239.5305
-20746.9368
-19098.8069
-17299.3376
-15354.2641
-13270.8911
-11058.1053
-8726.36852
-6287.6917
-3755.58682
-1144.99869
1527.784485
4245.241188
6988.746466
9738.720617
12474.79526
15175.99511
17820.9334
20388.01882
22855.67142
25202.54486
27407.75228
29451.0929
31313.27645
32976.14253
34422.87206
35638.18795
36608.54254
37322.28906
37769.8351
-79863.708
-85149.795
-90371.609
-95508.612
-100537.82
-105433.81
-110168.83
-114712.85
-119033.71
-123097.3
-126867.75
-130307.72
-133378.63
-136041.05
-138255.05
-139980.61
-141178.05
-141808.54
-141834.6
-141220.64
-139933.48
-137942.98
-135222.57
-131749.83
-127507.08
-122481.88
-116667.61
-110063.87
-102677
-94520.37
-85614.761
-75988.554
-65677.9
-54726.78
-43186.969
-31117.91
-18586.473
-5666.621
7561.0354
21009.782
34587.443
48197.119
61738.006
75106.297
88196.149
100900.7
113113.17
124727.89
135641.5
145754.04
154970.02
163199.58
170359.47
176374.09
181176.39
184708.74
186923.65
-23.870386
-23.630041
-23.358687
-23.054231
-22.714696
-22.338256
-21.923282
-21.468378
-20.972427
-20.434627
-19.854538
-19.232115
-18.567746
-17.862293
-17.117114
-16.334099
-15.515689
-14.664894
-13.785309
-12.881113
-11.957074
-11.018537
-10.071406
-9.1221188
-8.1776124
-7.2452787
-6.3329128
-5.4486506
-4.6008998
-3.7982615
-3.0494456
-2.363179
-1.7481085
-1.2126999
-0.7651329
-0.4131954
-0.1641765
-0.024762
-0.0009313
-0.0978599
-0.3198274
-0.6701326
-1.1510184
-1.7636061
-2.5078414
-3.3824536
-4.3849268
-5.5114865
-6.7570998
-8.1154915
-9.5791738
-11.139492
-12.786685
-14.509958
-16.297568
-18.136929
-20.014714
-4.9151068
-5.240432
-5.5618017
-5.8779518
-6.1874675
-6.4887851
-6.7801957
-7.0598514
-7.325773
-7.5758612
-7.8079088
-8.0196168
-8.208612
-8.3724675
-8.5087253
-8.6149223
-8.6886171
-8.7274199
-8.7290239
-8.6912381
-8.6120217
-8.4895191
-8.3220949
-8.1083699
-7.8472553
-7.5379863
-7.1801543
-6.7737361
-6.3191206
-5.8171317
-5.2690478
-4.6766155
-4.0420599
-3.3680876
-2.6578851
-1.9151108
-1.14388
-0.3487447
0.465334
1.2930194
2.1286387
2.9662283
3.7995843
4.6223182
5.4279159
6.2098011
6.9614009
7.6762137
8.3478778
8.9702403
9.5374258
10.043903
10.484549
10.854711
11.150263
11.367656
11.50397
684
686
688
690
692
694
696
698
700
702
704
706
708
710
712
714
716
718
720
-37069.189
-40303.593
-43530.011
-46723.097
-49857.401
-52907.615
-55848.831
-58656.79
-61308.123
-63780.593
-66053.32
-68106.996
-69924.085
-71488.999
-72788.268
-73810.673
-74547.363
-74991.951
-75140.577
37943.77577
37839.00494
37452.80292
36784.89938
35837.51052
34615.34999
33125.61308
31377.93438
29384.31913
27159.04891
24718.56276
22081.31474
19267.60961
16299.41837
13200.17557
9994.560702
6708.265886
3367.752616
3.68233E-11
187784.49
187265.98
185354.66
182049.19
177360.54
171312.05
163939.31
155290.01
145423.57
134410.67
122332.65
109280.86
95355.778
80666.141
65327.928
49463.277
33199.339
16667.074
1.822E-10
-21.916983
-23.829309
-25.736913
-27.62481
-29.477952
-31.281377
-33.020357
-34.68055
-36.248138
-37.709974
-39.053713
-40.26794
-41.342284
-42.267533
-43.035719
-43.640211
-44.075776
-44.338636
-44.426511
11.5569492
11.5250381
11.4074083
11.2039776
10.9154211
10.5431743
10.0894289
9.55711939
8.94990227
8.27212747
7.52880201
6.72554664
5.86854581
4.96449146
4.02052131
3.04415226
2.04320964
1.02575311
1.1216E-14
c =
k
* v + * m
*
N
=0.9
1 = 550
= 0.9
= 0.1
2
mm
min N
v = max
mm 2
2
N
N
max = 194.97
min = 44.80
2
2
mm
mm
194.97 + 44.80
N
v =
= 119.89
2
2
mm
+ min 194.97 44.80
N
m = max
=
= 75.08
2
2
2
mm
k = ( k ) ref * ( ) b * ( ) d * ( ) e * ( ) S * ( )
Mi
ref
referin
( ) = 1.92
( ) - coeficientul de corecie care ine seama de limea braului
( ) = 1.04
k
ref
( )
d Mi
( )
d Mi
- coeficientul de corecie care ine seama de diametrul interior al gurii din fusul
maneton
= 1.1
(
(
(
(
(
maneton
) =1
) - coeficientul de corecie care ine seama de suprapunerea s a fusurilor maneton
) = 0.7
) - coeficientul de corecie care ine seama de grosimea
) = 1.05
e
Fig. 6.37 Variaia eforturilor unitare ntr-o seciune a braului arborelui cotit
=
M eb N
Wd mm 2
Wd = K * b * h 2 [ mm 3 ]
b - limea braului
b = 76[ mm ]
h - grosimea braului
h =12[ mm]
0.5 * a * Tmax N
mm 2
Wd
Wd = 3283.2[ mm 3 ]
0.5 * 25.5 * 7084.74
N
= 27.57
2
3283.2
mm
0.5 * a * Tmin N
=
mm
Wd
max =
min
min =
c =
k
* v + * m
*
N
1 = 320
2
mm
= 0.7
= 0.8
= 0.1
k = ( k ) ref * ( ) b * ( ) h * ( ) S * ( ) e
( k ) ref - coeficientul de concentrare a eforturilor unitare la torsiune n punctul de
( ) = 1.52
( ) - coeficientul de corecie care ine seama de limea braului
( ) = 1.24
k
ref
( )
maneton
= 0.98
c =
320
1.62
* 19.60 + 0.1 * 7.90
0.7 * 0.08
= 5.56
c * c
c 2 + c 2
c = 2.23
c = 5.56
2.23 * 5.56
cb =
= 2.07
2.232 + 5.56 2