O.

EXPRESII ALGEBRICE ­ PROBLEME REZOLVATE

x 2 1 2x ­ 9
1) Fie expresia: E(x) = ( ­­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­ ) : ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­
x2 ­ 9 3 + x 3­x x2 ­ 2x ­ 15

a) Determinati valorile lui x pentru care E(x) are sens

b) Determinati a Î Z pentru care E(a) Î Z
c) Rezolvati in N inecuatia (x + 3)×E(x) £ 0
REZOLVARE
a) Egalez numitorii fractiilor cu 0, iar la fractia care este dupa semnul : egalez si numaratorul cu 0
x2 ­ 9 = 0 Þ (x ­ 3)(x + 3) = 0 Þ x ­ 3 = 0 Þ x = 3
x + 3 = 0 Þ x = ­3
x2 ­ 2x ­ 15 = 0 Þ x2 ­ 5x + 3x ­ 15 = 0 Þ x(x­5) +3(x­5) = 0 Þ (x ­ 5)(x + 3) = 0 Þ x ­ 5 = 0 Þ x =5
x + 3 = 0 Þ x = ­3
ic a
9
2x ­ 9 = 0 Þ 2x = 9 Þ x = ­­­­ a t
2
9
e m
Deoarece E(x) are sens Þ x Î R ­ { ­3; 3; ­­­­ ; 5 }
2
a t
x x­3)
2 x+3)1 2x ­ 9
/ m
b) Mai intai aduc E(x) la foma cea mai simpla apoi determin E(a), inlocuind in E(x) pe x cu a
x + 2x ­ 6 ­ x ­ 3 (x ­ 5)(x + 3)

(x ­ 3)(x + 3) x + 3 x ­ 3
r
(x ­ 5)(x + 3) o
E(x) = [ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­ ­ ­­­­­­­ ] : ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ =

. (x ­ 3)(x + 3) 2x ­ 9

2x ­ 9 (x ­ 5)(x + 3) x­5
f u x­5 a­5

(x ­ 3)(x + 3) 2x ­ 9
r
x+3 o
= ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­­­­ Þ E(x) = ­­­­­­­­­ Þ E(a) = ­­­­­­­­
x+3 a+3

p
// e
E(a) ÎZ daca a + 3 ½a + 3 a + 3 ½a + 3
a + 3 ½a ­ 5 /×(­1) Þ a + 3 ½­a + 5 (+)

p : a + 3 ½ 8 Þ a +3 Î D8 Þ
a+3=1
a = ­2
a+3= ­1
a = ­4
h tt
a+3=2
a = ­1
a+3= ­2
a = ­5
a+3=4
a=1
a+3= ­4
a= ­7
Din conditia de existenta a fractiilor Þ a ¹ 5 Þ a Î { ­11, ­7, ­5, ­4, ­2, ­1, 1}
a+3=8
a=5
a+3= ­8
a = ­11

x­5
c) (x + 3)× ­­­­­­­ £ 0 Þ x ­ 5 £ 0 Þ x £ 5 Þ x Î (­¥ ; 5]
x+3

Deoarece x Î N Þ x Î {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}
Þ x Î {0, 1, 2, 4}
Din conditiile de existenta a fractiilor Þ x ¹ {3, 5}
 1 1 x2 ­ 9 1 10 ­ x
2) Fie expresia E(x) = ­­­­ × [ ( ­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­ ) : ­­­­­­­­­ ­ 3]
2 3 ­ x x2 ­ x + 1 x­3 x3 + 1
a) Determinati valorile lui x in care E(x) nu este definita.
5­ a
b) Verificati daca E(a) = ­­­­­­­
a­3
c) Determinati aÎZ, astfel incat E(a)ÎN
d) Determinati elementele multimii A = { xÎN* ½E(x) £ ­1 }
REZOLVARE
a) 3 ­ x = 0 Þ ­x = ­3/×(­1) Þ x = 3
x3 + 1 = 0 ; Descompun x3 + 1 utilizand formula de calcul prescurtat a3 + b3 = (a + b)(a2 ­ ab + b2)
x3 + 1 = (x + 1)(x2 ­ x + 1) ; Þ (x + 1)(x2 ­ x + 1) = 0 Þ x + 1 = 0 Þ x = ­ 1

ic a
10 ­ x = 0 Þ ­ x = ­ 10/×(­1) Þ x = 10
E(x) nu este definita pentru x Î {­1, 3, 10}
a t
1 ­1 (x ­ 3)(x + 3) 1 10 ­ x

e m
1
2
x­3)
­x ­ 3 x2­x+1)
1
x­3 (x + 1)(x2 ­ x + 1)
(x + 1)(x2 ­ x +1) a t
b) E(x) = ­­­­ ×[( ­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­ ) : ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ 3]
x ­ 3 x2 ­ x + 1

2 x2 ­ x + 1 x­3 10 ­ x
/ m
E(x) = ­­­­ ×[( ­­­­­­­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­­) × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ 3]

1
r
­x2 ­ 3x +3x + 9 + x2 ­ x + 1 (x + 1)(x2 ­ x + 1)
. o 1 10 ­ x x + 1
E(x) = ­­­­­ × ( ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ 3) = ­­­­­ × ( ­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­ ­ 3) =
2 (x ­ 3)(x2­ x +1)
f u
10 ­ x 2 x ­ 3 10 ­ x
1 x + 1 x­3)3

r o
1 x +1 ­ 3x + 9 1 ­2x + 10 1 2(5 ­ x) 5 ­ x
= ­­­­­ ×( ­­­­­­­­ ­ ­­­­­­­ ) = ­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­­­
2 x­3 1 2

e p x­3 2 x­3 2 x­3 x­3

5­x 5­a
E(x) = ­­­­­­­ Þ E(a) = ­­­­­­­­
:/ /
tt p
x­3 a­3
c) E(a) Î N Þ a ­ 3½a ­ 3

a­3=1 Þ a=4 ;
h
a ­ 3½5 ­ a Þ a ­ 3½(a ­ 3) + (5 ­ a) Þ a ­ 3½2 Þ a ­ 3 =D2(+)
a ­ 3 = 2 Þ a = 5 Þ a Î {4, 5}
5­x 5­x 5­x+x­3 2
d) E(x) £ ­ 1 Þ ­­­­­­­ £ ­1 Þ ­­­­­­­ + 1 £ 0 Þ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ £ 0 Þ ­­­­­­­­ £ 0
x­3 x­3 x­3 x­3
Fractia este negativa daca numaratorul si numitorul au semne opuse.
Deoarece 2 > 0 , fractia va fi negativa pentru x ­ 3 <0 Þ x < 3 Þ x Î(­¥ ; 3)
Deoarece x ÎN* Þ A = {1, 2}
 2x 4 2­x 1­16x3:(­4x)+4x x+2
3) Fie expresia E(x) = ­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ × [ ­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ]­1
x­1 2x2 ­ x 1­4x2 2x2 + x 2x2 ­ 3x2:3x
a) Determinati valorile lui xÎR, pentru care E(x) are sens.
x+1
b) Verificati daca E(x) = ­­­­­­­­
x­1
c) Determinati aÎZ astfel incat E(a)ÎZ
REZOLVARE
a) x ­ 1 = 0 Þ x = 1 2x2 ­ x = 0 Þ x(2x ­ 1) = 0 Þ x = 0
; 1
2x ­ 1 = 0 Þ 2x = 1 Þ x = ­­­­
2
1
1 ­ 4x2 = 0 Þ (1 ­ 2x)(1 + 2x) = 0 Þ 1 ­ 2x = 0 Þ 2x = 1 Þ x = ­­­­
2

ic a
1
Þ 1 + 2x =0 Þ 2x = ­1 Þ x = ­ ­­­­­
2
a t
1 1
E(x) are sens daca x Î R \ { ­ ­­­­ , 0 , ­­­­­ , 1 }
e m
2x 4
2 2
2­x 1 + 4x2 + 4x x + 2
a t
b) E(x) = ­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­­ × [ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ ­­­­­­­­­­­ ]­1
x ­ 1 x(2x ­ 1) (1 ­ 2x)(1 + 2x) x(2x + 1)
/ m 2x2 ­ x

2x 4 2­x (1 + 2x)2
. r ox+2
E(x) = ­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­ × [ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ ­­­­­­­­­­­­ ]­1
x ­ 1 x(2x­ 1)
f u
(1 ­ 2x)(1 + 2x) x(2x + 1) x(2x ­ 1)

2x 4 x­2
r
x+2
o 2x 4 ­4
E(x) = ­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­­ ×[ ­­­­­­­­­­­­­ ­ ­­­­­­­­­­­­ ] = ­­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­­ × [ ­­­­­­­­­­­­ ]­1
­1

x ­ 1 x(2x ­ 1) x(2x ­ 1)

e p
x(2x ­ 1) x­ 1 x(2x ­ 1) x(2x ­ 1)

2x 4
:/
x(2x ­ 1)/ 2x 2x ­ x + 1 x+1 x+1
E(x) = ­­­­­­ + ­­­­­­­­­­­­ × ­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­­­­­ ­ 1 = ­­­­­­­­­­­­­­ = ­­­­­­­­ Þ E(x) = ­­­­­­­­­
x ­ 1 x(2x ­ 1)
tt p (­4) x­1 x ­1 x­1 x­1

a+1
h
c) E(a) = ­­­­­­­­ ; E(a) Î Z daca a ­ 1½a ­ 1
a­1 a ­ 1½a + 1 Þ a ­ 1½(a+1) ­ (a­1) Þ a ­ 1½2 Þ a ­ 1= D2

a­1=1 a ­ 1 = ­1 a­1=2 a ­ 1 = ­2
a=2 a=0 a=3 a = ­1
Din conditiile de existenta a fractiilor Þ x ¹ 0 Þ a ¹ 0 Þ E(a) ÎZ daca a Î {­1, 2, 3}