1.

PERMUTRI

1.

2.
3.
4.

1 2 3 4
Se consider permutrile
,
2 1 4 3
( ) ( ) .
1
Se consider permutrile
1
1
Se consider permutrile
2

1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4

i
. Artai c
1
3
2
4

3 1 4 2

2 3 4
1
i
2 4 3
2
2 3 4
1
i
4 1 3
4

2 3 4
. Artai c .
1 4 3
2 3 4
. Artai c .
1 2 3

Pentru fiecare dintre permutrile k S3 , k 0, 5 , determinai cel mai mic n N cu proprietatea c

kn e .
5.

6.
7.

8.

9.

1 2 3 4 5

Se consider permutarea
. Determinai cea mai mic valoare a lui n N , astfel
5 1 4 2 3
nct kn e .
1 2 3 4 5
2006
Se consider permutarea
.
. Calculai
5 4 3 1 2
1 2 3 4
n
Fie n N i permutarea
. Calculai .
2 4 1 3
1 2 3 4
2
Se consider permutarea
. Determinai permutarea x S 4 , tiind c x .
3 4 1 2
1 2 3 4
Se consider permutrile
2 3 5 1
1
( ) i, apoi, verificai c ( )1 1 1 .

5
1 2 3 4 5
1
i
. Determinai ,
4
3 1 4 5 2

1 ,

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
10. Se consider permutrile
i
. Determinai permutrile
5 1 4 3 6 2
2 1 4 3 6 5
x, y S 6 , tiind c x i y .
1 2 3 4
16
53
2
16
11. Se consider permutarea
. Calculai , , i .
3
2
4
1

1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
47
9
72 101
12. Se consider permutrile
i
. Calculai , , ,
4 1 5 3 2
5 2 4 1 3
102 5 i 12 3 .

13. Determinai numrul de inversiuni, pentru fiecare dintre urmtoarele permutri:

1 2 3
1 2 3 4
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1
, 2
, 3
i 4
.
3 2 1
3 2 1 4
3 4 1 2 5
5 3 4 1 2
1
14. Determinai permutarea par de forma
3
1 2 3 4 5
15. Se consider permutarea
5 1 7 2 3

2 3 4 5 6
.
1 i 4 j 2
6 7
Determinai ( ) .
6 4

-5-

1 2 3 4
16. Se consider permutarea
. Artai c
3 4 2 1
1
17. Se consider permutarea
1
1
18. Se consider permutarea
2

1i <j 4

( j ) (i )
( ) .
j i

2 3 ... 10 11 12 ... 19 20
. Determinai ( ) .
3 5 ... 19 2 4 ... 18 20
2 3 ... n n 1 n 2 ...
2n
.
4 6 ... 2n
1
3
... 2 n 1

a) Determinai m( ) .
b) Ce condiie trebuie s ndeplineasc n , pentru ca s fie o permutare par ?

Rspunsuri
1
5. n 5 6.
2
1
2
3

4k3
3 1 4

2 3 4 5
1
4k
7.
1 3 5 4
1
4
1
2
3

(k N) 8.

2
2 3 4

2 3 4
1 2

4 k 1

(k N ) ,
2 3 4
2 4
4
1
2
3
4

1
sau
9. 1

1
4 1 2 3
4

3 4
1
4 k 2

,
1 3
4
2 3 4 5 1 1
,
1 2 5 3
2

2 3 4
,
3 2 1
2 3 4 5

5 1 3 4

1 2 3 4 5 6
1 2 3 4 5 6
3
16
53
2
2
16
2
10. x
, y
11. e, , , ,
6
2
3
4
5
1
1
5
3
4
2
6

12. 5 e, 4 e, 47 2 , 9 , 72 101 2 , 102 5 2 3 , 2 3 3 13. m( 1 ) 3,

1 2 3 4 5 6
m( 2 ) 3, m( 3 ) 4, m( 4 ) 8 14.
15. m( ) 9 i ( ) 1
3 1 5 4 6 2
n( n 1)
i ( ) 1 18. a) m( )
; b) n 4k (k N ) sau n 4 k 3 (k N ) .
2

17. m( ) 45

2. MATRICE
1.

Se consider mulimea M
a11 a22 0 i c

2.

a , i, j 1,2 . Determinai numrul elementelor mulimii

ij

a12 1 , iar a21 Z i

Se consider mulimea M
a i j 0 dac i j i c

M, tiind c

a21 1 .

a , i, j 1,3 . Determinai numrul elementelor mulimii

ij

a i j 1 dac i j , iar a i j Z i

M, tiind c

a i j 1 dac i j .

3.

1 2
2 3
t
t
Se consider matricele A
i B
. Calculai A B, A B, A A, B B .
1 3
1 1

4.

Se consider matricele

2 2
z 2t
1 3
A
, B
i C
. Determinai x, y, z i t,
x
3
y

2 4

tiind c A B 2C .
5.

Se consider matricele

3 2 3
A
i
1 0 2

1 2 1
B
. Determinai matricea
1 2 2

2X A B .

-6-

X, tiind c

6.

Se consider matricele

2 1 1

A 3 1 2 i
1 0 1

1 2 1

B 1 1 0 . Calculai
2 0 1

A B, A B , 2 A 3B i

3A B .

7.

2 3
t
Se consider matricea A
. Determinai matricea X M 2 ( R) cu proprietatea c X X A .
3
4

8.

1 2
1 2 3

t
Se consider matricele A 1 3 i B
. Calculai A B,
0 1 2
2 1

A B, 2 A 3 t B i

3 t A 2 B .

9.

2 4 2
3 1 2

Se consider matricele A 2 6 4 i B 1 1 2 . Determinai matricele X i Y , tiind c

10 2 4
5 1 1

5 X 2Y A i 2X Y B .

10. Se consider matricea

2 3 4

A 1 0 5 . Determinai dou matrice

2 3 6

B, C M 3 ( R) , astfel nct

B C A , iar t B B i t C C .
2k
4k
11. Se consider matricea A k
. Determinai matricea B
k

1
2
2k

3
4k
12. Se consider matricea A k

k !k

13.

2 k
Cnk

k 1

4k 1 . Determinai matricea B
k 1
23
2

1 2
1 2 1

Se consider matricele A 0 1 i B
. Calculai AB i
1 0 1
2 3

k 1

A tB .

1 2 3
0 1 1

14. Se consider matricele A 2 3 1 i B 1 1 0 . Artai c t ( AB) BA .

3 1 2
1 0 1

15. Se consider matricele

0 1 2

A 1 2 3 i
1 1 2

1 0 1

B 1 2 1 . Calculai
2 0 1

( AB),

B t A i, apoi,

verificai c t ( AB) t B t A .
1 1
1 x
16. Se consider matricele A
i B
. Determinai x, y R , astfel nct AB BA .
2 2
y 1
2 3
17. Se consider matricea A
. Gsii o matrice B M 2 ( R) , astfel nct AB BA .
1 1

-7-

18. Determinai matricele A M 2 ( R) cu proprietatea c AX XA , oricare ar fi matricea X M 2 ( R) .

1 2
3 4
19. Se consider matricele A
i B
. Determinai x, y R , astfel nct AB BA .
0
1

x y
1 1
x y
20. Se consider matricele A
i B
. Determinai x, y R , astfel nct AB BA .
0 1
0 2
1 2
21. Se consider matricea A
. Determinai matricele X M 2 ( R) cu proprietatea c AX XA .
1 1

22. Se consider matricele

1 2
A
i
0 1

2 1
B
. Determinai matricele
1 0

X M 2 ( R) cu

proprietatea c AX XB .
23. Fie

A M 2 (C ) o matrice dat. Artai c nu exist nici o matrice

X M 2 (C ) astfel nct

AX XA I 2 .

1 1
1 2
0 3
24. Se consider matricele A
, B
i C
. Determinai matricea X M 2 ( R) ,
0
1
2
0

0 5
tiind c AX t XB C .
1 1
1 2
1 0
0 2
25. Se consider matricele A
, B
, C
i D
. Determinai matricele
0
1
2
0
1
1

4 1
X , Y M 2 ( R) , tiind c X AY B i CX Y D .
x 2 y

2
2
26. Se consider mulimea M
x, y Z i x 2 y 1 . Artai c, dac A, B M , atunci
y x

AB M .

2 2
4
1 2 3

27. Se consider matricele A 6

3 3 i B 2 1 0 . Artai c AB O3 .
10 5 5
4 5 6

28. Fie

x R i matricea

1
0 0

A( x )
x
1 0 . Artai c
2 x2 2 x 4 x 1

A( x ) A( y ) A( x y ) , oricare ar fi

x, y R .

1 0 0

29. Se consider matricea A 0 1 0 . Determinai matricele X M 3 ( R) , astfel nct AX XA .

0 1 2

1 1 0

30. Se consider matricea A 1 0 0 . Determinai matricele X M 3 ( R) , astfel nct AX XA .

0 0 1

-8-

 x 0 1
z 0 1

31. Fie x, y , z C i matricele A 1 y 0 i B 1 z 0 . Artai c AB BA dac i numai

0 1 z
0 1 z

dac x y z .

2 2
32. Se consider matricea A
.
2 2
a) Calculai A2 .
b) Determinai a R , astfel nct ( I 2 A)( I 2 aA) I 2 .
0 1
2
33. Se consider matricea A
. Determinai matricea X M 2 ( R) cu proprietatea c X A .
1 0
x
34. Se consider matricea A
y

y
2
M 2 ( R) . Determinai x, y R , tiind c A A 2 I 2 .
x

x 2
2 2
2
35. Fie x, y R i matricele A
, B
. Determinai x i y, astfel nct A A B .
y
1

1 4
x x 1
12 10
3
2
36. Fie x R i matricele A
, B
. Determinai x, tiind c A A B .
0
1
0
2

1 12
2
37. Se consider matricea A
. Determinai matricea X M 2 ( R) cu proprietatea c X A .

4
1

38.

1 5
a b
Se consider matricele A
i X
M 2 ( R) .
0 1
c d
a) Artai c, dac AX XA , atunci c 0 i d a .
b) Determinai matricea X, tiind c X 5 A .

0 2
2
39. Se consider matricea A
. Artai c nu exist nici o matrice X M 2 ( R) astfel nct X A .
0 0

40. Se consider funcia

injectiv.

f : M 2 ( R) M 2 ( R) ,

f ( X ) X 2 3 X 2 I 2 . Artai c funcia f nu este

41. Se consider funcia f : M 3 ( R) M 3 ( R) , f ( X ) X 3 3 X 2 X 3I 3 . Artai c funcia f nu este

injectiv.
2 i i

42. Se consider matricea A i 2 i (i 2 1) . Determinai matricea B A2 4 A 5I 3 .

i i 2

43. Fie

una dintre rdcinile cubice complexe ale unitii i matricele

1 2

B 2 1 . Calculai ( AB ) 2 .
2

-9-

1 1 1

A 1 2 ,
2
1

1 0 1

44. Se consider matricea A 0 0 0 . Artai c A( A I 3 )( A 2 I 3 ) O3 .

1 0 1

45. Se consider matricea A 0

1

46. Se consider matricea A 0

0

0 1

1 0 . Determinai a, b R , astfel nct A3 aA2 bA .

0 1
0 0

8 0 . Determinai matricea X M 3 ( R) , cu proprietatea c X 3 A .

0 8

2 1 1

47. Se consider matricea A 1 2 1 . Determinai x R , astfel nct A4 xA .

1 1 2

48. Fie una dintre rdcinile cubice complexe ale unitii i matricea

1 1 1

A 1 2 . Determinai
1 2

x R , astfel nct A5 xA .
2 1 0
3 1 2

49. Se consider matricele A 1 1 2 i B 3 2 4 .

1 2 1
3 5 1

a) Calculai A B, A B, AB, BA, A2 i B 2 .

b)

Fr a calcula A3 i B3 , determinai A3 B3 .

1
50. Se consider matricea A
0

0
0
1
0

0
0
0
1

0
. Determinai cea mai mic valoare a lui n N , pentru care
0

An I 4 .
4 2
n

51. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
2 1

52. Se consider matricele

B

2
A
2

1
i
1

B A 2 A 2 3 A 3 ... nA n

( n N ). Artai c

n (n 1)
A , oricare ar fi n N .
2

53. Se consider matricele

1 2
9n 1
2
3
n

A
A,
i B A A A ... A ( n N ). Artai c B
8
4 8

oricare ar fi n N .
1 2
2
3
4
2005
2006
54. Se consider matricele A
i B A A A A ... A A .
2 4
a) Calculai An ( n N ).
b) Artai c matricea B are toate elementele negative.

- 10 -

 0 1
1004 1003
2
2006
55. Se consider matricele A
i B I 2 A A ... A . Artai c B
.
1 0
1003 1004
1 1
n

56. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
0 2
1
57. Fie una dintre rdcinile cubice complexe ale unitii i matricea A 2
.
1
a) Calculai An ( n N )

b)

Determinai matricea B A A2 ... An ( n N ).

5 4
n

58. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).

3 1
n

59. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
1 3
2 1
n

60. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
3 2
1 2
n

61. Se consider matricea A

. Artai c A I 2 , oricare ar fi n N .
0 1
7 4
n

62. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).

a
a 1
n

63. Fie a R i matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).

(
a

1)

0
1
n

64. Fie a R i matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
a a 1
2 1
2
n

65. Se consider matricele A

i B A A ... A ( n N ). Determinai matricea B.
0 2

2
66. Se consider matricea A
2

3
67. Se consider matricea A
1

2
. Calculai A8 .
2
1
. Calculai An ( n N ).
3

2 1
2
101
68. Se consider matricele A
i B I 2 A A ... A .

a) Determinai cea mai mic valoare a lui n, pentru care An I 2 .

b) Aflai matricea B.
0 0
69. Se consider matricele U
i A( a) I 2 aU ( a R) .
1 1
a) Artai c A( a) A(b) A( a b ab ) .

- 11 -

b)

Determinai a, b Z , astfel nct A( a) A(b ) I 2 .

c)

Calculai An (a ) ( n N ).

1 1
2
99
100
70. Se consider matricele A
i B A A ... A A .
2
2

a) Determinai a R , astfel nct ( I 2 A)( I 2 aA) I 2 .

b)

Aflai matricea C M 2 ( R) , cu proprietatea c AC CA .

c)
d)

Calculai An ( n N ).
Artai c toate elementele matricei B sunt numere ntregi negative.

a b

71. Se consider mulimea M

a, b R .
0 a

a) Artai c A B M i AB M , oricare ar fi A, B M .

b)

a b
a b 1 2
Determinai matricea
, cu proprietatea c

I2 .
0
a

0 a 0 1

c)

a b
a b 1 2
Fie n N , n 2 . Aflai matricea
, cu proprietatea c

.
0
a

0 a 0 1

5 3
n

72. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
3 1
6 10
n

73. Se consider matricea A

. Calculai A ( n N ).
2 3

1 1
1 0
4
74. Se consider matricele A
, B
, C

3
1
0
2
3

4
a) Artai c AC CA I 2 .

1

4
i D ABC .
1

b)

Calculai B n ( n N ).

c)

Demonstrai c D n AB nC , oricare ar fi n N i, apoi, calculai D n .

a b
75. Fie a, b, c R , a c i matricea X
.
0 c

a)

Calculai X n ( n N ).

b)

A B
Artai c, dac X X 2 ... X n
, atunci b( A C ) B ( a c ) .
0 C

76. Se consider matricea

5
A
3

2
. Se noteaz cu
1

bn cn an d n

, oricare ar fi n N .
2
3
4

2 1
77. Se consider matricea A
.
1 2
a) Determinai a, b R , astfel nct A2 aA bI 2 .

b)

Artai c

An

3n 1
( A I 2 ) I 2 , oricare ar fi n N .
2

- 12 -

a
An n
cn

bn

( n N ) . Artai c
dn

c)

Calculai A A2 ... An ( n N ).

0 1 0

78. Se consider matricea A 1 0 1 . Calculai An ( n N ).

0 1 0

1 1 0

79. Se consider matricea A 0 1 2 . Artai c An I 3 , oricare ar fi n N .

0 0 1

2
1
1

80. Se consider matricea A 2 3 2 . Calculai An ( n N ).

3 3 2

2 3 6

81. Se consider matricea A 0 2 9 . Calculai An ( n N ).

0 0 2

1 1 1

82. Se consider matricea

A 0 1 1 . Calculai An ( n N ) i, apoi, determinai matricea
0 0 1

k 1

1 0 0
1 1 0

83. Se consider matricele A 1 1 0 , B 0 1 0 i C A A2 ... A100 .

0 0 1
0 0 1

a) Artai c A2 B 2 I 3 .
b) Determinai matricea C.
c) Demonstrai c ( AB )n I 3 , oricare ar fi n N .
1 1 1
2 1 1

84. Se consider matricele A 1 1 1 i B 1 2 1 .

1 1 1
1 1 2

n
n
a) Calculai A i B .
b) Artai c AB BA O3 i, apoi, calculai ( A B ) n ( n N ).
2

85. Se consider matricea A 0

0

86. Se consider matricele A 1

0

3 6

2 3 . Calculai An .
0 2
0 1

0 0 i B I 3 A A2 ... A2006 . Artai c elementele matricei B

1 0

sunt egale.

Rspunsuri
- 13 -

1.

23 33

2.

x 6, y 3, z 0, t 2

4.

5.

1 0 2
X

0 1 0

7.

a
1
X
, a R
3 a 2

11 3 14
1
1

Y 1
7 2
10.
B ( A t A)
i
C ( A t A)
2
2
5 1 13

2n
2
2
2n1 2

2 n( n 1)
a b
n ( n 1) n(n 1)

11. B
12.
B

2n 1 16. x y 0 17. B
,
n1

n
2

n
(
n

1)
n
n

c d

(
n

1)!

1
2

1
3

18. A aI 2 (a oarecare n R) 19. x 0, y 3 20. x 2, y a ( a R)

b 3c sau a b d

9.

4 2 6

X 0 4 0 ,
0 0 6

2b
a
21. X
, a, b R

b
a

2b

a a 2c
1 2
2 1
22. X
24. X
25. X
, a, c R

c
c
0
1

1 0
0
a b
a b b 0
2 1

i Y
29. X c d
0 , a , b, c, d , e R
30. X b a 0 , a, b, c R

1
0

c e d e
0
0 c

1 0
2 0
2 1 1
2 1 1
32. A2 O2 i a 1 33. X

sau X

34. A
sau A

0
1
2 1 1
2 1 1

0 2
2 3
2 3
1 1
35. x 1, y 1
36. x 2
37. X
sau X
38. X

1 2
1 2
0 1
1 1 1
0 0 0
1 0 0

42. B 1 1 1 43. ( AB )2 9 0 0 0 45. a 3, b 2 46. A 0 2 0 47. x 27

2
1 1 1
1
0 0 2

2006
1 1 2n
1

5
48. x 9
50. n 4 51. An 5n1 A 54. An 5n1 A , B
A
56. An

6
2 n
0
2n 1
n
(2n 1)
4 n 1 4n
2n 1
n
n
n1 2 1
57. B n
60. A2 n 7 n I 2 ,
58. A
59. A 2 n
2
n
n

4
n
1

4
n
(2

1)

1
2

1
2

6
n

1
4
n

62. A n
63.
An A ,
oricare ar fi
A2 n1 7 n A
n N

1 6n
9 n
1
0
2 n 1 2 ( n 1) 2 n 1

64.
An
65. B
66. A 8 2 8 I 2

n
n
n 1
0
2

2
( a 1) 1 ( a 1)

cos
6
67. A 2
n

sin
6

n
6
n
cos
6

sin

68. a) n 6 ;

b) B O2

69. b) a b 0 sau

a b 2 ;

1
0
b

a
1
n
n 1
c) An (a )
70. a) a ; b) C
; c) A 3 A 71. b) a 1,
n
n
(
a

1)

1
(
a

1)
2
b
a

b
4

2
2
sau a 1, b , iar dac n este numr impar,
b 2 ; c) dac n numr par, atunci a 1, b
n
n
1
1

2
n
n
atunci a 1, b
72.
An 2n I 2 2n1 3nB, unde B
73. A I 2 (2 1) B, unde
n
1 1
5 10
B

2 4

1 0
74. B
n
0 2
n

1 1 3 2n 2n 1
D n

4 3(2 1) 2 n 3
n

- 14 -

n
a
75. X
0

b (a n c n )

ac
n

(3n1 2 n 3)
( A I 2 ) nI 2 78. A2 n1 2 n1 A,
4

77. a) a 4, b 3 ; c) A A2 ... An
1

80. A n I 3 C n1 B , unde B 2
3

0 1 2

B 0 0 3 82.
0 0 0

( A B) 3

n1

1 n

An 0 1
0 0

A (1)

n1

1
2
3

2 81. A n 2 n I 3 3 2 n 1 C n1 B 9 2 n 2 C n2 B 2 , unde
3

n( n 1)

100 0 0
2

n 83. C 50 0 0 84. An 3n1 A ,

0 0 100
1

2n

85. An 0
0

A2 n 2 n1 A2

3 2n1 n 3 2n n 9 2 n3 n(n 1)

2n
3 2n1 n

0
2n

86.

B n ( 1) n1 3n 1 B ,

1 1 1

B 669 1 1 1 .
1 1 1

3. DETERMINANI

1.

2 3 1 2

Calculai determinanii:

1 2

2 3

, 2

1 2i 2i
1 2cos a 2sin a 3
, 3
,
i
1 2i
2sin a 3 1 2cos a

2.

( a b)( a bi ) b ab
a

a bi

Fie una dintre rdcinile cubice complexe ale unitii. Calculai determinanii 1
2

1
2

2 1 1
.
1
2
2cos x 1

3.

Fie x R i determinantul ( x )

4.

Artai c det( A B) det( A B) 2 det( A) det( B) , oricare ar fi A, B M 2 (C ) .

5.

a) Artai c det( AB ) det( A)det( B ) , oricare ar fi A, B M 2 ( R) .

b)

Demonstrai

cos3 x

. Rezolvai ecuaia ( x ) 3 .

det( A 1 A 2 ... A n ) det( A 1 ) det( A 2 ) ... det( A n ) ,

n

oricare

ar

fi

A 1 , A 2 , ..., A n M 2 (C ) ( n N ) . Deducei, apoi, c det( A ) det( A) , oricare ar fi A M 2 (C ) i

oricare ar fi n N .

6.

1 1 1
Se consider determinanii 1 1 2 3
1 2 6

1 1 2
i 2 1 1 3 . Artai c 2 12 .
5 4 1

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7.

1 1 4
1
i 1 i
1 1
i
Calculai determinanii: 1 2 1 3 , 2 i
1 0 , 3 i 1
i .
1 3 14
1 i 0 1
2 2i 1 i

0
1

0
2

1 .
1

8.

Fie ( 1) una dintre rdcinile ecuaiei x 1 0 . Calculai determinantul

9.

1
1
1
a b b
a b b
Calculai determinanii: 1 1 1 a
1 , 2 a a b , 3 b a a .
1
1 1 b
a b a
a b a

10. Rezolvai ecuaia

1 2 1
2 1 1 0 .
3 x2 2 x

11. Rezolvai ecuaia

2x
x2
4 2x

2 x
1
2
x
1 0 .
x2 x2

12. Fr a calcula determinanii, artai c

a1 b1 x a1 b1 x c1
a1
a2 b2 x a2 b2 x c2 2 x a2
a3 b3 x a3 b3 x c3
a3

a b a (b c)
13. Calculai determinanii: 1 b c b (c a )

1
2 , 2

c a c( a b) 3

14. Fie ak , bk , ck R, k 1,3 . Artai c:

a1 b1
a2 b1
a3 b1

b1
b2
b3

c1
c2 .
c3

1 x

2 3x

3 5x

1
1
1 2
3
x2 1
x 1

a1 b2
a2 b2
a3 b2

a1 b3
a2 b3 0 i
a3 b3

1
5
x2 1

a1 b1i a1i b1
a2 b2i a2i b2
a3 b3i a3i b3

c1
c2 0 .
c3

1 2 3

15. Se consider matricele A 1 3 4 i B I 3 nA . Artai c det( B ) 0 , oricare ar fi n N .

1 4 5

16. Fie a, b, c R . Calculai determinanii:

1
a2
3c , 2 b 2

1
a

1
2b

a2

4b 2 9c 2

17. Fie a, b, c C . Calculai determinantul

c2

( a 1)2
(b 1) 2
(c 1) 2
a
bc
b2 c2

produs.

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( a 2)2
a b c
(b 2) 2 , 3 a 2 b 2 c 2 .
(c 2) 2
bc ca ab
b
ca
c2 a2

c
a b , scriind rezultatul sub form de
a2 b2

ab a b a 2 b 2
i 2 bc b c b 2 c 2 , scriind
ca c a c 2 a 2

1 a b ab
18. Fie a, b, c C . Calculai determinanii 1 1 b c bc
1 c a ca

fiecare dintre rezultatele obinute sub form de produs.

19. Fie

1
a
a4

a, b, c C . Calculai n dou moduri determinantul

1
b
b4

1
c
c4

i, apoi, artai c

a 4 (c b ) b 4 (c a ) c 4 (b a ) (b a )(c a )(c b )( a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca ) .

20. Fie

a b c
b c a
c a b

a, b, c C . Calculai n dou moduri determinantul

i, apoi, artai c

( a b c)(a 2 b 2 c 2 ab bc ca ) a 3 b 3 c 3 3abc .

ab
2
ab
2 ab
ab

21. Fie a, b, c (0, ) . Calculai determinantul

bc
2
bc
2bc
bc

ca
2
ca , scriind rezultatul sub form de
2ca
ca

produs.

22. Artai c n orice triunghi ABC are loc egalitatea

23. Fie a, b R . Artai c ecuaia

1
a
cos A
a2

1
b
cos B
b2

c
1
0.
c
cos C
c2

x a b
b x a 0 are numai rdcini reale dac i numai dac a b . n
a b x

acest caz, rezolvai ecuaia.

1
24. Fie x1 , x2 , x3 rdcinile ecuaiei x3 x 2 x 2 0 . Calculai determinantul x1 x2
x1 x3

1
x1 x3
x2 x3

x13
25. Fie x1 , x2 , x3 rdcinile ecuaiei x 3 x 1 0 . Calculai determinantul x2
x3

x23
x3

x33
x1 .
x2

x14
26. Fie x1 , x2 , x3 rdcinile ecuaiei x 3 x 3 0 . Calculai determinantul x2
x3

x24
x3

27. Fie x1 , x2 , x3 rdcinile ecuaiei x3 3 x 2 2 x 2 0 . Calculai determinantul

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x1

x1

x34
x1 .
x2

1
x2 x3 .
x1 x2

x1 x2

x1 x3
x1 ( x2 x3 )

x2 ( x1 x3 )
x2 x3
x2 x1

x3 x2
x3 ( x1 x2 ) .
x3 x1

28. Artai c, dac un determinant de ordinul patru are cel puin 13 elemente egale cu 0, atunci
determinantul este nul.
29. Artai c, dac un determinant de ordinul patru are cel puin 14 elemente egale, atunci determinantul
este nul.
2
1
30. Calculai determinanii: 1
1
1

1
2
1
1

1
1
2
1

1
1 2
1
2 2
, 2
1
2 2
2
2 2

1
1
31. Calculai determinanii: 1
1
1

1 1 1
5 1
2 3 4
4 0
, 2
4 9 16
3 1
8 27 64
2 1

2
2
3
2

1 1
3 6
1
2 2 3 1
1
32. Calculai determinanii: 1
, 2
3 1 1 2
0
4 1 1 3
2

33. Fie a, b, c R . Calculai determinantul

0
1
1
1

34. Fie a, b, c R . Calculai determinantul

1 1
1 a
1 a2
1 a3

35. Fie a, b, c, d C . Calculai determinantul

36. Fie a, b C . Calculai determinantul

1
0
a
b

1
a
0
c
1
b
b2
b3

2
2 1
2
1 3
, 3
2
1 1
4
1 1
1
1
0
1

1
b
.
c
0
1
c
.
c2
c3

a2
b2
c2

( a 1) 2
(b 1)2
(c 1) 2

( a 2) 2
(b 2) 2
(c 2)2

(a 3) 2
(b 3) 2
.
(c 3) 2

d2

(d 1) 2

(d 2)2

( d 3) 2

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1
1
.
1
5

1
1 1 1 1
1
1 2 3 4
, 3
.
1
1 3 6 10
0
1 4 10 20

2 1 1
2 0 3
.
3 1 1
2 2 5

b
1 0 0
ab
b 1 0
.
a 2b ab b 1
a 3b a 2b ab b

1
1
4
1

37. Fie a, b, c C . Calculai determinantul

1
1
38. Calculai determinanii: 1
1
1

39. Calculai determinantul

1
a
a2
a4

1
b
b2
b4

0 1
1 0
1 a2
1 b2

1
a2
0
c2

1
b2
.
c2
0

a b c
a
b
c d
a
x b c
x x
0 0
b
, 2
, 3
a y c
0 y y 0
c
a b z
0
0 z z
d
1
c
c2
c4

1
x
0
0

0 0
1 0
.
x 1
0 x

1
d
, scriind rezultatul sub form de produs.
d2
d4

40. Fie a, b, c, d R . Calculai determinantul

1 cos a
1 cos b
1 cos c

cos 2 a
cos 2 b
cos 2 c

cos 3 a
cos 3 b
, scriind rezultatul sub form de
cos3 c

1 cos d

cos 2 d

cos3 d

produs.

41. Rezolvai ecuaia

1
2
3
4
x 4 x 3 x 2 x 1
0.
1
1
1
1
1
x
x2
x3

42. Fie a, b, c trei numere reale i distincte. Rezolvai ecuaia

bcx cax abx abc

1
1
1
1
0.
a
b
c
x
a2 b2
c2
x2

2 7
4
43. Se consider matricea A
. Determinai matricele X M 2 ( R) , cu proprietatea c X A .
4 14
1 1
3
44. Se consider matricea A
. Determinai matricele X M 2 (C ) , cu proprietatea c X A .

7
7

45. Artai c, dac

A M 2 (Q) i det A2 2 I 2 0 , atunci A2 2I 2 .

46. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(1, 1), B (3, 7) i C ( 3, 2) . Artai c aceste
puncte sunt coliniare.
47. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A( a, b), B(b, a ) i C ( a, 2a b ) . Artai c aceste
puncte sunt coliniare, oricare ar fi a, b R .
48. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(1, 1), B (2, 1), C (1, 5) i D(0, 3) . Artai c
aceste puncte sunt coliniare.
49. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(1, 1), B (2, 2) i C (3a 8, a 2) . Determinai
a R , astfel nct aceste puncte s fie coliniare.

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50. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(8, 0), B (3, 6) i C (0, 3) . Fie D intersecia
dreptei BC cu axa Ox, iar E intersecia dreptei AB cu axa Oy. Artai c mijloacele segmentelor OB,
AC i DE sunt coliniare.
51. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(2, 3), B (3, 1) i C (1, 1) . Aflai [ABC].
52. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(2, 1), B ( 2, 5), C ( 4, 3) i D( 1, 1) . Aflai
[ABCD].
53. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele
3
m R , tiind c [ ABC ] .
2

A (2, 3), B (4, m 4), C ( m 3, 5) . Determinai

54. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele

A (2, 2), B (5, 1) i dreapta h avnd ecuaia

x 2 y 8 0 . Determinai punctul C h , tiind c [ ABC ] 17 .

55. ntr-un reper cartezian xOy, se consider punctele A(3, 2), B(0, 4), C (2, 0), D(2, 2) i dreapta h
avnd ecuaia x y 1 0 . Determinai punctul M h , tiind c 3 [ MAB] 5 [ MCD] .

Rspunsuri

3. x 2 k 2 k , k Z
3

7. 1 2 0, 3 4 i 2 8. 1 9. 1 ab, 2 a ( a b) 2 , 3 ( a b)( a b) 2 10. x 1, 9

1. 1 2, 2 3, 3 6, 4 a 3 b 3

11. x 2 , 0 , 2 13. 1 2 0

2. 1 1, 2

16. 1 (2 b a )(3c a )(3c 2b ), 2 4(b a )( c a )( c b ),

17. ( a b)(b c)(c a )(a b c )

3 (b a )(c a )(c b)(ab bc ca )

18. 1 (a b )(a c)(b c) ,

2 (a b)(b c )(c a)(ab bc ca )

bc
ab ca
ab ca
bc
21. ( a b )(b c )(c a )

23. x1 x 2 a , x 3 2 a

c
a

b
c

a
a

b
c

a
b

24. 5 25. 9 26. 54 27. 45 30. 1 5, 2 4, 3 74 31. 1 12, 2 1,

3 1

32. 1 0, 2 9

35. 0 36. b ( a b )

33. a 2 b 2 c 2 2( ab bc ca )

37. ( a b c )( a b c )( a b c )( a b c )
3

2 xyz ( a b c d ), 3 ax bx cx d

40.

34. ( a 1)(b 1)(c 1)(b a )(c a )(c b )

38. 1 ( x a )( y b )( z c ),

39. (b a )(c a )(c b )( d a )(d b )(d c)(a b c d )

(cos b cos a )(cos c cos a)(cos c cos b)(cos d cos a)(cos d cos b)(cos d cos c )

x2 1, x3 x4 1 42. x1 a, x2 b, x3 c

43. X

41.

x1 5 ,

1
1
1

A sau X A 44. X A sau X A

8
8
4
4

2
A , unde este una dintre rdcinile cubice complexe ale unitii 49. a 1 51. 2 52. 17
4
18
76
53. m 1 7, 2, 0, 1 7
54. C (12, 10) sau C
,
55. M (1, 0) sau

5
5

M (3, 4) .
sau X

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