Franta

1.4. Mediul tehnologic

Franta este singura putere europeana care are propria sa baza de lansare de rachete
spatiale. Are o importanta industrie aerospatiala reprezentata de A irbus, este cea mai
independenta tara din punct de vedere energetic datorita investitiilor in domeniul energiei
nucleare, este un mare exportator in domeniul agricol datorita terenurilor fertile si tehnologiilor
moderne folosite.
Principalele produse de export sunt: masini si utilaje, utilaje de transport, fona si otel,
produse textile, grau, produse petroliere, produse chimice, metale neferoase, fructe, vin.
Infrastructura de transport este foarte bine dezvoltata astfel: lungimea cailor ferate
franceze este de 32.727 km, din care 12.986 sunt electrificate. Superexpresurile franceze
denumite TGV (train de grand vitese) sunt cele mai rapide din Europa. Centrul cailor de
transport este Parisul, care este si port fluvial si are trei aeroporturi (Chaurles de Gaulle si Orly,
fiind cele mai mari din lume)In tara exista 1504940 km autostrazi cu plata. Pe caile fluviale
interne-avand o lungime de cca. 8500 km-se desfasoara o importanta activitate de transport de
marfuri.
1.5. Mediul politico-legal
Franta este Republica Prezidentiala, potrivit Constitutiei din 6.10.1958. Activitatea
legislativa este exercitata de presedinte si de catre Parlament, compus din Senat si Adunarea
Nationala. Puterea executiva apartine atat presedintelui cat si Consiliului de Ministri (numit de
presedinte in urma alegerilor legislative). Exista 22 de partide politice, printre care: Adunarea
pentru Republica (1976), Uniunea pentru Democratia Franceza (1978, alianta de patru partide),
Partidul Socialist Francez (1901), Miscarea Radicalilor de Stanga (1973), Partidul Socialist
Unificat (1960), Partidul Comunist Francez (1920), Partidul Ecologist (1984).
Puterea judiciara este un sistem de drept civil organizat sub forma de coduri bazate pe
Codul Napoleonian si respectand principiile Declaratiei Drepturilor Omului si ale Cetateanului.
Sistemul juridic este divizat in doua mari domenii: Drept public si Drept privat, dreptul privat
incluzand Dreptul civil si Dreptul penal, iar dreptul public incluzand Dreptul administrativ si
Dreptul constitutional. In cadrul fiecarui jurisdictii, cu exceptia dreptului constitutional unde
exista doar Curtea Constitutionala, exista o serie de tribunale si curti organizate ierarhic.

Cehia

conventional long form: C zech Republic

conventional short form: Czech Republic
local long form: Ceska republik a
local short form: Cesk o
Government type:
parliam entary dem ocracy
Capital:
name: Prague
geographic coordinates: 50 05 N, 14 28 E
time difference: UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)
daylight saving time: +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October
Administrative divisions:

13 regions (kraje, singular - kraj) and 1 capital city* (hlavni mesto); Jihocesk y (South Bohemia), Jihom oravsk y (South Mo
Karlovarsk y (Karlovy Var y), Kralovehradeck y (Hradec Kralove), Libereck y (Liberec), Moravskoslezsk y (Moravia-Silesia),
Olom ouck y (Olomouc), Pardubick y (Pardubice), Plzensk y (Pilsen), Praha (Prague)*, Stredocesk y (Central Bohem ia), Uste
(Usti), Vysocina (Highlands), Zlinsk y (Zlin)
Independence:

1 January 1993 (Czechoslovakia split into the Czech Republic and Slovakia); note - although 1 January is the day the C z
Republic cam e into being, the C zechs commemorate 28 October 1918, the day the form er C zechoslovakia declared its
independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, as their independence da y
National holiday:
C zechoslovak Founding Day, 28 October (1918)
Constitution:
previous 1960; latest ratified 16 Decem ber 1992, effective 1 Januar y 1993; amended several tim es, last in 2013 (2013)
Legal system:

in 2014, a new civil code will replace the existing civil law system, which is based on former Austro-Hungarian civil codes
socialist theor y and has been am ended 40 times since the Communist regime fell in 1989
International law organization participation:
has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction
Suffrage:
18 years of age; universal

Executive branch:

chief of state: President Milos ZEMAN (since 8 March 2013)

head of government: Prime Minister Bohuslav SOBOTKA (since 17 January 2014); First Deputy Prime Minister Andrej B
and Deputy Prime Minister Pavel BELOBRADEK (both since 29 Januar y 2014)
cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president on the recommendation of the prime minister
(For more information visit the World Leaders website
)
elections: constitutional am endment passed in 2012 introduced presidential election by popular vote instead of by Parlia
president elected for a five-year term (m ay not serve more than two consecutive terms); elections last held on 11-12 Janu
2013 with a runoff on 25-26 January 2013 (next to be held in Januar y 2018); prim e minister appointed by the president
election results: Milos ZEMAN elected president; percent of popular vote - Milos ZEMAN 54.8%, Karel SCHW ARZENBER
45.2%
Legislative branch:

bicam eral Parliament or Parlam ent consists of the Senate or Senat (81 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve
terms; one-third elected every two years) and the Cham ber of Deputies or Poslanecka Snem ovna (200 seats; mem bers e
b y popular vote to serve four-year terms)
elections: Senate - last held in two rounds on 12-13 and 19-20 October 2012 (next to be held in October 2014); Cham be
Deputies - last held on 25-26 October 2013 (next to be held in 2017)
election results: Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats b y party - CSSD 48, ODS 15, KDU-CSL 4, TOP 09 4, Nort
Bohemians 2, KSCM 2, Green 1, Ostravak 1, Pirate 1, independent 3; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by part y - C
20.5%, ANO 2011 18.7%, KSCM 14.9%, TOP 09 12%, ODS 7.7%, Usvit 6.9%, KDU-CSL 6.8% other 12.5%; seats b y party
CSSD 50, ANO 2011 47, KSCM 33, TOP 09 26, ODS 16, Usvit 14, KDU-CSL 14
Judicial branch:

highest court(s): Supreme Court (organi zed into Civil Law and Commercial Division, and Crim inal Division each with a c
chief justice, vice justice, and several judges); Constitutional Court (consists of 15 justices); Supreme Adm inistrative Cou
(consists of 28 judges)
judge selection and term of office: Supreme Court judges proposed by the Cham ber of Deputies and appointed b y the
president; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the president and confirm ed by the Senate;
appointed for 10-yea r, renewable terms; Suprem e Administrative Court judges selected b y the president of the Court; jud
NA
subordinate courts: High Court; superior, regional, and district courts
Political parties and leaders:
Association of Independent Candidates-European Dem ocrats or SNK-ED [Zdenka MARKOVA]
Christian Democratic Union-Czechoslovak People's Party or KDU-CSL [Pavel BELOBRADEK]
Civic Democratic Party or ODS [Petr FIALA]
Communist Party of Bohemia and Moravia or KSCM [Vojtech FILIP]
C zech Pirate Party [Ivan BARTOS]
C zech Social Dem ocratic Party or CSSD [Bohuslav SOBOTKA]
Dawn of Direct Dem ocracy or Usvit [Tomio OKAMURA]
Green Party [Ondrej LISKA]
Liberal Democrats or LIDEM [Dagm ar NAVRATILOVA]
Liberal Environmental Party or LES [Martin BURSYK]
Movem ent of Dissatisfied Citizens or ANO [Andrej BABIS]
North Bohemians
Ostravak Movement
Public Affairs or VV [Radek JOHN]
Tradition Responsibility Prosperity 09 or TOP 09 [Karel SCHW ARZENBERG]
Political pressure groups and leaders:
C zech-Moravian Confederation of Trade Unions or CMKOS [Jaroslav ZAVADIL]

International organization participation:

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC
(national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC
(NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW , OSCE, PCA, Schengen
Convention, SELEC (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNW TO, UPU, W CO, W FTU (NGOs), W HO, W IPO, W MO
W TO, ZC
Diplomatic representation in the US:
chief of mission: Am bassador Petr GANDALOVIC (since 23 May 2011)
chancery: 3900 Spring of Freedom Street NW , Washington, DC 20008
telephone: [1] (202) 274-9100
FAX: [1] (202) 966-8540
consulate(s) general: Chicago, Los Angeles, New York
Diplomatic representation from the US:
chief of mission: Am bassador Norman L. EISEN (since 14 Januar y 2011)
embassy: Trziste 15, 118 01 Prague 1 - Mala Strana
mailing address: use embassy street address
telephone: [420] 257 022 000
FAX: [420] 257 022 809
Flag description:
two equal hori zontal bands of white (top) and red with a blue isosceles triangle based on the hoist side
note: is identical to the flag of the form er C zechoslovakia
National symbol(s):
double-tailed lion