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Documente Cultură
O
C
H
CH
*
*CH
CH2OH
OH
CH
2,3 dihidroxipropanal
glicerin-aldehida
(aldotrioza)
CH2OH
CH2OH
2
1,3-dihidroxipropanona 1,3dihidroxi-acetona
(cetotrioza)
*CH
OH
O
CH2OH
1
OH
CH2OH
CH O
3
2,3,4-
trihidroxibuta
nal
(aldotetroza)
CH2OH
4
1,3,4-trihidroxi-2butanona
(cetotetroza)
O
C
H
H
OH
HO
H
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
L(-) glicerinaldehid
1b
D(+) glicerinaldehida
1a
H
CH
C
HO
2OH
HOH2C
C
C
OH
H
S(-) glicerinaldehid
R(+) glicerinaldehida
O
C
H
H *C OH
H *C
OH
O
C
3a
D(-) eritroza
2R, 3R
H
HO *C H
HO
*C *
HO C
CH2OH
*
H
H
H
OH
C O
H
*C
HO C
H
OH
H
H C
CH2OH
3b
L(+) eritroza
2S, 3S
CH2OH
CH2OH
3c
D(-) treoza
2S, 3R
3d
L(+) treoza
2R, 3S
10
O
C
O
C
H
HC
H
OH
O
C
CH2OH
D(+) glicerinaldehida
1a
OH
H C
OH
HO
H C
CH2OH
D(-) eritroza
H
H
H
C
OH
HO
C
H
H
C
H C
OH
H C
OH
HO C
H C
OH
H C
OH
H C
CH2OH
D(-) riboza
CH2OH
C
H
H
OH
H C
OH
HO
H C
OH
H C
OH
CH2OH
D(+) aloza
H
C
OH
HO C
H C
OH
H C
CH2OH
D(+) glucoza
H C
OH
HO C
H C
OH
H C
OH
OH
H C
OH
HO
OH
H C
CH2OH
D(-) lixoza
H
H
OH
HO C
H C
HO
H C
HO
H
OH
CH2OH
D(+) galactoza
O
C
H
OH
C H
OH
CH2OH
D(-) guloza
HO
HO
OH
OH
HO
H C
HO
H
C OH
OH
O
C
O
C
H
CH2OH
D(+) xiloza
D(-) arabinoza
OH
CH2OH
D(-) treoza
O
O
C
H
H
HO
OH
HO C
HO
H
H C
CH2OH
D(+) altroza
H C
CH2OH
D(+) manoza
OH
CH2OH
D(-) idoza
11
H C
OH
CH2OH
D(+) taloza
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
H C
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
C
C
H C
H C
D(+) ribuloza
HO
H
OH
OH
H C
CH2OH
D(+)psicoza
D(-)fructoza
CH2OH
CH2OH
C
CH2OH
HO
HO
H C
OH
CH2OH
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
1,3-dihidroxi-acetona D(-) eritruloza
2
C OH
H C
O
OH
H
OH
HO
HO
O
C
H C
H
OH
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
D(+)sorboza
D(-)tagatoza
D(+) xiluloza
12
1 4
1CHO
H 2C
OH
H C
4CH
HO 2C
OH
H
H
2OH
O H
HO
OH
2OH
D(-) treoza
a(formule Fischer)
H
OH
H
HO
b(eclipsat)
(formule Newman)
1
1CHO
CHO
H 2C
H
4CH
OHC CH2OH
b(eclipsat)
(formule Newman)
D(-) eritroza
a(formule Fischer)
1 4
1CHO
OHC CH2OH
2
C
3
OH
OH
4CH
H
H
OH
C
4CH
2OH
1CHO
CHO
HO 2 C
H C
OH
2OH
4CH
Rotire cu 180 0
a carbonului C 3
OH
4CH
2OH
OH
H
C
HOH2C
CHO
OH
c
1
CHO
HOH2C
HO
CHO
CHO
H
HO
HO
OH
2OH
Rotire cu 180 0
a carbonului C 3
OH
H
OH
H
H
2C
HO
OH
4
H
4CH
CH2OH
d(intercalat)
(formule Newman)
2OH
d(intercalat)
(formule Newman)
13
1C
H
H
2
H
OH
OH
HOCH
6 2
OH HO 3C
H
H 4C OH
H 5C OH
6
CH2OH
1
CHO
H
HO
HO
5b
5a
HO
C
R'
R''
OH
HO
OR
R'
R''
OR
OR
14
OH
CH2OH
pe legatura C4-C5
C4
CHO
3
HOCH 2
HO
HOCH2
OH
OH
C4
1
3
H /HO
CH2OH
CH2OH
C5
HO
6
CH
OH
2
OH
+
CHO
OH
0.003 %
11
H
OH
HO12
H /HO
C
OH H
CHO
3
10
OH
C4
C
OH
HO
HO
CH 2OH
5
C H
OH
H
(S)
(S) H
4
C (R)CC4
OH
OH HO
3
C4
H
1
H C1
H C
C
-D-glucopiranoza
36.4 %
HH13a
CH2OH
O H
OHH
HO
OH
H OH
H
HO
H
-D-glucofuranoza
13d
OH
CH2OH
H H O
HO
H
OH
CH2OH
H H O
HO
OH
13g
13e
OH
OH
H
OH 13f
H
OH
OH
HO
H
OH
H
H
HO
H
HO C
H
HO
O
OH
OH
H
H
OH
H
H
OH
14f
13h
OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
H
CH2OH
O
H
OH
14d
H
H 14e
OH
H
CH2OHO
H
OH
HO C
H
HO
14b
OH
CH2OH
HO
H HO
OH
14c
HO
2OH
H HO C H O
-D-glucofuranoza
CH2OH
OH
13c
HO
H3
C3 OH
H OH
H
H
C
HC
C2
-D-glucopiranoza
63.6 % H
14a
13b
CH2OH
HO CH2OH
O H
H
OH
H
C H
OHH
H
O
C4
OH
OHH
OH
C
2OH
OH
OH
HO C3
(R) OH1
OH
14g
OH
CH2OH
HO
C H
H
OH
HO
H
14h
OH
15
HOCH2
4
HO
CH2OH
H
O
HO
OH (a)
HOCH 2
H
HO
HO
OH (e)
OH
e)-D-glucopiranoza
13j
CH2OH
OH (e)
2
HO
H
HO
a)-D-glucopiranoza
13i
H
OH
H
OH
OH (a)
H
4
O
HO
HO
OH
a)-D-glucopiranoza
H
H
H
e)-D-glucopiranoza
13k
13l
16
HO 1C
H 2C
3
HO C
OH
H
H 2C
HO C
OH
H
4
H C
OH
H 1C
(1)
O
1C
4
H C
OH
H
H 2C OH
(2)
3
HO C H
H 4C OH
5
C OH
H 6 CH OH
2
6CH OH
2
15a
-D-glucopiranoza
(1)
(2)
H 1C
6CH2OH
15b
-D-glucopiranoza
C
OH
HO 1 H
2
2
H
OH
OH
5a
3
HO C
4
H C
H
HO 3C
H 4C
H
5
OH
16a
-D-glucofuranoza
H
H
OH CH2OH
6
CH2OH
16b
-D-glucofuranoza
17
n acest context cantitile mai mari de izomer (e) respectiv (a)-Dglucopiranoz n amestecul de echilibru se datoreaz stabilitii lor mai mari
, n raport cu celelalte specii din sistem.
n cazul fructozei(fig. 2-8 i 2-9) amestecul de echilibru n solveni
protici conine 32% D-fructofuranoz i 68% D-fructopiranoz.
Si n acest caz configuraia S a noului centru chiral este propriu
anomerului iar cea R anomerului .
Formulele de perspectiv Haworth i cele conformaionale n cazul
fructozei pot fi corelate cu proieciile Fischer, respectnd aceleai reguli ca
n cazul glucozei.
18
CH2OH
HO 5
H C
O
4
COH
CH2OH
H /HO
H
OH
C 5H
1
C CH
OH
2
1 OH
CH
2
C5
H
H
OH
HOCH2
19g
OH
OH
H
HO
19f
OH
HO
OH
H
HO
OH
OH
H
OH
H
OH
HO
CH2OH
OH
20g
OH
CH2OH
H
O
H
20d
CH2OH
20e
OH
HO
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH OH
H
OH
OH
CH2OH
OH
O
H
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
HO
HOCH2
CH2OH
H
H
H OH O
HO
H
OH
OH
H
20c
HO
H OH O
OH
H
20b
-D-fructofuranoza
O
H
OH
2
CC
HO
OH
H
H
H
C
5C
H
4
H
20a
-D-fructofuranoza
CH2OH H
CH2OH
C 1
OH
19d
HO
HOCH 2
CH2OH
O CH2OH
H
H OH
HO
OH
OH H
+/HO-
HO
19c
O OH
H
H OH
HO
CH2OH
OH H
H
19e
OH
OH
19b
-D-fructopiranoza
19a
-D-fructopiranoza
HO
OH
C5
H
OH
HO
HOCH2
O
6
OH
OH
H
H
C4
18
HO
C
HO
CH2OH
17 H
pe legatura C40-C5
HO
H C 5OH
HOCH2
rotirea cu 120 a lui C5 6
CH2OH
HO
HO
OH
CH2OH
H
20f
CH2OH
HO
HO
20h
19h
19
OH
H
H
O
5
HO
(e)
OH
(a)
OH
OH
CH2OH
HO
HO
CH2OH
HO
19i
H
H
5
HO
HO
19k
CH2OH
H
OH
O
19j
CH2OH
O
5
OH
OH (e)
HO
(a)
OH
3
HO
H
19l
20
Proprieti fizice
Punct Indice de
de
refracie
20 0
topire
[]D ( )
0
C
L(+) arabinoza
160
+108
D(+) xiloza
145
+92
D(-) riboza
-21.5
D(+) glucoza
146
+112
D(-) manoza
132
-17
D(+) galactoza
167
+144
D(-) fructoza
(levuloza)
102104
-133
L(+) sorboza
165
+42.5
Tabelul 2-1
Provenien
n polizaharide numite
arabani, gum arabic, clei
de viine, sfecl.
n polizaharide numite
xilani, ce nsoesc celuloza
(zahr de lemn).
n acizi nucleici ca
furanozide.
n fructe dulci, miere,
limf, lichid cefalorahidian.
n oligozaharide.
n cojile de porotcale i
ca polizaharid-manani.
n oligozaharide ca
lactoz.
n polizaharide-galactani.
in fructe dulci, roii,
miere.
n oligozaharide.
se obine prin oxidarea
sorbitolului
21
13
Atribuiri
vibraii asimetrice de inel
vibraii simetrice de inel
deformaie C-H glicozidic
(anomer )
deformaie C-H glicozidic
(anomer )
deformaie C-H ecuatorial
neglicozidic
deformaie n plan CH2
deformaie CH2 terminal
22
COOH
H C
COOH
H C
OH
HO C
H C
+ Cu(NH3)4(OH)2
- Cu2O rosu
R. Fehling
OH
H C OH
O
C
OH
HO C
H C
OH
H C OH
22 CH2OH
Acid gluconic
H C
+ Ag(NH3)2OH
- Ag oglinda
R. Tollens
HO C
H C
Br2/H2O
HNO3
C
C
HO C
H C
OH
H C OH
24 CH 2OH
Osona
CH2OH
5
O H
H
4 OH H 1
CH3OH
+ ArNHNH
5 HCOOH + CH2O
(din C1-C5)
(din C6)
6 2OH
CH
5
25 HCOOH
(din C3)
COOH
biochimic
5 HJO4
OH
Acid glucuronic
D-glucoza
H C OH
23
21 COOH
Acid
glucozaharic
H
OH
H
O
26
HO
O H
2 OCH 3
OH
2 HJO4
H
OCH3
23
H
O
HO
HO
HO
OH
HOCH 2
HO
HO
OH
29
D-glucono--lactona
22
Acid gluconic
CH2OH
O
2
HO
OH
H
HO
Br
- HBr
HOCH2
27
H
rapid
HO
OH
O
4
13k
H
HO
3
Br
+O
rapid
HOCH 2
OH
H
28
C H
O
O
OH H
H
H
OH
30
D-glucono--lactona
24
H C
OH
HO C H
HO C H
H C OH
COOH
H H
OH OHO
H
H HO
H5
H
OH
O
H
32
31
COOH
OH O
HO
2
1
33
O
O 6 OH
H
H 5
OH
H
OH
HO
34
C6H5
D-glucoza
+ C6H5NHNH2
EtOH, H2O
HO
H
O
H C
OH
H C OH
35 CH2OH
C
+ 2 C6H5NHNH2
2
EtOH, - H O,
- NH3, - C6H5NH2
HO
N NH
H
N NH
H C
H
OH
C6H5
C6H5
H
24
C OH
36 CH2OH
25
Osona
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH
HO
H C
C H
HO
HO
H C
OH
OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
37
38
CH
CH
OH
..
OH
CH
..
..
O:
-H
+H
HO
H C
HO
H C
O
H
OH
HO
O
.. :
H C
OH
HO
OH
H C
+ H+
OH - H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
C
C
C
CH OH
CH
H
OH
HO C H
H C
OH
HO
H C
OH
H C OH
CH2OH
OH
H C OH
CH2OH
17
OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
C
- H+
+H
..
..
CH2OH
C O:
HO C..
HO C
H C OH H C OH
CH2OH
.. C
:
O
.. C
HO H C
CH2OH
OH
+H
OH - H+
H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
OH H C
OH H C
OH
O
OH
C OH H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
26
CHO
O
39
H3C
CH3OCH2
O
4
43
OCH
CH3OCH2
CH3
C
O
HOCH2
O+
H 3O
OCH3
H 3C
OH
2
CH3O
CH3
H
OH
HCl aq
OH
44
dil
OCH3
CH3O
OAc
AcOCH 2
42
Ac2O sau
CH3COCl
(CH3)2SO4
CH3I/NaOH
OH
4
OAc
45
+ HBr
OAc
OH
H
AcO
3
OCH3
CH3O
OAc
HOCH2
OCH3
41
CH3OH
HCl
OH
HOCH2
H
40
4 HO
OH
2
OH
AcOCH 2
(e)-D-galactopiranoza
Br
O
4
AcO
OAc
H H
46(
SN2
+ C 6H 5O
inversie Walden - Br2
OAc
AcOCH 2
H
H
O
H
2
AcO
OAc
C6H5
47(
Fig. 2-14 Implicarea gruprilor hidroxil n reacii chimice n cazul (e) - Dgalactopiranozei
27
28
H2/H3O
Pd/BaSO4
CN
H C
HO
OH
H C
CH2OH
D-xiloza
50
CH2OH
49
OH
48
CH2OH
H C
CHO
C
HO
-e , - H
H C
HO
+ HCN
HO
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
52
OH
D(-) treoza
3
+ HCN
CN
+ CH3ONa, CHCl3
- HCN, - CH3OH,
- AcONa
CN
H
H C
OAc
59
CH2OH
H
OH
CH2OH
C
H
OH
CH2OH
58
O
COOH
CHO
HO C
HO
H C
54
H2O/H3O
- NH3
NH OH
CH
AcO C H
+ Ac2O C
HO AcO C
H +
AcONa HO
H C
COO .
CH2OH
53
CH2OH
HO
- CO2
H C
OH
HO C
CH2OH
51
HO C
H
H C OH 55
CH2OH
57
HO
H
C H
H C
56
CH2OH
HO C
+ H2NOH
HO
+ H3O
H C OH
CH2OH
D-lixoza
29
OH
HOCH2
H
OH
HO HO
OHH
1'
H
HO
HOCH2
H
H
-D-glucopiranoza
H
OH
O
H
1'
OH
HO
O
H
HOCH
H
OH
H
OH
-D-glucopiranoza
CH2OH
1
O
CH2OH
H
-D-glucopiranoza
-D-fructofuranoza
60
Trehaloza
61
Zaharoza
30
HOCH
HOHO
OH
H
2
HO
1'
H
H
HO
HOCH2
HO
OH
HOCH2
3
2 H
H
HO
HOCH2
1
H
OH
H
OH
HO
-D-glucopiranoza
2
HH
-D-glucopiranoza
62
-Maltoza
H HOCH
HO
HOCH
H
OH
HO
H
2
OH
63
-Celobioza
H
O
OH
HO
64
H
3
2
HO
H
H
O
H
OH
OH
HO
O
1
HO
HOCH
H
H
1
-D-galactopiranoza
-D-glucopiranoza
-Lactoza
OH HOCH
-D-glucopiranoza
HO
HOCH2
HO
HO
HOCH2
HO
OH
-D-glucopiranoza
H
3
OH
OH
H
HO
3
HO
HO
HOCH2
2
OH
1
H
HO
HOCH2
31
H
OH
HOCH2
HO
CH2OH
H
OH
H
H
HOCH
OH
CH2OH
OH
HO
OH
HO
H
H
H
HOCH2 O
OH
H
HO
HO
OH
HOCH2
HO
3
HO
OH
HOCH2
H
H
3
HO
66
Amiloza - poli -D-glucopiranoza(1,4)
(M=150.000 - 600.000)
OH H
HOCH2
1
32
HO
caracter acid
+ n NaOH
O Na
- +
OH
OH
n
alcaliceluloza
C 6H 7O 2
Hidroliza/H3O+
n C6H12O6
+ n H 2O
Acilare
Ac2O sau AcCl
OH
OH
OH
C 6H 7O 2
Cel OH
insolubil
D-glucoza
C6H7O2
) (
(
OAc
OH
OH
) (
ONO
OH 2
3
Esterificare cu HNO C H O
6 7 2
Cu(NH ) OH
C 6H 7O 2
OH
H2O/H3O
+
Complex solubil
R. Schweitzer de Cu
3 4
Cel
) (
ONO 2
ONO2
OH
n
ONO
C6H7O2 ONO2
ONO2 n
trinitrat de celuloza
matase de Cu
+ NaOH
) (
)
C6H7O2
OAc
OAc
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OCH3 n
trimetilceluloza
Alchilare
(CH3)2SO4 + NaOH
HNO3 + H2SO4
C 6H 7O 2
OAc
OAc
OAc n
triacetat de celuloza
C 6H 7O 2
Cel
xantogenat de celuloza
S Na
filtrare de lignina
+ H2SO4 + CS2
ONa
Cel
- CS2, -NaHSO4
OH
matase viscoza
33
Atribuire
asociat i OH neasociat
ap
deformaie CH2
deformaie CH
deformaie OH n plan
deformaie OH sau CH2
deformaie OH sau CH2
deformaie H sau CH2
deformaie CH2
OH
34
Este solubil n apa cald i greu solubil n ap rece. Amiloza are gradul de
policondensare situat ntre 300-1000 n funcie de provenien. Diferena
fa de celuloz const n aceea c la formarea sa particip anomerul al Dglucopiranozei. Hidroliza enzimatic conduce la aproximativ 80% maltoz,
care constituie unitatea de dizaharid prezent n molecula acestuia. Spre
deosebire de amiloz, care are o molecul liniar, amilopectina prezint o
ramificare la atomul de carbon C6, de care este legat un nou lan format din
20-25 resturi de - D-glucopiranoz. Masa sa molecular este de ordinul
milioanelor. Hidroliza enzimatic a amidonului se poate realiza cu:
-amilaza care atac amiloza i amilopectina n orice punct al
catenei formnd -dextrine. Nu atac ns punctele de ramificare i este
inactiv n mediu acid (pH=3-3.5);
-amilaza catalizeaz hidroliza legturilor 1,4 --glicozidice
ncepnd de la marginea nereductoare a catenei cu desprinderea succesiv a
cte unui rest de maltoz. Hidroliza amilozei, n aceste condiii, este total.
Nu poate hidroliza punctele de ramificaie 1,6 din amilopectin. La hidroliza
acesteia alturi de maltoz se formeaz i -dextrin. Enzima este inactiv la
0
temperaturi mai mari de 70 C.
Glicogenul constituie un polizaharid de rezerv al organismelor din
regnul animal, avnd o structur nrudit cu amilopectina. Masa sa
molecular medie se situeaz la aproximativ 1.000.000. Difer de
amilopectin prin aceea c lanul ramificat este mai scurt fiind format din
una pn la zece uniti de glucoz. Fosforilaza constituie o enzim capabil
s hidrolizeze glicogenul conducnd la -D-glucopiranozil-1-fosfat. Atacul
fosforilazei pornete de la partea nereductoare a moleculei. Fosforilaza nu
poate hidroliza ns legtura -1,6-glicozidic. Degradarea hidrolitic a
glicogenului implic participarea mai multor enzime, procesul parcurgand
mai multe etape:
aciunea fosforilazei care desprinde din lanurile polieterice B i
A (fig. 2-20), ncepnd cu partea nereductoare (de la stnga la dreapta) cte
o molecul de -D-glucoz ca -D-glucopiranozil - 1- fosfat pn cnd
fiecare din cele dou lanuri rmn formate din cte 3 resturi de -Dglucopiranoz;
aciunea transferazei care transfer cele trei resturi rmase din
lanul B (scindarea legturii 1-4 (B-M1) i prelungirea restului A cu
formarea unei legturi 1-4, care devine astfel format din ase atomi;
aciunea -1,6 -glucozidazei care scindeaz legtura 1-6 dintre
M1-M2 cu desprinderea moleculei M1 de -D-glucopiranoz, fapt
ce conduce la formarea unei macromolecule liniare A-M2-C,
analoag
35
M1
B
H
H
3
OH
HOCH 2
HO
H
3
OH
O
6
HO
M2
36
HOCH2
4
HO
4
O
HO
2
HO
H
HOCH2
2
OH
HO
NH2
NH2
OH
68
2-amino-2-deoxi--D-glucopiranoza
67
-D-glucopiranozil amina
(glicozil-amina)
2. 4. 2 Acizi nucleici
Unitile structurale din ADN i ARN se numesc nucleotide. Acizii
nucleici sunt polimeri n care resturile de fosfat reprezint verigile ce unesc
zaharidele care poart diveri compui heterociclici coninnd azot denumii
baze. n fig. 2-21 se prezint schematic principiul de realizare a unui lan
ADN.
O
HO P
O
5
Pentoza
Baza
HO P
riboza
70
2-deoxiriboza
69
iar Baza :
Pentoza
N
O
H3C
NH2 N
Baza
HO P
NH2
N
NH2
H
citosina
71
N
N
H
timina
adenina
O
72
N
N
H
N
N
O
N H
73
N H
N
H
N
guanina
74
NH2
H
uracil
75
37
NH2
NH2
N
N H
N
HOCH2 O
HOCH2 O
OH OH
Adenosina
76
N
H
HOCH2 O
NH2
NH2
NH2
N
HOCH 2 O N
H
H
OH
H
HO P O
OH
Acid adenilic
OH
79
OH
HO
Citidina
78
OH OH
Guanosina
77
N
HOCH 2 O
H
O H
HO
P
OH
N
H
H
N H
N
HOCH2 O
H
O H
NH2
HO
OH
O
H
OH
Acid citidilic
81
OH
Acid guanilic
80
N
H
H
N
N
N Pentoza
N O
H
N Pentoza
N
N
O
H
N
Pentoza
N
Pentoza
H
Guanina - Citosina (G-C)
38
5
ADN parinte
(cuplu de spirale incolacite)
T
3
Spirale nedeteriorate
descolacite
A
(B)
(A)
G
39
40
NH2
O
P O
HO
HO
O
P
H
O
CH2 O
nH
N
H
OH
82 ADP (n=1)
(acid adenosin difosforic)
N
N
83 ATP (n=2)
(acid adenosin trifosforic)
OH
Adenosina
NH2
CH2 CH CH CH CH2 O
N
H3C
H3C
O
Riboflavina
(vitamina B2)
OH
OH
OH
OH
NH2
CH2 O
P
HO
O
O
Adenosina
84 FAD (flavin-adenin-dinucleotida)
Nicotinamida
CONH2
+
CH2 O
H
NH
HO
HO
OH OH OH
HO
CH2 O
H
OH
OH
Adenosina
85 NAD (codehidraza I)
AH2
substrat
NAD
R
+
A+ H + H
CONH
H
N
R
N
R
41
CONH 2
NADH
N
N
R
N
+ 2[H]
H 3C
NH
- 2[H]
H 3C
FAD
N
NH
NH
O
NH
FADH 2
42
HOCH 2
O
4
OPO3H2
OH
OH
H
2
HO
HO
OH
OH
13i
(a)-D-glucopiranoza
HO
HO
H2O3PO
Difosfatul fructofuranozei
H
+ H3PO4
H
HO
OPO3H2
H
1,3 Difosfoglicerinaldehida
+ NADH
+
+H
- NAD
CH2
Fosfatul dihidroxiacetonei
OH
H
+ ADP
- ATP
OPO3H2
C
OH
3
2
H
OPO3H2
COOH
Acid 3-fosfogliceric
OPO3H2
H
COOH
- CO2
2 CH3
Acid 1,3-difosfogliceric
O
2 CH3
OH
+
+ NAD
+
2
- NADH, - H
OPO3H2
H
OPO3H2
Fosfatul glicerin-aldehidei
H
H
H2O3PO
HO
OH
OH
2C
COOH
O + ADP 2 C OPO3H2
- ATP
CH3
Acid piruvic
CH2
Acid 2-fosfoenol piruvic
OPO3H2
OH
COOH
Acid 2-fosfogliceric
OH
43
-OOC
O
OH
OH
OSO3-
CH2OSO3
H3CO
4
Heparina
86
OH
H
OH
H3 C
H
-
H
O
Daunosamin
H
NH2
NHSO3
HO
L-streptoza
H3C
H
NH
NH H
H
NH
H3CNH
R=H
Adriamicyna
88
Daunomycina
89
OH
H
NH2
2OH
OH
NH
H
NH2
OCH
OH
H
R = OH
OH
CH
OH
Streptidina
H
HO
H
2-deoxi-2-metilamino-L-glucoza
Streptomicina
87
44
R1
-
R2
-
R3
-
R4
-
Denumire
Leucoindoxil
OH
OH
OH
OCH3
OCH3
OH
OCH3
H
OCH3
H
Delfinidina
Petunidina
Malvidina
Cianidina
Peonidina
OH
OH
H
OH
OH
OH
H
H
H
OH
H
OH
H
OH
OCH3
OCH3
Primetina
Scutellarina
Pratol
Acacetina
Catehina
NH
90
HO
OH
HO
Cl
R1
OH
R2
R1 91O
R2
R3
O
R4
92
OH
H HO
HO H H
H
OH
93
NH
94
45
HO C
H C
OH
H
H C
biochimic
HO
C OH
H
Acetobacter suboxidans
C OH
sau
Acetobacter
xylinum
H C O
H C OH
HO C
+ 2H
OH
CH2OH
Sorbitol
CH2OH
D(+) glucoza
CH2OH
CH2OH
HO
CH2OH
C H
O
HO
O
H
O
H C
OH
H
HO
C
H C OH
HO
CH2OH
OH
H
H C
CH2OH
CH2OH
+ 2 [H]
- 2 [H]
Acid dehidroascorbic
96
C H
O
HO
HO
H
HO
OH
Acid L-ascorbic
95
H C
HO C
L(-) sorboza
CH2OH
COOH
O
O
- H2O
C H
+ H2O
CH2OH
OH
HO C
H C
OH
HO C
CH2OH
Acid 2-ceto-L-gluconic
46
47
48
[C6H7O2(OH)2(OCH3)]n
+nNaCl+nH2O
n vederea preparrii produsului comercial
[C6H7O2(OH)2m(CH2CH2OH)m(OCH3)]n
monometil celuloza se trateaz cu etilen oxid. Care este consumul specific
de celuloz, clorura de metil i oxid de etilen pentru 100 kg produs
comercial admind c raportul molar CH3Cl: oxid de etilen este de 10:1 i
c toate transformrile au loc cantitativ?
2-23 Folosit ca aglutinant i emulgator, carboximetilceluloza se prepar
prin tratarea alcalicelulozei cu sarea de sodiu a acidului monocloracetic. S
se stabileasc necesarul de acid monocloracetic pentru transformarea a 100
kg de celuloz n carboximetilceluloz(se utilizeaz 50% exces), admind
c la obinerea alcalicelulozei se folosete de asemenea un exces de 50%
NaOH fa de cantitatea stoichiometric i c alcaliceluloza nu este izolat
intermediar. S se calculeze masa de acid glicolic ce se poate izola ca
produs secundar.
2-24 Hidroliza acid la cald a amidonului conduce la d-glucopiranoz.
Aceasta poate fi izolat i recristalizat cu un randament de 67%. Conversia
amidonului este total. Alturi de glucoz se mai formeaz melas
amidonal (dextrin i maltoz) utilizat la prepararea prjiturilor.
Admind c 75% din amidon conduce la D-glucoz i 25% la alte produse
se cere:
a) masa D-glucozei preparate din o ton de amidon cu o puritate de
81%;
49
SOLUIILE PROBLEMELOR
2-1
50
O
C
O
C
H C
OH
HO C
HO
H
OH
H C
OH
HO C
HO C
H C
H
H
HO C
HO C
HO C H
CH2OH
L(+) eritroza
O
H
OH
OH
C
HO
CH2OH
CH2OH
L(-) xiloza
CH2OH
L(+) lixoza
HO
O
C
O
H
H
CH2OH
L(-) glicerinaldehida
CH2OH
L(+) treoza
C
H
C H
HO
H
H
HO C
HO C
CH2OH
L(+) arabinoza
L(+) riboza
2-2
C
a)
H
H *C OH
H *C OH
* H C
*H C
OH
b)
OH
OH
CH2OH
C
H *C
OH
c)
OH
* H C
*
H C
*
H C
CH2OH
OH
OH
OH
CH2OH
n=4
24 = 16 enantiomeri
n=5
5
2 = 32 enantiomeri
2-3
51
H C
* H C
OH
CH2OH
n=2
22 = 4 enantiomer
1C
2
H C
a) HO 3
C
4
HO C
O
H
OH
H
H
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
D(+) galactoza
21C
b)
HO C
H 3C
H 4C
O
H
H
OH
H 1C
H 2C
3
HO C
HO 4C
OH
OH
HOCH2
H
5
H C
6
CH2OH
H
O
HO
HO
OH
OH
40
(a)-D-galactopiranoza
-D(+) galactopiranoza
HO 1
HO 2
H 3
C
CH2OH
H O OH
H OH
HO
H
OH H
HOCH2
O
OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
D(+) altroza
-D(+) altropiranoza
OH
O
H 4C OH
H 5C
6
CH2OH
OH
CH2OH
O H
OHH
H
H
OH
H OH
OH
HO
OH
2
40
OH
(e)-D-altropiranoza
2
1C
O
H
c)
H C
H 3C
H 4C
OH
OH
OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
D(+) aloza
H
H 1C
OH
H 2C OH
3
H C OH
H 4C OH
5
H C
6
CH2OH
H
CH2OH
O H
H
H
H
HO
OH
OH OH
HOCH2
H
O
H
2
40H
OH
OH
OH
OH
(e)-D-alozopiranoza
-D(+) alozopiranoza
1C
HO 2C
d)
3
HO C
O
H
H
H 4C
5
OH H C
OH
6
CH2OH
H 1
HO 2
HO 3C H
H 4C OH
5
H C
6
CH2OH
CH2OH
O H
H
OHOH
HO
OH
H H
OH
HOCH
4
HO
HO
OH
(a)-D-manozopiranoza
-D(+) manozopiranoza
D(+) manoza
52
2-4
1C
2
O
H
+2e+
H C OH 2 H+
3
HO C H
H 4C OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
1CH OH
2
2
H C OH
3
+2e+
HO C H
+
2H
H 4C OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
D-glucoza
+2H
H 4C
OH
5
H C OH
H 4C OH
5 H C
6
OH CH2OH
6
CH2OH
D-fructoza
D-sorbitol
D-manitol
2-5
2
O
1C
O
1C
1C
COOH
H 2C OH
3
H C OH
H 4C OH
5
H C
6
CH2OH
H 2C OH
H 3C OH
H C OH oxid.
H 4C OH
H 3C
5
H C OH
4
OH H C
6
CH2OH
5
H
C
OH
Acid aldonic
OH
6
CH2OH
H
D(+) alono--lactona
H 2C OH
O
3
H C OH
H 4C
5
H C 2OH
6
CH OH
D(+) alono--lactona
D(+) aloza
H
HOCH2
O
4
HO
H
3
CH2OH
OH
HO C
OH
H
O
H H
OH OH
53
C O
H
H C
H C
HO C
H
OH
OH
C2
HO C
C3
H C
OH
C4
H C
OH
H C
C5
HOCH2 C O H
HO C
H C OH
H C
OH
HO C
4
OH
CH2OH
H1
CH2OH
(a)
(a) I
(-a)
II
III
2-7
H C
H
(H
OCH3
OH )n
O + (n-1) HIO4
n>1
OCH 3
O
H
O
H
H C
CH2OH
CH2OH
HO
H
C OH
C
O
H
O
H
C
O
C
aldoza
OH
CH2
O
C
CH2
OH
cetoza
54
2-9
Initial
100 moli -glucopiranoz
La momentul t
(100-x) moli glucopiranoz
x moli -glucopiranoz
x 55.73
CH2OH
CH2OH
HO C
*CH OH
*CH OH + 2 e + 2 H+
HO *C H
CHOH
CH OH
HO *C H
HO
plan simetrie
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
O
C
H
H
HO C
OH
HO
HO
H C
HO
C
*
H
CHOH
*CHOH
- 3 H2O
H2SO4
*CHOH
plan simetrie
CH2OH
CH2OH
2-11
CH2OH
2 2 8 aldopentoze.
55
CHO
O
aldoza
a)
HOCH2
OH
O
O
OH
4
2
b)
O
H
OH
H
HOCH2
c) H
OH
2-14
O
C
CH3
HOCH
HO
HO
H
OH
2
C2-C3
O
4
CH2OH
OH
HO
CH3
H
HOCH2
C2-C3
CH3
C3-C4
d)
H 3C
C
H 3C
OH
2
C3-C4
O
H
3
OH
CH3
H3C
H3C
C2-C3
OH
CH3
H3C
C1-C2
OH
H
H
H3C
HOCH2
OH
OH
H
H
CH3
HOCH2
H
O
2-15
56
H
H
1C
H
2CHOH
3
CHOH
4CHOH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
2C O
H
3
CHOH
4CHOH
CHOH
4CHOH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
6
COOH
5
H C OH
6
COOH
2COOH
2COOH
C H
4CHOH
5
H C OH
HO
D1
2C
3
H
HO C H
6
COOH
4
H C OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2 OH
B'
D2
1
COOH
H C OH
E
2
optic1activ
3C H
HO
H 4C OH
5
H C OH
6
CH 2OH
4
H C OH
5
H C OH
1 O
C
H
2
HO C H
HO 3C H
1
COOH
2
HO C H
H 4C OH
5
H 6 C OH
CH 2OH
57
HO 3C
E2
H optic activ
H 4C OH
5
H 6 C OH
COOH
2C
HO
O
H
H
HO 4C H
5
H C OH
6
CH 2OH
B''
1COOH
2
H C OH
HO 3C H
1 O
C
H
2
H C OH
HO 3C H
D'1 HO 4C
HO 4C H
5
H C OH
6
COOH
H
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
C
1 O
1
COOH
2
HO C H
HO 3C H
HO 4C H
H
H
HO 2C
HO 3C
H
4
HO C H
D'2
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
axa simetrie
E' 1
optic inactiv
E' 2
optic activ
5
H C OH
6
COOH
COOH
O
H
HO C
H C
HO C
H C
OH
C OH
H
OH
CH2OH
OH COOH
C
58
1 O
C
H
2
H C OH
HO 3C H
A1 H 4C OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
D-glucoza
1 O
C H
2
HO C H
HO 3C H
1COOH
2
H C OH
3
HO C H
H 4C OH
oxid.
5
H C OH
6
COOH
HO 3C H
4
H C OH
5
HO C H
6 COOH
oxid.
1
C
HO 2 C
HO 3C
4
H
C
5
HO C
1
COOH
2
HO C H
3
HO C H
H 4C OH
oxid.
H 4C OH
5
H C OH
6
CH2OH
A2
1COOH
2
HO C H
5
H C OH
6
COOH
O
H
H
H
OH
H
6 CH2OH
L(-) guloza
D-manoza
sau
+ H2
H C
CH2OH
H C
OH
CH2OH
OH
plan
C
CH2OH
H COH
simetrie
HO C
HH
OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
A sau C
C
H C
O
H
OH
H
H
HO C
H C
OH
HO C H
H C
OH
HO C H
H C OH
H C OH
H C OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
CH2OH
2-17
59
H HOCH2
HO
HH
OH
HO
HO
a)
HOOC
H
HO
O
OH
HO
H HOCH
b) HO
CH
OH
-D-glucopiranoza
C6H5
O
H
OH
OH
-D-glucopiranoza
2-18
HO
CH2
CN
HH
O
HH
HO
HO
CH2
HO
C6H5
O
OH
CH
CN
2-19
O
a)
HO
HOCH 2
H H
HOCH 2
OH
HO
b)
HH
CH 2
H
HO
OH
H
OH
H
OH
HO
HO
HO
H
O
CH 2
H
HO
HO
H
OH
CH 2OH
H
HO
OH
H
CH 2OH
60
1851,85 20
713kg
2 100 40
2-22
Global :
[C6H7O2(OH)3]n + nNaOH + nCH3Cl + m H2C CH2
O
[C6H7O2(OH)2-m(OCH3)(OCH2CH2OH)m]n + nNaCl + nH2O
A
Mcel 162 n
MCH3Cl50.5
Metilenoxid 44
MA n [111 + 17 (2-m) + 31 + 61 m ] n (176 + 44 m)
100
moli prod comercial
44m
n 176
100 162n
m cel
n176 44m
100 50,5n
mCH3Cl
n 176
44m
100 44m n
metilenoxid
n 176
44m
Rezult m 0.1
m cel 89.8 kg/ 100 kg
61
(
(
C 6 H7 O2
C6H7O2
OH
OH
OH
ONa
OH
OH
)
)
6 7 2 ONa
C H O OH
OH
+ nNaOH
ClCH2COONa + NaOH
HOCH2COONa + HCl
C6H7O2
6 7 2 OCH2COONa
C H O OH
+ n HCl
OH
n
+ nH2O
6 7 2 OCH2COONa
C H O OH
OH
n
+ n ClCH2COONa
OCH COOH + n
OH 2
n
NaCl
OH
HOCH2COONa + NaCl
HOCH2COOH +
NaCl
M cel 162n
M acid cloracetic 94.5
M acid hidroxiacetic 76
100
K moli celuloza
162n
100 1,5 94,5n
m acid cloracetic
162n
87,5kg
87,5 76
m acid hidroxiacetic
23,46kg
94,5 3
2-24
(C6H10O5)n + nH2O n C6H12O6
M amidon162 n
1000 81
m amidon pur
100
810 75
3,75
810810kg
kg amidon
607.5kg
kmoli glucoz
n
100
810 25
1,25
202,5kg
kmoli n alte produse
100
Mcel 162n
n
M glucoza180
62
3,75
67
n 180
452,25kg
n
100
202,5 85
b) m melas
172,12kg
100
a) m glucoza
2-25
6 10 5
(C H
O )n
amidon
1000
n CO2 n C2H5OH 46 kmol
MC2H5OH 46
1000
3
VCO2
22,4 486,95m
46
2-26
63
n C6H12O6
glucoza
2n CO2 + 2n C2H5OH
4
1
14
M1
14
14
A
4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
14
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
14
14
4
1
14
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
Fosforilaza - 17 (D-glucopiranozil
-1-fosfat)
14
1 4
M1
14
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
1 4
Transferaza
M1
M
E 4
14
14
14
4
M
-1,6-glicozidaza -M1
F 4
14
14
14
1
4
Hidroliza totala
2-27
Lant nou
creat
5
Descolacirea
elicei duble
Dubla elice
C T
A T
A
C
3
T
G
Lant nou
creat
14
64