Substantivul

A. Tipuri de substantive 1. 2. Substantive Substantive comune proprii

1. Substantivele comune desemneaza fiinte (oameni si animale) si obiecte / lucruri. Exemple: - fiinte: man, woman, grandmother, teacher, brother, pupil, doctor, nurse - obiecte (lucruri): pencil, school, car, hotel, medicine, shop, power, health 2. Substantivele proprii desemneaza nume de familie si prenume, nume de munti, orase, tari, ape etc. Exemple: - nume de familie si prenume: Ewing, Brown, John, Mary, - nume de munti: Alps, Himalaya, - nume de orase: Bucharest, Paris, nume de tari: France, Italy, - nume de ape: Mississippi, Danube, Thames Sawyer, Helen Everest Venice Croatia

B. Genul substantivelor 1. Genul masculin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal he) Exemple: man, doctor, driver, father, boy 2. Genul feminin (care se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal she) Exemple: woman, mother, girl, actress, sister.

3. Genul neutru (nume de lucruri, obiecte si animale; se inlocuiesc cu pronumele personal it) Exemple: cat, dog, pencil, butterfly, car, notebook. C. Numarul substantivelor Substantivele pot fi la singular sau la plural. Formarea pluralului: a) pluralul cu "-s" Exemple: a dog ---> two dogs a school ---> two schools a car ---> two cars a book ---> two books b) pluralul cu "-es" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -s, -x, -z, -ch, -sh) Exemple: a bus ---> two buses a fax ---> two faxes a church ---> two churches Atentie: a tomato ---> two tomatoes a potato ---> two potatoes dar radio ---> radios photo ---> photos c) pluralul cu "-ies" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -y) Exemple: lady ---> ladies baby ---> babies fly ---> flies dar:

day ---> days boy ---> boys Reguli: - pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o consoana, pluralul se va face in -ies - pentru substantivele care se termina in y precedat de o vocala, pluralul se va face in -s d) pluralul cu "-ves" (pentru substantivele care au terminatia in -f sau -fe) Exemple: leaf ---> leaves calf ---> calves shelf ---> shelves wife ---> wives wolf ---> wolves Exceptii: chief ---> chiefs proof ---> proofs belief ---> beliefs e) pluralele neregulate Exemple: child ---> children man ---> men woman ---> women foot ---> feet goose ---> geese mouse ---> mice tooth ---> teeth f) substantive invariabile care nu primesc "-s" Exemple: deer (cerb) duck (rata) sheep (oaie) trout (pastrav) fish (peste) fruit (fructe)

g) substantivele cu sens colectiv care nu au forma de plural Exemple: advice (sfat) baggage (bagaj) luggage (bagaje) information (informatii) furniture (mobila) people (oameni) crowd (multime) police (politie) h) pluralul substantivelor proprii Exemple: the Browns the Johnsons the Thompsons D. Substantive compuse Exemple: classroom schoolboy schoolgirl blackboard dining-room breakfast Exercitii: 1. Alcatuiti pluralul urmatoarelor substantive: table ---> clock ---> leaf ---> gentleman ---> baby ---> tooth ---> friend ---> city ---> life ---> chief --->

2. Inlocuiti substantivele urmatoare cu pronumele personal potrivit: the girl --the dog --the actor --the schoolboy --the pencil --the grandmother --3. Alcatuiti cat mai multe substantive compuse cu ajutorul urmatoarelor cuvinte: dining, bird, school, class, kinder, mate, room, boy, father, black, book, girl, board, living, garden, note, exercise, parents, grand.