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Departamentul de Învăţământ la
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Distanţă şi Formare Continuă

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Facultatea de Ştiinte Juridice, Sociale şi
Politice

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Coordonator de disciplină:
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Asist. univ. Enache Mihaela Cerasela

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 2008-2009

Avizat Decan Avizat Sef Departament

UVT
LIMBA ENGLEZA

Suport de curs – învăţământ la distanţă

 SEMNIFICAŢIA PICTOGRAMELOR

F = INFORMAŢII DE REFERINŢĂ/CUVINTE CHEIE

= TEST DE AUTOEVALUARE

= BIBLIOGRAFIE

= TEMĂ DE REFLECŢIE

= TIMPUL NECESAR PENTRU STUDIUL UNUI CAPITOL SAU

SECŢIUNE
 Tematica cursului
anul I semestrul I

1. Lesson one – Introducing oneself

(conversation)

2. Lesson two- Getting around

(conversation)

3.Lesson three - Nationalities-Countries

(conversation)

4.Lesson four – A student’s daily

programme

5. Lesson five – The family

Cuvânt înainte În condiţiile civilizaţiei actuale, când comunicarea largă
între oameni şi popoare a devenit o realitate obişnuită, cunoaşterea unei
limbi de circulaţie internaţională este o necesitate. Dacă în Evul Mediu
limba latină a fost pentru europeni limba comună a culturii şi ştiinţei, astăzi,
în epoca ordinatoarelor, a zborurilor cosmice, a transformărilor urbane
spectaculoase şi a dezvoltării fără precedent a schimburilor internaţionale,
toţi cetăţenii lumii învaţă limba engleză pentru a se înţelege între ei. Engleza
este astăzi limba ştiinţei, a tehnicii, a comerţului. Lumea ştiinţifică şi
intelectuală foloseşte poate cel mai mult această limbă, puţini fiind oamenii
de ştiinţă şi cercetătorii care să nu o cunoască şi să nu îşi redacteze lucrările
direct în engleză. Ilustrările de mai sus nu epuizează nici pe departe lista
posibilă. Să ne referim acum la oamenii simpli şi mai puţini simpli. Cine nu
a trecut prin momentul penibil când nu putem înfiripa o conversaţie cu un
străin, când suntem reduşi la gesturi, mimică sau interjecţii? Unele persoane
sunt dispuse să remedieze carenţa prin studiu, sistematic chiar. Altele, se
izolează sub imperiul fricii îndărătul unor „porţi zăvorâte” şi cred că limba
engleză este inaccesibilă lor, după cum studierea ei (chiar la nivel elementar)
li se pare un efort inutil sau, oricum prea mare. Unul din scopurile acestui
curs este să demonstreze că inaccesibilitatea e o prejudecată, iar efortul
merită să fie întreprins până şi de către cei din fire lenevoşi. În învăţarea
limbii engleze la un nivel mediu de cunoştiinţe se ajunge fără dificultate şi
sperăm că acest curs conceput pentru studenţii de la forma de învăţământ la
distanţă, va demonstra că necesitatea cunoaşterii limbii engleze se poate
satisface de către oricine, uşor şi cu plăcere. Acest curs practic a fost
conceput în aşa fel încât, în cei doi ani de studiu ai limbii engleze, să ajute la
consolidarea cunoştiinţelor acumulate până aici, precum şi la însuşirea de
noi elemente specifice specializării studiate. Mult Succes!
Cuprins
Însuşirea unui limbaj de specialitate nu se poate face fără a avea o bază
solidă, de aceea primul an de studiu universitar al limbii engleze conţine în
principal elemente practice şi applicative la îndemâna acelora care doresc să-
şi însuşească, să consolideze şi să folosească un limbaj minim de limba
engleză. Cele zece lecţii care alcătuiesc capitolul cuprind teme axate pe
principalele aspecte ale vieţii cotidiene – de muncă, sociale, culturale –
având drept scop să formeze deprinderi de limbă necesare însuşirii ulterioare
a limbajului legat de problematica de specialitate. Fiecare lecţie cuprinde un
text însoţit de o temă gramaticală prezentată sugestiv şi concis prin
structuri, scheme şi tabele. Schemele gramaticale prezintă probleme de
gramatică şi construcţii pentru a căror înţelegere şi mai ales folosire,
studenţii întâmpină dificultăţi. Expunerea gramaticală este urmată de diferite
tipuri de exerciţii lexicale şi gramaticale menite să formeze deprinderi de
limbă la cei ce studiază limba engleză.

Obiective operaţionale: după parcurgerea acestui an de studiu studenţii

vor putea să:
– se prezinte şi să facă cunoştiinţă cu alte persoane vorbitoare de
limba engleză
– poarte o conversaţie simplă, referitoare la locul natal, meserie,
şi să ceară indicaţii pentru a ajunge în locul dorit;
– vorbească despre programul său zilnic, despre vreme şi mesele
principale;
– poată să se descurce în diferite situaţii cum ar fi la bibliotecă şi
la diferite întâlniri publice;
– completeze un curriculum vitae;
– recunoască, să diferenţieze şi să folosească în aplicaţii practice
timpuri verbale precum prezentul simplu şi continuu, prezentul perfect
simplu şi continuu, mai mult ca perfectul simplu şi continuu;
– capete deprinderi pentru traduceri din şi în limba engleză.

=2h
 LESSON ONE
CONVERSATION

INTRODUCING ONESELF
(PREZENTARI)

F
FORMAL

J.D.: Excuse me. Who are you?

S.R.: I’m Sandra Reynolds. I’m your English teacher, and who are you?
J.D.: How do you do. My name’s Jane David. I’m a student.
K.S.: And my name is Ken Smith. I’m a student, too.
S.R.: How do you do. (I’m) glad to meet you. (It’s) nice to meet you.
J.D.: It’s nice to meet you, too. Greetings.
S.R.: Good morning. (Good afternoon; Good evening).

J.D.: Good evening. How are you?

S.R.: I’m fine thank you. And how are you?
J.D.: Very well, thank you./ Rather unwell.
S.R.: Good bye. See you later.
J.D.: Good night. See you tomorrow.

Atenţie! Nu se spune niciodată „Good day”, nici la întâlnire nici la despărţire. În engleza
modernă este o formă de expediere a interlocutorului, ceva de felul „Poţi pleca”.

F
VERY FORMAL

J.D.: Good morning, Professor Reynolds. Let me introduce myself. My name’s

Jane David. I’m your new student.
S.R.: How do you do. Welcome to our courses. My name’s Sandra Reynolds.
J.D.: How do you do. I’m pleased to meet you, Professor Reynolds.
S.R.: I’m your English Professor. What are you studying this term?
J.D.: I’m studying English language this term and English literature next term.
 S.R.: Till tomorrow then.
J.D.: It’s been nice knowing you. Good bye for now.

INFORMAL

J.D.: Hi, I’m Jane. I’m a new student. Who are you?
K.S.: Hi, I’m Ken. I’m a new student, too. Glad to know you. Where are you
from?
J.D.: I’m from Canada. Are you from Canada, too?
K.S.: No, I’m not. I’m from Scotland.
J.D.: Oh, how nice! K.S.: See you soon.
J.D.: Bye-bye for now.

I. EXPLANATORY NOTES

1. Name = First name = Christian name = Given name: Jane, Jennifer, Robert, Mary,
Kenneth, Sandra etc.
Surname = Family name = Last name: Reynolds, David, Bush, Smith, MacDonald,
O’Casey, Roberts etc.

2. How Do We Address People?

There are different ways of addressing people and of speaking:
Informal or friendly – between friends, teenagers, young people (classmates),
businessmen;
Formal – between acquaintances and also for older people or people in higher jobs.
Very formal – for people we want to show respect to.

How do we address unknown people?

“Excuse me, sir (madam, officer/constable etc.)”
“Ladies and gentlemen” (when addressing an audience).

How about people we know?

“Hi, Ted / Hi, Betty” (more used for young people).
“Hello, Fred / Hello, Barney” (it is slightly more formal).
We can greet acquaintances or people we know whether they are older or in higher jobs
with “hello”, or “good morning / afternoon / evening”. At a very formal level, respect
may be shown by adding their name: ”Hello, Mr. Smith” (for gentlemen), “Hello, Mrs.
Reynolds” (for married ladies), “Hello, Miss David” (for unmarried ladies), or “Hello,
Mes Green” (for ladies, when their marital status is not important). If the persons have
titles, they are used in calling them: “Professor Hill”, “Dr. Brown”, “Dean Roberts” (only
one title - the highest – is used together with the surname). For very high ranks we can
use: “Your Excellency”, “Your Highness”, “Your Sanctity”.

II. GRAMMAR
1.PERSONAL PRONOUNS (Pronume personale)

Desemnează persoanele ce pot apărea într-un dialog (vorbitorul, interlocutorul)

sau înlocuieşte obiectul despre care se vorbeşte.

Person Nominative Dative Accusative

Singular 1st person I (to) me me
2nd person you (to) you you
3rd person he, she, it (to) him (to) him, her, it
her (to) it
Plural 1st person we (to) us us
2nd person you (to) you you
3rd person they (to) them them

2. Verb TO BE present tense – link verb (verb de legătură)

Affirmative Interrogative Negative Interrogative-

Negative
I am Am I? I am not Am I not?
You are Are you? You are not Are you not?
He, she, it is Is he, she, it? He, she, it is not Is he,she,it not?
We are Are we? We are not Are we not?
You are Are you? You are not Are you not?
They are Are they? They are not Are they not?

În engleza vorbită este mai folosită forma contrasă:

I’m a teacher. / I’m not a teacher.
You’re a student. / You’re not a student.
He’s a policeman. / He’s not a policeman.
She’s an air – hostess. / She’s not an air – hostess.
It’s an animal. / It’s not an animal.
We’re workers./ We’re not workers.
You’re engineers. / You’re not engineers.
They’re taxi – drivers. / They’re not taxi – drivers.

Verbul TO BE ca verb de legătură (link verb) se foloseşte: cu un substantiv (la singular,

întotdeauna precedat de articolul nedefinit „a” sau „an”) „I am a mother”; cu un
adjectiv, „He is tired” sau cu adverb de loc, „He is in the room” / „He is there”.

EXERCISES

I. Substitute the nouns in the following sentences by the personal pronouns in

the correct case.
Model: I like this book. I like it.
1. I am very pleased with this test paper. 2. John arrives at the faculty early. 3. I
always give George good books to read. 4. Three students are talking about the
exam. 5. The assistant-lecturer is asking Henry a question. 6. The professor is
lending the student a book. 7. Students are very attentive during seminars. 8. I see
my coleague going to the library. 9. Give mother a glass of water, please. 10.
Read the lesson, please. 11. Let’s go and see grandmother. 12. I want to give my
grandparents a present. 13. I’ll thank father tomorrow. 14. Look at Tom and me!
15. I can’t see your friends. 16. Give the cat some milk.

II. Fill in the blanks using the personal pronouns in brackets in the correct
case:

1. This is a book for ... (he). 2. John always buys text-books for ... (they). 3. I
never speak to ... (she) during lectures. 4. I am putting ... (it) on the shelf. 5. Every
day, I see ... (you) in the classroom. 6. I pay attention to ... (it). 7. I tell ... (she) not
to be late. 8. She requests ... (they) to take part in the scientific session.
 =3h

LESSON TWO
CONVERSATION – GETTING AROUND

F
1. (British version)
Liz: Hi, Jenny, How are you?
Jenny: Rather unwell this morning. And you?
Liz: Oh, I’m fine, thanks, but I’m sorry for you. Why are you such in a hurry? It’s
pretty hot today, isn’t it? Can I help you?
Jenny: I’m late for class, and I want to buy some stationery, you know, writing
paper, notebooks and a ball-(point) pen. Is there a stationer’s near here?
Liz: Yes, of course. Can you see that restaurant over there?
Jenny: The one on the corner?
Liz: Turn at the restaurant and keep straight on up to the next cross-roads; go
across the road and take the first turning to the left. The stationer’s on the left side
of the street. You can’t miss it.
Jenny: Thanks a lot. But that’s quite a distance.
Liz: Yes, that’s right, but you can find there everything you need: there are
writing paper, pads, envelopes, refills for your pen, erasers and even a marvelous
assortment of greeting cards and diaries. There are also glue, ink, thumbtacks
a.s.o.

***

2. (American version)
Jenny: Pardon (Excuse) me, officer. Where’s the City Bank?
Policeman: It’s downtown, five blocks from here, straight ahead.
Jenny: Is it on the left?
Policeman: No. It’s on the right. It’s across the coffee shop.
Jenny: Thanks very much.
 Policeman: You’re welcome.

VOCABULARY
stationery – papetărie
notebook – blocnotes, carnet
ball-(point) pen – pix
cross-road – intersecţie
writing paper pad – tampon pentru hârtia de scris
envelope – plic
refill – mine de pix
eraser – gumă de şters
diary – jurnal (intim)
glue – lipici
ink – cerneală
thumbtack – pioneză

Explanatory notes:
1. block (in America) = “cvartal”, grup de case pătrat sau dreptunghiular între 4 străzi.
block of flats / apartment house = bloc
downtown = în sau spre centrul comercial al unui oraş
2. Expressing GRATITUDE (expresii de mulţumire): Thanks – Thank you – Many
thanks – Thanks a lot – Thanks again – Thank you very much – Thank you very much
indeed – Thank you ever much for (letting me know)… - It’s been really marvelous… 9
3. Possible responses, depending on the occasion (posibile răspunsuri, în funcţie de
ocazie):
Don’t mention it (I’m glad to help you) – It’s all right – It’s my pleasure – You’re
welcome – I’m very much obliged to you.

Study and remember (expressions):

Ø It takes you only ten minutes to get there – vă trebuie numai zece minute ca să
ajungeţi acolo
Ø Turn to the left/right! – Luaţi-o spre stânga
Ø Go straight on/ahead! – Mergeţi tot înainte
Ø The red light is on – Semaforul arată roşu
Ø Trolley buses run till … o´clock – Troleibuzele circulă până la ora …
Ø Would you mind telling me the way to …? – Sunteţi amabil să-mi spuneţi care este
drumul către …?
Ø Could you put me right? – M-aţi putea îndruma?
Ø This way, please! – Pe aici, vă rog!
Ø Take the first turning to the left/right – Luaţi-o pe prima stradă la stânga/dreapta
Ø At the next crossroads turn to the left/right – La prima intersecţie luaţi-o la
stânga/dreapta
Ø It´s on the right hand side – Este pe partea dreaptă
Ø Can you direct me to …? – Îmi puteţi arăta direcţia către …?
Ø Is this the right way to …? – Acesta este drumul către …?
Ø You are still some way off … – Sunteţi încă la o oarecare distanţă…
Ø It´s just round the corner – Este chiar după colţ
Ø We happen to be going in that direction ourselves – Întâmplător şi noi mergem în
această direcţie
Ø I´m trying to find my way to … - Încerc să găsesc drumul către …
Ø You are going the wrong way – Mergeţi într-o direcţie greşită
Ø Is it much of a walk? – Este mult de mers pe jos?
Ø Do I take this street or that? – Să o iau pe această stradă, sau pe cealaltă?
Ø It´s quite a distance – Este destul de departe
Ø Which is the quickest way to …? – Care este calea cea mai rapidă către …

GRAMMAR
1. Verbul TO BE exprimând existenţa – there is / there are (este, se află, se găseşte /
sunt, se află, se găsesc)
Cuvântul neaccentuat „there”este urmat de o formă a verbului TO BE în propoziţii care
exprimă noţiunea de existenţă (este o expresie care nu există în limba română. Limba
franceză are ceva asemănător în expresia „il y a”). Se foloseşte ori de câte ori subiectul
propoziţiei este o persoană oarecare nedefinită sau un obiect, iar predicatul este verbul
TO BE.
Această expresie introduce noi informaţii interlocutorului:
Exemple:
There is (There´s) a pen on the desk.
There are (There’re) two books on the table.
There is a glass on the table.
There are lots of interesting buildings in Edinburgh.
There are writing paper pads ...
There is glue in the bottle.
Observaţi că:
a) There se foloseşte în loc de subiect;
b) There is se foloseşte înaintea unui substantiv la singular;
c) There are se foloseşte înaintea unui substantiv la plural;

Interogativul se formează:
Is there a stationery near here?
Are there many children in the room?
Negativul:
There is not (isn´t). / There are not (aren´t).
Observaţi că şi în acest caz există forme contrase, neaccentuate.
Atenţie! Să nu confundaţi cuvântul THERE din expresiile THERE IS şi THERE ARE cu
adverbul THERE care se traduce cu ACOLO. Într-o propoziţie ele pot apărea împreună.
Ex. There are two chairs there. (Sunt două scaune acolo).

2. THE PLURAL OF NOUNS (Pluralul Substantivelor)

Rules Examples
Singular Plural
a. Majoritatea substantivelor formează pluralul bedroom bedrooms
adăugând -s la forma singularului: picture pictures
tap taps
b. Substantivele care se termină în -sh, -ch, -tch, glass glasses
-ss, -s, -x primesc -es bus buses
brush brushes
watch watches
box boxes
c. Când substantivele se termină în -y precedat de party parties
o consoană, -y se schimbă în i şi se adaugă –es: country countries
d. Substantivele care se termină în -f, -fe îl leaf leaves
schimbă pe f în v şi se adaugă -es: life lives
e. Substantivele care se termină în -o precedat de tomato tomatoes
o consoană primesc -es: potato potatoes
f. Substantive cu pluralul neregulat: man men
woman women
child children
tooth teeth
foot feet
goose geese
mouse mice

Terminaţia pluralului se citeşte:

[s] [z] după vocale şi [iz] după: [s], [z], [ſ], [tſ],
după consoane surde: consoane sonore: [b], [d], [dз]
[p], [t], [f], [k], [h], [θ] [v], [g], [l], [m], [n], [η],
[r], [ð]
clocks taps baths jugs towels films wages classes brushes
watches buses

EXERCISES

I. Fill in the blanks with the appropriate form of the phrase:

1. There ... a teacher in the classroom. 2. There ... two teachers in the classroom.
3. There ... many pupils in the classroom. 4. There ... a dog in the room. 5. There
... books and notebooks on the shelf. 6. There ... books on the floor. 7. There ... a
blackboard on the wall. 8. There ... many pictures on the wals. 9. There ... a map
in the classroom. 10. There ... many flowers in the garden.

II. Change these sentences according to the patterns:

a) There is a large table in the room. (small) / There isn’t a small one.
b) There are two black cats in the garden. (white) / There aren’t two white ones.
1. There is a short pencil in the pencil-box. (long) 2. There are three glasses on the
table. (clean) 3. There are two green books in the bag. (brown) 4. There is a young
man in the room. (old) 5. There are two large armchairs in the room. (small) 6.
There is an old newspaper on the table. (new) 7. There is a white dog in the
schoolyard. (black) 8. There are two red blouses on the chair (blue). 9. There is a
tall man in the garden. (short) 10. There are two fat cats under the tree. (thin)

III. Make questions and answers.

1. There is a kitchen in the flat. (Yes) 2. There are two living-rooms in the flat.
(No) 3. There is a dog in the classroom. (No) 4. There are three cats in the
schoolyard. (Yes) 5. There are two books on the desk. (No) 6. There is a book on
the floor. (No) 7. There is a dining-room in the house. (Yes) 8. There are two
bedrooms in the house. (Yes) 9. There are three armchairs in the living-room.
(Yes) 10. There is a bookcase in the bedroom. (No)

IV. Rewrite the sentences, making the words in brackets plural:

1. Our students’ club often organizes (evening party). 2. She has just put ten
(tomato) on the plate. 3. All the (child) who have reached the age of six go to
school. 4. Have you already brushed your (tooth)? 5. She has bought two (loaf). 6.
Have you turned off the hot and cold (tap)? 7. You go to the library after (class),
don’t you? 8. She has put six (glass) on the table. 9. There are many fallen (leaf)
on the ground. 10. I have never seen such beautiful (picture). 11. (Woman) have
equal rights with (man) in our country. 12. They have put the (watch) into (box)
that do not exceed an overall length of two (foot).

V. Use the plural of the nouns in brackets making the necessary changes. In
case no change is possible, explain the reasons: 1. He was thanked for his
(work) at the hospital. 2. They were fully aware of the (spirit) of the time. 3. The
poet published his new (volume) at the start of the century. 4. The Chinese
invented the (compass). 5. The (information) didn’t come in time. 6. I have a
small (cactus) at home. 7. Don’t fight with him. His (force) is enormous. 8. I feel
a (pain) in my leg. 9. It’s a (damage) that can’t be repaired. 10. I won’t take
anybody’s (advice). 11. I don’t like his (manner) of speech. 12. Six to eight hours
of practice a day gave him a great (ability) for playing the piano in less than a
year. 13. Lots of (people) come to the Romanian seaside every summer. 14. I like
the (fabric) my husband brought me as a birthday present. 15. She has a brooch of
diamonds set in (platinum).
 = 3h

LESSON THREE
NATIONALITIES – COUNTRIES

F
Jenny: Meet my friend, Ingrid.
Pedro: Hello.
Ingrid: Hello. Pleased to meet you. What nationality are you?
Pedro: I’m from Peru./ I’m Peruvian. Where are you from?
Ingrid: I’m from Sweden./ I’m Swedish.
Pedro: Is your family in London, too?
Ingrid: No, my family is in Sweden and in Australia.
Pedro: Oh!
Ingrid: Are you in London on holiday or on business?
Pedro: I’m on business. I’m a physicist. I’m working in a Research Centre for
three months. It’s not far from London. What about you? Are you a student, or a
post graduate student? If not, what’s your job?
Ingrid: No, I’m not a student. I’m visiting an English family for a year to brush up
my English. Are you staying in a private house, too?
Pedro: At the moment I’m staying at a hotel.
Ingrid: Isn’t it too expensive?
Pedro: It sure is, but tomorrow morning I’m registering for a special Nuclear
Physics Course, and then I’m moving to a bed-sitter. Look! Here is my
registration card. Be so kind and help me to fill it in.

***

MOVING IN

Because the hotel is too expensive, Pedro wants to rent a nice, small apartment /
flat. So, he has two ways to find it:
 1. Direct conversation
Pedro: Excuse me, are you Mrs. Scott?
Mrs. Scott: Yes, I am.
Pedro: How do you do, Mrs. Scott. I’m Pedro Gonzales your new tenant. You’re
the landlady, aren’t you?
Mrs. Scott: Yes, I am. How do you do, Mr. Gonzales. Nice to meet you. This is
Maggie Baxter. She’s your neighbour.
Maggie: Hello, Pedro, nice to meet you.
Pedro: Hello, Maggie, glad to see you, too. Can I see the bed-sitter Mrs. Scott? Is
it upstairs?
Mrs. Scott: Of course you can. Come in, please. It’s upstairs. My flat is
downstairs.
Pedro: Oh, it’s very nice.

2. On the phone

Five three oh, four nine seven eight. Mrs. Scott: Hello?
Pedro: It’s about the flat / apartment to let in the morning paper ads. Is it still to
let?
Mrs. Scott: Oh yes, of course it is.
Pedro: Can you tell me about it?
Mrs. Scott: There are two rooms: a living-room and a bedroom, and also a kitchen
and a bathroom, of course. You can come and see it.
Pedro: Where is it?
Mrs. Scott: It’s in the neighbourhood of the University College, near Regent’s
Park.
Pedro: What’s your address?
Mrs. Scott: 54 Drummond Street, near Euston Station.
Pedro: Oh, and how much is the rent?
Mrs. Scott: Two hundred pounds / £ 200 a month.
Pedro: I can come in twenty or thirty minutes. Is that all right?
Mrs. Scott: Yes, of course. Oh, wait. What’s your name?
Pedro: Pedro Gonzales.
Mrs. Scott: Can you spell it?
Pedro: P-E-D-R-O G-O-N-Z-A-L-E-S
Mrs. Scott: Thank you. See you in half an hour.
Pedro: Good bye. See you soon.

VOCABULARY
bed-sitter = bed-sitting-room – garsonieră, cameră combinată
ads. – (prescurtare de la advertisements) – reclamă, publicitate

GRAMMAR
 1. THE PRESENT TENSE (Common Aspect)
Timpul Prezent (Aspectul Comun)

Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form Negative-

Interogative Form
I work I do not (don’t) Do I work? Do I not work?
You work work Do you work? (Don’t I work?)
He, she, it works You do not work Does he, she, it Do you not work?
He,she,it does not work? Does he, she, it not
We work (doesn’t) work Do we work? work?(Doesn’t
You work We do not work Do you work? he..) Do we not
They work You do not work Do they work? work? Do you not
They do not work work? Do they not
work?
Rules Examples
1. Timpul prezent, aspectul comun, se Students study for their exams. Every
foloseşte pentru a arăta o acţiune year, the Academy organizes post-
obişnuită sau repetată în prezent. 2. graduate courses. We sit for an exam
Adeseori este folosit cu adverbe de tipul: tomorrow. I like this book.
often, usually, never, always, every year.
3. Poate arăta o acţiune viitoare, dacă este
însoţit de un adverb de timp exprimând
viitorul. In acest caz, acţiunea viitoare
face parte dintr-un program stabilit. 4.
Este folosit în loc de prezentul continuu
cu acele verbe care nu sunt întrebuinţate
la forma continuă (to like, to dislike, to
love, to hate, to want, to own, to consist
of/in, to belong)

THE PRESENT TENSE (Continuous Aspect)

Timpul Prezent (Aspectul Continuu)

Se formează cu verbul TO BE la prezent şi participiul prezent (forma în –ing) a

verbului de conjugat. Mai simplu, se poate exprima: TO BE + Ving ( „V” este
verbul de conjugat).

Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form Negative-

Interogative Form
I am (I’m) I am not working Am I working? Am I not working?
working You are not Are you working? Are you not
You are working working Is he, she, it working?
He, she, it is He, she, it is not working? Is he, she, it not
working working working?

We are not Are we working? Are we not

working Are you working? working?
We are working You are not Are they working? Are you not
You are working working working?
They are working They are not Are they not
working working?

Rules Examples
1. Prezentul continuu arată o acţiune în They are studying for tomorrow’s
curs de desfăşurare în momentul vorbirii. examination.
Uneori, momentul acţiunii este fixat prin We are not planning our holidays at the
adverbe de timp ca: now, at the present present moment.
moment.
2. Prezentul continuu exprimă uneori o What are you doing here in Bucharest? I
acţiune ce caracterizează subiectul într-o am studying economics.
anumită perioadă de timp. Aceasta
rezultă din context.
3. Ca şi aspectul comun, poate arăta o They are coming to see us next week.
acţiune viitoare care a fost planificată
într-un moment prezent, dacă este însoţit
de un adverb de timp exprimând viitorul.

EXERCISES

I. Put the following sentences in the third person singular:

1. We listen to courses. 2. They take down notes. 3. You study for your exam. 4. I
like learning when I enjoy the subject. 5. You always lend me your text-books. 6.
I go home at 2 o’clock. 7. I usually come to the faculty at 8 o’clock. 8. I pay
attention to what the lecturer says. 9. You like being in time for the courses.

II. Make the following sentences – a) interrogative b) negative

1. I leave home at 7 a.m. every day. 2. This student speasks English very well. 3.
He reads very fast. 4. Students read sports magazines every day. 5. He writes his
15
homework in the afternoon. 6. I always go to the cinema with pleasure. 7. He
likes to watch television on Saturday evening. 8. He likes Latin grammar. 9. He
reads a few pages of Spanish literature every week. 10. You write many letters.

III. Use the verbs in brackets in the present tense (common or continuous
aspect):
1. Students from other countries (come) to get trained as economists at the
Academyof Economic Studies. 2. We (attend) classes regularly. 3. He (like)
English. 4. Today, we (study) commercial correspondence in our English seminar.
5. We (rehearse) for a show this evening. 6. They (meet) at 8 o’clock tonight. 7.
She just (leave) for the mountains. 8. He (not like) to borrow the books, he
(prefer) to buy them. 9. Where you (hurry)? 10. We (hurry) to the lecture-hall as
we (not want) to be late.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the correct form of the verbs in parantheses using
Present Tense Simple or Continuous:
1. I ... the water for coffee in a special pot (to boil). 2. Come and make the coffee!
The water ... (to boil). 3. This shop ... at 8 a.m. and ... at 8 p.m. (to open; to close).
4. I ... the book to read the new lesson (to open). 5. Don’t shout that loud! I ... you
very well(to hear). 6. Don’t interrupt them! They ... to a scientific broadcast (to
listen). 7. I ... what you ... (to see; to mean). 8. Wait aminute, will you? I ... them
off (to see). 9. A man ... with his nose (to smell). 10. Usually she ... a very quiet
child, but now she ... naughty (to be; to be)

V. Put the verbs in parantheses in the Present Tense Simple. Notice the
adverbs they are associated with:
1. Mother never ... (to go out) without a shopping bag. 2. We often ... (to play)
chess in the evenings.3. They usually ... (to do) their shopping at this supermarket.
4. She always ... (to listen to) the concerts broadcast on the radio on Sunday
mornings. 5. I occasionally ... (to read) a thriller before going to sleep. 6. Our kids
frequently ... (to break) something while playing hide-and-seek in their room. 7.
Grandmother hardly ever ... (to take) a sleeping pill. 8. They always ... (to come)
in time. 9. My husband never ... (to catch) anything when he ... (to go) fishing. 10.
Do your friends sometimes ... (to ask) you to babysit?

VI. Fill in the blanks with prepositions:

1. Except ... Romanian students, there is also a considerable number ... students
coming ... other countries. 2. There are canteens providing meals ... the students.
4. This term, we insist ... commercial correspondence. 5. Students attend
conferences ... various subjects. 6. This professor gives lectures ... political
economy. 7. All higher education institutes are endowed ... libraries. 8. The
students spend their holidays ... the mountains.
 =3h

LESSON FOUR
A STUDENT’S DAILY PROGRAMME

F
The clock has just struck six. Mary is in her bedroom. She has got up, opened the
window and turned on the radio. She is doing her morning exercises to the music.

It is half past six. Mary has got into the bathroom. She is standing at the wash-
basin. What has she just done? She has just turned on the hot and cold taps. What
is she going to do next? She is going to pour some water into the glass and brush
her teeth. Then she is going to have a shower. She doesn’t have a bath in the
morning. She takes a bath before she goes to bed.
Mary has already brushed her teeth with her tooth-brush and tooth-paste. She has
had a warm shower. She has dried herself on the towel and has got dressed. What
is she doing now? She is doing her hair in front of the looking-glass.
It is seven o’clock. Mary is in the dining-room. Has she already had her
breakfast? No, not yet. She is laying the table for breakfast. She has just put some
coffee-cups, a sugar-bowl, a milk-jug and some plates on the table. Is she going to
have breakfast by herself? No, she is not. She is waiting for her brother who
hasn’t shaved yet.

It is half past seven. Mary and her brother have just finished their breakfast. They
are in a hurry. They are leaving for the Academy of Economic Studies.

It takes them twenty minutes to get to the Academy by bus. They arrive there ten
minutes before the bell rings. So they have a chat with their fellow-students. Only
six students of their group are from Bucharest, the others either come from
different parts of the country, or from other countries. They usually have a lot of
things to talk about.

The classes begin at eight o’clock and are over at ten minutes to two three times a
week. Twice a week they have classes in the afternoon. They regularly attend
lectures and seminars.
 After classes in the morning they have their lunch at the student’s canteen. Then
they go home on foot. On their way home they do some shopping. After a short
rest they do their homework and read up for seminars.

Then Mary prepares something for dinner and her brother helps her. They have
their dinner at seven o’clock in the evening. After dinner they usually look
through some newspapers or magazines, or read some novels or listen to music, or
watch a film on TV.

On Sundays they often go to the students’ club that regularly organizes various
cultural activities such as evening parties, cinema shows, lectures on music and
literature with recitals by famous musicians and actors.

MORNING AND EVENING

- What do you usually do at your office?
- In the morning I receive letters and cables which I have to answer that very day.
My secretary usually helps me to type the answers. Twice a week I have a
meeting where we discuss different business questions with our chief manager.
Almost every day I have business interviews, talks or conferences with the
representatives of the foreign firms we have done business with lately. In the
afternoon I usually make appointments on the phone with engineers of the
producing enterprises or foreign businessmen for the next day. Sometimes I make
business trips with a view to concluding sales contracts.
- What do you usually do in the evening?
- We generally stay at home and watch TV. Once a week we go to the pictures.
Occasionally we go to a dance.
- Have you been to the theatre this month?
- Yes, we have been to the theatre twice this month.

VOCABULARY
bedroom - dormitor
to strike (struck, struck) – a bate, a suna
to get up (got, got) – a se scula
to get into – a intra to get to – a ajunge la
to get dressed – a se îmbrăca
bathroom – camera de baie
to stand (stood, stood) – a sta în picioare
sugar-bowl – zaharniţă
milk-jug – cană de lapte
to shave – a se bărbieri
plate – farfurie
to leave for (left, left) - a pleca
lately – în ultimul timp
to do one’s hair – a-şi aranja părul, a se coafa
to turn on (the radio, the tap) – a deschide (radioul, robinetul)
to pour some water – a turna (ceva) apă
to dry oneself on the towel – a se şterge cu prosopul
to lay (laid, laid) the table – a pune masa
to have breakfast / lunch / dinner – a lua micul dejun / prânzul / cina
to be in a hurry – a se grăbi
to have a chat – a sta de vorbă
to read up for seminars – a se pregăti pentru seminarii
to do one’s homework – a-şi face temele
to have / to take a shower – a face un duş
to conclude a sales contract – a încheia un contract de vânzare-cumpărare
to make an appointment – a fixa o întâlnire
with a view to (+gerunziu) – în vederea, pentru a

GRAMMAR

THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

(Perfectul Compus)

Perfectul compus se formează cu ajutorul verbului to have la prezent şi cu

participiul trecut al verbului de conjugat: TO HAVE + V3.

Affirmative Form
I have finished
You have finished
He, she, it has finished
We have finished
You have finished
They have finished
Common Aspect
Negative Form Interrogative(-Negative)
Form
I have not (haven’t) Have I (not) finished?
finished. (Haven’t I finished?)
You have not finished. Have you (not) finished?
He, she, it has not (hasn’t) Has he, she, it (not)
finished. finished?
(Hasn’t he,she,it
We have not finished finished?)
You have not finished Have we (not) finished?
They have not finished Have you (not) finished?
Have they (not) finished?

Participiul trecut al verbelor regulate se formează din forma scurtă a infinitivului,

prin adăugarea desinenţei –ed, după următoarele reguli ortografice:

Spelling Rules Examples

1) Verbele terminate la infinitiv în – e to live – lived
mut pierd această vocală înaintea to arrive – arrived
desinenţei –ed to celebrate – celebrated
2) Verbele terminate la infinitive în –y to study – studied
precedat de o consoană, schimbă y în i to dry – dried
to hurry – hurried

3) Verbele monosilabice terminate într-o to stop - stopped

consoană precedată de o vocală scurtă
dublează consoana finală

4) Verbele plurisilabice, terminate într-o to pre`fer - preferred

consoană precedată de o vocală şi având to com`pel - compelled
accentual pe ultima silabă, precum şi to `travel - travelled
verbele terminate în –l, indiferent de
accent, dublează consoana finală

The use of the Present Perfect Tense – Common Aspect

Rules Examples
1. Present Perfect exprimă o acţiune I have seen this film.
trecută care are legătură cu prezentul.
a) Legătura poate fi temporală: acţiunea I have known him for many years.
începe în trecut şi continuă în present. We have not seen him since Monday.
Momentul începerii acţiunii se indică He has not slept well since that night.
prin cuvântul since (prepoziţie,
conjuncţie, adverb) – din, de când.
Durata acţiunii se redă printr-o locuţiune
adverbială introdusă prin prepoziţia for –
de: Mary has opened the window.
b) Legătura poate fi cauzală: acţiunea s-a She has turned on the tap.
terminat, dar urmările ei continuă să
existe în present:

2. Present Perfect se referă la o perioadă Have you been to the theatre this month?
de timp încă în curs, ceea ce este indicat
prin adverbele sau locuţiunile adverbiale:
today, this week, this summer, this month, She has worked much this week.
lately, of late, this morning, this year, in
the last few years.

3. Present Perfect exprimă o acţiune care The clock has just struck six.
a avut loc într-un trecut foarte apropiat. She has already brushed her teeth.
El este însoţit atunci de adverbe de timp He hasn’t shaved yet.
nedefinit ca: often, seldom, ever, never,
just, yet, always, already.

EXERCISES

I. Speak about Mary’s working day according to the plan:

a) What she usually does in the morning (before breakfast).
b) What she generally does at the Academy of Economic Studies.
c) What she usually does after classes and in the evenings.
d) How she spends her time on Sundays.

II. Complete the dialogues using the words in brackets:

“When do your classes begin?” (8 o’clock; generally; in the morning)
“How many classes do you have every day?” (not more than six; sometimes four)
“Do you go straight home after classes?” ( not always; the library or the reading-
room; sometimes)
“What do you usually do there?” ( to read books and magazines; to make notes
on; to look through newspapers)
“And when do you usually do your English lessons?” (to have got the necessary
books; if; to do one’s homework at home)
“Do you work in the library till late in the evening?” (not to stay; late)
“And how do you spend your time in the evening when you are free?” (to watch
television; to go to the pictures or to the theatre; to go to see one’s friends)
“Do you go to bed late?” (not very; at about 11; as a rule).

III. Use “since” or “for” and translate the sentences into Romanian:
1. I haven’t seen her … Sunday. 2. I haven’t seen them … 1980. 3. We haven’t
seen them … ten years. 4. She has been here … morning. 5. We have been here
… an hour and a half. 6. He hasn’t shaved … two days. 7. I have known him …
five years.

IV. Insert:
a) the past participle of the regular verbs: to open, to turn, to pour, to brush, to
dry, to shave, to finish, to stay, to watch, to live:
1. He has just … the window. 2. She has just … on the radio. 3. She has already
… her teeth. 4. She has already … some water into the glass. 5. We have already
… our breakfast. 6. Has she … herself on the towel? 7. Has he already …? 8.
Have you … at home and … a film on TV? 9. They haven’t … in Constantza.
b) the past participle of the irregular verbs: to see, to strike, to get up, to put, to
do, to go, to come, to have, to be, to lay, to stand, to leave: 1. I have … this film
on TV. 2. The clock has just … seven. 3. George hasn’t … yet. 4. Have you … a
sugar-bowl on the table? 5. Why haven’t you … your hair? 6. Jane has … to the
students’ club. 7. Has your brother … home? 8. She has just … a cold shower. 9.
Have you … to the pictures this week? 10. Who has … the table for breakfast? 11.
Who has just … at the wash-basin? 12. They have just … for their office.

V. Translate into English:

1. Nu v-am văzut de doi ani. Unde aţi fost? 2. Cine a deschis robinetul de apă
caldă? 3. N-am luat încă micul dejun. 4. Aţi terminat micul dejun? – Da, mi-a
plăcut foarte mult. 5. Cât este ora le dvs.? – Ceasul meu a stat. 6. De când sunteţi
la Bucureşti? – Sunt aici de duminică. 7. De când locuieşte fratele tău în
Bucureşti? – Din 1974. 8. De când aveţi televizorul? – Numai de două luni.
 =3h

LESSON FIVE
THE FAMILY

F
Mary is twenty years old. She is a student of the Faculty of the Agrarian Economy
and Accounting.
She lives with her parents in Bucharest. Her father is a worker. He works as a
welder at a large plant. Her mother is a weaver at a textile mill. Mary has a
brother. Mary’s brother, John is a doctor at the Brâncovenesc Hospital. He has
been working there since 1979. He has a family of his own: a wife and three
children: two sons and one daughter. Helen, John’s wife, is an assistant-lecturer at
the Academy of Economic Studies.
Mary’s grand mother and grand father are pensioners. They live in Braşov. Their
grand sons and grand daughter often spend their holidays at their grand parents’.
Mary’s uncle lives in a provincial town. He is a miner. His wife is a very kind
woman and a good housewife. Jane, their daughter, is Mary’s cousin. Mary’s
great grand mother lives with them.

***

John: Where do you live?

Peter: I live with my parents and grand parents in Bucharest.
John: Have you got any sisters and brothers?
Peter: Yes, our family is quite a big one: I have three brothers and two sisters who
are twins.
John: Are they older than you?
Peter: I have only one brother who is older than me. The others are all younger.
John: What is your elder brother?
Peter: He is a civil engineer. He lives in Constantza. He is married and has two
children. My sister-in-law is an economist. I can tell you I’m very proud of being
an uncle. I love my niece and my nephew very much.
John: Oh, I’m sure you do. Do they often come to Bucharest?
Peter: No, they don’t. You see, most of our relatives live there – my uncles, aunts,
and all my cousins.
VOCABULARY
parent – părinte; tată sau mamă
father – tată
mother – mamă
welder – sudor
weaver – ţesător
son – fiu
daughter – fiică
great grandparent – străbunic sau străbunică
grand mother – bunică
grand father – bunic
grand daughter – nepoată de bunică (bunic)
grand son – nepot de bunic (bunică)
housewife – gospodină
sister – soră
brother – frate
cousin – văr sau verişoară
twins – gemeni
civil engineer – inginer constructor
to marry – a căsători; a se căsători
sister-in-law – cumnată
brother-in-law – cumnat
uncle – unchi
aunt – mătuşă
niece – nepoată (de unchi sau mătuşă)
nephew – nepot (de unchi sau mătuşă)
relative – rudă
in-laws – rude prin alianţă
bachelor – celibatar
spinster – celibatară
an only child – copil unic
mill – uzină, fabrică, filatură, moară

GRAMMAR
I. POSSESIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS
( Adjectivele şi pronumele posesive)
Possessive Adjectives
Singular Plural
my – meu, mea, mei, mele our - nostru, noastră, noştri, noastre
your – tău, ta, tăi, tale your – vostru, voastră, voştri, voastre
his – lui their – lor
her – ei
its – lui, ei

Possesive Pronouns
Singular Plural
mine – al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele
yours – al tău, a ta, ai tăi, ale tale
his – al lui, a lui, ai lui, ale lui
hers – al ei, a ei, ai ei, ale ei
its – său, a sa, ai săi, ale sale
ours – al nostru, a noastră, ai noştri, ale
noastre
yours – al vostru, a voastră, ai voştri, ale
voastre
theirs – al lor, a lor, ai lor, ale lor

Pronumele posesiv înlocuieşte atât numele obiectului posedat cât şi al

posesorului. Pronumele posesive nu determină substantive ca adjectivele
posesive, ci le înlocuiesc.

Observaţi mai jos diferenţa dintre adjectivul şi pronumele posesiv şi pronumele personal
în cazul dativ/acuzativ:

Possessive adjective: It’s my car.

Possessive pronoun: It’s mine.
Personal pronoun: It belongs to me.

II. DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS

(Adjectivele şi pronumele demonstrative)
de apropiere de depărtare
Singular this that
Plural these those

Se traduc:
this – acest, această; acesta, aceasta
that – acel, acea; acela, aceea
these – aceşti, aceste; aceştia, acestea
those – acei, acele; aceia, acelea

1.
Possessive Adjectives Possessive Pronouns
Where is my book? This book is mine.
She gave me his address. I have lost my pencil – Please, give me
Our classroom is very nice . yours.
His coat is new. This is not their house, theirs is bigger
Her dress is nice. than his.
Our house stands in a quiet street The new coat is his.
The room is large. Its walls are white. This nice dress is hers. This house is
ours.
The fault is mine.
These seats are theirs.
2.
Demonstrative Adjectives
This young man is my best friend.
That house is very small.
These pencils are good.
Those flowers are roses.
Demonstrative Pronouns
This is my dictionary and that is hers.
These are his magazines, and those are
mine.

III. THE PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS TENSE

(Prezentul perfect continuu)

Se formează cu ajutorul verbului TO BE la prezentul perfect şi participiul

prezent (-ing) al verbului de conjugat: HAVE (HAS) BEEN + Ving

Affirmative Interrogative
I have been working / I’ve been working Have I been working?
You have been working Have you been working?
Has he, she, it been working?
He, she, it has been working/He’s been Have we been working?
… Have you been working?
We have been working Have they been working?
You have been working
They have been working

Negative Interrogative - Negative

I have not been working / I haven’t
been
You have not been working
He, she, it has not been working
We have not been working
You have not been working
They have not been working
Have I not been working?/ Haven’t I
been
Have you not been working?
Has he, she, it not been working?
Have we not been working?
Have you not been working?
Have they not been working?

Prezentul perfect la aspectul continuu se foloseşte:

1. pentru o acţiune care a început în trecut şi care continuă şi în present:
I’ve been waiting for him for half an hour. (I’m still waiting for him)

2. pentru o acţiune care a început în trecut şi care tocmai s-a încheiat:

I’m so sorry I’m late. Have you been waiting for me for a long time?
EXERCISES

I. Enlarge upon:
a) Your own family.
b) Three relatives. Describe each one to a friend:
- What each relative looks like.
- Where he / she lives and works.
- What his / her interests are.

II. Ask questions to the following sentences, according to the model:

Model: I’ve been waiting for you for half an hour. How long have you been
waiting for me?
1. He has been teaching French for two years. 2. I’ve been writing the letter for
an hour. 3. The children have been playing in the park since they came from
school. 4. She has been working in the garden since 8 o’clock. 5. The boys have
been fishing since early in the morning. 6. He has been staying with us for a
week. 7. He has been reading since I have been here. 8. I have been peeling
potatoes for twenty minutes now. 9. She has been teaching at this school for five
years.

III. Write the following sentences in the plural:

1. This is an interesting book. 2. That clock is slow. 3. This little boy is Mary’s
brother. 4. That young man is a student at the Faculty of Trade. 5. This family is a
very big one. 6. That play was very good, the acting was wonderful indeed! 7.
That is a naughty boy, isn’t he? 8. This is the most beautiful crystal glass I’ve ever
seen. 9. That dictionary was printed in 1903. 10. This is the ring she lost
yesterday.

IV. Replace the underlined words by possessive adjectives:

1.John’s book is on the desk. 2. The children’s toys are neatly arranged on the
shelves. 3. My sister’s room is very large and clean. 4. Where are mother’s shoes?
5. Our brother’s new books are extremely valuable 6. Mary’s old flat looks quite
shabby. 7. The students’ copybooks are all on the desks. 8. Your sister’s watch is
very nice and keeps good time.

V. Translate into English:

a) 1. Familia lor este foarte numeroasă. 2. Casa noastră este situată pe o stradă
extrem de liniştită. 3. Familia ei locuieşte în Bucureşti; unde locuieşte a ta? 4.
Fratele ei mai mare lucrează de doi ani la o uzină de tractoare. 5. Inelul lui de
logodnă este aici; unde este al tău? 6. Această tânără este fata cumnatului vostru,
nu-i aşa? 7. Acestea sunt darurile de nuntă pe care le-au primit tinerii căsătoriţi de
la bunica lor. 8. Aceste verighete sunt pentru nunta lor de argint. 9. Florile acelea
le-am cumpărat pentru stăbunica mea. 10. Apartamentul acela este încă neocupat.
Bibiografie selectivă

Bantaş, Andrei (1991) – Essential English, Ed. Teora Bucureşti

De Blij, H.J.; Mueller, Peter O (2002) – Geography-realms, regions, and concepts,
John Wiley&Sons, Inc. U.S.A.
Clawson, David L; Fisher, James S (1998) – World Regional Geography-A
development approach, Prentice Hall, New Jersey, U.S.A.
Galiş, Livia & colaboratorii (1982) – Limba Engleză pentru învăţământul superior
economic, Ed.Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti - Gălăţeanu-Fârnoagă, Georgiana
(1993)
Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Omegapress, Bucureşti - Hulban, Horia &
colab.(1983)
Exerciţii şi teste de limba engleză, Ed. Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, Bucureşti -
Leviţchi, Leon (1971)
Gramatica Limbii Engleze, Ed. Didactică şi Pedagogică, Bucureşti - Nicolescu,
Adrian & colaboratorii (1980)
Culegere de texte pentru cursul practic de limba engleză pentru secţia geografie-
geologie, Tipografia Universităţii din Bucureşti - Quirk, Randolph; Greenbaum; S;
Leech, G; Svartvik, J (1972)
A Grammar of Contemporary English, Longman, London –
***
(1970) - Dicţionar polyglot economic şi de comerţ exterior, Ed. Ştiinţifică, Bucureşti
- Institutul de Lingvistică (1974)
Dicţionar Englez-Român, Ed. Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, Bucureşti –
***
Speak English Nr. 1- 7/1990; 1-7/1991