Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Tez de doctorat
Bucureti, 2009
I. I TRODUCERE
I.1. Tema investigat
I.2. Motivaia cercetrii
I.3. Structura i contribuia tezei
III.
PROVOCRI
PE TRU
GUVER ARE
CO TEXTUL
PERSPECTIVA GLOBAL:
CO TRIBUIA TEZEI
IV.1. Un model de buna guvernare din perspectiv global
IV.1.1. Discuie asupra rezultatelor cercetrii cu privire la buna guvernare n contextul
globalizrii
Rolul statului
Guvernare i buna guvernare
IV.1.2. Modelul propus privind buna guvernare naional din perspectiva global
IV.2. Principii de bun guvernare: reflecii i recomandri
IV.2.1. Principii de bun guvernare la nivel naional
Obiectivul bunei guvernri
Pilonul de drepturi i valori democratice al bunei guvernri
Pilonul de politici publice i managementul dezvoltrii
Fundaia bunei guvernri: inovaia
IV.2.2. Filtrul modelului de bun guvernare
Facilitatori ai bunei guvernri la nivel local
Ajustarea unor principii de bun guvernare la condiii i provocri specifice
Aplicarea inovaiilor i a bunelor practici internaionale transferabile
V. CO CLUZII
A EXE
Anexa 1. Obiectivele ONU de dezvoltare ale mileniului
Anexa 2. Consideraii preliminare pentru proiectul de cercetare: modele i metode de
cercetare
Anexa 3. Sistemul ONU
Anexa 4. Grupurile geopolitice regionale la ONU
Anexa 5. Departamente, agenii i divizii ale ONU
Anexa 6. Organismele subsidiare ale Consiliului Economic i Social al ONU
Anexa 7. Departamentul ONU, comitetele ONU i ageniile ONU pstrate n stadiul al
doilea al observaiei participative
Anexa 8. Reuniunile ONU explorate n cadrul etapei a doua a cercetrii (analiza de
coninut)
Anexa 9. Tehnicile de eantionare folosite n cadrul etapei a treia a cercetrii
Anexa 10. Lotul de experi intervievai n cadrul etapei a treia a cercetrii distribuia
participanilor n funcie de expertiza profesional i geopolitic, sex i vrsta
Anexa 11. Formularul de acord privind participarea la etapa a treia a cercetrii
Anexa 12. Ghidul de interviu pentru etapa a treia a cercetrii
Anexa 13. Frecvena folosirii (n ordine descendent) a termenilor relevani din setul
de documente ONU investigate n cadrul celei de-a doua etape de cercetare
Anexa 14. Lista i harta rilor cel mai puin dezvoltate
BIBLIOGRAFIE
I. I TRODUCERE
Giddens, Anthony (1990). The Consequences of Modernity. (p. 22). Stanford: Stanford University
Press.
2
Hawkins, Mary (2006). Global Structures, Local Cultures. (p. vi). South Melbourne, Australia:
Oxford University Press.
3
Hawkins, Mary (2006). Op. cit. (p. vi).
4
Hawkins, Mary (2006). Op. cit. (p. vi).
5
Vlasceanu, Lazar (2007). Sociologie si Modernitate. Tranzitii spre Modernitatea Reflexiva. (p. 9394). Bucuresti: Polirom.
6
Vlasceanu, Lazar (2007). Op. Cit. (p. 93-94).
7
Giddens, Anthony (1999). Runaway World: How Globalization Is Reshaping Our Lives. London:
Profile Books.
8
Beck, Ulrich (2000). What is Globalization? Cambridge: Polity Press.
Beck, Ulrich (2000). The Cosmopolitan Perspective: Sociology of the Second Age of Modernity. In
British Journal of Sociology. 51(1): 79105.
Beck, Ulrich (2006). The Cosmopolitan Vision. Cambridge: Polity Press.
9
Khondker, Habibul Haque (2004). Glocalization as Globalization: Evolution of a Sociological
Concept. In Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Vol. 1. No. 2. July 2004,
http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Habib%20-%20Glocalization.htm , information retrieved in
December 2007.
10
Khondker, Habibul Haque (2004). Op. cit.
11
Beck, Ulrich (2006). The Cosmopolitan Vision. (p. 87-88). Cambridge: Polity Press.
local a lui Roland Robertson cnd vorbete despre glocalizare12). Sociologia poate
investiga globalul ntr-o manier local.13
Habibul Haque Khondker trage concluzia c societi i culturi diferite pot fi
studiate cu ajutorul unei tiine sociale globalizate, fr a mai fi nevoie de tiine
sociale naionale, diferite. tiinele sociale trebuie s fie sensibile fa de context, dar
nu i dependente de context.14
Teza mea de doctorat cu titlul Provocri pentru guvernare n contextul
globalizrii. Un studiu, bazat pe combinaii de metode, asupra guvernrii la nivel
naional i local din perspectiv global, este o lucrare n domeniul sociologiei. n
plus fa de ideile menionate mai sus, am mbriat ideea promovat de Chris
Ansell c sociologia poate avea multe de spus n privina guvernrii i c actualele
tendine ale proceselor de guvernare solicit o analiz sociologic.15 Dup cum
explic Ansell, comunitile, organizaiile, profesiile, micrile sociale, statele, pieele
i reelele sociale se numar printre elementele de baz ale guvernrii i sociologia
ofer resurse intelectuale decisive pentru a le inelege16. Multe sub-discipline din
cadrul sociologiei (precum teoria organizaional, sociologia economic, sociologia
politic etc.) sunt relevante pentru guvernare.17 Dei sociologia guvernrii nu este
nc o ramur bine stabilit a sociologiei, precum este cazul, de exemplu, al
sociologiei religiei, este probabil ca lucrrile viitoare ale altor autori asupra unor teme
legate de cea a acestei teze s ajute la recunoaterea pe scar larg a unei ramuri a
sociologiei intitulat sociologia guvernrii.
Cu toate c teza se refer la guvernarea global ca parte a contextului global
discutat n Capitolul II, proiectul meu de cercetare nu a explorat n detaliu subiectul
guvernrii globale deoarece cercetarea empiric a condus la o alt tem central, n
cadrul creia guvernarea global este doar o parte. Pentru acelai motiv, n ciuda
interesului actual n guvernarea corporatist, aceasta nu face subiectul prezentei
12
Robertson, R. (1992). Globalization: Social Theory and Global Culture. London: Sage.
Robertson, R. and Khondker, H. H. (1998). Discourses of Globalization: Preliminary
Considerations. In International Sociology. 13 (1): 25-40.
13
Beck, Ulrich (2006). The Cosmopolitan Vision. (p. 88) Cambridge: Polity Press.
14
Khondker, Habibul Haque (2004) Glocalization as Globalization: Evolution of a Sociological
Concept, Bangladesh e-Journal of Sociology. Vol. 1. No. 2. July 2004,
http://www.bangladeshsociology.org/Habib%20-%20Glocalization.htm , information accesed on 1
November 2008.
15
Ansell, Chris (2007). The Sociology of Governance.
https://www.polisci.berkeley.edu/Faculty/bio/permanent/Ansell,C/Encyclopedia/SOCIOLOGY%20OF
%20GOVERNANCE.doc , information accessed on November 24, 2007
16
Ansell, Chris (2007). Op. cit.
17
Ansell, Chris (2007). Op. cit.
Motivaia care a stat la baza acestui proiect de cercetare a inclus cteva surse
de inspiraie i puncte de vedere.
1. Teza face parte din dialogul care se desfoar peste tot n lume, ntre
reprezentani ai mediului academic, ai sectorului public, ai societii civile i ali
experi, cu privire la provocrile i riscurile complexe cu care se confrunt omenirea
n contextul globalizrii.
2. O sursa de inspiraie important pentru nceperea acestui proiect a fost
cartea lui Yehezkel Dror Capacitatea de a guverna, care afirm c omenirea ar
putea avea potenialul de a transforma guvernarea pentru a face fa la noi provocri.
Trebuie s facem tot ce putem pentru a reui, chiar dac nu este sigur. Dror este de
acord cu ali autori cu privire la imperativul unei abordri adecvate a managementului
problemelor economice, sociale i de mediu i a noii cunoateri tiinifice cu
implicaii profunde pentru omenire i n continu dezvoltare. Dac aceste probleme nu
sunt administrate eficient, globalizarea va avea consecine devastatoare.18
3. Principalul motiv pentru care cea mai mare parte a tezei mele este dedicat
problematicii guvernrii este c sociologia trebuie s in pasul cu alte tiine sociale
n abordarea chestiunilor legate de guvernare n societatea global. Cercetarea social
trebuie s aib un rol important n mbuntirea guvernrii n circumstanele
globalizrii. Din acest punct de vedere, o alt surs de inspiraie pentru a lucra la acest
proiect a fost un articol scris de Dirk Hansohm care subliniaz c investigarea
opiniilor privind politicile publice, monitorizarea calitii guvernrii pentru a preveni
18
Dror, Yehezkel (2002). The Capacity to Govern: A Report to the Club of Rome. (p. 41). Portland,
Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers.
insuccesele unor politici i propunerea unor practici de guvernare mai bune fac parte
din responsabilitile cercettorilor sociali.19
4. n ultimele cteva decenii, importana guvernrii a fost recunoscut din ce
n ce mai mult n literatur i n practic. Conceptul de guvernare a ajuns s fie folosit
pe scar larg, mai ales la nceputul secolului XXI, cnd din ce n ce mai muli autori
i practicieni au devenit preocupai de rolul esenial al guvernrii n asigurarea
securitii i dezvoltrii.
Subiectul bunei guvernri este mai relevant ca oricnd nu numai pentru actorii
naionali i locali, dar i pentru cei regionali i globali. Organizaii internaionale i
regionale, precum Banca Mondial, Naiunile Unite i ageniile specializate ale ONU
(UNDP i UN-Habitat de exemplu, prin intermediul Campaniei Globale pentru o
Bun Guvernare Urban), Organizaia pentru Cooperare Economic i Dezvoltare
(OECD) i Uniunea European sunt interesate de chestiunea calitii guvernrii.
Aceste preocupri se nscriu ntr-un curent de globalizare a normelor de
guvernare20, n cadrul cruia au avut loc numeroase evenimente relevante la nivel
internaional i regional, mai ales n ultimul deceniu.
5. Cu toate c numeroi cercettori au investigat deja tema guvernrii din
diverse perspective, multe studii publicate prezint modele de guvernare care sunt
inadecvate din perspectiv global sau difer mult ntre ele:
Cea mai mare parte a literaturii asupra guvernrii sau bunei guvernri se
nguste. De exemplu, dup cum atrage atenia Yehezkel Dror, se acord prea puin
atenie ntririi de ansamblu a capacitii de guvernare, i chiar i mai puin atenie
mbuntirii capacitii guvernrii de a modela viitorul. Exist unele excepii, cum ar
fi discuiile privind mbuntirea instituiilor Uniunii Europene, ns multe studii,
conferine internaionale i declaraii politice dedicate temei guvernrii au aplicaii
nguste, care au foarte puin de-a face cu nevoia real de a re-proiecta guvernarea.21
recente asupra guvernrii sunt prezentate n Capitolul II) care au avut intenia de a fi
19
Hansohm, Dirk (2004). Economic Policy Research as an Input to Good Governance in Africa.
Working Paper no. 91. Windhoek, Namibia: Namibian Economic Policy Research Unit.
20
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2004). Globalization and Urban Culture: The State
of the Worlds Cities 2004/2005. (p. 133). London, UK: Earthscan.
21
Dror, Yehezkel (2002). The Capacity to Govern: A Report to the Club of Rome. (p. 9). Portland,
Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers.
universale, dar difer ntre ele i ridic unele ntrebri privind completitudinea lor.
Diferii autori prezint diferite modele de bun guvernare i diferite relaii de
cauzalitate ntre dimensiuni ale bunei guvernri.
Prin urmare, am iniiat acest proiect cu intenia de a reexamina conceptul
guvernrii n contextul globalizrii, nu att pe baza literaturii existente, dar ndeosebi
prin prisma punctelor de vedere ale unor experi internaionali i experi practicieni
care se ocup cu guvernarea din perspectiv global, precum i n diferite pri ale
lumii. n mod concret, proiectul meu a examinat provocrile principale pe care
globalizarea le aduce cu sine actorilor implicai n guvernare la nivel naional i
local, modul n care practicieni ai guvernrii din toat lumea fac fa la aceste
provocri, precum i ce consider c trebuie fcut mai departe sub acest aspect. Unul
din obiectivele proiectului meu de cercetare a fost eventuala suplimentare a
informaiilor oferite de studiile publicate anterior.
6. Dei unii autori avertizeaz mpotriva formulrii de generalizri privind
buna guvernare, consider c un proiect care ncearc s aib o abordare global este
absolut necesar n epoca globalizrii. n acest sens, Yehezkel Dror evideniaz c o
paradigm a mbuntirii capacitilor de guvernare de a face fa transformrilor
locale, regionale i globale este necesar, dar atrage atenia c o teorie general care
s ofere un model viabil nu exist la acest moment.22 De aceea, trebuie s ne bazm
pe surogate. Sper ca modelul de bun guvernare rezultat din proiectul meu de
cercetare i prezentat n Capitolul IV s se poat nscrie cel puin n seria unor astfel
de surogate, pn cnd cunoaterea acumulat de tiinele sociale (incremental, cu
fiecare model de bun guvernare) va reui crearea acelei teorii generale de care au
nevoie att guvernarea contemporan, ct i cea viitoare.
7. De altfel, cel mai important obiectiv al proiectului meu este de a contribui
la meninerea i continua dezvoltare a interesului mediului academic i al experilor
practicieni n bun guvernare - i ndeosebi n importana inovrii - i la progresul
cercetrii sociologice romneti asupra acestei teme prin stimularea unor idei
viitoare de mbuntire a guvernrii n contextul globalizrii.
8. Sper c proiectul meu va contribui i la dezvoltarea spaiului de consultare
ntre reprezentani ai mediului academic, experi practicieni i oficiali guvernamentali
privind diverse aspecte ale guvernrii i dezvoltrii att n rile lor, ct i ca parte a
22
10
asistenei pentru dezvoltare, pe care toate statele dezvoltate inclusiv noii membri ai
Uniunii Europene din Europa Central i de Est o ofer lumii n curs de dezvoltare.
rezultatelor cercetrii mele cu cele ale altor studii i modele publicate anterior.
23
Wallerstein, I. (1974). The Modern World System. New York: Academic Press.
United Nations Centre for Human Settlements (Habitat), (2001), Cities in a Globalizing World:
Global Report on Human Settlements, Nairobi, p. XXX.
25
Stiglitz, Joseph E. (2002). Globalization and Its Discontents. (p. 9). New York: W.W. Norton
&Company
26
Friedmann, John (1978). The Role of Cities in National Development (p. 70 81). In Bourne L. S.
and Simmon J. W. (eds.). Systems of Cities. New York: Oxford University Press.
27
Castells, Manuel (1977). The Urban Question. London: Edward Arnold.
24
12
Inegalitatea este evident att ntre orae, ct i n interiorul oraelor ntre o mic
elit cu venituri mari i restul populaiei (masele).28 Mai recent, Castells a remarcat c
transformarea important - generat de intrarea omenirii n epoca informaiei - prin
care trece societatea contemporan va conduce, nainte de mjlocul secolului XXI la un
nou tip de mediu urban: oraul informaiei. Lumea va fi divizat ntre cei conectai
la reele transnaionale i cei neconectai, i deci exclui, conducnd la inegaliti
extreme.29
Dezbaterea asupra urbanizrii devine cu att mai relevant cu ct globalizarea
favorizeaz migraia internaional la scar uria, ndeosebi ctre oraele mari,
contribuind la creterea diversitii populaiilor urbane, avnd att efecte pozitive, ct
i negative asupra dezvoltrii. O ngrijorare important cu privire la mediul urban vine
din partea demografiei. n 2007, omenirea a intrat n epoca urban, n care 51% din
populaia lumii triete n orae. Cu toate c acum un secol, populaia lumii era 10%
urban i 90% rural, n prezent aproximativ 60 milioane de noi rezideni sunt
adaugai anual populaiei urbane din rile n curs de dezvoltare. Se prognozeaz c
populaia lumii va fi 60% urban i 40% rural n 2030.30
Concomitent cu procesul de urbanizare, srcia n mediul urban crete cu
rapiditate. Urbanizarea srciei a devenit una din cele mai dificile probleme ale lumii
de astzi. Muli autori contemporani definesc srcia nu doar pe baza unor indicatori
economici (care reflect venitul), dar mai ales sociali, politici i culturali. Zonele
urbane srace sunt caracterizate de locuine neadecvate, deficiene ale sistemelor de
educaie i ngrijire medical, lipsa de locuri de munc, care favorizeaz creterea
violenei, degradarea mediului i somajul pe termen lung. Dup cum a subliniat
Amartya Sen, srcia poate fi mai bine neleas n termeni de eec al capabilitilor
dect n termeni de eec al satisfacerii unor nevoi de baz privind procurarea de
bunuri specifice.31
28
Gugler, Joseph and Flanagan, William (1977). On the Political Economy of Urbanization in the
Third World: The Case of West Africa (p.273). In International Journal of Urban and Regional
Research 1 (2), p. 272-292. - also cited in Smith, David A. (1996). Third World Cities in Global
Perspective: The Political Economy of Uneven Urbanization. (p. 5). Boulder, CO: Westview Press, Inc.
29
Castells, Manuel (1989). The Informational City. Oxford: Blackwell.
Castells, Manuel (1996). The Rise of the Aetwork Society. Oxford: Blackwell.
Castells, Manuel (1997). The Power of Identity. Oxford: Blackwell.
30
United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2006). The Millennium Development Goals and
Urban Sustainability: The State of the Worlds Cities 2006/2007. (p.170) London, UK: Earthscan.
31
Sen, Amartya (2002). Inequality Reexamined. (p. 109). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
7th printing.
13
14
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde. (1998). Security: A Aew Framework for Analysis.
Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
36
Andre Wilkens is the director of the Open Society InstituteBrussels and a founding member of the
European Council on Foreign Relations.
37
Prasad, Eswar (2009). Memo to the President: Restore Global Financial Stability. Washington, DC:
The Brookings Institution,
http://www.brookings.edu/papers/2009/0109_global_stability_memo.aspx?emc=lm&m=221314&l=20
&v=1111896 , information extracted on 16 January 2009.
38
Kooiman, J. (1993). Social-Political Governance: Introduction. In Kooiman, J. (ed.). Modern
Governance. London: Sage. p. 1-6.
39
Turner, Mark and David Hulme (1997). Governance, Administration and Development: Making the
State Work. (p. 105) West Harford, Connecticut: Macmillan Press.
15
un management al resurselor
legitimitatea;
umane mbuntit;
participarea;
responsabilitatea;
publice;
respectul fa de lege;
eficiena;
transparena.
drepturile omului;
40
Osborne, D. and Ted Gaebler (1993). Reinventing Government, Reading, Massachusetts: AddisonWesley.
41
Turner, Mark and David Hulme (1997). Governance, Administration and Development: Making the
State Work. (p. 230) West Harford, Connecticut: Macmillan Press.
16
42
Turner, Mark and David Hulme (1997). Governance, Administration and Development: Making the
State Work. (p. 230) West Harford, Connecticut: Macmillan Press.
43
Kofi Annan, www.unu/p&g/wgs/ , information accessed on 20 December 2006.
44
World Bank (1993). Governance. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank (1992). Governance and Development. Washington, DC: World Bank.
United Nations Economic and Social Council (2006). Definition of Basic Concepts and Terminologies
in Governance and Public Administration. E/C.16/2006/4. New York: United Nations.
45
Overseas Development Administration (1993). Taking Account of Good Government, London, UK.
17
Care sunt punctele de vedere ale unor experi relevani din toate regiunile
lumii cu privire la guvernare?
Care este abordarea cea mai potrivit de a rspunde la aceste provocri din
perspectiva acestor experi?
Printre altele, o nou ntrebare a izvorat n timpul interviurilor din cea de-a
treia etap a investigaiei sociologice: dac experii intervievai cred n
necesitatea i chiar posibilitatea unui model universal de bun guvernare.
Aceast ntrebare a aprut i ca urmare a constatrii (n timpul explorrii
literaturii de specialitate) privind varietatea modelelor de bun guvernare.
46
Dror, Yehezkel (2002). The Capacity to Govern: A Report to the Club of Rome. (p. 71). Portland,
Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers.
47
Dror, Yehezkel (2002). The Capacity to Govern: A Report to the Club of Rome. (p. 41). Portland,
Oregon: Frank Cass Publishers.
18
1.
Observaia
participativ
3.
Interviuri
semistructurate
Rezultatele
cercetrii
Model,
reflecii i
recomandri
2.
Analiza de
coninut
ntrebrile
cercetrii
Explorarea
teoretic
19
21
Experi
regionali/
naionali
(Comitetul
O%U pentru
administraie
public)
Experi
O%U n
guvernare
public
Experi
O%U
n
dezvoltare
internaional
Experi
O%U n
aezri
umane
Experi
O%U n
guvernare
local
Total
Experi n
guvernare
n Europa
Central i
de Est
3
3
3
30%
70%
0
5
7
3
15
--
14
52
70%
30%
4
6
5
0
15
2
2
2
50%
50%
1
2
3
2
8
50%
50%
4
4
4
2
14
50%
50%
9
17
19
7
52
54
n conformitate cu Patton, M. Q. (1990). Qualitative Evaluation and Research Methods. (2nd ed.).
Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
22
unor studii precedente confirmate de cercetarea mea? ofer proiectul meu noi detalii
sau interpretri diferite cu privire la tema guvernrii n contextul globalizrii?
III.
PROVOCRI
PE TRU
GUVER ARE
CO TEXTUL
23
srcie extrem;
handicap geografic;
infrastructura modest;
55
Buzan, Barry, Ole Waever, Jaap de Wilde. (1998). Security: A Aew Framework for Analysis.
Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers, Inc.
24
25
IV.
SOLUII
PE TRU
GUVER ARE
DI
PERSPECTIV
28
PILO UL DE
DREPTURI I
VALORI
DEMOCRATICE
Securitate,
legitimare i justiie:
securitate fa de
ameninri externe i
interne, drepturile
omului, respectul fa
de lege, participarea
public, alegeri libere
i corecte
Transparen i
responsabilitate
PILO UL DE
POLITICI PUBLICE
I MA AGEME TUL
DEZVOLTRII
Performana:
receptivitate,
parteneriate, eficien,
profesionalism,
cooperare
internaional, politici
Direcie i
transformare: lideri,
ajustare la condiiile
globale, bune practici
OBIECTIVUL
BU EI
GUVER RI
Dezvoltarea
durabil i
incluziv: cretere
economic;
reducerea srciei;
durabilitatea
mediului; nivel de
trai imbuntit
pentru toi
29
cuprind mai puine caracteristici ale bunei guvernri. Modelul meu de bun guvernare
are elemente comune cu unele modele anterior publicate, care folosesc o perspectiv
global. ntre acestea, doresc s evideniez perspectiva lui B. C. Smith, modelul
japonez i modelul englezesc asupra bunei guvernri, precum i modelul guvernrii
de nalt calitate al lui Yehezkel Dror.
Una dintre cele mai interesante observaii pe baza rezultatelor cercetrii a fost
c toi experii au inclus n recomandrile lor att elemente din abordarea noului
management public (n special inovarea, dar unii s-au referit i la competiia de pia
i strategii entrepreneuriale de succes din sectorul privat), ct i unele elemente
caracteristice abordrii buna guvernare prezentat n modelele altor autori.
Sen, Amartya (2002). Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 7th
printing.
30
practic, cei mai muli respondeni au fost de acord ca inovaia are un element de
noutate. Dac/dup ce inovaia are caracter durabil, poate deveni bun practic.
Aproape toi experii au subliniat c inovaia are obiectivul de a se confrunta
cu o anumit provocare. Interviurile au stabilit c cea mai important cale de ieire
pentru guvernare n contextul globalizrii i urbanizrii este ncurajarea inovrii n
guvernare. n modelul meu, inovaia reprezint fundaia bunei guvernri.
Acele principii care sunt dependente de context trebuie s fie filtrate pentru
condiii i provocri specifice (seciunea IV.2.2.). De aceea, una din componentele
modelului meu este filtrul modelului de bun guvernare (care include principiul
descentralizrii; ajustarea la condiii specifice istorice, culturale i sociale - provocri
i oportuniti pentru dezvoltare - a unor politici concrete i a practicilor de participare
public; aplicarea inovaiilor i a bunelor practici internaionale transferabile).
ntruct guvernarea local va avea un rol din ce n ce mai important (pe fondul
urbanizrii accelerate), principiile bunei guvernri locale vor avea o importan
sporit. Sunt necesare eforturi deosebite pentru ca urbanizarea s rmn motorul
dezvoltrii. Descentralizarea autoritii i a resurselor pn la cel mai potrivit nivel
faciliteaz buna guvernare local, conferind o semnificaie sporit nu doar guvernului
local, dar i actorilor non-guvernamentali care primesc noi roluri n guvernare.
Cel puin n unele ri, guvernarea local funcioneaz cel mai performant cu
sprijin de la guvernul central. Interviurile au sublinit c procesele de luare a deciziei
de jos n sus (bottom-up) trebuie s se combine eficient cu abordrile de sus n jos
(top-down). Parteneriatul eficient ntre guvernul central i cel local este tipul de
descentralizare adecvat n contextul provocrilor globale i urbane contemporane.
Mai mult de jumtate din respondeni au evideniat valoarea incluziunii sociale
la nivel local nu doar n obiectivul guvernrii, i chiar i n cadrul procesului de
construire a oraului incluziv - the inclusive city (un mediu urban unde fiecare,
independent de ras, religie, sex, vrsta i resurse, are oportuniti egale de
dezvoltare). Aceast incluziune debuteaz aadar cu participarea public constructiv
la crearea i implementarea de politici publice urbane.
Cercetarea a atras atenia c n ciuda faptului c multe ri se confrunt cu
provocri similare, ele nu creaz/implementeaz soluii identice. n plus, provocrile
variaz de la o ar la alta, de la un ora la altul.
Fiecare expert a considerat c principiile de bun guvernare menionate rmn
valabile independent de anumite context istorice, culturale i sociale. De exemplu,
32
Dror, Yehezkel (2002). The Capacity to Govern: A Report to the Club of Rome. Portland, Oregon:
Frank Cass Publishers.
33
PRI%CIPII DE
ALE BU%EI
BU%
GUVER%RI
GUVER%ARE
LA %IVEL
%AIO%AL
Cretere
economic,
reducerea
srciei,
a. Obiectivul
Dezvoltare
bunei guvernri
durabil i
incluziv
b. Pilonul de
Securitate,
drepturi i valori
legitimare i
aprarea
democratice al
justiie
bunei guvernri
suveranitii,
mpotriva
prevenirea
terorismului,
protecia
35
c. Pilonul de
Performan
Receptivitate
Parteneriate (munc n echip; parteneriate ntre
politici publice i
managementul
administraia
public,
sectorul
privat
dezvoltrii
global
pentru
abordarea
funcionarilor
publici
deciziilor,
comunicare,
reprezentare,
d. Fundaia bunei
guvernri
Inovaia
folosirea
participrii
publice,
36
inovatoare
Descentralizarea autoritii i a resurselor pn
e. Filtrul
Facilitatori ai
modelului de bun
bunei guvernri
guvernare
la nivel local
Ajustarea unor
principii de
bun guvernare
la provocri i
condiii specifice
Aplicarea
inovaiilor i a
bunelor practici
local, n
internaionale
transferabile
specifice
conformitate cu
gradul
lor de
37
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