Budihoi Elena Gratiela

Anul II, Montanologie, S-II

Partea mineral a solului

Partea mineral a solului provine din rocile care alctuiesc
litosfera, supuse diferitelor procese fizice i chimice de transformare
prin intermediul factorilor de mediu. Aceste transformri se produc cu
intensiti diferite, n funcie de natura materialului mineral iniial.
Mineralele sunt substane anorganice, solide, omogene din punct de
vedere fizico-chimic. Ele se clasific n funcie de compoziia chimic
n 5 clase, ultima, srurile oxigenate, cuprinznd mineralele cele mai
rspndite, n litosfer. De remarcat sunt silicaii, care reprezint 75%
din greutatea litosferei i sunt minerale componente ale tuturor rocilor.
Rocile magmatice iau natere prin consolidarea magmelor, acestea
fiind topituri sau soluii a cror temperatur depete 1000-1300C, i
n care sunt dizolvai oxizi, sulfai, sulfuri etc, saturai n vapori de ap
i gaze.
Rocile metamorfice iau natere ca urmare a schimbrii condiiilor
termodinamice n care s-au format rocile magmatice sau sedimentare.
Acestea i modific compoziia mineralogic i orientarea reelei
chimice, suferind procese de metamoefism.
Rocile sedimentare sunt cele mai rspndite n partea superioar a
litosferei, ocupnd 75% din suprafaa scoarei Pmntului. Ele
prezint o deosebit importan pentru formarea i evoluia solului,
rocile de solificare fiind reprezentate prin depozite de roci sedimentare
foarte diferite. Rocile sedimentare s-au format prin alterarea i
dezagregarea rocilor magmatice sau metamorfice, procese ce au
determinat apariia unor minerale noi. n timpul formrii solurilor,
rocile i mineralele lor componente sufer o fragmentare (mrunire)
continu ce se numete dezagregare i o modificare a reelei chimice,
care are ca rezultat apariia unor minerale noi, proces ce se numete
alterare.
Solurile conin materie organic sub form de resturi vegetale i
animale, care se transform n humus, sub aciunea factorilor de
mediu.
Procesul de humificare const n formarea de substane organice
complexe, specifice solului, care alctuiesc ceea ce se cunoate sub
denumirea de humus, alctuit din acizi humici.

Metode moderne de remediere a solurilor poluate -Dr.Ing. Horia Constantin Barbu

The mineral soil

The mineral soil comes from rocks that make up the lithosphere,
subjected to various physical and chemical transformation by
environmental factors. These changes occur with different intensities
depending on the nature of the original mineral material.
Minerals are inorganic substances, solid, homogeneous in terms of
physico-chemical. They are classified according to chemical
composition in five classes, last, oxygenated salts, including the most
common minerals in the lithosphere. Note are silicates, which
represents 75% by weight of lithosphere and all components are
mineral rocks.
Igneous rocks are formed by strengthening magmelor, which are melts
or solutions whose temperature exceeds 1000-1300 C, and they are
dissolved oxides, sulfates, sulfides, etc., saturated in water vapor and
gases.
Metamorphic rocks are formed as a result of changing thermodynamic
conditions in which magmatic or sedimentary rocks formed. These
changes mineralogical composition and chemical network orientation,
suffering metamoefism processes.
Sedimentary rocks are most common in the upper lithosphere,
occupying 75% of the Earth's crust. They are of special importance for
the formation and evolution of soil, soil formation rocks are
represented by very different sedimentary deposits. Sedimentary rocks
were formed by alteration of igneous rocks and metamorphic and
disaggregation, processes that have led to mineral us. During the
formation of soils, rocks and minerals for the component undergoes
fragmentation (crushing) continues to be called disaggregation and a
change in the chemical network, which results in the occurrence of
minerals new process is called corruption.
Soils containing organic matter as plant and animal debris, which
turns into humus under the influence of environmental factors.
Humificare process is the formation of complex organic substances,
specific soil, forming what is known as humus composed of humic
acids.