PROTECTIA SISTEMELOR ELECTROENEGETICE

PROTECIA TRANSFORMATOARELOR ELECTRICE

1. Defecte posibile, regi!ri "#or"le $e f!#c%io#"re &i protec%ii pre'()!te
DEFECTE INTERIOARE PROTECII PRE*+,-TE
1 Sc($ere" #i'el!l!i !lei!l!i &i $eg"."re"
$e g")e
Protec%ie c! relee $e g")e /0!c1olt)2,
pe#tr! to"te tr"fo. c! S
#
1333 4*A
5 Sc!rtcirc!ite i#ter#e &i l" bor#ele
tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
Protec%ie $ifere#%i"l( lo#git!$i#"l( l" tr"fo.
c! p!teri S 6.7 M*A
Sec%io#(ri $e c!re#t l" tr"fo. c! p!teri ici
S 8 6.7 M*A
7 Defecte i#ter#e c! p!#eri l" p(9#t Protec%i" $e c!'( /C1e'"lier2
DEFECTE E:TERIOARE PROTECII PRE*+,-TE
1 S!pr"c!re#%i pro'oc"%i $e sc!rtcirc!ite
polif")"te e;terio"re
Protec%ii ";i"le $e c!re#t tepori)"te
c! s"! f(r( bloc". $e i#i( te#si!#e
Protec%ii ";i"le $e c!re#t s"! $e
te#si!#e 1oopol"r(, co#tr" scc. c! p!#ere
l" p(9#t
Protec%ii $e $ist"#%( pe#tr! tr"fo. "'9#$
te#si!#e" s!perio"r( - 553 4*
5 S!pr"s"rci#i Protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t f(r( bloc". $e
i#i( te#si!#e pe o f")(
7 S!pr"teper"t!r( Rele! teric , se#"li)"re
5. Protec%i" c! relee $e g")e
se "plic( l" tr"fo c! !lei &i c! co#ser'"tor
releele $e g")e /0!c1olt)2 se o#te")( pe co#$!ct" $i#tre c!'( &i co#ser'"tor!l
$e !lei
De)'"#t".e< "c%io#(ri f"lse
A'"#t".e< sipl(, se#sibil(, r"pi$(, "c%io#e")( l" to"te $efectele $i# c!'(
De)'"#t".e< "c%io#(ri f"lse l" =#c(l)ire" !lei!l!i s"! l" scc. e;t. 'iole#te
7. Protec%i" $ifere#%i"l( lo#git!$i#"l(
co#t" scc. i#ter#e &i l" bor#e
se "plic( l" tr"fo. c! p!teri S 13 M*A &i l" tr"fo "i ici leg"te =#
p"r"lel
rele!l (so"r( $ifere#%" I
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l" scc. =# )o#" prote."t( rele!l "c%io#e")( &i co"#$( $eco#ect"re" tr"fo.
P"rtic!l"rit(%ile protec%iei $ifere#%i"le " tr"#sfor"to"relor
"2 C!re#t!l $e "g#eti)"re "l tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
este $e 7..@A $i# c!re#t!l #oi#"l
l" co#ect"re" tr"fo. "re '"lori $e /@..B2 I
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"re o $!r"t( $e p9#( l" /5C72sec.
"re o copo#e#t( "perio$ic( $e /D3C632 A $i# "ro#ic" f!#$"e#t"l(
"ro#ic" " II este $e /73CE32A $i# f!#$"e#t"l(
"ro#ic" " III?" repre)i#t( 5EA $i# f!#$"e#t"l(
Dese#sibili)"re" prot. $if. f"%( $e &oc!rile c!re#t!l!i $e "g#eti)"re<
tepori)"re $e /3.@..12 sec. , sol!%ie r"r folosit(
$ese#sibili)"re pri# c!re#t!l regl"t l" I
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, $if. c! t(iere $e c!re#t
$ese#sibili)"re c! TSR
rele! $ifere#%i"l c! filtr! $e "ro#ic" " II?"
b2 Difere#%" $e f")( $i#tre c!re#%ii pri"ri /$epi#$e $e gr!p" $e co#e;i!#i2
se co#ecte")( TC c! "cee"&i s1e( $e co#e;i!#i c" tr"fo.
I#eg"lit"te" c!re#%ilor sec!#$"ri "i TC
se folosesc "!totr"#sfor"to"re s"! tr"#sfor"to"re i#tere$i"re $e
eg"li)"re, c9#$ $ifere#%" =#tre c!re#%ii sec!#$"ri e "i "re $e @A
Regl"re" protec%iei $ifere#%i"le " tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
$ese#sibili)"re" f"%( $e c!re#%ii $e $e)ec1ilibr!
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este "i ic( $e 13A
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este $ifere#%" c!re#%ilor sec!#$"ri, c"re e;ist( c1i"r $!p( tr"#sfor"tor!l $e
eg"li)"re
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'"ri"%i" ";i( posibil( " r"port!l!i $e tr"#sfor"re "l tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
prote."t f"%( $e '"lo"re" l!i #oi#"l( /pr"ctic I- > 1@A2
$ese#sibili)"re" f"%( $e =#trer!pere" circ!it!l!i $ifere#%i"l
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$i#tre cele $o!( '"lori se "lege ce" "i "re
c!re#t!l $e por#ire "l rele!l!i re)!lt(
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#!(r!l $e spire "l "!totr"#sfor"tor!l!i $e eg"li)"re re)!lt( $i# co#$i%i"
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$e l!cr! " rele!l!i
'erific"re" se#sibilit(%ii protec%iei se f"ce c! rel"%i"
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D. Sec%io#"re" $e c!re#t
se folose&te co#tr" $efectelor i#ter#e l" tr"#sfor"to"re c! p!teri ici
se regle")( =# f!#c%ie $e c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it l" c"p(t!l elee#t!l!i prote."t
c!re#t!l $e por#ire
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pe#tr! c" releele s( #! "c%io#e)e l" &oc!l
c!re#t!l!i $e "g#eti)"re
$i#tre cele $o!( '"lori se "lege ce" "i "re
A*ANTAN< siplit"te DE,A*ANTAN< )o#( o"rt(

@. Protec%i" $e c!'( /C1e'"lier2
este o protec%ie co#tr" $efectelor i#ter#e c! p!#ere l" p((#t
c!'" treb!ie s( fie i)ol"t( f"%( $e p(9#t
rele!l ";i"l $e c!re#t 1 este r"cor$"t pri#tr?!# TC leg"t =#tre c!'" 7 &i pri)"
$e p(9#t @
este efic"ce =# re%ele c! #e!tr!l leg"t l" p(9#t
c!re#t!l pri"r $e "c%io#"re este $e D3?@3 A
"'"#t".e< sipl(, sig!r( =# f!#c%io#"re, !&or $e e;plo"t"t
$e)"'"#t".< #! f!#c%io#e")( l" $efecte f(r( p!#ere l" p(9#t /scc. =#tre f")e s"!
=#tre spire2, i#st"bil( l" seise
6. Protec%i" tr"#sfor"to"relor electrice $e ic( p!tere
tr"fo $e @3, 133, 163, 5@3, D33, 673 s"! 1333 4*A c! te#si!#i #oi#"le =# pri"r
$e 6, 13 s"! 53 4* i"r sec!#$"rele $e .o"s( te#si!#e
se pot prote." pri# sig!r"#%e f!)ibile o#t"te pe p"rte" $e te#si!#e s!perio"r(
pe p"rte" $e ..t se pre'($ =#trer!p(to"re "!to"te s"! SF
"p"r"tele $e protec%ie se o#te")( "propiere" #ei.locit( " tr"fo. /l" $ist"#%( $e
cel !lt 73 $e etri2
=# c")!l !#or $ist"#%e "i "ri se '" pre'e$e" o protec%ie 1oopol"r(
l" tr"#sfor"to"re ce f!#c%io#e")( =# re%ele b!cl"te se '" pre'e$e" &i o protec%ie
$e =#to"rcere $e pe p"rte" $e .o"s(
Regl"re" protec%iei
c!re#t!l #oi#"l "l f!)ibil!l!i<
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c!re#t!l #oi#"l "l tr"fo
se 'erific( selecti'it"te" f"%( $e protec%i" $i# "'"l &i $i# "o#te
releele electro"g#etice se regle")( I
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PROTECIA OENERATOARELOR SINCRONE /OS2
OS pro$!c e#ergi" electric( , s!#t sc!pe &i fo"rte se#sibile
treb!ie pre'()!te c! o protec%ie sig!r( co#tr" $efectelor i#ter#e s"! e;ter#e &i "
regi!rilor "#or"le $e f!#c%io#"re
l" "'"rii i#ter#e "p"re "rc!l electric ce "r$e loc"l bobi#".!l &i ie)!l re)!lt9#$
p"g!be fo"rte "riP $efectele i#ter#e treb!ie lic1i$"te =# cel "i sc!rt tip posibil
l" "'"rii e;terio"re ge#er"tor!l!i protec%i" #! treb!ie s( fie #e"p(r"t i#st"#t"#ee
$eo"rece ge#er"tor!l s!port( c9te'" sec!#$e efect!l c!re#t!l!i $e scc.
tot$e"!#" o protec%ie ce co"#$( $eco#ect"re" ge#er"tor!l!i treb!ie s( co"#$e
por#ire" "!to"t!l!i $e $e)e;cit"re r"pi$( /ADR2, "ltfel t.e.. i#$!s( "r "lie#t"
=# co#ti#!"re loc!l $efect i"r l" scc. e;terio"re te#si!#e" "r cre&te l" bor#ele
ge#er"tor!l!i r("s =# gol
l" f!#c%io#"re #or"l(< co#t"ct!l 1 este $esc1is i"r co#t"ctele 5 &i 7 s!#t =#c1ise
ADR co"#$( =#c1i$er" co#t"ct!l!i 1 i"r "poi $esc1i$ere" co#t"ct!l!i 5 &i 7
pri# =#c1i$ere" co#t"ct!l!i 1 =#f(&!r"re" $e e;cit"%ie /IE2 " ge#er"tor!l!i se p!#e
=# p"r"lel c! o re)iste#%( $e $e sti#gere " c9p!l!i
R
1
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bobi#". rotoric/IE2
pri# $esc1i$ere" co#t"ct!l!i 5 =# circ!it!l $e e;cit"%ie "l e;cit"to"rei se i#tro$!ce
o re)iste#%( R
5
Q 13 R
bobi#". $e e;cit"%ie/0E2
pe#tr! liit"re" c!re#t!l!i $e
e;cit"%ie &i e'it"re" pro$!cerii $e s!pr"te#si!#i l" bor#rlr e;cit"to"rei
pri# $esc1i$ere" co#c"t!l!i 5 se =#trer!pe circ!it!l rotoric "l OS
1. Defecte posibile, regi!ri "#or"le $e f!#c%io#"re &i protec%ii pre'()!te

DEFECTE RN STATOR PROTECII PRE*+,-TE
1. Sc!rtcirc!ite =#tre f")e
1. Protec%i" $ifere#%i"l( lo#git!$i#"l( l" P
#
6
MS
Protec%i" ";i"l( c! t(iere $e c!re#t l" P
#
8 6 MS
c"re l!cre")( =# p"r"lel
Protec%i" ";i"l( $e c!re#t l" P
#
8 6 MS i)ol"te
Co"#$(< $ecl"#&"re" =#trer!p(tor!l!i, por#ire"
ADR, oprire" t!rbi#ei, por#ire" i#st"l"%iei $e
sti#gere " i#ce#$i!l!i
5. Sc!rtcirc!ite =#tre spirele
"celei"&i f")e
5. Protec%i" $ifere#%i"l( tr"#s'ers"l(, protec%i" $e
te#si!#e 1oopol"r(, protec%i" $e $e)ec1ilibr!
Co"#$(< c" l" c")!l 1
7. P!#eri l" p(9#t =# st"tor 7. Protec%i" 1oopol"r( $e c!re#t s"! $e p!tere
1oopol"r( s"! protec%i" $ifere#%i"l( $e c!re#t
1oopol"r
Co"#$(< $ecl"#&"re" c" l" 1 $"c( I
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se#"li)"re" $"c( I
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DEFETCE RN ROTOR /CE2
1. Pier$ere" e;cit"%iei 1. Protec%ie c! relee $e c!re#t i#i =# circ!it!l $e
e;cit"%ie s"! c! relee $e ipe$"#%( ";i(
5. Defec%i!#i =# f!#c%io#"re"
RAT /reg!l"tor!l "!to"t $e
te#si!#e2
5. Protec%i" ";i"l( $e $e c!re#t tepori)"t(
rotoric(
7. P!#eri l" p(9#t rotorice 7. Protec%ie ce co"#$( se#"li)"re" l" sipl(
p!#ere l" p(9#t &i protec%ie ce co"#$(
$eco#ect"re" =# c")!l $!blei p!#eri l" p(9#t
DEFECTE RN SISTEM TI
REOIM-RI ANORMALE DE
DE F-NCIONARE
1. S!pr"c!re#%i $"tor"%i
sc!rtcirc!itelor sietrice s"!
#esietrice s"! s!pr"s"rci#ilor
1. Protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t tepori)"t( c!
bloc". $e i#i( te#si!#e s"! protec%ie ";i"l(
$e c!re#t tepori)"t( c! FCSI / l" s!pr"s"rci#i
po"te co"#$" #!"i se#"li)"re"2
5. Cre&tere" te#si!#ii 5. Protec%i" ";i"l( $e te#si!#e
7. F!#c%io#"re =# regi $e otor 7. Protec%i" $e p!tere i#'ers( c! "c%i!#e tepori)"t(
D. F!#c%io#"re" =# regi "si#cro#
c! e;cit"%ie
D. Relee $e p!tere s"! relee $e ipe$"#%(
/se folose&te l" OS c! P
#
F 133 MS2
@. Frec'e#%( sc()!t( @. Protec%ie $e i#i( frec'e#%(
/ l" OS c! P
#
@3 MS 2
5. Protec%i" $ifere#%i"l( lo#git!$i#"l(
se "plic( l" OS c! P
#
6MS =potri'" scc. polif")"te st"torice, "cest scc. este
r"r, i#ter'i#e $!p( o p!#ere l" p(9#t st"toric( ce #! " fost lic1i$"t(, este e;tre
$e gr"', "r$e fier!l &i bobi#".!l, trb!ie s( fie coplet(, sig!r( &i r"pi$(
cop"r( '"lorile &i se#s!rile c!re#%ilor $e l" i#tr"re" &i ie&ire" f")elor
se p!# TC pe "bele c"pete "le =#f(&!r(rilor
rele!l (so"r( I
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C!re#t!l $e por#ire "l PDL
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circ!it!l st"toric "l ge#er"tor!l!i prote."t, 4
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l" =#trer!pere" circ!it!l!i $ifere#%i"l pri# rele! circ!l( I
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treb!ie c" I
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se "lege '"lo"re" ";i( $e l" "2 &i b2
rele!l 5 se regle")( l" I
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pe#tr! " #! se#"li)" l" scc.
e;terio"re
7. Protec%i" ";i"l( c! t(iere $e c!re#t
se folose&te l" OS c! p!teri ici, P 8 6 MS, c"re #! "! sco"se c"petele
=#f(&!r(rilor $e pe p"rte" #e!tr!l!i
c!re#t!l $e por#ire se regle")(
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este c!re#t!l $e scc. $ebit"t $e ge#er"tor l" scc. pe b"re
protec%i" "c%io#e")( l" scc. =# ge#er"tor #!"i $"c( e;ist( c!re#%i $e scc. $ebit"%i
$e "lte ge#er"to"re, #! "c%io#e")( l" ge#er"to"re i)ol"te
D. Protec%i" =potri'" p!#erilor l" p(9#t =# st"tor
p!#ere l" p(9#t =# st"tor este $efect!l cel "i frec'e#t "l i)ol"%iei OS
celel"lte $efecte st"torice pro'i# $i#tr?o p!#ere l" p(9#t st"toric( #eelii#"t( l"
tip, $e "cee" protec%i" =potri'" PP st"torice "re o iport"#%( $eosebit(
protec%i" $epi#$e $e o$!l $e co#ect"re "l OS l" re%e" /$irect s"! bloc OS?T2, $e
o$!l $e tr"t"re "l #e!tr!l!i l" c"re este co#ect"t ge#er"tor!l
c!re#t!l $e p!#ere l" p(9#t se co#si$er( peric!los c9#$ "ti#ge '"lo"re" $e @ A,
el po"te "r$e pri# "rc electric fier!l st"toric
'"lo"re" c!re#t!l!i $e p!#ere l" p(9#t $epi#$e $e loc!l !#$e "re loc p!#ere" l"
p(9#t, $eci $e te#si!#e" -
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protec%i" treb!ie s( "c%io#e)e &i c9#$ U 8 1, $eci l" c!re#%i ici, treb!ie s( fie
e;tre $e se#sibil(
Protec%ii folosite< protec%i" $e c!re#t 1oopol"r, protec%i" $e p!tere 1oopol"r(,
protec%i" $ifere#%i"l( 1oopol"r(
Protec%i" $e c!re#t 1oopol"r
se "lie#te")( $e l" filtre $e c!re#t $e sec'e#%( 1oopol"r(
se $ese#sibili)e")( f"%( $e c!re#t!l $e $e)ec1ilibr! ";i ce "p"re l" !# scc. pe
bor#ele OS I
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preci)ie ri$ic"t( I
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se folosesc tr"#sfor"to"re speci"le $e sec'e#%( 1oopol"r( TSW c! c"re se pot
$etect" c!re#%i $e p!#ere l" p(9#t $e or$i#!l " /7C@2 A
TSW pot fi $e tip toroi$"l s"! $e tip r"(
ALTE PROTEC II ALE GENERATOARELOR
Proteciile generatorului mpotriva deectelor n rotor
Protec%i" ge#er"tor!l!i =potri'" sc($erii s"! pier$erii e;cit"%iei
Protec%i" =potri'" $efec%i!#ilor =# f!#c%io#"re" reg!l"tor!l!i
"!to"t $e te#si!#e /R.A.T.2
Protec%i" =potri'" p!#erilor l" p(9#t rotorice /sipl" p!#ere l" p(9#t, $!bl" p!#ere l"
p(9#t2
Protec%iile ge#er"tor!l!i =potri'" $efectelor =# siste &i " regi!rilor "#or"le $e
f!#c%io#"re /sc!rtcirc!ite =# siste &i " s!pr"s"rci#i, cre&tere" te#si!#ii, f!#c%io#"re" =#
regi $e otor2
E.7.1. Protec%i" ge#er"tor!l!i =potri'" sc($erii s"! pier$erii e;cit"%iei
Pier$ere" e;cit"%iei l" !# ge#er"tor si#cro# po"te s!r'e#i =# c")!l $ecl"#&(rii "tepesti'e "
"!to"t!l!i $e $e)e;cit"re r"pi$(, " sl(birii !#ei co#e;i!#i s"! " =#trer!perii !#!i co#$!ctor $i# circ!it!l
$e e;cit"%ie. L" pier$ere" e;cit"%iei, OS co#ect"t l" !# siste e#ergetic trece l" f!#c%io#"re" =# regi $e
ge#er"tor "si#cro# c! o 'ite)( 1ipersi#cro#(. =# "cest regi se po"te pro$!ce o s!pr"=#c(l)ire "
bobi#".!l!i st"toric &i o (rire " pier$erilor st"torice, $"torit( c!re#t!l!i i#$!s =# rotor &i =# bobi#".!l $e
"orti)"re. Deci, =# c")!l c9#$ "est regi $!re")( !# tip =#$el!#g"t, po"te fi $(!#(tor pe#tr! "&i#( &i
$e "cee" treb!ie "'erti)"t perso#"l!l $e ser'ici! &i, e'e#t!"l, $eco#ect"t ge#er"tor!l. Pe $e "lt( p"rte,
pri#
pier$ere" e;cit"%iei, OS =#cete")( s( "i $ebite)e p!tere" re"cti'(, co#s!9#$ =# pl!s $i# siste p!tere"
re"cti'( #eces"r( pe#tr! "g#eti)"re" s" proprie. Ap"re $eci =# SEE !# co#s! s!plie#t"r $e p!tere
re"cti'(, c"re, =# "#!ite co#$i%ii, po"te co#$!ce l" s!pr"=#c(rc"re" celorl"lte ge#er"to"re s"! c1i"r s(
periclite)e st"bilit"te" siste!l!i. De "cee", se pre'($, "t9t l" t!rboge#er"to"rcle c! p!teri F @3 MS, c9t &i
l" 1i$roge#er"to"rele c! p!teri F6MS, protec%ii speci"le =potri'" pier$erii e;cit"%iei, protec%ii c"re
co"#$( $ecl"#&"re" =#trer!ptor!l!i ge#er"tor!l!i c! o tepori)"re $eteri#"t( $e $!r"t" "$isibil( $e
ers =# regi "si#cro#, i#$ic"t( $e co#str!ctor!l "&i#ii s"! $e co#$i%iile $e siste. L" OS c! p!teri 8
133 MS se "$ite c" protec%i" $e pier$ere " e;cit"%iei s( "c%io#e)e l" se#"li)"re, =# c")!l =# c"re #! se
pot re"li)" regl".ele c"re s( perit( =#c(rc"re" c"p"citi'( " gr!p!l!i p9#( l" liit" i#$ic"t( $e f"bric"#t.
Cel "i sipl! o$ $e re"li)"re " protec%iei =potri'" pier$erii e;cit"%iei se ob%i#e c! ".!tor!l !#!i releu
$e curent minim! i#tro$!s pri#tr?!# s!#t =# circ!it!l rotor!l!i ge#er"tor!l!i. Deo"rece l" ge#er"to"rele
"ri pot "p"re regi!ri $e f!#c%io#"re c! !# c!re#t $e e;cit"%iei fo"rte ic, rele!l treb!ie s( "ib( !# regl".
c9t "i cobor9t. -#ii "!tori reco"#$( regl"re" protec%iei l" 13 A $i# c!re#t!l #oi#"l $e e;cit"%ie, c! o
tepori)"re $e 1 s.
Alte sc1ee $e protec%ii s!pr"'eg1e")( i#tegrit"te" circ!it!l!i $e e;cit"%ie, c! relee $e re"i#ten$
ma%im$& Acest siste $e protec%ie po"te f!#c%io#" &i l" OS c! s"rci#i c"p"citi'e "ri, l" c"re c!re#t!l $e
e;cit"%ie po"te, =# "#!ite co#$i%ii, s( se "#!le)e s"! s( "ib( c1i"r '"lori #eg"ti'e. Alte sol!%ii co#st"! =#
re"li)"re" protec%iei =potri'" pier$erii e;cit"%iei b")"te pe criteri!l sc1ib(rii se#s!l!i $e circ!l"%iei "l
p!terii re"cti'e, s"! c! relee de impedan$! c" $e e;epl! cele $e tip RPE% re"li)"te l" ICEMENERO
0!c!re&ti, folosite pe#tr! OS c! p!teriX P F 133 MS, c"re s!#t pre'()!te c! $o!( trepte< se#"li)"re, "poi
$ecl"#&"re /fig. 1E.1Y2. Tepori)"re" $ecl"#&(rii este $eteri#"t( =# f!#c%ie $e $!r"t" "$isibil( $e ers
=# "cest regi pe#tr! ge#er"tor!l respecti'.
Alte protec%ii folosite =# SEN pe#tr! s!pr"'eg1ere" regi!l!i si#cro# $e f!#c%io#"re a OS s!#t< protec%iie
RM, 513 /C$C ? Fr"#%"2 pe#tr! gr!p!rile $e 71@ MS &i 773 MSP D51 /,PA ? Ce1oslo'"ci"2 pe#tr!
".orit"te" gr!p!rilor $e 133 MS &i 533 MSP D53 /,PA ? Ce1oslo'"ci"2 pe#tr! c9te'" gr!p!ri c!
p!tere <. 133 MS.
R# perio"$" "#ilor 1YBE?1YBY, f!#c%io#"re" SEN c! frec'e#%" re$!s( &i e;plo"t"re" or gr!p!ri e#ergetice
l" s"rci#i sc()!te, "! cre"t risc!ri $e $ecl"#&"re #eselecti'( " !#or 7S s!be;cit"te $e c(tre "ceste protec%ii
=# priele /1 ...72 s ce !re")( "c%io#(rilor DAS f. Pe#tr! pre'e#ire" "cestor $ecl"#&(ri, c" sol!%ie
ie$i"t(, se "$opt( tepori)"re" c! /1... @2 s i "c%i!#ii protec%iei $e pier$ere " e;cit"%iei.
'(&)&*& Protecia mpotriva deeciunilor n uncionarea regulatorului
automat de ten#iune +R&A&T&,
F!#c%io#"re" gre&it( " reg!l"tor!l!i "!to"t $e te#si!#e " !#!i ge#er"tor si#cro#, =# se#s!l "plic(rii
e;cit"%iei ";ie, po"te s( pro$!c( $ecl"#&"re" i#tepesti'( " OS pri# protec%i" ";i"l( $e c!re#t s"!
s( pro'o"ce $eterior"re" rotor!l!i. Pericol!l s!pr"=#c(l)irii rotor!l!i este fo"rte "re =# "cest c"), "i
"les l" ge#er"to"rele "ri, c"re s!#t pre'()!te c! r(cire" $irect( " bobi#".!l!i rotoric. De "cee", !#ii "!tori
reco"#$( s( se i#tro$!c( o protec%ie speci"l( co#tr" f!#c%io#(rii gre&ite " R.A.T. Reg!l"tor!l "!to"t $e
te#si!#e po"te pro'oc" =# o$ gre&it for%"re" e;cit"%iei =# $o!( sit!"%ii< =# c")!l $efect(rii reg!l"tor!l!i
propri!?)is s"! l" =#trer!pere" "lie#t(rii c! te#si!#i " reg!l"tor!l!i.
Pe#tr! c")!l $efect(rii reg!l"tor!l!i propri!?)is se pre'e$e !# rele! ";i"l $e c!re#t =#
circ!it!l rotoric, c! o tepori)"re s!perio"r( t!t!ror protec%iilor $i# siste. =# c")!l c9#$ for%"re"
e;cit"%iei persist( !# tip "i =#$el!#g"t $ec9t cel regl"t, se sco"te $i# f!#c%i!#e R.A.T. &i se co!t(
e;cit"%i" l" o '"lo"re pre$eteri#"t(.
R#trer!pere" "lie#t(rii c! te#si!#e " R.A.T. &i "c%io#"re" "cest!i" =# se#s!l for%(rii e;cit"%iei se
po"te pro$!ce =# c")!l "r$erii !#!i f!)ibil pe p"rte" $e .o"s( te#si!#e " tr"#sfor"tor!l!i $e te#si!#e.
Protec%i" c"re se pre'e$e =# "cest c") treb!ie s( f"c( selec%i" =#tre $isp"ri%i" te#si!#ii pro'oc"t( $e "r$ere"
!#!i f!)ibil &i c($ere" $e te#si!#e pro'oc"t( $e !# sc!rtcirc!it =# siste. O sol!%ie sipl( este s( se
pre'"$( =# circ!it!l $e "lie#t"re "l R..A.T. o protec%ie $e te#si!#e i#i( c! o tepori)"re s!perio"r(
celei #eces"r( pe#tr! elii#"re" sc!rtcirc!itelor $i# siste. Alte sc1ee re"li)e")( protec%i" pri#
cop"r"re" te#si!#ii $"t( $e TT "l R.A.T. c! te#si!#e" $"t( $e TT c"re "lie#te")( circ!itele $e
(s!r(. D"c( te#si!#e" $isp"re #!"i l" reg!l"tor, e#%i#9#$!?se =# circ!itele $e (s!r(, =#se"#( c( s?"
pro$!s !# $er"#."e#t =# circ!itele $e "lie#t"re " R.A.T. &i protec%i" "cest!i" treb!ie s( sco"t( R.A.T.
$i# f!#c%i!#e.
'(&)&)& Protecia mpotriva punerilor la p$m-nt
R# f!#c%io#"re" ge#er"to"relor pot "p(re", rel"ti' $es, siple p!#eri l" p(9#t =# circ!it!l rotoric
s"! $!ble p!#eri l" p(9#t =# circ!it!l rotoric.
Ap"ri%i" !#ei p!#eri l" "s( " bobi#".!l!i rotoric "l ge#er"tor!l!i #! co#stit!ie =# si#e !# $efect
peric!los pe#tr! "&i#(. P"r"etrii e;cit"%iei #! s!#t o$ific"%i, $eci ge#er"tor!l po"te r(9#e =#
f!#c%i!#e p9#( c9#$ co#$i%iile $e e;plo"t"re perit oprire" s" pe#tr! rep"r"re.
D!bl" p!#ere l" p(9#t =# circ!it!l $e e;cit"%ie !re")(, =# ".orit"te" c")!rilor, $!p( pri"
p!#ere l" p(9#t #e=#$ep(rt"t( &i co#stit!ie !# $efect #et. =# "ce"st( sit!"%ie, o por%i!#e " circ!it!l!i
rotoric este sc!rtcirc!it"t(P pri# loc!l $efect c!rg c!re#%ii $e sc!rtcirc!it &i, toto$"t(, $"torit(
$esietri)(rii c9p!l!i i#$!ctor, pot "p(re" solicit(ri ec"#ice #esietrice, peric!lo"se "s!pr" rotor!l!i.
'(&)&)&'& Protecia mpotriva #implei puneri la p$m-nt rotorice +#&p&p&r&,
Defect!l se po"te co#st"t" pri#tr?!# co#trol perio$ic "l i)ol"%iei circ!it!l!i rotoric, $e c(tre perso#"l!l $e
e;plo"t"re, sol!%ie c"re se "plic( l" t!rboge#er"to"re c! P Z 6 MS. L" OS c! PF6MS se folose&te
sc1e" $e protec%ie $i# fig. 1E.53, c"re $"torit( siplit(%ii &i efic"cit(%ii ei, este fo"rte r(sp9#$it(.
-# p!#ct " "l circ!it!l!i $e e;cit"%ie este leg"t l" p(9#t pri#tr?!# rele! ";i"l $e c!re#t 1. =# c")!l
sc($erii re)iste#%ei $e i)ol"%ie " circ!it!l!i rotoric, $e e;epl! =# !r" !#ei p!#eri l" p(9#t =#tr?"lt
p!#ct /K12, pri# rele! trece !# c!re#t c"re $eteri#( "c%io#"re" "cest!i". =# "bse#%" tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
T, circ!it!l!i $e protec%ie rotoric( "plic9#$!?i?se te#si!#e" co#ti#!( /$i# rotor2, $!p( trecere" perio"$ei
tr"#)itorii, pri# co#$e#s"tor #! mai circul$ nici un curent. Deci c!re#t!l st"%io#"r este<
3
X
= i
R# perio"$" tr"#)itorie p9#( se =#c"rc( co#$e#s"tor!l C c!rge c!re#t!l liber<
2 cos/ [ [
1
+ =

t e I i
T
t
Pe#tr! " se (ri se#sibilit"te" sc1eei pe#tr! orice loc $e $efect, rele!l este "lie#t"t =# c". l" /73...@32
* /$e obicei D3 *2, pri# tr"#sfor"tor!l i#tere$i"r 5 co#ect"t l" TT "l ge#er"tor!l!i. Tr"#sfor"tor!l 5
ser'e&te &i pe#tr! sep"r"re" g"l'"#ic( " circ!it!l!i rotoric $e re%e"!" $e c". Co#$e#s"tor!l $e protec%ie 7,
$e 6

F, "re rol!l $e " sep"r" circ!it!l $e c.c. "l rotor!l!i $e circ!it!l $e c"., leg"t l" p(9#t, "l
tr"#sfor"tor!l!i 5. Protec%i" =potri'" priei /siplei2 p!#eri l" p(9#t co"#$( #!"i se#"li)"re" =#
c")!l t!rboge#er"to"relor, i"r l" 1i$roge#er"to"re co"#$( &i $ecl"#&"re". Sig!r"#%" D este #eces"r( pe#tr!
=#trer!pere" circ!it!l!i =# c")!l str(p!#gerii co#$e#s"tor!l!i C, c9#$ pri# circ!it "r circ!l" &i o iport"#t(
copo#e#t( co#ti#!( " c!re#t!l!i, e;ist9#$ o leg(t!r( g"l'"#ic( =# loc!l l!i C.
R# regi #or"l $e f!#c%io#"re " ge#er"tor!l!i, c!re#t!l "lter#"ti' circ!l( pe c"le"< p(9#t,
sec!#$"r!l tr"#sfor"tor!l!i 5, bobi#" rele!l!i 1, sig!r"#%" D, co#$e#s"tor!l 7, bobi#".!l rotoric &i
c"p"cit"te" C " bobi#".!l!i rotoric f"%( $e p(9#t, p(9#t. Pe#tr! c( C "re re"ct"#%" "re /C > 3,@

F), pri# bobi#".!l l!i 1 circ!l( !# c!re#t fo"rte ic, 8 I

pp
.
L" o p!#ere l" p(9#t =# circ!it!l rotoric, =# p!#ct!l K1, ipe$"#%" circ!it!l!i sc"$e /C este
sc!rtcirc!it"t(2, $eci cre&te !lt c". &i rele!l 1 "c%io#e")(.
Sc1e" po"te f!#c%io#" =# c.c, f(r( 5 &i 7, $"r "r "'e" $e)"'"#t".!l c( re$istrib!ire" c!re#%ilor =#tre
circ!it!l rotoric &i cel for"t $e p!#ere l" p(9#t pert!rb( f!#c%io#"re" ge#er"tor!l!i. Sc1e" $e c!re#t
"lter#"ti' "re $e)"'"#t".!l #ecesit(%ii $ese#sibili)(rii =# r"port c! c". c"re circ!l( pri# 1 =# regi #or"l,
$"torit( l!i C. Acest $e)"'"#t". este ese#%i"l $"c( C F 3,@

.F. At!#ci =# sec!#$"r!l l!i 5 se i#tro$!ce o

p!#te re$reso"re, i"r 1 este "lie#t"t =# c.c. /D3 *2.
A'9#$ =# 'e$ere c(, $"torit( #esietriei =# c9p!l $e e;cit"%ie, "p"re o for%( r"$i"l(, perpe#$ic!l"r(
pe ";!l "&i#ii &i $e '"lo"re co#st"#t(, c"re $eteri#( 'ibr"%ii, l" 1i$roge#er"to"rele $i# ce#tr"lele
teleco"#$"te protec%i" =potri'" s.p.p.r. co"#$( $ecl"#&"re" =#trer!ptor!l!i pri# c"re OS se r"cor$e")(
l" b"re, se#"li)"re" $efect!l!i fii#$ i#oper"#t(.
R# %"r" #o"str( se f"bric( l" ICEMENERO rele!l ASPP?7 =potri'" siplei p!#eri l" p(9#t rotorice
&i $ispo)iti'ele DPPE /$ispo)iti'e $e protec%ie =potri'" p.p. " e;cit"%iei2< DPPE?r pe#tr! OS c! e;cit"%ie
rot"ti'( &i DPPE?s pe#tr! OS c! e;cit"%ie st"tic(.
'(&)&)&*& Protecia mpotriva du.lei puneri la p$m-nt rotorice
R# "cest scop se pre'e$e o protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t re"li)"t( pe principiul punii de c.c,
r"!rile p!#%ii fii#$ for"te $i# =#f(&!r"re" $e e;cit"%ie " ge#er"tor!l!i, c"re l" =#cep!t "re !#
si#g!r p!#ct p!s l" p(9#t /$e e;epl! p!#ct!l K12, &i $i# pote#%ioetr!l 1 /fig.1E.512.
R#tr?o $i"go#"l( " p!#%ii, respecti' =#tre p!#ct!l c &i o leg(t!r( fi;( l" p(9#t, este leg"t fie rele!l $e
c!re#t 5, fie 'oltetr!l 7. Sc1e" fii#$ co!#( pe#tr! to"te ge#er"to"rele !#ei ce#tr"le, =# tip!l
f!#c%io#(rii #or"le e" #! este co#ect"t( l" #ici !#!l $i#tre "greg"te, =#trer!pto"rele '' fii#$ $esc1ise.
D!p( "p"ri%i" !#ei siple p!#eri l" p(9#t l" !#!l $i#tre ge#er"to"re, $etect"t( $!p( c! s?" "r(t"t "i
s!s, se =#c1i$e "#!"l =#trer!ptor!l '' coresp!#)(tor "cel!i ge#er"tor. Se $esc1i$e =#trer!ptor!l D &i se
=#c1i$e co#t"ct!l b!to#!l!i @, i#tro$!c9#$!?se "stfel =# circ!it ili'oltetr!l 7 =# loc!l rele!l!i 5. Drept
'oltetr! 7 se folose&te !# ili'oltetr! $e c.c, "'9#$ te#si!#e" #oi#"l( $e 7 *, c! $i'i)i!#e" )ero l"
i.loc!l sc(rii. C! ".!tor!l pote#%ioetr!l!i 1 se ec1ilibre")( p!#te" p9#( c9#$ "c!l 'oltetr!l!i re'i#e
l" )ero. P!#te" "p"re c" =# fig.1E.55, =# c"re<
/"K1 H K
1
b2 ? =#f(&!r"re" $e e;cit"%ie EP
/"c H cb2 ? pote#%ioetr!l 1. \
L" ec1ilibr!<
ca bk cb ak
R R R R
1 1
=
D!p( "ce"st" se elibere")( b!to#!l @ &i se =#c1i$e =#trer!ptor!l D, "stfel c( sc1e" este preg(tit( pe#tr! "
sesi)" o " $o!" p!#ere l" p(9#t, $e e;epl! =# p!#ct!l K
5
, =# =#f(&!r"re" $e e;cit"%ie " ge#er"tor!l!i
respecti'. C9#$ "p"re "ce"st( " $o!" p!#ere l" p(9#t, p!#te" se $e)ec1ilibre")(, rele!l 5 este "lie#t"t
c! c!re#t!l $i# $i"go#"l" p!#%ii &i co"#$( $ecl"#&"re" ge#er"tor!l!i, pri# rele!l $e tip B. Acest"
i#tro$!ce o tepori)"re $e /3,@... 12 s, #eces"r( pe#tr! " pre'e#i "c%io#"re" gre&it( " protec%iei =# !#ele c")!ri
$e sc!rtcirc!ite e;terio"re.
Di# pr"ctic" e;plo"t(rii " re)!lt"t c( e;ist( pericol!l "c%io#(rii rele!l!i 5 $i# c"!)" c!re#t!l!i
"lter#"ti' c"re po"te l!" #"&tere =# circ!it!l rotoric, $"torit( =#'9rtirii rotor!l!i c! o p!#ere l" p(9#t,
=#tr?!# =#trefier #esietric. Pe#tr! " pre'e#i "c%io#"re" protec%iei. R# "stfel $e c")!ri, s?"! i#tro$!s =#
sc1e( bobi#" $e i#$!c%ie Y &i TC 6, c! ".!tor!l c(ror" se cree")( !# c9p $e cope#s"re =# rele!,
respecti' $e l" c"re se "lie#te")( bobi#" $e fr9#"re " rele!l!i 5. C!re#t!l $e por#ire " protec%iei se
st"bile&te pe b")" co#$i%iei c" rele!l s( #! "c%io#e)e l" c!re#t!l $e $e)ec1ilibr! ge#er"t $e ec1ilibr"re"
#eprecis( " p!#%ii &i $e cope#s"re" i#s!ficie#t( " c!re#t!l!i "lter#"ti' $e c(tre TC 6. C!re#t!l
"lter#"ti' $"t $e #esietri" f!;!l!i ge#er"tor!l!i circ!l( pri# =#f(&!r"re" pri#cip"l( " rele!l!i 5 &i pri#
=#f(&!r"re" pri"r( " TC 6. C!re#t!l sec!#$"r "l TC circ!l( pri# =#f(&!r"re" s!plie#t"r( " rele!l!i =#
se#s i#'ers f"%( $e c!re#t!l $i# =#f(&!r"re" pri#cip"l( /fig. 1E.572. D"torit( "cest!i f"pt, fl!;!rile
"g#etice cre"te $e c!re#t!l "lter#"ti' c"re circ!l( pri# =#f(&!r(ri se cope#se")( reciproc.
(&/& Proteciile generatorului mpotriva deectelor n #i#tem 0i a regimurilor anormale de
uncionare
(&/&'& Protecia generatorului mpotriva #upracurenilor datorit$ #curtcircuitelor n #i#tem 0i a
#upra#arcinilor
Protec%i" =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor e;terio"re se re"li)e")( pri#tr?o protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t
tepori)"t(, c! bloc". $e te#si!#e i#i(. Pe#tr! c" "ce"st( protec%ie s( co#stit!ie re)er'"
pe#tr! to"te protec%iile ge#er"tor!l!i /c1i"r &i =potri'" $efectelor i#ter#e2, e" se co#ecte")( pe
TC $i#spre #e!tr!l stelei =#f(&!r(rilor ge#er"tor!l!i /fig. 1E.5D2. " ge#er"to"re $e p!teri ici, s!b 6
MS i#cl!si', se po"te re#!#%" l" bloc".!l $e te#si!#e, ir releele $e c!re#t se 'or o#t" pe $o!(
f")e /TC co#ect"te =# ste" i#coplet(2, =# fig. 1E.5D s?"! #ot"t<
1CSI ? filtr!l $e c!re#t $e sec'e#%( i#'ers(P
'! *! ) ? releele protec%iei =potri'" s!pr"s"rci#ilor sietriceP
/ ! 2 ! 3 ! ( ! 4 ! 5 ? releele protec%iei =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor e;terio"re sietriceP
'6? rele!l protec%iei =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor e;terio"re #esietriceP
''? rele!l protec%iei =potri'" s!pr"s"rci#ilor #esietriceP
'*,') ? rele!l i#tere$i"r fi#"l &i rele!l $e se#"li)"re.
Pe#tr! " "sig!r" o se#sibilit"te (rit( l" sc!rtcirc!ite e;terio"re #esietrice, sc1e" este pre'()!t(
c! o protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t $e sec'e#%( i#'ers(. De f"pt, protec%i" OS =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor
e;terio"re &i " s!pr"s"rci#ilor #esietrice se re"li)e")( $ifere#%i"t, =# f!#c%ie $e p!tere" lor< OS c! P
8@3MS se pre'($ c! o protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t pe trei f")e, tepori)"t(, coplet"t( c! bloc". $e
te#si!#e i#i( re"li)"t c! trei relee $e te#si!#e co#ect"te l" te#si!#ile sec!#$"re =#tre f")e. Pe#tr! OS
c! P F @3 MS treb!ie pre'()!t( o protec%ie =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor #esietrice &i " s!pr"s"rci#ilor
#esietrice, coplet"t( c! o protec%ie =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor trif")"te.
Regl".ele protec%iei se f"c $!p( rel"%iile<
Releele $e te#si!#e i#i( 6 &i E se pre'($ pe#tr! c" protec%i" s( $eosebe"sc( to"te c")!rile $e
sc!rtcirc!it $e cele c! s!pr"s"rci#(. Releele $e te#si!#e s!#t "lie#t"te $e TT "le ge#er"tor!l!i &i #! "le
b"relor, pe#tr! c(, $"c( ge#er"tor!l #! este co#ect"t l" b"re /$e e;epl! l" por#ire2 protec%i" l!i s( #! fie
i#fl!e#%"t( $e te#si!#e" b"relor. Releele s!#t "lie#t"te c! te#si!#i $i#tre f")e, fii#$ pre'()!te s(
sesi)e)e sc!rtcirc!ite polif")"te /ge#er"tor!l $ebite")( e#ergie l" .t, $eci $e cele "i $ese ori =# re%ele
c! #e!tr!l i)ol"t s"! tr"t"t pri# bobi#( $e sti#gere2.
t t t
L
+ =
"; . B 1E.53
#ot9#$!?se pri# t
L.";
tepori)"re" ";i( $i#tre tepori)(rile protec%iilor elee#telor "lie#t"te $e
ge#er"tor.
Rele!l $e tip B este "c%io#"t $e rele!l i#tere$i"r Y, pe#tr! " fi posibil( se#"li)"re" "p"ri%iei
$efectelor =# circ!itele $e te#si!#e "lter#"ti'( $e "lie#t"re " releelor $e te#si!#e i#i(.
13 pr
I
se "lege pe b")" !r(to"relor co#$i%ii <
"2 E'it"re" $eterior(rii ge#er"tor!l!i $i# c"!)" copo#e#tei $e sec'e#%( i#'ers(<
c2 Coor$o#"re" se#sibilit(%ii c! protec%iile elee#telor !r(to"re<
rep i
pra
sig pr
K
I
K I
.
13
=
1E.5D
!#$e<
K
i.rep
? coeficie#t!l $e rep"rti%ie $eteri#"t pe#tr! sc1e" ec1i'"le#t( $e sec'e#%( i#'ers(, Ipr" ? ce" "i
"re $i#tre '"lorile $e por#ire "le releelor protec%iilor $e c!re#t $e sec'e#%( i#'ers( i#st"l"te pe
elee#tele "lie#t"te $e l" b"rele OS /$e obicei I
pr13
se "lege $i# co#$i%i" /1E.512, c"re $eteri#( o
'"lo"re" "i "re pe#tr! I
pr13
2. C!re#t!l $e por#ire "l rele!l!i I
pr.11
se "lege $i# !r(to"rele $o!(
co#$i%ii<
"2 Dese#sibili)"re" =# r"port c! c!re#t!l $e sec'e#%( i#'ers( Ii."$, "$is =# f!#c%io#"re" =#$el!#g"t(,
$eci<
b2 Dese#sibili)"re" =# r"port c! c!re#t!l $e $e)ec1ilibr! "l FCSI =# regi $e s"rci#( ";i( "
ge#er"tor!l!i, $"torit( erorii TC c"re "lie#te")( FCSI, erorii $e "cor$"re " filtr!l!i, '"ri"%iei $e
frec'e#%( =# siste /'e)i rel"%i" 1E.572<
c2
p dez
rev
sig
pr
I
K
K
I
. 11 .
=
1E.56
!#$e Ksig>1,3@
Pe#tr! I 11 . pr se "lege '"lo"re" s!perio"r( re)!lt"t( $i# /1E.5@,1E.562
'(&/&*& Protecia generatorului mpotriva cre0terii ten#iunii
C"!)ele cre&terii te#si!#ii !#!i ge#er"tor peste '"lo"re" #oi#"l( pot fi< $esc(rc"re" br!sc( $!p(
sc!rtcirc!ite, $efect"re" RAT, "b"l"re" gr!p!l!i /cre&tere" t!r"%iei2, $efecte =# circ!itele sec!#$"re $e
te#si!#e "lter#"ti'( ce "lie#te")( sc1e".
L" t!rboge#er"to"re, reg!l"tor!l $e t!r"%ie i#ter'i#e r"pi$, o$ific9#$ "$isi" "b!r!l!i =# t!rbi#(.
De "cee" l" t!rboge#er"to"re #! "p"r cre&teri $e te#si!#e &i #! este #eces"r( o protec%ie speci"l(
=potri'" "cestor" $ec9t l" ge#er"to"rele $e p!teri "ri.
L" 1i$roge#er"to"re, "sele "ri $e "p( =# i&c"re #ep!t9#$ fi oprite r"pi$, pot "p(re"
s!pr"st!r"%ii iport"#te /p9#( l" $!bl!l t!r"%iei #oi#"le2. O$"t( c! t!r"%i" cre&te li#i"r frec'e#%" &i
p(tr"tic te#si!#e", c"re po"te $ep(&i $eci $e "i !lte ori '"lo"re" #oi#"l(, -
#
.
De "cee" #orele pre'($ i#st"l"re", l" to"te 1i$roge#er"to"rele " !#ei protec%ii =potri'" cre&terii
te#si!#ii. De "see#e" se '" pre'e$e" o "stfel $e protec%ie l" t!rboge#er"to"rele c! P 8 @3 MS c!
e;cit"%ie st"tic( s"! c! e;cit"%ie $e =#"lt( frec'e#%(, c9t 0i l" TO c! P @3, i#$ifere#t $e tip!l e;cit"%iei.
Sc1e" folosit( este ce" $i# fig. 1E.5@
.
Rele!l ";i"l $e te#si!#e co"#$( tepori)"t, pri# rele!l $e tip, $ecl"#&"re" =#trer!ptor!l!i
pri#cip"l &i "l cel!i $e e;cit"%ie. Rele!l i#tere$i"r $e "c%io#"re este co!# pe#tr! to"te protec%iile
ge#er"tor!l!i, =# scop!l e'it(rii $ecl"#&(rilor f"lse, c" !r"re " s!pr"te#si!#ilor $e sc!rt( $!r"t(<
n pp
U U 2 E , 1 ... 5 , 1 / =
s t
ac
@ , 3 =
Rele!l - fii#$ $e te#si!#e "lter#"ti'(, "re $e)"'"#t".!l c( l" cre&tere" frec'e#%ei, re"ct"#%" s"
cre&te, $eci c!re#t!l $i# bobi#" rele!l!i cre&te "i p!%i# $ec9t te#si!#e" "plic"t( &i s?"r p!te" c" rele!l s(
#! "c%io#e)e.
O protec%ie "i perfec%io#"t( este ce" c"re folose&te !# rele! $e te#si!#e co#ti#!(, "lie#t"t pri#
re$reso"re $e l" te#si!#e" "lter#"tor!l!i, $eci !# rele! $e te#si!#e ";i(, " c(r!i f!#c%io#"re este
i#$epe#$e#t( $e frec'e#%(.
'(&/&)& Protecia generatorului mpotriva uncion$rii n regim de motor
R# c")!l c9#$, =# !r" !#ei $efec%i!#i " "&i#ii pri"re, $isp"re c!pl!l ec"#ic l" "rborele
ge#er"tor!l!i, "cest" trece =# regi $e otor si#cro# &i prie&te $e l" re%e" p!tere" "cti'(, pe c"re o
co#s!(, "#tre#9#$ el "&i#" pri"r(. =# "cest regi ge#er"tor!l $ebite")( p!tere re"cti'(. Pe#tr! " se
e'it" e;ti#$ere" $efect!l!i pe p"rte" ec"#ic( &i $efect"re" OS, cee" ce se po"te =#t9pl", $e e;epl!,
$"c( t!rbi#" se gripe")( $i# c"!)" solicit(rii "ri l" c"re este s!p!s(, este "bsol!t #eces"r ca =# "ce"st(
sit!"%ie, ge#er"tor!l s( fie sep"r"t $e re%e".
R# "cest scop se pre'e$e o protec%ie $e p!tere /protec%ie $e =#to"rcere $e p!tere2, re"li)"t( pri#
sc1e" $i# fig. 1E.56.
PROTEC7IA MOTOARELOR ELECTRICE
S!pr"'eg1ere" oto"relor electrice se f"ce pri# "p"r"te $e (s!r"t pe#tr! (riile
ec"#ice s"! electrice< t!r"%ie, teper"t!r(, c!re#t, te#si!#e etc.
0!#" f!#c%io#"re otor!l!i este s!pr"'eg1e"t( $e perso#"l!l $e e;plo"t"re. =#tr!c9t =#s(
este #eces"r( e#%i#ere" !#or "#!ite '"lori liit(, se folosesc =# "cest scop "p"r"te $e (s!r"t c!
co#t"cte pe#tr! '"lorile liit( s"! relee. L(pile $e se#"li)"re &i 1!pele "#!#%( $ep(&ire" !#or '"lori
liit( ";ie s"! i#ie, "'erti)9#$ =# c")!l !#or regi!ri $e f!#c%io#"re peric!lo"se. M".orit"te"
$ispo)iti'elor $e protec%ie " oto"relor "c%io#e")( pri# $eco#ect"re, $!c9#$ pri# "ce"st" l" =#trer!pere"
proces!l!i $e pro$!c%ie.
D"c( #"t!r" $efect!l!i o perite, otor!l "i r(9#e !# tip o"rec"re =# f!#c%i!#e, peri%9#$
s( se teri#e oper"%i" =#cep!t( =# proces!l $e pro$!c%ie. D!p( "cee" se $eco#ecte")( otor!l, i"r
=#l(t!r"re" $efect!l!i se f"ce fie =#tr?o p"!)(, fie c1i"r l" teri#"re" l!cr!l!i.
=# liter"t!r" $e speci"lit"te $i# !ltiii "#i s!#t pre)e#t"te #!ero"se sistee $e protec%ie " oto"relor
electrice. Ele treb!ie p()ite $e pr"f &i trepi$"%ii. C")!l "i $ificil $i# "cest p!#ct $e 'e$ere =l pre)i#t(
"p"r"tele o#t"te $irect pe =#trer!ptor.
*'&'& 8eectele po#i.ile! regimuri anormale de uncionare 0i protecii prev$"ute la motoarele
electrice
L" oto"re po"te "p"re c" regi "#or"l $e f!#c%io#"re s!pr"s"rci#", pro'oc"t( l" oto"re "si#cro#e $e
s!pr"=#c(rc"re" ec"#is!l!i "c%io#"t $e otor, sc($ere" te#si!#ii $e "lie#t"re, =#trer!pere" !#ei f")e
" circ!it!l!i $e "lie#t"re s"! f!#c%io#"re" c! s"rci#( "sietric(, i"r l" oto"rele si#cro#e $e
s!pr"=#c(l)ire" ec"#is!l!i "c%io#"t $e otor, ie&ire" $i# si#cro#is $"torit( =#trer!perii !#ei f")e "
re%elei $e "lie#t"re s"! sc($ere" te#si!#ii. =# c")!l !#ei s!pr"s"rci#i te1#ologice /pro'oc"t( $e
=#c(rc"re" e;cesi'( " ec"#is!l!i $e "c%io#"t2, otor!l po"te $ep(&i c!pl!l ";i &i $"c( s!pr"s"rci#"
#! este =#l(t!r"t(, el se opre&te &i "poi "bso"rbe $e l" re%e" c!re#t!l $e por#ire /$e c9te'" ori "i "re
$ec9t c!re#t!l #oi#"l2.
Sc($ere" te#si!#ii pro$!ce toto$"t( o cre&tere " c!re#t!l!i rotoric, =# tip ce c!re#t!l st"toric po"te s(
cre"sc( s"! s( sc"$(, =# f!#c%ie $e =#c(rc"re. D"c( te#si!#e" $e "lie#t"re " otor!l!i " sc()!t c! "i
!lt $e @ A $i# -
#
, otor!l se "$ite s( f!#c%io#e)e #!"i c! s"rci#( "i ic( $ec9t s"rci#" #oi#"l(,
=# c") co#tr"r se s!pr"=#c"rc( bobi#".!l rotor!l!i, ".!#g9#$!?se l" !)!r" pre"t!r( " "cest!i".
R# c")!l sc!rtcirc!itelor =# re%e"!" $e "lie#t"re, te#si!#e" sc"$e !lt, $eci t!r"%i" oto"relor
sc"$e, c!re#t!l "bsorbit cre&te $"torit( cre&terii "l!#ec(rii. D"c( te#si!#e" sc"$e fo"rte !lt pe o $!r"t(
"i l!#g( $e tip, oto"rele se opresc. D!p( i)ol"re" $efect!l!i, te#si!#e" se rest"bile&te =# re%e"!" $e
"lie#t"re, i"r oto"rele, c"re "! f!#c%io#"t c! o t!r"%ie re$!s( s"! c1i"r s?"! oprit, f(r( s( fi fost
$eco#ect"te, se "ccelere")( f(r( i#ter'e#%i"
perso#"l!l!i &i, l" rest"bilire" coplet( " te#si!#ii, ".!#g l" t!r"%i" #oi#"l(. =# tip!l "cest!i proces,
c!re#%ii "bsorbi%i $e otor $ep(&esc '"lo"re" #oi#"l(, =#s( #! s!#t peric!lo&i, pe#tr! c( proces!l
$!re")( !# tip sc!rt. Propriet(%ile oto"relor "si#cro#e $e " por#i s"! $e "?&i (ri t!r"%i" p9#( l"
'"lo"re" #oi#"l(, l" re'e#ire" te#si!#ii $!p( elii#"re" !#!i sc!rtcirc!it, este #!it( "!topor#ire. E"
este posibil( "t9t l" oto"re c! rotor =# sc!rtcirc!it, c9t &i l" cele c! rotor bobi#"t. -#ele oto"re
"si#cro#e c! rotor bobi#"t #! pot =#s( "!topor#i, "'9#$ !# c!pl! $e por#ire "i ic $ec9t c!pl!l re)iste#t
"l ec"#is!l!i "c%io#"t /M
p
8 M
re)ist
2. D"c( "ceste oto"re #! se $eco#ecte")( $e l" re%e", pri#
=#f(&!r(rile lor circ!l( tip =#$el!#g"t !# c!re#t !lt "i "re $ec9t I
#
, c"re $!ce l" =#c(l)ire"
i#"$isibil( " =#f(&!r(rii oto"relor. De "cee", "ceste oto"re se pre'($ c! protec%i" =#f(&!r(rii
=potri'" s!pr"c!re#%ilor.
Moto"rele si#cro#e pot ie&i $i# si#cro#is l" sc($ere" te#si!#ii s"! " c!re#t!l!i $e e;cit"%ie s"! l"
s!pr"=#c(rc"re" ec"#is!l!i "c%io#"t. =# regi "si#cro# otor!l si#cro# po"te s( se fr9#e)e coplet
s"! s( f!#c%io#e)e c! t!r"%ie re$!s(. Acest regi este i#"$isibil pe#tr! otor !# tip "i l!#g pe#tr!
c( "p"re =#c(l)ire" =#f(&!r(rii. De "cee", oto"rele si#cro#e se pre'($ c! o protec%ie =potri'"
f!#c%io#(rii =# regi "si#cro#.
Defectele oto"relor electrice s!#t !r(to"rele<
] sc!rtcirc!ite o#of")"te &i polif")"teP
] p!#eri l" p(9#t "le !#ei f")eP
] sc!rtcirc!ite =#tre spirele "celei"&i f")e " =#f(&!r(rii st"torice.
Alegere" tip!l!i $e protec%ie " oto"relor electrice este f!#c%ie $e p!tere" lor, $e tip!l lor
co#str!cti', $e iport"#%" ec"#is!l!i "c%io#"t, $e co#$i%iile $e "!topor#ire etc.
*'&*& Protecia motoarelor electrice cu ten#iune de alimentare p-n$ la ' 9:
Aceste oto"re se prote.e")( co#tr" sc!rtcirc!itelor pri# sig!r"#%e f!)ibile &i pri# =#trer!pto"re
"!to"te, c"re "! i#st"l"te =# i#terior!l lor protec%ii $iferite, "stfel<
"2=potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor
Se re"li)e")( c! relee electro"g#etice, pe $o!( s"! trei f")e, c!<
mtr p pp
i i
.
>
.,mpotriva #upra#arcinilor
Se pre'($ relee terice c! biet"l. Pe#tr! oto"re c! P 8 1 4S #! este oblig"torie, !#eori
re"li)9#$!?se pri# sig!r"#%e c! i#er%ie " =#trer!pto"relor.
c,mpotriva ten#iunii minime
Se pre'e$e #!"i l" oto"rele c"re #! pot fi por#ite pri# co#ect"re $irect( l" re%e", l" cele " c(ror
"!topor#ire #! este peris( $e co#$i%iile proces!l!i te1#ologic s"! pre)i#t( pericol pe#tr! perso#"l!l $e
e;plo"t"re &i l" cele " c(ror $eco#ect"re =# c")!l sc($erii te#si!#ii s"! =#trer!perii "lie#t(rii este
#eces"r( pe#tr! !&!r"re" "!topor#irii oto"relor "i iport"#te. L" celel"lte oto"re #! este #eces"r(
"ce"st( protec%ie. De "ltfel, folosire" protec%iei i#i"l( $e te#si!#e l" to"te oto"rele "r f"ce iposibil(
!tili)"re" "'"#t".elor R.A.R.< c9#$ te#si!#e" l" b"re $isp"re coplet, to"te oto"rele "r fi $eco#ect"te
pri# "ce"st( protec%ie, f(r( s( li se $e" posibilit"te" s( "!topor#e"sc( /l" fel &i c! A. A.R.2.
51.5.1. Protec%i" oto"relor electrice pri# sig!r"#%e f!)ibile
Sig!r"#%ele f!)ibile /SF2 folosite pe#tr! prote."re" oto"relor electrice treb!ie "stfel $ie#sio#"te,
=#c9t s( #! se tope"sc( l" por#ire" oto"relor, c9#$
mtr n mtr p
I I
. .
2 E ... @ / =
$"r =# "cel"&i tip s( =#trer!p( circ!it!l =#"i#te" $eterior(rii co#$!ctor!l!i $e "lie#t"re c! e#ergie
electric( /$eterior"re c" !r"re " =#c(l)irii pro$!se $e c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it2.
Die#sio#"re" f!)ibilelor $e protec%ie " circ!it!l!i !#!i otor se f"ce =# f!#c%ie $e c!re#t!l $e
por#ire I
P
M "l "cest!i" &i $e tip!l t
p
$e por#ire.
C!re#t!l #oi#"l "l Ri)ibil!l!i se c"lc!le")( pe b")" rel"%iilor<
!
I
I
p"
nF
51.1
! nF
I I >
51.5
adm nF
I I 7 >
51.7
=# c"re<
C este !# coeficie#t c"re $epi#$e $e $!r"t" por#irii<
] C > 5,@ pe#tr! t
p
813s /por#iri !&o"re2,
] C > /l,6... 52 pe#tr! t
p
F 13 s /por#iri grele2P
I
c
este c!re#t!l $e c"lc!l, coresp!#)(tor p!terii cer!te Pc $e !# gr!p $e recepto"re, c"re %i#e se"" $e
gr"$!l $e =#c(rc"re " "cestor" &i $e si!lt"#eit"te" f!#c%io#(rii lor /=# c")!l !#!i si#g!r otor Ic >
I
#
2P
I adm este c!re#t!l "$isibil $e l!#g( $!r"t( "l co#$!ctor!l!i $e "lie#t"re " otor!l!iP
I
#
este c!re#t!l #oi#"l "l otor!l!i.
Tip!l $e por#ire t
p
,c"lc!l"t =# sec!#$e, po"te fi e;pri"t pri# rel"%i"<
n p
# t 5 D + =
/51.D2
=# c"re P
#
este p!tere" otor!l!i, =# 4S.
Protec%i" pri# SF " otor!l!i "re !r(to"rele $e)"'"#t".e<
] "p"ri%i" !#or s!pr"te#si!#i "ri, $"torit( tip!l!i fo"rte sc!rt $e =#trer!pere "
circ!it!l!i, =# speci"l l" sig!r"#%ele !ltr"r"pi$e. Acest tip sc!rt, $e circ" /5 ... @2 s,
este ip!s pe#tr! e'it"re" "ti#gerii '"lorii $e &oc " c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it /s?"r
pro$!ce solicit(ri ec"#ice "ri, $"torit( for%elor electro$i#"ice2P
] iposibilit"te" "sig!r(rii protec%iei otor!l!i l" s!pr"s"rci#i ici, $e /1,@ ... 52 I n
$"r $e $!r"t( "re, pe#tr! c( =# 'e$ere" e'it(rii f!#c%io#(rii SF l" por#ire, c9#$
I
p
> /5 ... 72 I^ , c1i"r $"c( I
n$F
> I
n"
, l" '"lorile ici "le s!pr"s"rci#ii f!)ibil!l
sig!r"#%elor r"pi$e se tope&te #!"i $!p( /1 ...52 ore, tip =# c"re otor!l "ti#ge o
teper"t!r( peste ce" "$isibil(P
] p"tro"#ele sig!r"#%elor "rse treb!ie =#loc!ite c! p"tro"#e #oi, tip =# c"re otor!l
este opritP
] "r$ere" SF pe o si#g!r( f")( $!ce l" r(9#ere" otor!l!i =# $o!( f")e.
Di# "ceste oti'e, l" i#st"l"%iile _iport"#te, l" c"re ceri#%ele co#ti#!it(%ii =# "lie#t"re" c!
e#ergie s!#t "ri, =# loc!l SF se folosesc =#trer!pto"re "!to"te.
*'&*&*Protecia motoarelor electrice prin ntreruptoare automate +IA,
=#trer!pto"rele "!to"te "! protec%ie ";i"l( $e c!re#t regl"bil(, tepori)"t(, pe to"te f")ele, relee
terice pe#tr! protec%i" l" s!pr"s"rci#i $e $!r"t( &i, e'e#t!"l, relee $e te#si!#e i#i(.
C!re#t!l $e $ecl"#&"re "l IA c! relee ";i"le, f(r( tepori)"re, se c"lc!le")( c! b")" rel"%iilor<
p" p
I I 5 , 1 >
51.@
adm p
I I @ , D <
51.6
I
p
este c!re#t!l $e por#ire /i#i $e "c%io#"re2 "l IAP
p"
I
este c!re#t!l $e por#ire "l otor!l!iP
I"$ este c!re#t!l "$isibil $e $!r"t( "l co#$!cto"relor $e "lie#t"re.
C!re#%ii $e r!pere "i IA s!#t "i ici $ec9t c!re#%ii $e r!pere "i SF $e "cee"&i c!re#%i #oi#"li.
De "cee", =# i#st"l"%iile c! c!re#%i "ri se pot =#t9l#i "t9t IA, c9t &i SF pe#tr! prote."re" "cel!i"&i
otor. N!stific"re" f"pt!l!i c( este #eces"r(, pe l9#g( sig!r"#%e f!)ibile, &i protec%i" i#cl!s( =#
=#trer!pto"re, re)!lt( cl"r $i# fig.51.1.
R# fig.51.1." se i#$ic( o$!l $e co#ect"re " otor!l!i M pri# c"bl!l C &i =#trer!ptor!l I l" b"rele
colecto"re 0C. Fiec"re elee#t $i# sc1e( "re o c"r"cteristic( " teport(rii l!i l" !# proces tr"#)itori!,
c" "cel" $e por#ire. L" =#trer!ptor c"r"cteristic" ce #e i#terese")( este ce" " $ecl"#&(rii, t > f
I
/I2, l"
c"bl! c"r"cteristic" $!r"tei "$isibile $e =#c(rc"re f!#c%ie $e c!re#t, t > f
I
/I2, i"r l" otor c!re#t!l $e
por#ire f!#c%ie $e tip, t>f
M
/I2 /fig.51.1.b2. Treb!ie re"rc"t c(, c!re#t!l repre)e#t"t =# "bscis( este
co#si$er"t co#st"#t =#cep9#$ c! t > 3, $eci c"r"cteristic" otor!l!i i#$ic( #! '"ri"%i" re"l( " c!re#t!l!i
I
t
=# tip!l por#irii, ci '"ri"%i" !#!i c!re#t efic"ce, $efi#it pri# rel"%i"<
dt I
t
I
t
t

=
3
5
1
R# i#ter'"l!l $e tip sc!rt, $e l" 3 l" t, c!re#t!l I este ec1i'"le#t, $i# p!#ct $e 'e$ere "l =#c(l)irii, c!
cel re"l I
t
. C"r"cteristicile treb!ie s( fie sit!"te "&" c! s?" repre)e#t"t =# fig.51.1.b. Ele treb!ie s( fie
s!ficie#t $e "propi"te, f(r( s( se i#tersecte)e. =#tr?"$e'(r, $"c( ele #! "r fi "propi"te, "r re)!lt" !# c"bl!l
$e "lie#t"re s!pr"$ie#sio#"t, i"r $"c( s?"r i#tersect", "t!#ci fie c( =#trer!ptor!l "r $eco#ect" =# tip!l
por#irii, fie c"bl!l s?"r =#c(l)i peste (s!r(. Astfel, $e e;epl!, $"c( =# loc $e c"r"cteristic" I "
=#trer!ptor!l!i " co#si$er" c"r"cteristic" !#!i f!)ibl F, fii#$c( f!)ibil!l "re i#er%ie teric( ic(, l"
c!re#t!l "re $e l" =#cep!t!l por#irii otor!l!i '" re)!lt" topire" f!)ibil!l!i. Este $eci #eces"r !# f!)ibil
F[ $e !# c!re#t #oi#"l "i "re, "cest" =#s( #! '" prote." c"bl!l C $e s!pr"c!re#%ii c"re "p"r l"
s!pr"=#c(rc"re" otor!l!i. Este $eci #eces"r !# c"bl! s!pr"$ie#sio#"t C. Re)!lt( c( protec%i"
oto"relor #! po"te fi re"li)"t( c! f!)ibile #or"le, $e i#er%ie teric( ic(. De "ltfel, f!)ibilele #!
coresp!#$ pe#tr! prote."re" oto"relor &i pe#tr! f"pt!l c( ele =#trer!p !#eori #!"i o f")(, l(s9#$
otor!l "lie#t"t =# $o!( f")e, cee" ce este peric!los pe#tr! otor. C"r"cteristic" I /fig.51.1.b2 "
=#trer!ptor!l!i $e protec%ie " otor!l!i treb!ie s( "sig!re, "t9t tepori)"re" #eces"r( por#irii /p"rte" IX2,
c9t &i $eco#ect"re" r"pi$( =# c") $e sc!rtcirc!it /p"rte" I[2. Tepori)"re" IX se "sig!r( c! relee biet"lice
p!se pe $o!( f")e, i"r =#trer!pere" i#st"#t"#ee I[ c! relee electro"g#etice o#t"te pe fiec"re $i# cele
trei f")e. Deci, =# c")!l c9#$ p!tere" $e sc!rtcirc!it este "i "re $ec9t p!tere" $e r!pere "
=#trer!ptor!l!i, se folosesc f!)ibile $e "re p!tere $e r!pere &i c!re#t #oi#"l "re, =# serie c!
=#trer!ptor!l.
*'&)& Protecia motoarelor electrice cu ten#iune de alimentare pe#te ' 9:
Aceste oto"re se pre'($ c! !r(to"rele protec%ii<
"2protec%i" =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor polif")"te< protec%ii ";i"le $e c!re#t c! "c%i!#e
i#st"#t"#ee s"! protec%ii $ifere#%i"le lo#git!$i#"leP
b2 protec%i" =potri'" sc($erii te#si!#ii, pri# relee $e te#si!#e i#i(P
c2protec%i" =potri'" s!pr"s"rci#ilor, pri# protec%i" ";i"l( $e c!re#t tepori)"t(P
$2 protec%i" =potri'" p!#erilor l" p(9#t< protec%ii ";i"le $e c!re#t 1oopol"reP
e2protec%i" =potri'" ie&irii $i# si#cro#isP
f2protec%i" =potri'" f!#c%io#(rii =# $o!( f")e.
*'&)&'& Protecia mpotriva #curtcircuitelor polia"ate n #tator
*'&)&'&'& Protecia ma%imal$ de curent
Sc1e" protec%iei po"te fi re"li)"t( c! relee pri"re s"! c! relee sec!#$"re, c! "c%i!#e $irect( s"!
i#$irect(. Protec%i" "c%io#e")( f(r( tepori)"re pe#tr! c( oto"rele repre)i#t( !lti!l elee#t "l re%elei
/$e l" s!rs( spre co#s!"tor2.
R# fig.51.5 se $(, spre e;epl!, sc1e" protec%iei ";i"le $e c!re#t =# o#t". bif")"t pe#tr!
protec%i" otor!l!i =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor. Se p!te" folosi &i sc1e" c! !# si#g!r rele! $e c!re#t "
c(r!i =#f(&!r"re er" p"rc!rs( $e $ifere#%" c!re#%ilor $e f")(, $"r se#sibilit"te" ei este "i re$!s( $ec9t ce" "
sc1eei $i# fig.51.5. D"c( oto"rele "c%io#e")( ec"#ise ce #! s!#t s!p!se s!pr"s"rci#ii, protec%i"
";i"l( $e c!re#t =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor se re"li)e")( c! relee $e s!pr"c!re#t c! c"r"cteristic" $e
tepori)"re i#$epe#$e#t(.
D"c( "c%io#e")( ec"#ise ce s!#t s!p!se l" s!pr"s"rci#i, se re"li)e")( c! relee c! c"r"cteristic"
sei$epe#$e#t(, pe#tr! c" s( se po"t( ob%i#e c! "cele"&i relee "t9t protec%i" =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor, c9t
&i =potri'" s!pr"s"rci#ii. =# "cest c") "c%io#"re" =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor se f"ce pe por%i!#e"
i#$epe#$e#t(, i#st"#t"#e!, i"r l" s!pr"s"rci#i tepo?c"t, pe por%i!#e" $epe#$e#t( " c"r"cteristicii.
C!re#t!l $e por#ire "l rele!l!i pre'()!t pe#tr! protec%i" =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor oto"relor "si#cro#e
este<
T!
p
sc% sig pr
n
I
K K I
"; .
=
51.B
c"re<
"; . p
I
este '"lo"re" efic"ce ";i( " copo#e#tei perio$ice " c!re#t!l!i $e por#ire " otor!l!i,
coresp!#)9#$ l!i - > -
#o
, "l!#ec(rii s > 1 &i re)iste#%ei sco"se $i# circ!it!l rotoric /=# c")!l oto"relor c!
rotor bobi#"t2P
sig
K
>/1,5C1,7@2 pe#tr! protec%i" c! relee c! c"r"cteristic" i#$epe#$e#t(P
sig
K
>/1,@C1,E32 pe#tr! protec%i" c! relee $e i#$!c%ieP
7 =
sc%
K /rele!l p"rc!s $e $ifere#%" c!re#%ilor $e f")(2

1 =
sc%
K
/ TC =# ste"2
L" oto"rele si#cro#e I
pr
se c"lc!le")( tot c! rel"%i" /51.B2, $"r =# loc $e Ip"; se pro$!ce I[ $ebit"t
$e otor =# re%e" =# c")!l !#!i sc!rtcirc!it trif")"t l" bor#ele l!i s"! se e#%i#e I
P
.";, $"c( "cest" este
"i "re $ec9t I[. Se#sibilit"te" se c"r"cteri)e")( pri#<
pp
scc
sens
I
I
K
2 5 [/
=
51.Y
!#$e< T! pr pp
n I I =
treb!ie =#$epli#it( co#$i%i" <
Kse#sF5
*'&)&'&*& Protecia dierenial$ de curent
Se folose&te #!"i l" oto"re c! p!teri peste 5 MS, c"re "! &"se bor#e "ccesibile, &i se re"li)e")(
c" &i pe#tr! ge#er"to"re /c"pitol!l 1E2.
*'&)&*& Protecia mpotriva #c$derii ten#iunii
Protec%i" i#i"l( $e te#si!#e " oto"relor si#cro#e &i "si#cro#e "re rol!l $e " pre'e#i =#c(l)ire"
oto"relor, l" oto"re c! M
p
8 M(, $e " "sig!r" $eco#ect"re" !#or" pe#tr! " !&!r" regi!l $e
"!topor#ire "l "ltor", $e " "sig!r" co#$i%iile $e te1#ic" sec!rit(%ii !#cii &i cele $e $esf(&!r"re "
proces!l!i te1#ologic.
Protec%i" i#i"l( $e te#si!#e se re"li)e")( c! relee i#i"le $e te#si!#e &i relee $e tip, s!b
for" !#!i gr!p co!# pe#tr! "i !lte oto"re. C9#$ oto"rele s!#t "lie#t"te $e l" sistee s"!
sec%ii $e b"re $iferite, cele "lie#t"te =# gr!p $e l" "cee"&i sec%ie s"! sistee $e b"re se pre'($, $i#
co#si$ere#te eco#oice, c! !# si#g!r gr!p $e protec%ii i#i"le $e te#si!#e. =# fig.51.7 se pre)i#t(
sc1e" protec%iei i#i"le $e te#si!#e " !#!i gr!p $e oto"re electrice "lie#t"te $e l" "cee"&i sec%ie
$e b"re, re"li)"t( c! $o!( trepte $e te#si!#e &i $e tip.
Tre"pt" I?" este "sig!r"t( $e releele $e te#si!#e i#i( 1 &i $e rele!l $e tip 7, i"r tre"pt" " II ? "
este "sig!r"t( $e rele!l $e te#si!#e i#i( 5 &i rele!l $e tip D.
Releele i#ie $e te#si!#e 1 se co#ecte")( l" =#f(&!r"re" sec!#$"r( /leg"t( =# ste"2 " !#!i TT c!
ci#ci colo"#e, fii#$ "lie#t"te c! te#si!#i =#tre f")e. Co#t"ctele releelor $e te#si!#e 1 se le"g( =# serie,
pe#tr! " se bloc" "c%io#"re" protec%iei =# c")!l "r$erii !#ei sig!r"#%e $i# circ!it!l sec!#$"r "l TT.
Te#si!#e" $e por#ire " releelor 1 se "lege<
TT n pr
n U U J E , 3
1
=
/51.132
=# c"re<
-
#
este te#si!#e" #oi#"l( " re%elei $e "lie#t"re " oto"relorP
#
TT
este r"port!l $e tr"#sfor"re "l tr"#sfor"to"relor $e te#si!#e.
Tepori)"re" rele!l!i 7 se "lege<
t
7
>3, @s. /51.112
Rele!l i#i"l $e te#si!#e 5, "lie#t"t tot c! te#si!#e =#tre f")e, "re co#t"ct!l =# serie c!
co#t"ctele releelor 1, $eci #! '" p!te" e;cit" rele!l $e tip D $ec9t $"c( to"te releele 1 =&i "!
co#t"ctele =#c1ise, "$ic( $"c( te#si!#ile "! sc()!t pe to"te f")ele s!b '"lo"re" $e 3,E -
#
.
Rele!l $e tip 7 "sig!r( $eco#ect"re" oto"relor p!%i# iport"#te ce #! pot "!topor#i $i#
co#$i%ii $e proces te1#ologic s"! $e protec%i" !#cii perso#"l!l!i $e e;plo"t"re, " celor ce "! c!pl!l
$e por#ire pre" ic &i #! pot "!topor#i, $"r &i " celor p!%i# port"#te c"re, $e&i pot "!topor#i, s!#t
s"crific"te pe#tr! " !&!r" co#$i%iile $e "!topor#ire oto"relor "i iport"#te.
Rele!l $e te#si!#e 5 se regle")( '"lo"re" $e por#ire<
TT
n
pr
n
U
U @ , 3
5 .
=
51.15
tepori)"re" l!i D l" '"lo"re"< .
t
D
>Ys. /51.172
R# tre"pt" " II ? " se $eco#ecte")( oto"rele iport"#te, c"re #! pot =#s( "!topor#i.
*or r(9#e, =# fi#"l, co#ect"te oto"rele iport"#te c"re pot "!topor#i /$e e;epl! oto"rele
popelor $e !lei pe#tr! !#gere, "le popelor $e i#ce#$i! etc2.
R# c")!l sc($erii te#si!#ii s!b '"lo"re" $e por#ire " releelor $e te#si!#e 1, "ceste" =&i =#c1i$ co#t"ctele
&i e;cit( rele!l $e tip 7. D"c( te#si!#e" #! re'i#e =# 3,@ s, rele!l $e tip co"#$( $eco#ect"re"
oto"relor M1 &i M
5
pri# releele i#tere$i"re @ &i 6.
D"c( te#si!#e" sc"$e s!b '"lo"re" $e por#ire " rele!l!i $e te#si!#e 5, "cest" =&i l!$e co#t"ctele &i
e;cit( rele!l $e tip D, c"re '" co"#$", c! tepori)"re" regl"t(, $eco#ect"re" otor!l!i M7 pri#
rele!l i#tere$i"r E. R(9#e co#ect"t otor!l MD.
Pe#tr! " #! se se#"li)" &i " #! "c%io#" protec%i" gre&it, =# c")!l $esc1i$erii sep"r"tor!l!i TT /l"
re'i)ii, rep"r"%ii etc2, circ!it!l $e c.c. oper"ti' se trece pri# co#t"ctele B "le sep"r"tor!l!i. Pri# "ce"st",
l" $esc1i$ere" sep"r"tor!l!i se =#trer!pe "lie#t"re" c! c.c. " releelor &i protec%i" #! "i po"te co"#$"
$eco#ect"re" oto"relor. Releele $e se#"li)"re D, c! re'e#ire "#!"l(, "'erti)e")( perso#"l!l $e
e;plo"t"re c( oto"rele "! fost $eco#ect"te.
Di# co#si$ere#te eco#oice, se pot folosi sc1ee c! $o!( relee $e te#si!#e i#i(.
*'&)&)& Protecia ma%imal$ de curent tempori"at$ mpotriva #upra#arcinilor
Se "plic( l" oto"re electrice c"re se pot s!pr"=#c"rc( pri# proces!l te1#ologic s"! co#$i%iile $e
por#ire. E" co"#$( se#"li)"re" s"! re$!cere" s"rci#ii ec"#is!l!i !i"t &i #!"i $"c( re$!cere"
s"rci#ii #! este posibil( f(r( oprire" otor!l!i, s"! l" 2"rele c"re l!cre")( f(r( s!pr"'eg1ere
per"#e#t(, oprire" otor!l!i.
Sc1eele $e protec%ie s!#t "se(#(to"re c! cele pre'()!te =potri'" sc!rtcirc!i telor. Se pot
re"li)" c! relee $e c!re#t c! c"r"cteristic" i#$epe#$e#t( cobi#"te c! relee $e tip s"! c! relee $e
c!re#t c! c"r"cteristic" sei$epe#$e#t(, tip RTpC s"!, "i $e tip A0?51 &i A0?71, c"re "!
c"r"cteristic" $e tip $epe#$e#t( /c! i"gi#e teric(2. Aceste relee co#%i# =# "cee"&i c"rc"s(
elee#te pe#tr! protec%i" ";i"l( r"pi$( /electro"g#etice2 &i elee#te pe#tr! protec%i" =potri'"
s!pr"s"rci#ilor /c! i"gi#e teric(2. Elee#tele c"re !r(resc i"gi#e" teric( " otor!l!i prote."t
s!#t for"te $i#tr?!# biet"l &i o bobi#( $e =#c(l)ire. A.!st"re" c!re#t!l!i regl"t se f"ce pri# (rire"
s"! ic&or"re" #!(r!l!i $e spire "l bobi#ei $e =#c(l)ire c"re i#tr( =# circ!it. Elee#t!l r"pi$ "sig!r(
protec%i" otor!l!i =potri'" sc!rtcirc!itelor, i"r elee#tele c! i"gi#e teric( "sig!r( protec%i"
tepori)"t( =potri'" s!pr"s"rci#ilor.
R# fig.51.D se pre)i#t( sc1e" $e protec%ie " !#!i otor re"li)"t( c! relee tip A0?51. =#
prospect!l rele!l!i A0 sit i#$ic"te c"r"cteristicile lor $e "c%io#"re, c"re "! o "l!r( $e for" c!rbei 1
$i# fig.51.@.
Pe#tr! " se "sig!r" '"lori "i "ri "le tip!l!i $e $ecl"#&"re t =# f!#c%ie $e c!re#t!l $e f!#c%io#"re
I
e
, =# serie c! elee#tele terice se o#te")( TSR, c! r"port $e tr"#sfor"re cresc(tor, &i se ob%i#
c"r"cteristici $e for" c!rbei 5 $i# fig.51.@, s"! c1i"r se pot "$(!g" &i re)iste#%ele s!plie#t"re R`, R
5
/pe l9#g( TSR2, "sig!r9#$!?se "stfel c"r"cteristici $e f!#c%io#"re $e for" c!rbei 7 $i# fig.51.@.
C!re#t!l $e por#ire pe#tr! rele!l =potri'" s!pr"s"rci#ilor, =# c")!l protec%iilor re"li)"te c! relee
$e c!re#t /RC s"! RTpC2, este<
c"re n
T!s
este r"port!l $e tr"#sfor"re "l tr"#sfor"tor!l!i c! s"t!r"%ie r"pi$( /TSR1 &i TSR
5
2,
rest!l #ot"%iilor "'9#$ "cee"&i se#ific"%ie c" ce" $i# rel"%i" /51.1D2.
Moto"rele $e p!tere e$ie s"! "re, !tili)"te =# "c%io#(rile electrice $i# ce#tr"le &i st"%ii /&i #! #!"i
$e "ici2, "! o protec%ie teric( b")"t( pe (s!r"re" teper"t!rii p!#ctelor critice "le otor!l!i, c!
".!tor!l !#or tr"$!cto"re terice o#t"te =# "ceste p!#cte $e f"bric" co#str!cto"re. Se#"lele $"te $e
"ceste tr"$!cto"re /teroc!pl!ri, terore)iste#%e ! teristo"re2 i#$ic( =# per"#e#%( teper"t!r", c!
".!tor!l !#or ili'oltetre s"! logoetre. L" $ep(&ire" teper"t!rii "$isibile se co"#$( $eco#ect"re"
otor!l!i.
Re"i#ti c( !# teristor este !# re)istor #eet"lic ? !# seico#$!ctor ? "le c(r!i propriet(%i &i
c"r"cteristici $epi#$ =# o$ co#trol"t, st"bil &i re'ersibil $e teper"t!r( /fig.51.62.
*"ri"%i" =# tip " re)iste#%ei teristo"relor !tili)"te c" so#$e "pl"s"te =# p!#ctele critice "le
otor!l!i este $e for" 7 $i# fig.51.6. Se obser'( c( "ceste teristo"re "! o re)iste#%( "pro;i"ti'
co#st"#t( p9#( l" "ti#gere" !#ei "#!ite teper"t!ri, l" c"re '"lo"re" re)iste#%ei cre&te br!sc.
R# fig.51.E se pre)i#t( sc1e" $e protec%ie " otor!l!i re"li)"t( c! !# "stfel $e teri stor.
Teristor!l, =#seri"t c! !# rele! se#sibil, $1, este "lie#t"t $e !# ic re$resor, "ti#gere" teper"t!rii
";ie "$isibile, eg"l( c! teper"t!r" critic( " teristor!l!i, rele!l $ecl"#&e")( &i =#trer!pe circ!it!l
$e "lie#t"re " bobi#ei co#t"ctor!l!i. D!p( ce otor!l s?" r(cit c! circ" 13a C, pri# "p(s"re" pe b!to#!l
b1 se po"te co#ect" $i# #o! l" re%e", l, =# pre"l"bil, s?"! e;"i#"t &i =#l(t!r"t c"!)ele c"re "! $!s l"
s!pr"=#c(rc"re" otor!l!i.
*'&)&/& Protecia ;omopolar$ mpotriva punerilor la p$m-nt
Se pre'e$e l" "cele oto"re l" c"re c!re#t!l $e p!#ere l" p(9#t =# re%e"!" l" c"re este leg"t
otor!l este "i "re $e 13 A. Sc1e" este ce" $i# fig.51.B.
TC $e sec'e#%( 1oopol"r( este i#st"l"t pe !# c"bl! $e "lie#t"re " otor!l!i, l9#g( =#trer!ptor.
Protec%i" co"#$(, f(r( tepori)"re, $ecl"#&"re" =#trer!ptor!l!i otor!l!i.
Calculul curenilor de #curtcircuit
Metode<
1. Meto$" ipe$"#%elor, folosit( l" NT
5. Meto$" copo#e#telor sietrice, CEI 63Y3Y
7. Meto$" !#it(%ilor rel"ti'e
Ipote"e de .a"$<
1. Re%e"!" co#si$er"t( este r"$i"l(, i"r te#si!#e" ei #oi#"l( este c!pri#s( =# )o#" NT p9#( l" IT
/#! $ep(&e&te @@3 4*, '"lo"re liit( co#for #orelor CEI 63Y3Y2
5. L" !# sc!rtcirc!it trif")"t c!re#%ii se co#si$er( c( se st"bilesc pe cele trei f")e si!lt"#,
7. Pe tip!l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i #!(r!l $e f")e "fect"te se co#si$er( #esc1ib"t< !# sc!rtcirc!it
trif")"t r(9#e trif")"t, l" fel !# sc!rtcirc!it f")(?p(9#t r(9#e f")(?p(9#t,
D. I# tip!l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i te#si!#ile c"re "! pro'oc"t circ!l"%i" c!re#%ilor &i ipe$"#%ele $e
sc!rtcirc!it #! se o$ific( =# o$ se#ific"ti',
@. Po)i%i" co!t"to"relor $e pri)e "le reg!l"to"relor s"! sc1ib(to"relor $e te#si!#e se co#si$er(
" fi =# po)i%i" lor pri#cip"l( /=# c")!l !#!i sc!rtcirc!it $ep(rt"t $e ge#er"to"re pot fi ig#or"te
po)i%iile re"le "le reg!l"to"relor s"! sc1ib(to"relor $e te#si!#e "le tr"#sfor"to"relor2
6. Re)iste#%ele "rc!rilor electrice #! se i"! =# co#si$er"re,
E. C"p"cit(%ile li#iilor se #egli.e")(,
B. C!re#%ii $e s"rci#( se #egli.e")(,
Y. Se %i#e se"" $e to"te ipe$"#%ele 1oopol"re
*& Metoda impedanelor
)&' Curenii de #curtcircuit pentru dierite tipuri de #curtcircuite
Curentul de #curtcircuit tria"at
Sc!rtcirc!it!l trif")"t coresp!#$e !#!i $efect =#tre to"te cele trei f")e. I#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e
sc!rtcirc!it este<
cc
cc
&
U
I
7 J
7
=
!#$e te#si!#e" - /te#si!#e" $e li#ie cop!s(2 coresp!#$e te#si!#ii l" ers =# gol " tr"#sfor"tor!l!i,
c"re este s!perio"r( c! 7?@A te#si!#ii l" bor#e =# s"rci#(. De e;epl!, pe#tr! re%e"!" $e 7Y3 *
te#si!#e" cop!s( "$opt"t( este $e D13 *, "$ic( o te#si!#e $e f")( -J 7 > 57E *.
C"lc!l!l i#te#sit(%ii c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it se re$!ce l" c"lc!l!l ipe$"#%ei $e sc!rtcirc!it ,cc, c"re
este ipe$"#%" ec1i'"le#t( " t!t!ror ipe$"#%elor p"rc!rse $e c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it Icc, $e l"
ge#er"tor p9#( l" p!#ct!l $e $efect M "le s!rsei &i " li#iilor co#for fig. 15. Ace"st" este $e f"pt
ipe$"#%" $irect( pe f")(<
,cc >
5 5
2 / 2 / ' R + , !#$e
b/R2 M repre)i#t( s!" re)iste#%elor =# serie
b/:2 M repre)i#t( s!" re"ct"#%elor serie
Defect trif")"t
cc
cc
&
U
I
7 J
7
=
Defect!l trif")"t este =# ge#er"l co#si$er"t c" fii#$ "cel" c"re pro'o"c( cei "i "ri c!re#%i $e
sc!rtcirc!it. I#tr?"$e'(r, =# "cest c") c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it #! este liit"t $ec9t $e ipe$"#%" $irect(
l" o te#si!#e "plic"t( eg"l( c! "cee" $e f")(. C"lc!l!l c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it trif")"t este iport"#t
pe#tr! "legere" ec1ip"e#t!l!i $"torit( solicit(rilor electro$i#"ice.
Scurtcircuit .ia"at i"olat
Defect bif")"t
cc
cc
&
U
I
5
5
=
Acest sc!rtcirc!it coresp!#$e !#!i $efect =#tre $o!( f")e "lie#t"t c! te#si!#e" $e li#ie cop!s( -.
I#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i I
cc5
este i#ferio"r( cel!i $e $efect trif")"t<
7 7 5
B6 . 3
5
7
5
cc cc
cc
cc
I I
&
U
I = = =
R# c")!l !#!i $efect "propi"t $e "&i#i rot"ti'e ipe$"#%ele "cestor" s!#t "stfel =#c9t
5 cc
I
este "propi"t
$e 7 cc
I
.
Scurtcircuit monoa"at i"olat
Defect o#of")"t
Ln cc
cc
& &
U
I
+
=
7 J
1
Acest sc!rtcirc!it coresp!#$e !#!i $efect =#tre o f")( &i co#$!ctor!l $e #!l "lie#t"t c! te#si!#e" $e
f")(<
* > -J 7
I#te#sit"te"
1 cc
I
$ebit"t( este<
Ln cc
cc
& &
U
I
+
=
7 J
1
R# !#ele c")!ri p"rtic!l"re $e $efect o#of")"t ipe$"#%" 1oopol"r( " s!rsei este "i ic( $ec9t ,cc
/ $e e;epl! l" bor#ele !#!i tr"#sfor"tor c! co#e;i!#e ste"J)ig?)"g s"! "l !#!i ge#er"tor =# regi
s!btr"#)itori!2. I#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it o#of")"t este "t!#ci "i "re $ec9t "cee" "
c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it trif")"t.
Scurtcircuit cu p$m-ntul +monoa"at #au .ia"at,
Defect c! p(9#t!l
3
7 J
& &
U
I
cc
cc
+
=
L" "cest tip $e sc!rtcirc!it i#ter'i#e ipe$"#%" 1oopol"r( ,o. C! e;cep%i" sc!rtcirc!itelor =# pre)e#%"
"&i#ilor rot"ti'e c9#$ ipe$"#%" 1oopol"r( este re$!s(, i#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it =#
"cest c") I
cc3
este "i ic( $ec9t =# c")!l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i trif")"t.
C"lc!l!i c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it c! p(9#t!l po"te fi #eces"r =# f!#c%ie $e regi!l #e!tr!l!i
/sc1e" $e leg"re l" p(9#t2, pe#tr! c"lc!l!l regl".elor protec%iei 1oopol"re s"! $ifere#%i"le.
*&* 8eterminarea impedanelor de #curtcircuit&
Co#for "cestei eto$e, c!re#%ii $e sc!rtcirc!it se $eteri#( plec9#$ $e l" ipe$"#%" ec1i'"le#t( "
^circ!it!l!iG p"rc!rs $e c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it. Ace"st( ipe$"#%( se c"lc!le")( $!p( ce s?"! tot"li)"t
sep"r"t re)iste#%ele &i re"ct"#%ele circ!it!l!i p"rc!rs $e c!re#t!l $e $efect, i#cl!si' cele "le s!rsei, p9#(
l" loc!l $e $efect.
/ N!erele ; , perit c" plec9#$ $e l" e;eplele $e l" sf9r&it!l c"pitol!l!i, s( se g(se"sc( e;plic"%iile
$"te =# l!cr"re2
Impedana reelei
R# cele "i !lte c")!ri #! se co#si$er( sc1e" re%elei electrice $i# "o#te $e p!#ct!l $e f!r#i)"re "l
e#ergiei. C!#o"&tere" re%elei $i# "o#te se re)!( =# ge#er"l l" $"tele f!r#i)"te $e c(tre $istrib!itor &i
"#!e l" c!#o"&tere" p!terii $e sc!rtcirc!it Scc /=# M*A2.
Impedana ec%ivalent( a reelei amnte este <
1
sc
a
$
U
&
5
=
-#$e - este te#si!#e" $e li#ie cop!s( " re%elei =# gol. Re)iste#%" &i re"ct"#%" $i# "o#te se
c"lc!le")( plec9#$ $e l" r"po"rtele R"J," =# circ!itele $e =#"lt( te#si!#e<
R"J," > 3.7 l" 6 4*,
R"J," > 3.5 l" 53 4*,
R"J," > 3.1 l" 1@3 4*
D"r
5 5
Ra &a 'a = , $e !#$e

5
2 / 1
a
a
&
R
&a
'a
=
5 Pe#tr! 53 4* "'e<
YB . 3 5 . 3 1
5
= =
a
a
&
'
:" > 3.YB ,", $e !#$e "pro;i"re" :" Q ,"
Impedana intern( a trans)rmatr*l*i
Ipe$"#%" se c"lc!le")( plec9#$ $e l" te#si!#e" $e sc!rtcirc!it !
sc
e;pri"t( =# proce#te<
n
sc
T
$
U *
&
5
A
133
=
, !#$e
- este te#si!#e" cop!s( l" ers =# gol " tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
S# este p!tere" #oi#"l( " tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
133
A
sc
*
U este te#si!#e" ce treb!ie "plic"t( pri"r!l!i tr"#sfor"tor!l!i pe#tr! c" =#f(&!r(rile s( fie
p"rc!rse $e c!re#%ii #oi#"li, bor#ele sec!#$"re $e NT fii#$ sc!rtcirc!it"te.
Pe#tr! tr"#sfor"to"rele $e ITJNT !tili)"te l" $istrib!%i" p!blic( '"lorile te#si!#ii $e sc!rtcirc!it s!#t
fi;"te &i p!blic"te l" #i'el e!rope"#. Referitor l" "ceste '"lori treb!ie #ot"t c( preci)i" "cestor '"lori "le
te#si!#ii $e sc!rtcirc!it i#fl!e#%e")( $irect "s!pr" c"lc!l!l!i c!re#%ilor $e sc!rtcirc!it $eo"rece o ero"re
$e ;
A
" l!i !
sc
pro'o"c( o ero"re $e "cel"&i or$i# s!pr" l!i ,
T
.
P!tere" tr"#sfor"tor!l!i ITJNT / =# 4*A 2 c 673 B33 1333 15@
3
163
3
5333
Te#si!#e" $e sc!rtcirc!it !
sc
/ =# A 2 D D.@ @ @.@ 6 E
D R# ge#er"l R
T
88 :
T
, fii#$ $e or$i#!l " 3.5 :
T
, "stfel c( ipe$"#%" $e sc!rtcirc!it " tr"#sfor"tor!l!i
po"te fi co#si$er"t( eg"l( c! re"ct"#%" "cest!i" :
T
.
Tot!&i, pe#tr! p!teri #oi#"le ici este #eces"r s( se c"lc!le)e ,
T
$eo"rece r"port!l R
T
J:
T
este "i
"re. Re)iste#%" tr"#sfor"tor!l!i se po"te c"lc!l", pe b")" pier$erilor No!le =# sc!rtcirc!it, c!
for!l"<
S > 7 R
T
I#
5
, $e !#$e
5
7In
+
R
T
=
Obser'"%ii<
@
C9#$ s!#t # tr"#sfor"to"re $e p!teri eg"le co#ect"te =# p"r"lel, '"lorile ipe$"#%elor c9t &i "le
re"ct"#%elor &i re)iste#%elor se =p"rt l" #.
Este #eces"r s( se "cor$e o "te#%ie "p"rte tr"#sfor"to"relor speci"le< $e e;epl!, tr"#sfor"to"rele
pe#tr! "lie#t"re" gr!p!rilor $e re$res"re "! '"lori "le te#si!#ii $e sc!rtcirc!it !
sc
c"re "ti#g 13 p9#( l"
15A pe#tr! " liit" c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it.
D"c( se %i#e se"" $e ipe$"#%" re%elei $i# "o#te $e tr"#sfor"tor &i $e ipe$"#%" i#ter#( "
tr"#sfor"tor!l!i, c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it este<
2 / 7
T a
sc
& &
U
I
+
=
R# pri( "pro;i"%ie, ,
"
&i ,
T
s!#t "siil"te c! '"lorile re"ct"#%elor respecti'e.
Ipe$"#%" $e sc!rtcirc!it se po"te "t!#ci scrie c" s!" "lgebric( " celor $o!( ipe$"#%e ,
"
&i ,
T
.
R# c")!l c9#$ se po"te #egli." ipe$"#%" re%elei $i# "o#te '"lo"re" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it este<

T
sc
&
U
I
7
X =
Ero"re" rel"ti'( este<
n
sc
sc
T
a
sc
sc sc
sc
sc
$
U *
$
U
&
&
I
I I
I
I
5
5
133
X
= =

"$ic(
sc
n
sc sc
sc
$
$
* I
I 133
=

Fig. 1D< Ero"re" l" c"lc!l!l c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it c9#$ se #egli.e")( ipe$"#%" ,
"
" re%elei "o#te
Fig!r" 1D pre)i#t( #i'el!l erorii pri# e;ces c"re "p"re l" c"lc!l!l c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it I
sc
c9#$ se
#egli.e")( ipe$"#%" re%elei $i# "o#te. Di# "ce"st( fig!r( se obser'( c( se po"te #egli." ipe$"#%"
re%elei $i# "o#te pe#tr! re%ele l" c"re p!tere" $e sc!rtcirc!it S
sc
este "re =# r"port c! p!tere"
#oi#"l( S
#
" tr"#sfor"tor!l!i< "stfel $"c( S
sc
JS
#
> 733, ero"re" este =# .!r $e @A.
Impedanele liniilr de leg(t*r(.
Ipe$"#%" li#iilor $e leg(t!r( ,
L
$epi#$e $e re)iste#%" &i re"ct"#%" li#eic( &i $e l!#gie" li#iilor.
Re)iste#%" li#eic( R
L
" li#iilor "erie#e, " c"bl!rilor &i " b"relor colecto"re se c"lc!le")( c! rel"%i"<
$
R
L

=
!#$e S este sec%i!#e" co#$!ctor!l!i i"r d este re)isti'it"te" l!i, $"r " c(ror '"lo"re ce se
"$opt( #! este "cee"&i , ci este =# f!#c%ie $e c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it c"lc!l"t, i#i s"! ";i.
6 T"bel!l $i# fig. 1@ $( "ceste '"lori pe#tr! fiec"re $i# c")!ri.
R# re"lit"te, l" NT pe#tr! co#$!cto"rele c! sec%i!#e" "i ic( $e 1@3
5
, se i" =# co#si$er"re $o"r
re)iste#%" / R
L
8 3.1@ eJ l" S F 1@3
5
2
Re"ct"#%" li#eic( " li#iilor "erie#e, " c"bl!rilor &i " b"relor colecto"re se po"te c"lc!l" c! for!l"<
2\ / DD . 1DD E . 1@ f
r
d
Lg L '
L
+ = =
e;pri"t( =# eJ4 pe#tr! !# siste $e c"bl!ri o#of")"te s"! trif")"te c! $isp!#ere =# tri!#g1i,
!#$e =# "'e<
r M r")" firelor co#$!cto"reP
$ M $ist"#%" e$ie $i#tre co#$!cto"re
Log > repre)i#t( log"rit!l )eci"l
Reg!l" Re)isti'it"te
/g2
*"lo"re"
re)isti'it(%ii
/e
5
J2
Co#$!cto"re
iplic"te
C! Al
C!re#t $e sc!rtcirc!it ";i"l d
3
3.31B@1 3.35YD1 F")(?N
C!re#t $e sc!rtcirc!it i#"l
c! f!)ibil
c! =#trer!ptor
d
5
> 1.@ d
3
d
1
> 1.5@ d
3
3.35B
3.357
3.3DD
3.37E
F")(?N
F")(?N /gg2
C!re#t $e $efect =# sc1ee TN &i IT d
1
> 1.5@ d
3
3.357 3.37E F")(?N
PE?PEN
C($ere $e te#si!#e d
1
> 1.5@ d
3
3.357 3.37E F")(?N
S!pr"c!re#t!l pe#tr! 'erific"re"
solicit(rilor terice " co#$!cto"relor
$e protec%ie
d
1
> 1.5@ d
3
3.357 3.37E F")(, PE &i
PEN
/g2 d
3
> re)isti'it"te" co#$!cto"relor l" 53
3
C< 3.31B@1 e
5
J pe#tr! C! &i 3.35YD1 e
5
J pe#tr!
Al
/gg2 N sec%!i#e" co#$!ctor!l!i #e!tr! este i#ferio"r( celei" " co#$!cto"relor $e f")(
Fig. 1@ *"lorile re)isti'it(%ii d " co#$!cto"relor c"re se i"! =# co#si$er"re =# f!#c%ie $e sc!rtcirc!it
c"lc!l"t, ";i s"! i#i.
Pe#tr! li#ii "erie#e, re"ct"#%" cre&te !&or c! cre&tere" $ist"#%ei $i#tre co#$!cto"re /co#for Log/$Jr22,
$eci c! cre&tere" te#si!#ii $e !tili)"reP
E S!#t $e re%i#!t '"lorile e$ii !r(to"re<
: > 3.7 eJ4 /li#ii $e NT s"! MT2
: > 3.D eJ4 /li#ii $e MT s"! IT2.
Pe#tr! c"bl!ri, =# f!#c%ie $e o$!l $e po)"re, t"bel!l $i# fig. 16 rec"pit!le")( $iferitele '"lori "le
re"ct"#%ei l" NT /'"lori pr"ctice e;tr"se $i# #orele fr"#ce)e, folosite &i =# "lte %(ri e!rope#e2.
*"lorile e$ii $e re%i#!t s!#t<
? 3.3B eJ pe#tr! !# c"bl! trif")"t , l" IT "ce"st( '"lo"re e$ie este p!%i# "i
"re fii#$ c!pri#s( =#tre 3.1 &i 3.1@ eJP
B ? 3.3Y eJ pe#tr! c"bl!ri !#ipol"re serie / =# li#ie s"! =# tri!#g1i 2
Y ? 3.1@ eJ per $efect pe#tr! b"re colecto"re / 2 &i c"bl!ri !#ipol"re $ist"#%"te
P pe#tr! b"re colecto"re c! f")e ^s"#$'ic1G /ge# C"#"lis M Teleec"#ih!e2 "ce"st( re"ct"#%(
este co#si$er"bil "i ic(.
Obser'"%ii<
Ipe$"#%" leg(t!rilor sc!rte $i#tre p!#ct!l $e $istrib!%ie &i tr"#sfor"tor!l $e ITJNT po"te fi
#egli."t( "$i%9#$ o ero"re pri# e;ces pe#tr! c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it P ero"re" este c! "t9t "i
"re c! c9t p!tere" tr"#sfor"tor!l!i este "i "reP
C"p"cit"te" c"bl!rilor f"%( $e p(9#t /o$!l co!#2, $e 13?53 $e ori "i "re $ec9t "cee" "
li#iilor, trb!ie s( fie l!"t( =# co#si$er"re pe#tr! $efectele c! p(9#t!l. De e;epl!, c"p"cit"te"
!#!i c"bl! trif")"t $e IT $e 153
5
este $e or$i#!l " 1 iFJ4P $"r c!re#t!l c"p"citi' r(9#e
ic, $e or$i#!l " @AJ4 l" 53 4*P
Re)iste#%" s"! re"ct"#%" co#e;i!#ilor po"te fi #egli."t(.
D"c( !#" $i# (riile R
L
s"! :
L
este ic( f"%( $e ce"l"lt( e" po"te fi #egli."t(, ero"re" "s!pr"
ipe$"#%ei ,
L
fii#$ fo"rte ic(P $e e;epl! pe#tr! !# r"port 7 =#tre R
L
&i :
L
ero"re" "s!pr" l!i ,
L
este
$e @.1A.
Mo$!l $e
po)"re
0"re
colec?
to"re
C"bl!
trif")"t
C"bl!ri
!#ipol"re
$ist"#%"te
C"bl!ri
o#opol"re
serie =#
tri!#g1i
7
c"bl!ri
=# li#ie
$ > 5r $ > Dr
Sc1e"
Re"ct"#%"
li#eic(
reco"#$"t(
eJ
3.3B 3.17 3.3B 3.3Y 3.17 3.17
Re"ct"#%"
li#eic(
e$ie
eJ
3.1@ 3.3B 3.1@ 3.3B@ 3.3Y@ 3.1D@ 3.1Y
Re"ct"#%"
li#eic(
*"lori
e;tree
eJ
3.15?
3.1B
3.36?
3.1
3.1?3.5 3.3B?3.3Y 3.3Y?3.1 3.1D?3.1@ 3.1B?3.5
Fig. 16. *"lorile re"ct"#%elor c"bl!rilor =# f!#c%ie $e o$!l $e po)"re
Folosire" c!rbelor l!i R
L
&i :
L
c" "cele" $i# fig. 1E perite s( se $e$!c( sec%i!#ile c"bl!rilor pe#tr!
c"re ipe$"#%" po"te fi "siil"t( c! re)iste#%" s"! c! re"ct"#%".
Fig. 1E. Ipe$"#%" ,
L
" !#!i c"bl! trif")"t $e C!, l" 53
3
C.
E;eple<
Pri!l c")< c"bl! trif")"t $e C! l" 53
3
C
Re"ct"#%" lor este eg"l( c! 3.3B eJ. C!rbele l!i R
L
&i :
L
/fig.1E2 "r"t( c( ipe$"#%" ,
L
"re
$o!( "siptote< $re"pt" R
L
pe#tr! sec%i!#i re$!se &i $re"pt" :
L
> 3.3B eJ pe#tr! sec%i!#i "ri.
Pe#tr! "stfel $e sec%i!#i este posibil s( se co#si$ere c!rb" ,
L
co#f!#$"t( c! "siptotele. Ipe$"#%"
"cest!i c"bl! se po"te "siil", c! o ero"re "i ic( $e @.1A, c!<
? o re)iste#%(, pe#tr! sec%i!#i "i ici $e ED
5
? o re"ct"#%(, pe#tr! sec%i!#i "i "ri $e 663
5
Al $oile" c")< c"bl! trif")"t, l" 53
3
C, c! co#$!cto"re $i# Al
C" =# c")!l "#terior, c!rb" ipe$"#%ei ,
L
se co#f!#$( c! "siptotele, $"r pe#tr! sec%i!#i i#ferio"re
l!i 153
5
&i s!perio"re l!i 1333
5
/c!rbe ce #! s!#t repre)e#t"te2
Impedana ma0inilor rotative
Generatoare #incrone
Ipe$"#%ele "&i#ilor se e;pri( =# ge#er"l s!b for( $e proce#t, "stfel<
Isc
In ,
=
133
/; este
ec1i'"le#t c! !
sc
$e l" tr"#sfor"to"re2
A$ic(<
13
$n
U ,
&
5
133
= !#$e -?este te#si!#e" cop!s( l" ers!l =# gol "l ge#er"tor!l!i i"r S# este p!tere"
"p"re#t( " ge#er"tor!l!i =# *A.
11 R# pl!s, RJ: fii#$ ic , $e or$i#!l " 3.3@?3.1 l" MT &i 3.1?3.5 l" NT, ipe$"#%" , se co#f!#$( c!
re"ct"#%" :. *"lorile l!i ; s!#t $"te =# t"bel!l $i# fig. 1B pe#tr! t!rboge#er"to"re c! rotor =#ec"t &i
pe#tr! 1i$roge#er"to"re c! rotor!l c! poli "p"re#%i /l" t!r"%ii re$!se2. L" e;"i#"re" "cest!i t"bel "
p!te" fi s!rpri#&i $e f"pt!l c( re"ct"#%ele si#cro#e $e sc!rtcirc!it $ep(&esc 133A / =# "cest c") Isc 8
I# 2. D"r =# "cest c") i#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it "re c"r"cter p!r i#$!cti' &i coresp!#$e
=#tregii
Re"ct"#%"
s!btr"#)itorie
Re"ct"#%"
tr"#)itorie
Re"ct"#%"
si#cro#(
T!rboge#er"tor 13?53 1@?5@ 1@3?573
Oe#er"tor c! poli "p"re#%i 1@?5@ 5@?7@ E3?153
Fig. 1B *"lorile re"ct"#%elor ge#er"to"relor, =# A.
e#ergii re"cti'e pe c"re o po"te f!r#i)" ge#er"tor!l, c1i"r s!pr"e;cit"t, =# tip ce c!re#t!l #oi#"l
coresp!#$e "i "les p!terii "cti'e f!r#i)"te $e t!rbi#( / cosj $e l" 3.B l"1 2.
Motoare 0i compen#atoare #incrone
15 Coport"re" "cestor "&i#i este "se(#(to"re celei " ge#er"to"relor< ele $ebite")( =# re%e" !#
c!re#t " c(r!i i#te#sit"te este =# f!#c%ie $e re"ct"#%" lor =# A / co#for fig.1Y 2.
Re"ct"#%"
s!btr"#)itorie
Re"ct"#%"
tr"#)itorie
Re"ct"#%"
si#cro#(
Moto"re $e t!r"%ie "re 1@ 5@ B3
Moto"re $e t!r"%ie ic( 7@ @3 133
Cope#s"to"re 5@ D3 163
Fig. 1Y Re"ct"#%ele =# A "le oto"relor &i cope#s"to"relor si#cro#e.
Motoare a#incrone
-# otor si#cro# sep"r"t br!sc $e re%e" e#%i#e l" bor#ele s"le o te#si!#e c"re se "orti)e")( =#
c9te'" s!tii $e sec!#$(. C9#$ se pro$!ce !# sc!rtcirc!it l" bor#ele s"le, otor!l $ebite")( !# c!re#t
c"re se "#!le")( r"pi$ c! o co#st"#t( $e tip $e cc".<
53 s pe#tr! oto"rele c! sipl( coli'ie $e p9#( l" 133 4S,
73 s pe#tr! oto"rele c! $!bl( coli'ie &i cele "i "ri $e 133 4S,
73 l" 133 s pe#tr! oto"rele fo"rte "ri $e IT /1333 4S2 c! rotor bobi#"t.
Motor!l "si#cro# este "&"$"r, =# c") $e sc!rtcirc!it, !# ge#er"tor c(r!i" i se "trib!ie o ipe$"#%( /$o"r
s!btr"#)itorie2 $e 53 l" 5@A.
R# "cel"&i tip, #!(r!l "re $e oto"re $e NT $e ic( p!tere pre)e#t =# i#st"l"%iile i#$!stri"le este
=#c( !# s!biect $e e$it"%ie, $eo"rece este $ificil $e pre'()!t #!(r!l e$i! $e oto"re =# f!#c%i!#e
c"re 'or $ebit" pe $efect =# oe#t!l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i. Pri# !r"re este i#!til s( se c"lc!le)e c!re#t!l
$ebit"t $e fiec"re otor i#$i'i$!"l =# oe#t!l !#!i sc!rtcirc!it %i#9#$ se"" $e ipe$"#%" lor $e
leg(t!r(. De "cee" se obi&#!ie&te /=#$eosebi =# S-A2 s( se co#si$ere o co#trib!%ie glob"l( l" c!re#t!l
$e $efect " "#s"bl!l!i oto"relor "si#cro#e $e NT $i#tr?o i#st"l"%ie.
17 Ele s!#t "stfel s!bstit!ite c! o s!rs( !#ic(, ce $ebite")( pe b"rele colecto"re o i#te#sit"te eg"l( c! $e
I
por#ire
JIr ori s!" i#te#sit(%ilor "trib!ite t!t!ror oto"relor i#st"l"te.
Co#for -lectrical installatin g*ide, "erlin .erin, /001 pe#tr! c"lc!le "i precise , =#$eosebi =#
c")!l !#or oto"re "ri &iJs"! " #!ero"se oto"re $e ic( p!tere, co#trib!%i" tot"l( " lor po"te fi
esti"t( c! for!l"<
Isc > 7.@ I# $e l" fiec"re otor s"! Isc > 7.@ I#
pe#tr! oto"re siil"re f!#c%io#9#$ co#coite#t. Se 'or l!" =# co#si$er"re $o"r oto"rele trif")"te,
co#trib!%i" celor o#of")"te fii#$ #ese#ific"ti'(.
Alte impedane
Conden#atoare
O b"terie $e co#$e#s"to"re p"r"lel sit!"t( =# "propiere" p!#ct!l!i $e $efect se $esc"rc( =# tip!l
sc!rtcirc!it!l!i cresc9#$ "stfel i#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it. Ace"st( $esc(rc"re oscil"torie
"orti)"t( este c"r"cteri)"t( pri#tr?!# pri '9rf $e '"lo"re ri$ic"t( c"re se s!pr"p!#e peste '"lo"re" $e
'9rf " i#te#sit(%ii c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it, &i "ce"st" =# tip ce frec'e#%" s" este !lt s!perio"r( celei
" re%elei. D"r =# f!#c%ie $e coi#ci$e#%" oe#t!l!i i#i%i"l "l $efect!l!i c! !#$" te#si!#ii re%elei
$eosebi $o!( c")!ri e;tree<
D"c( oe#t!l i#i%i"l "l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i coi#ci$e c! trecere" pri# )ero " te#si!#ii, c!re#t!l $e
c!re#t!l $e $esc(rc"re $e sc!rtcirc!it este "sietric, c! !# pri '9rf $e "plit!$i#e ";i(,
I#'ers, $"c( "cest oe#t coi#ci$e c! !# ";i "l te#si!#ii, b"teri" $ebite")( o i#te#sit"te
c"re se s!pr"p!#e peste pri!l '9rf "l c!re#t!l!i $e $efect $e ic( '"lo"re, fii#$ sietric. Pri#
!r"re, este p!%i# prob"bil c", e;cept9#$ b"teriile fo"rte p!ter#ice, "ce"st( s!pr"p!#ere s(
pro'o"ce !# pri '9rf "i iport"#t $ec9t c!re#t!l $e '9rf "l !#!i $efect "sietric. Astfel,
pe#tr! c"lc!l!l c!re#t!l!i ";i $e sc!rtcirc!it, #! este #eces"r s( se %i#( se"" $e b"teriile $e
co#$e#s"to"re. D"r este #eces"r s( se %i#( se"" $e "cest l!cr! l" "legere" tip!l!i te1#ologic "l
=#trer!p(to"relor. R#tr?"$e'(r, l" $eco#ect"re ele re$!c co#si$er"bil frec'e#%" proprie "
circ!it!l!i, si "! "stfel o i#fl!e#%( "s!pr" $eco#ect(rii.
Aparata=
1D -#ele "p"r"te /=#trer!pto"re, co#t"cto"re c! bobi#( $e s!fl"., relee terice pri"re..2 "! o
ipe$"#%( ce po"te fi l!"t( =# co#si$er"re. Ace"st" #! treb!ie l!"t( =# se"(, l" c"lc!l!l l!i I
sc
, $ec9t
pe#tr! "p"r"tele sit!"te =# "o#te $e cel c"re treb!ie s( $eco#ecte)e l" sc!rtcirc!it!l l!"t i# se"(, &i
c"re r(9# co#ect"te /=#trer!p(to"re selecti'e2.
1@ De e;epl!, pe#tr! =#trer!pto"rele $e NT, o '"lo"re $e 3.1@ e pe#tr! re"ct"#%( este corect(,
re)iste#%" fii#$ #egli."bil(. Pe#tr! "p"r"tele $e $eco#ect"re treb!ie f(c!t( o $isti#c%ie =# f!#c%ie $e
r"pi$it"te" $esc1i$erii<
!#ele "p"r"te $eco#ecte")( fo"rte r"pi$ &i "stfel re$!c fo"rte !lt c!re#%ii $e sc!rtcirc!it, este
c")!l =#trer!p(to"relor $e#!ite ^liit"to"re r"pi$eG, "'9#$ c" "'"#t". solicit(ri
electro$i#"ice &i terice "le p(r%ii $e i#st"l"%ie solicit"te !lt "i ici $ec9t ";iele
teoretice,
"ltele, c! s!#t cele c! $ecl"#&"re =#t9r)i"t(, #! ofer( "cest "'"#t". .
Arcul de deect
C!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it se =#c1i$e "$ese" pri#tr?!# "rc electric l" loc!l $e $efect, " c(r!i re)iste#%( este
"preci"bil( &i e;tre $e fl!ct!"#t(< c($ere" $e te#si!#e pe !# "rc $e $efect '"ri")( =#tre 133 &i 733 *.
L" =#"lt( te#si!#e "ce"st( '"lo"re este #egli."bil( f"%( $e te#si!#e" re%elei, i"r "rc!l #! "re i#fl!e#%(
"s!pr" re$!cerii c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it.
L" NT , $ipotri'(, c!re#t!l re"l $e $efect c! "rc este c! "t9t "i re$!s =# cop"r"%ie c! c!re#t!l
c"lc!l"t /$efect #et, et"lic2 c! c9t te#si!#e" este "i .o"s(.
16 De e;epl!, "rc!l ce "p"re l" !# sc!rtcirc!it =#tre co#$!cto"re s"! l" b"rele colecto"re po"te re$!ce
i#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it c! 53?@3A & !#eori "i !lt $e @3A pe#tr! te#si!#i #oi#"le
"i ici $e DD3 *. Acest fe#oe# e;tre $e f"'or"bil l" NT, pe#tr! Y3A $i# $efecte, #! po"te fi l!"t
=# co#si$er"re pe#tr! $eteri#"re" p!terii $e r!pere $eo"rece 13A $i# $efecte se pro$!c l" co#ect"re"
!#or "p"r"te pe $efect #et, f(r( "rc. Dipotri'(, el treb!ie l!"t =# co#si$er"re l" c"lc!l!l c!re#t!l!i $e
sc!rtcirc!it i#i.
8ierite impedane
E;ist( &i "lte elee#te c"re pot "$(!g" ipe$"#%e $eloc #egli."bile. Este c")!l filtrelor "#ti"ro#ice &i
" bobi#elor $esti#"te s( liite)e c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it, $e c"re treb!ie %i#!t se"" =# c"lc!l, $"r $e
"see#e" &i $e tr"#sfor"to"rele $e c!re#t c! pri"r!l bobi#"t " c(ror ipe$"#%( '"ri")( =# f!#c%ie $e
(rie &i co#str!c%ie.
*&) Relaii ntre impedanele dieritelor nivele de ten#iune ale unei in#talaii
Impedane uncie de ten#iune
P!tere" $e sc!rtcirc!it =#tr?!# p!#ct $"t "l re%elei este $efi#it( $e for!l"<
sc
sc
&
U
I U $sc
5
7 = =
Ace"st( e;presie " p!terii $e sc!rtcirc!it iplic( pri# $efi#i%ie f"pt!l c( Ssc este i#'"ri"bil( =#tr?!#
p!#ct $"t "l re%elei, i#$ifere#t $e te#si!#e.
Ti e;presi"<
sc
sc
&
U
I
7
7
=
iplic( f"pt!l c( to"te ipe$"#%ele treb!ie c"lc!l"te r"port9#$!?le l" te#si!#e" $e l"
p!#ct!l $e $efect, $e !#$e i#ter'i#e o o"rec"re coplic"%ie, =# c"lc!lele c"re c!pri#$ re%ele c! $o!( s"!
"i !lte #i'ele $e te#si!#e. Astfel, ipe$"#%" !#ei li#ii $e IT treb!ie s( fie !ltiplic"t( c! p(tr"t!l
i#'ers!l!i r"port!l!i $e tr"#sfor"re , pe#tr! c"lc!l!l c!re#t!l!i $e $efect pe p"rte" $e NT "
tr"#sfor"tor!l!i<
1E
5
2 /
IT
2T
IT 2T
U
U
& & =
O eto$( sipl( $e e'it"re " "cestor coplic"%ii este "cee" " ipe$"#%elor rel"ti'e prop!s( $e W. Ric1.
Calculul impedanelor relative
Este o eto$( $e c"lc!l ce perite st"bilire" !#ei rel"%ii =#tre ipe$"#%ele $iferitelor #i'ele $e te#si!#e
"le !#ei i#st"l"%ii electrice.
Ace"st( eto$( se b")e")( pe !r(to"re" co#'e#%ie< ipe$"#%ele e;pri"te =# o1i s!#t =p(r%ite l"
p(tr"t!l te#si!#ii cop!se /=# 'ol%i2 pe c"re o "re re%e"!" =# p!#ct!l !#$e se ele =# f!#c%i!#eP ele $e'i#
"stfel ipe$"#%e rel"ti'e / ,
R
2.
Pe#tr! li#ii &i c"bl!ri, re)iste#%ele &i re"ct"#%ele rel"ti'e s!#t<
5
U
R
R
!R
= &i
5
U
'
'
!R
= c! R &i : =# o1i &i - =# 'ol%i.
Pe#tr! tr"#sfor"to"re, ipe$"#%" "cestor" se e;pri( plec9#$ $e l" te#si!#e" lor $e
sc!rtcirc!it !
sc
&i $e l" p!tere" lor #oi#"l(<
133
1
sc
n
TR
*
$
& =
Pe#tr! "&i#ile rot"ti'e, for!l" este i$e#tic(, ; repre)e#t9#$ ipe$"#%" e;pri"t( =# A<
133
1 ,
$
&
n
"R
=
Pe#tr! "#s"bl!, $!p( ce s?"! cop!s to"te ipe$"#%ele rel"ti'e, p!tere" $e sc!rtcirc!it se
c"lc!le")( c!<

=
R
sc
&
$
1
, $e !#$e se $e$!ce i#te#sit"te" c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it l" loc!l c! te#si!#e" -<

= =
R
sc
sc
& U U
$
I
7
1
7
!#$e b,
R
repre)i#t( cop!#ere" /&i #! s!"2 t!t!ror ipe$"#%elor rel"ti'e " elee#telor sit!"te =#
"o#te $e loc!l $e $efect.
Pri# !r"re, b,
R
este ipe$"#%" rel"ti'( " re%elei "o#te '()!t( $i# p!#ct!l $e te#si!#e -.
De e;epl!, $"c( se co#si$er( sc1e" sipl( $i# fig. 53 =# p!#ct!l A<
c
IT
2T
T
2T
sc
&
U
U
&
U
$
+
=
5
5
2 /
$e !#$e<
5 5
1
2T
c
IT
T
sc
U
&
U
&
$
+
=
Fig. 53. C"lc!l!l p!terii $e sc!rtcirc!it =# p!#ct!l A.
Metoda unit$ilor relative
C"lc!l!l c!re#%ilor $e sc!rtcirc!it se efect!e")( "i coo$ , folosi#$ siste!l !#it(%ilor
rel"ti'e. R# "cest siste $e c"lc!l to"te (riile se e;pri( =# !#it(%i rel"ti'e., r"port"te l" "#!ite
(rii, co#si$er"te c" (rii $e b")(.
Siste!l (riilor $e b")( c!pri#$e<
S
b
M p!tere" $e b")(,
-
b
M te#si!#e" $e b")(,
I
b
M c!re#t!l $e b")(,
,
b
M ipe$"#%" $e b")( s"! :
b
M re"ct"#%" $e b")(
Di# cele p"tr! (rii $e b")( $o!( pot fi "lese "rbitr"r, celel"lte $o!( re)!lt9#$ $i# rel"%iile<
S
b
> 7 -
b
I
b
-
b
> 7 I
b
,
b
s"! -
b
> 7 I
b
:
b
*"lorile rel"ti'e "le (riilor co#si$er"te 'or fi<
S
g
>
b
$
$
P
b
U
U
U =
g
b
I
I
I =
g
)
g
>
b
&
&
s"! ;
g
>
b
'
'
R# c"lc!le se "leg, $e obicei, "rbitr"r p!tere" $e b")( S
b
&i te#si!#e" $e b")( -
b
. Drept p!tere $e
b")( e co#'e#"bil s( se "le"g( !# #!(r =#treg, !ltipl! $e 13, $e e;epl! 133 M*A s"! 1333 M*A,
etc.
C" te#si!#e $e b")( se "lege te#si!#e" e$ie " treptei respecti'e. Re)!lt( c( fiec"re tre"pt( $e te#si!#e
'" "'e" te#si!#e" $e b")( proprie.
P"r"etrii elee#telor sc1eei electrice se $"! fie =# '"lori "bsol!te, fie =# '"lori rel"ti'e,
r"port"te l" (riile #oi#"le "le elee#t!l!i respecti'. *"lorile rel"ti'e "le p"r"etrilor r"port"te l"
(riile $e b")( se pot ob%i#e c! !r(to"rele rel"%ii<
b
b
U
I
' ,
7
g
= s"!
5
g
b
b
U
$
' , =
-#$e< : M este re"ct"#%" elee#t!l!i =# o1i, ;
g
? este re"ct"#%" rel"ti'( " elee#t!l!i, r"port"t( l"
(riile $e b")(.
D"c( se c!#osc p"r"etrii elee#t!l!i r"port"te l" (riile #oi#"le, '"lorile rel"ti'e "le
p"r"etrilor r"port"te l" (riile $e b")( se pot ob%i#e c! !r(to"rele rel"%ii<
b
n
n
b
n
U
U
I
I
, ,
g g
=
s"!
5
5
g g
b
n
n
b
n
U
U
$
$
, , =
-#$e< ;
#
g
? este re"ct"#%" rel"ti'( " elee#t!l!i, r"port"t( l" (riile #oi#"le "le elee#t!l!i
respecti'P ;
g
? este re"ct"#%" rel"ti'( " elee#t!l!i r"port"t( l" (riile $e b")(. Rel"%iile scrise
"#terior s!#t '"l"bile &i pe#tr! re)iste#%e.
Te#si!#ile $e b")( se "leg eg"le c! te#si!#ile e$ii $e c"lc!l<
-
bI
> 13.@ 4*, -
bII
> 11@ 4*, -
bIII
> 6.7 4*
Re)!lt( c!re#%ii $e b")(<
k3
U
$
I
bI
b
bI
@ . @
@ . 13 7
133
7
= = =
k3
U
$
I
bII
b
bII
@ . 3
11@ 7
133
7
= = =
k3
U
$
I
bIII
b
bIII
5 . Y
7 . 6 7
133
7
= = =
Pe#tr! " c"lc!l" c!re#%ii $e sc!rtcirc!it pri# eto$" !#it(%ilor rel"ti'e sc1e" $e c"lc!l se
re$!ce l" o sc1e( =# c"re fiec"re elee#t "l sc1eei s( fig!re)e c! re"ct"#%" l!i rel"ti'(, r"port"t( l"
(riile $e b")( $e l" #i'el!l $e te#si!#e l" c"re se "fl( elee#t!l respecti'. C!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it
s!pr"tr"#)itori!, "$ic( '"lo"re" efecti'( " copo#e#tei perio$ice " c!re#t!l!i $e sc!rtcirc!it =#tr?!#
p!#ct "l re%elei, =# !#it(%i rel"ti'e, se c"lc!le")( c! for!l"<
g
g
1 . 1
e
sc
,
I =
,
!#$e ;
e
g
este re"ct"#%" ec1i'"le#t( " circ!it!l!i $i#tre s!rs( &i loc!l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i =# !#it(%i
rel"ti'e, r"port"t( l" (riile $e b")(.
*&/ E%emple de calcul /pe#tr! re%ele c! ipe$"#%e "le s!rselor, re%ele "o#te &i
tr"#sfor"tor $e "lie#t"re &i li#ii electrice2
Pro.lem$
Fie o re%e" $e 53 4* c"re "lie#te")( pri#tr?o li#ie "eri"#( $e 5 4 !# post $e ITJNT, &i !# ge#er"tor $e
1 M*A c"re "lie#te")( =# p"r"lel b"rele colecto"re "le post!l!i $e tr"#sfor"re. Do!(
tr"#sfor"to"re $e 1333 4*A =# p"r"lel $ebite")( pe b"rele colecto"re $e NT pe c"re s!#t co#ect"te 53
$e plec(ri c" "cee" " otor!l!i M. Cele 53 $e oto"re $e @3 4S s!#t to"te r"cor$"te l" re%e" pri#
c"bl!ri i$e#tice &i s!#t to"te =# f!#c%i!#e =# oe#t!l sc!rtcirc!it!l!i.
C!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it trif")"t I
sc7
&i i
p
treb!ie c"lc!l"te =# $iferite p!#cte $e $efect i#$ic"te pe sc1e"
re%elei /fig. 512 &i "#!e<
=# A pe b"rele colecto"re $e IT, $e ipe$"#%( #egli."bil(,
=# 0 pe b"rele colecto"re $e NT l" 13 $e tr"#sfor"tor,
=# C pe b"rele colecto"re "le !#!i t"blo! sec!#$"r $e NT,
=# D l" bor#ele !#!i otor M.
Apoi se '" c"lc!l" c!re#t!l $e ret!r "l oto"relor =# C &i 0, "poi =# D &i A.
Reeaua amonte< -1 > 53 4*, Ssc > @33 M*A
Linia aerian$< 7 co#$!cto"re, @3
5
, C!,
l!#gie" > 5 4
Generator < 1 M*A, ;
s!btr"#)it
> 1@A
* tran#ormatoare < 1333 4*A, te#si!#e" sec!#$"r( 57EJD13
*, !
sc
> @A
TG ca < b"re colecto"re, 7 b"re, D33
5
Jf")(, C!, l!#gie" >
13
Plecarea ' < 7 c"bl!ri !#ipol"re, D33
5
, Al, $ist"#%"te =#
li#ie, l!#gie" > B3
Ta.loul de >T < l!#gie" b"relor colecto"re #egli."bil(
Plecarea * < 7 c"bl!ri !#ipol"re $e 7@
5
, C!, trif")"te,
l!#gie" > 73
Motorul < @3 4S /r"#$"e#t > 3.Y, cosj > 3.B2
; > 5@ A
Fig. 51 < proble" $e c"lc!l " l!i I
sc7
&i i
p
=# p!#ctele A, 0, C &i
D.
R# "cest e;epl!, re"ct"#%ele : &i re)iste#%ele R s!#t c"lc!l"te l" te#si!#e" lor $i# i#st"l"%ie /'e)i fig.
552P #! este !tili)"t( eto$" ipe$"#%elor rel"ti'e.
Re)ol'"re
Tro#so#!l C"lc!le Re)!lt"te
/ #!erele "rc"te ; f"c triitere l" e;plic"%iile $i# te;t!l prece$e#t2
53 4*k : fe\ R fe\
1. re%e"!" "o#te ," > /53 ; 13
7
2
5
J @33 ; 13
6
1
:" > 3.YB ," 5
R" > 3.5 ," Q 3.5 :"
3.EB
3.1@
5. li#i" "eri"#(
/@3
5
2
:c
"
> 3.D ; 5 E
Rc
"
> 3.31B ; 5333J@3 6
3.B
3.E5
7. ge#er"tor
:
A
>
6
5 7
13
2 13 53 /
133
1@

13
R
A
> 3.1 :
A
11
63
6
53 4* l
8eect n A
: f e\ Rf e\
D. tr"#sfor"to"re
,
T
r"port"t l" NT 6
5
13
D13
133
@
5
1
=
T
& 7
@
:
T
Q ,
T
R
T
> 3.5 :
T
D
D.5
3.BD
D13 * k
@. =#trer!p(tor :
$
> 3.1@ 1@ 3.1@
6. b"re colecto"re
/ o b"r( $e D33

5
Jf")(2
:
0
> 3.1@ ; 13
?7
; 13 Y
R
0
> 3.357 ; /13JD332 6
1.@
3.@E
8eect n ?
E. =#trer!p(tor :
$
> 3.1@ 3.1@
B. plec"re" 1 pri#
c"bl!ri /!# c"bl! $e
D33
5
Jf")(2
:c
1
> 3.1@ ; 13
?7
; B3
Rc
1
> 3.376 ; /B3JD332 6
15
E.5
8eect n C
Y. =#trer!p(tor :
$
> 3.1@ 3.1@
13. plec"re" 5 pri#
c"bl!ri /7@
5
2
:c
5
> 3.3Y ; 13
?7
; B3 B
Rc
5
> 3.357 ; /73J7@2
5.E
1Y.7
8eect n 8
11. otor $e @3 4S
7
5
13 2 B . 3 Y . 3 J @3 /
D13
133
5@

= 'm

15
R > 3.5 :
63@
151
Fig. 55 C"lc!l!l ipe$"#%elor
I @ 8eect n A +.arele colectoare de IT,
/elee#te l!"te =# co#si$er"re< 1.5,72
Ipe$"#%" ^re%elei H li#i"G este =# p"r"lel c! "cee" " ge#er"tor!l!iP $"r "ce"st" $i# !r(, !lt "i
"re, po"te fi #egli."t(<
:
A
> 3.EB H 3.B Q 1.@B e
R
A
> 3.1@ H 3.E5 Q 3.BE e
,
A
>
5 5
3 3
' R + Q 1.B e, $e !#$e
B . 1 7
13 53
7

=
3
I
Q 6D1@ A
I
A
este c!re#t!l $e sc!rtcirc!it Isc per"#e#t, i"r pe#tr! " c"lc!l" i
pA
/";i "sietric2<
/R
A
J:
A
2 > 3.@@ cee" ce $( 4 > 1.5 pe c!rb" $i# fig!r" Y, &i pri# !r"re i
pA
<
1.5 ; 5 ; 6D1@ > 13BBE A
II @ 8eect n ? +.arele colectoare TGca,
f elee#te l!"te =# co#si$er"re< /1, 5,72 H /D, @, 62\