Indicatii pentru realizarea proiectului de ECA

1. Stabilirea geometriei configuratiei

Se va face o documentare asupra avionului de model pentru obtinerea informatiilor necesare.
Se va cauta un desen al avionului in trei vederi.
Se va scrie o scurta descriere.
Se va retine o dimensiune caracteristica: anvergura aripii, lungimea fuselajului, ..., pentru a putea obtine un factor de scara.
1.1. Geometria aripii
anvergura, coarda in axul fuselajului, coarda la extremitate, coarda la incastrare, unghiuri de sageata, suprfata, suprfata
redusa, alungire, alungire redusa, raport de trapezoidalitate, raport de trapezoidalitate redus, legea corzilor, coarda medie
aerodinamica, suprafete de comanda (flaps, eleron), profil aerodinamic.

Aripa se va proiecta ca o aripa trapezoidala, in sageata sau dreapta. Se determina prin masurare pe desen anvergura, b,
coarda la extremitate, ce , unghiurile de sageata la 0% (bordul de atac) si 100% (bordul de fuga). Se va determina anvergura
redusa, b' (de la virful aripii pina la incastrarea in fuselaj) pentru cazul aripilor de alungire mica (<6). Se va alege geometria
flapsurilor si a eleroanelor (1 flaps + 1eleron)
Se va desena aripa aleasa in vedere de sus.
Se va alege profilul aripii si se vor extrage caracteristicile aerodinamice ale acestuia la nr. Reynolds cel mai mare din
graficele disponibile (Profile NACA): Cz_inf(α), Cx_inf(Cz_inf), Cm0_inf(Cz_inf)

Caracteristici aerodinamice aripa:

Profil: Naca 4415

Anvergura: b := 2 ⋅ 7.32 = 14.6

Anvergura redusa (pt cazul λ<6): Toate marimile reduse de mai jos se determina doar in cazul alungirii reduse!
b' := 2⋅ 7.03 = 14.1

Corzi date: ce := 1.78

Sageti date: χ0 := 47⋅ deg χ100 := 15⋅ deg

b ⋅ tan( χ100)
c0 := ce + tan( χ0) ⋅
b
Corzi calculate: − = 7.67
2 2

b − b'
ci := c0 − ⋅ ( tan( χ0) − tan( χ100) ) = 7.44
2

 −c0 + ce + b⋅ tan( χ0) 

Sageti calculate χ50 := atan  = 33.83⋅ deg
 b 
 −c0 ce 
 2 + 2 + b⋅ tan( χ0) 
χ25 := atan  = 41.06⋅ deg
 b 

Legea de variatie a corzii: c( y) := c0 − y⋅ ( tan( χ0) − tan( χ100) ) c'( y) := ci − y⋅ ( tan( χ0) − tan( χ100) )

2
S := ( c0 + ce) ⋅
b b
suprafata aripii: = 69.16 alungirea aripii: λ := = 3.1
2 S
 S' := ( ci + ce) ⋅
b' 2
suprafata redusa: = 64.78 b'
2 alungirea redusa: λ' := = 3.05
S'

c0 ci
Raport de trapezoidalitate: r := = 4.31 r' := = 4.18
ce ce
b b'
⌠2 ⌠2
2  2 2  2
Coarda medie aerodinamica: cma := ⋅  c( y) dy = 5.34 cma' := ⋅  c'( y) dy = 5.19
S ⌡ 0 S' ⌡ 0
Pozitia Cma y := 0
ycma := root( c( y) − cma , y) = 2.9 ycma' := root( c'( y) − cma' , y) = 2.8

xcma := ycma⋅ tan( χ0) = 3.11

grosimea relativa: ε := 15% pozitia grosimii relative maxime ae := 40%

Caracteristic profil NACA4415

 16   1.6   0.02 
 14   1.62   0.0175 
     
 12   1.53   0.015 
 10   1.38   0.012 
     
 8   1.2   0.0096 
 6   1.0   0.0077 
 4   .8   0.00705 
   
 
αinf := 
2   .6 
 0 
⋅ deg Czinf :=
 .4  Cxinf :=  0.0067 

 −2   .2   0.0064 
     0.00645 
 −4   0   
 −6   −.2   0.0066 
     0.0068 
 
 −8   −.4   0.0075 
 −10   −.6 
 −12   −.8   0.0084 
     0.01 
 −14   −1   
 0.012 

i := 0 .. 15 α1e := αinf Cz1e := Czinf Cz_inf ( x) := interp ( lspline( α1e , Cz1e) , α1e , Cz1e , x)
i 15− i i 15− i

Cx1e := Cxinf Cx_inf( x) := interp ( lspline( α1e , Cx1 e) , α1e , Cx1e , x)

i 15− i
α := −5 deg , −4 deg .. 16deg
 2

Czinf
i
1
Cz_inf ( α)
Czinf
i
0
Cz_inf ( α)

−1
− 20 − 10 0 10 20
αinf
α −1
i −3
, 5× 10 0.01 0.015 0.02
deg deg
Cxinf , Cx_inf( α)
i

C z_inf ( 4deg) − Cz_inf ( −4deg)

panta portantei Czα_inf := = 5.73
8deg

α la portanta nula
a := 0 α0 := root( Cz_inf ( a) , a) = −4⋅ deg

portanta maxima Czmax_inf := 1.62 incidenta critica αcr_inf := 13.9deg

coeficientul de neliniaritate: c1 := 0.15 Fig 1.6 Avioane si Rachete, concepte de proiectare

Date atmosfera
4.225
ρ0 := 1.225 T0 := 288.15 T( H) := T0 − 0.0065⋅ H ρ( H) := ρ0⋅ ( 1 − 0.0000226⋅ H)

3
2
⋅ 
−5 T( H)  388 μ( H)
μ( H) := 1.82⋅ 10  ⋅ 110 + T( H) a( H) := 20.0519⋅ T( H) ν( H) :=
 288  ρ( H)

960
V := = 266.67
Viteza de croaziera (se alege) V=960Km/h 3.6

Altitudinea de croaziera (se alege) H=8000m

−5
H := 8000 T( H) = 236.15 ρ( H) = 0.52748 a( H) = 308.14101 μ( H) = 1.51472 × 10
 V
Mach de croaziera M := = 0.87 Mach maxim de zbor:
a( H) M max := 1.5⋅ M = 1.3
din diagrama de manevra si rafala sau:

M ⋅ a( H) ⋅ cma⋅ ρ( H) 7
Re := = 4.95501 × 10
Reynolds μ( H)

Calcul panta portantei aripa in incompresibil si compresibil subsonic

Nr. Mach critic
 −c0⋅ e⋅ 2 + ce⋅ e⋅ 2 + b⋅ tan( χ0) 
pozitia grosimii maxime e := 40% χe := atan  = 36.89⋅ deg
 b 
 0.35   0.58 
 0.4   0.5  Fig
 0.45   0.44  3.14 i := 0 .. 8
   
 0.5   0.36 
∆Mcχ := 0.9⋅ tan( χe) ( )( )
1.2
M c :=  0.6  Czc :=  0.24  ⋅ 1 − M c ⋅ M c − 0.4
i i i
 0.65   0.2 
   
( )( )
− 1.5
∆Mcλ := 0.3⋅ λ' ⋅ 1 − M c ⋅ M c − 0.4
 0.7   0.15  i i i
 0.75   0.12  Mcc := M c + ∆Mcχ + ∆Mcλ
 0.85   0.  i i i i

0.7

0.6

0.5 Czcr( t) := interp ( pspline( Mcc , Czc) , Mcc , Czc , t)

Czc 0.4

Czc 0.3
t := 0
0.2

root( Czcr( t) , t) = 0.897

0.1

0
0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
M c , Mcc

Alegere numere Mach de calcul

incompresibil: 0.3 subsonic compresibil: 0.4,0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.897

 0.3  Din graficul de mai sus al Cz critic functie de Mach se determina regimurile de calcul:
  - limita stanga ( approx. M=0.35) a curbei corectate este sfarsitul regnului
 0.4  incompresibil; se va alege un punct de calcul; ex.: M=0.3
 0.5  - intre limita stanga si limita dreapta (M=0.35-0.88) avem regim compresibil subsonic;
Mach :=  0.6  i := 0 .. 6 se or alege 4-5 valori pt M (0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.897-limita)
  - pana la M la care bordurile de atac devin supersonice (unghiul conului Mach egal cu
 0.7  sageata la b.a.) avem regim transonic; se vor alege 1-2 valori pt. M
 0.8  - mai departe avem regim supersonic (daca e cazul); se vor alege 3-4 valori pt. M pana
 
 0.897  la M maxim de zbor
calcul taup, deltap. Pentru λ<6
λ< se lucreaza cu λ'.

( ) ⋅ cos(χ )2
2
λ'⋅ 1 − Mach
r1 − 1
β0 := 0.5⋅  
i 50 0.383 0.924
r1 := 1 q := Λ := + 
r1 i cos( χ50)  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 

⋅  
Czα_inf r1 0.707 0.383 0.924
Λ1 := Λ μ0 := ⋅ β2 := − 
i i i 2⋅ Λ1
i
r1 + 1 2  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 

β4 := 0.25⋅  
0.383 0.924 0.707
+  − 0.5⋅ 1 − 0.707⋅ q
 1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 
 ( β2 − β4)2 π
1 
τp := ⋅ ( β0 − β2) − − 2 2
i μ0  3 ⋅ μ0 + β0 4  β2 − β4   β2 β2 − β4 β4 
i   δp := 3 ⋅   + 5⋅  ⋅ −
5 ⋅ μ + β0 3 ⋅ μ0 + β0 5 ⋅ μ0 + β0 
i i 3 ⋅ μ + β0
 0i   0i i i 

calucul tau1, delta1

Λ1 := Czα_inf

r1 − 1
β0 := 0.5⋅  
Czα_inf r1 0.383 0.924
r1 := r' q := μ0 := ⋅ + 
r1 2 ⋅ Λ1 r1 + 1  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 

⋅  
0.707 0.383 0.924
β2 := − 
2  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 

β4 := 0.25⋅   − 0.5⋅ 0.707

0.383 0.924
+ 
 (β2 − β4) 2 π ci⋅ b'  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q  1 − 0.707⋅ q
⋅ ( β0 − β2) −
1
τ1 := − ⋅
μ0  3 ⋅ μ0 + β0 4 S'  2 2
 β2 − β4   β2 β2 − β4 β4 
δ1 := 3 ⋅   + 5⋅  ⋅ − 
 3 ⋅ μ0 + β0   5 ⋅ μ0 + β0 3 ⋅ μ0 + β0 5 ⋅ μ0 + β0 

calcul tau2, delta2

Λ1 := Czα_inf

r1 − 1
β0 := 0.5⋅  
Czα_inf r1 0.383 0.924
r1 := 1 q := μ0 := ⋅ + 
r1 2 ⋅ Λ1 r1 + 1  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 

⋅  
0.707 0.383 0.924
β2 := − 
2  1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q 

β4 := 0.25⋅   − 0.5⋅ 0.707

0.383 0.924
+ 
 1 − 0.924⋅ q 1 − 0.383⋅ q  1 − 0.707⋅ q

 (β2 − β4) 2  2 2
π  β2 − β4   β2 β2 − β4 β4 
⋅ ( β0 − β2) −
1
τ2 := − δ2 := 3 ⋅   + 5⋅  ⋅ − 
μ0  3 ⋅ μ0 + β0 4   3 ⋅ μ0 + β0   5 ⋅ μ0 + β0 3 ⋅ μ0 + β0 5 ⋅ μ0 + β0 
 calcul tau
τ1
τ := τp ⋅
i i τ2

 2.93543 
 
Panta portantei aripii  2.97758 
subsonic  3.03502 
π⋅ λ'
Cza := Cza =  3.11085 
i  
(π⋅ Λi)
2
 3.20979 
(1 + τi)
2
1+τ + +  3.33932 
i 2
Czα_inf  3.50598 
 
j := 1 .. 6

 0.75   2.28864 
 0.79   2.4107 
   
λ'⋅ tan( χ50) = 2.04501 r' = 4.17701  0.8   2.44122 
( )
2
λ'⋅ 1 − Mach = Czatr := ⋅ λ' fig 3.16-3.19 Czatr =
j  0.83   2.53276 
2.79677  0.86   2.62431 
   
2.6427  0.9   2.74637 
2.44122
2.17922
1.83091
1.34887

Cz maxim si alpha critic: se alege una din variantele de mai jos in functie de relatia λ<>λ
λ*
1 c1s := 0.48 4
= 0.23941 Fig 3.4 λs := λs = 3.96292 λ' = 3.05152
r' c2s := 0.97 ( c1s + 1) ⋅ cos( χ0)

⋅ cos( χ0) =
λ' π
( c1s + 1 ) ⋅ Czmax_et := 1 αcr_et := 26⋅ Fig

( )
2 180 3.11
1 − Mach
0
 2 
2
( c2s + 1 ) ⋅ λ'⋅ tan( χ0) =  
λ'⋅ cos( χ0) ⋅ 1 +    = ∆αcr := −3 ⋅
π
∆Czmax := −0.1 Fig 3.12
  r'   180
180
Czmax := Czmaxet + ∆Czmax αcr := αcret + ∆αcr Czmax = αcr⋅ =
π
---------------------------------------------------------

Czmax := 1.04⋅ C zmax_inf = 1.685 Fig. 3.5

Czmax
∆αcr := 2.8deg Fig.3.7 αcr := + α0 + ∆αcr = 31.69⋅ deg
Cza
0

incidenta limita pt valabilitatea

αteor := 0.65⋅ αcr = 20.6⋅ deg
teoriei liniare
Portanta aripii subsonic

α := α0 , 0.5deg + α0 .. αteor

Cz0( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
0

Cz1( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
1

( ( ) )
αt := 0 αcr1 := root Cz1( αt) − Czcr Mach , αt = 5.54116 ⋅ deg
1

Cz1( α) := if α < αcr1 , Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0) , Czcr Mach

( ) + Czatr0⋅ (α − αcr ) + c ⋅ (α − αcr ) 
2 2
 1 1 1 1 1

Cz2( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
2

( ( ) )
αt := 0 αcr2 := root Cz2( αt) − Czcr Mach , αt = 3.57968 ⋅ deg
2

Cz2( α) := if α < αcr2 , Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0) , Czcr Mach

( ) + Czatr1⋅ (α − αcr ) + c ⋅ (α − αcr ) 
2 2
 2 2 2 1 2

Cz3( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
3

( ( ) )
αt := 0 αcr3 := root Cz3( αt) − Czcr Mach , αt = 1.26244 ⋅ deg
3

Cz3( α) := if α < αcr3 , Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0) , Czcr Mach

( ) + Czatr2⋅ (α − αcr ) + c ⋅ (α − αcr ) 
2 2
 3 3 3 1 3

Cz4( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
4

( ( ) )
αt := 0 αcr4 := root Cz4( αt) − Czcr Mach , αt = −0.27964 ⋅ deg
4
 Cz4( α) := if α < αcr4 , Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0) , Czcr Mach ( ) + Czatr3⋅ (α − αcr ) + c ⋅ (α − αcr ) 
2 2
 4 4 4 1 4

Cz5( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
5

( (
αt := 0 αcr5 := root Cz5( αt) − Czcr Mach , αt = −1.823⋅ deg) )
5

Cz5( α) := if α < αcr5 , Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0) , Czcr Mach ( ) + Czatr4⋅ (α − αcr ) + c ⋅ (α − αcr ) 
2 2
 5 5 5 1 5

Cz6( α) := Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
6

( ( ) )
αt := 0 αcr6 := root Cz6( αt) − Czcr Mach , αt = −4.00487 ⋅ deg
6

Cz6( α) := if α < αcr6 , Cza ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0) , Czcr Mach ( ) + Czatr5⋅ (α − αcr ) + c ⋅ (α − αcr ) 
2 2
 6 6 6 1 6

Portanta aripii in regim transonic pur si supersonic

Nr. Mach la care b.a. devin sonice:

tan( χ0) + 1 = 1.46628

2
M tr :=

Numerele Mach alese pt calcul in supersonic

 1.1 
 1.5 
Macht :=  1.2  ii := 0 .. 2 Machs :=   iii := 0 .. 1
   1.7 
 1.3 

Panta portantei aripii: (cf Fig 3.16-3.19) λ'⋅ tan( χ50) = 2.04501 r' = 4.17701

(Machtii)
2
λ'⋅ −1 =
 0.95   2.89895 
Czat := 0.8 ⋅ λ' =  2.44122 
 
1.39838
2.02415    
2.53479  0.77   2.34967 

(Machsiii)
2
λ'⋅ −1 =

3.41171  0.7  ⋅ λ' =  2.13607 

Czas :=    
4.19515  0.65   1.98349 
 Cz10( α) := Czas ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)
2
Cz7( α) := Czat ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)
2
0
0

Cz11( α) := Czas ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
Cz8( α) := Czat ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)
2
1
1

Cz9( α) := Czat ⋅ ( α − α0) + c1⋅ ( α − α0)

2
2

1
Cz

0.5

0
0 10 20

alpha
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.897
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7
Calculul rezistentei de profil

Coeficientul rezistentei de forma:

Mach ⋅ a( H) ⋅ cma
i
Re1 := numere Reynolds in incompresibil si compresibil subsonic
i ν( H)

Macht ⋅ a( H) ⋅ cma
ii
Re1t := numere Reynolds in transonic
ii ν( H)

Machs ⋅ a( H) ⋅ cma
iii numere Reynolds in supersonic
Re1s :=
iii ν( H)

 1.7177 × 107 
   6.29822 × 107 
 0.3   2.29026 × 107   1.1   
 
  Macht =  1.2  Re1t = 6.87079 × 107 

 0.4   2.86283 × 107     
 0.5     1.3   7
Mach =  0.6  Re1 =  3.43539 × 107   7.44335 × 10 
   
 0.7   4.00796 × 107   8.58848 × 107 
 0.8   1.5  Re1s =  
 7
Machs =  
 0.897   4.58052 × 10   1.7   7
   9.73361 × 10 
 7
 5.13591 × 10 
Rezistenta la inaintare minima a profilului

a := 0deg

Cx_inf_min := Cx_inf  root

  d C ( a) , a  = 6.38126 × 10− 3
x_inf 
  da 

Rezistenta la inaintare minima aripa

( i)
− 0.145
0.0315⋅ Re1
Cxmin := ⋅ (C x_inf_min)
i
0.0315⋅ ( 9⋅ 10 )
− 0.145
6

( ii)
− 0.145
0.0315⋅ Re1t
Cxmint := ⋅C x_inf_min
ii
0.0315⋅ ( 9 ⋅ 10 )
− 0.145
6

( iii)
− 0.145
0.0315⋅ Re1s
Cxmins := ⋅C x_inf_min
iii
0.0315⋅ ( 9 ⋅ 10 )
− 0.145
6
 Rezistenta de profil

Cxp( α) := Cx_inf( α) − Cx_inf_min

30

20

α
10
deg

− 10
−3
0 5×10 0.01 0.015 0.02
Cxp( α)

Rezistenta de unda in transonic

Constructia curbei de variatie a rezistentei de unda cu numarul Mach 1
- constructia pe zona M<1:
3
λ'⋅ ε = 1.62136 cf. Fig. 3.29:

 1.2   0.25  0
1   0.7  0 0.01059
 0.8   2.3  1 0.02964
 0.6   3.  2 0.0974 j := 0 .. 6
    3 0.12704
 0.5   3.25  5 2
 0.3   3.5  3 4 0.13763  1

v1 :=   Cxu01 :=   ⋅ε Cxu01 = 5
M1 := 1 − v1 ⋅ ε 

0.14821 3
0   3.6  6 0.15245
j  j 
 0.2   3.62  7 0.15329
 0.4   3.627  jj := 7 .. 11
    8 0.15359
 0.6   3.635  9 0.15393 2
 0.8   3.64   1
10 0.15414 
1   3.645  M1 :=  v1 ⋅ ε  + 1
3
    11 0.15435 jj  jj 
 x := 0.8 , 0.81 .. 1.17
y( x) := interp ( lspline( M1 , Cxu01) , M1 , Cxu01 , x)

0.15

y( x) 0.1

0.05

0
0.8 0.9 1 1.1 1.2
x
Corectia de sageata

0.8 0.81 1.17

x1 := , ..
cos( χ25) cos( χ25) cos( χ25)

Cxu0( x) := interp  pspline

2.5
, Cxu01⋅ cos( χ25)  , cos χ , Cxu01⋅ cos( χ25) , x
M1 M1 2.5

  cos( χ25)  ( 25) 

- ramura supersonica:
λ'⋅ tan( χe) = 2.29048

 1.5   0.10299 
 1.17   1.85341   1.18   0.08102 
 1.5   3.41171     
   
 2.  2  5.28539  Cxu02 :=  0.78  2  0.05355 
⋅ λ'⋅ ε =
Macht1 := λ'⋅ Macht1 − 1 =  0.53   0.03639 
 2.15   5.80792   0.51   0.03502 
 2.25   6.15054     
     0.49   0.03364 
 2.35   6.48942 

Cxut0( x) := interp ( pspline( Macht1 , Cxu02) , Macht1 , Cxu02 , x)

x2 := 1.17 , 1.27 .. 2.35
 0.2

0.15

Cxu0( x1)

Cxut0( x2) 0.1

y( x)

0.05

0
0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
x1 , x2 , x

Valorile finale pentru rezistenta de unda sunt

 0 
  0
 0 
 0  0 0
 0  1 0
  2 0
 0  3
0
 0 
  4 0
Cxu0 :=  0
= 5 0
Cxut0

Macht
 6
( 0) 0
 
 Cxut0( Macht1)  7 0.1099
 Cxut Macht  8
0( 2) 
0.10027
 9 0.09224
 Cxut Machs 
0( )
 0  10 0.08102
 Cxut0( Machs )  11 0.07446
 1 

Coeficientul rezistentei induse:

δ1
δ := δp⋅
δ2

Forta de succiune

Numarul Mach unde se initiaza curgerea transonica pe aripa: M c1 := Mcc M c1 = 0.89686

8

2
⋅ tan( χ0)
b'
Aria aripii delta avand acelasi bord de atac: Sd :=
4
 i := 1 .. 6
π 1 Sd
CsM1 := ⋅ ⋅
tan( χ0)
(Czatri−1)
i 2 S'

π 1 Sd
CsM1 := ⋅ ⋅
tan( χ0)
(Czatii)
ii+ 7 2 S'

Rezistenta indusa

1+δ
0 2
Cxind0( α) := ⋅ Cz0( α)
π⋅ λ'

Rezistenta aripii

Cx0( α) := Cxmin + Cxp( α) + Cxind0( α)

0

-----------------------------------------
1+δ
1 2
Cxind1( α) := ⋅ Cz1( α)
π⋅ λ'

Cx1( α) := if α < αcr1 ,  Cxmin ... , Cxmin ...

  1   1 

  + Cxp( α) ...  + Cxp( α) ... 
  + Cxu01 ...  + Cxu01 ... 
  + Cxind1( α)   1+δ 
 
⋅ Czcr( Mach ) + Czatr ⋅ ( α − αcr1) + c1⋅ ( α − αcr1)  ⋅ tan( α)
1 2 2
 + 
  π⋅ λ' 1  0  
------------------------------------------

1+δ
2 2
Cxind2( α) := ⋅ Cz2( α)
π⋅ λ'

Cx2( α) := if α < αcr2 , Cxmin ... , Cxmin ... 

 2 2

+ Cxp( α) ... + C xp( α) ...
 
 + Cxu0 ... + Cxu0 ... 
2 2
 + Cxind2( α) 1+δ 
⋅ Czcr( Mach ) + Czatr ⋅ ( α − αcr2) + c1⋅ ( α − αcr2)  ⋅ tan( α) 
2 2 2
 +
 π⋅ λ' 2  1  
------------------------------------------

1+δ
3 2
Cxind3( α) := ⋅ Cz3( α)
π⋅ λ'
 Cx3( α) := if α < αcr3 , Cxmin ... , Cxmin ... 
 3
+ Cxp( α) ...
3
+ C xp( α) ...

 
 + Cxu0 ... + Cxu0 ... 
3 3
 + Cxind3( α) 1+δ 
⋅ Czcr( Mach ) + Czatr ⋅ ( α − αcr3) + c1⋅ ( α − αcr3)  ⋅ tan( α) 
3 2 2
 +
 π⋅ λ' 3  2  
------------------------------------------
1+δ
4 2
Cxind4( α) := ⋅ Cz4( α)
π⋅ λ'

Cx4( α) := if α < αcr4 , Cxmin ... , Cxmin ... 

 4 4

+ Cxp( α) ... + C xp( α) ...
 
 + Cxu0 ... + Cxu0 ... 
4 4
 + Cxind4( α) 1+δ 
⋅ Czcr( Mach ) + Czatr ⋅ ( α − αcr4) + c1⋅ ( α − αcr4)  ⋅ tan( α) 
4 2 2
 +
 π⋅ λ' 4  3  

------------------------------------------

1+δ
5 2
Cxind5( α) := ⋅ Cz5( α)
π⋅ λ'

Cx5( α) := if α < αcr5 , Cxmin ... , Cxmin ... 

 5
+ Cxp( α) ...
5
+ C xp( α) ...

 
 + Cxu0 ... + Cxu0 ... 
5 5
 + Cxind5( α) 1+δ 
⋅ Czcr( Mach ) + Czatr ⋅ ( α − αcr5) + c1⋅ ( α − αcr5)  ⋅ tan( α) 
5 2 2
 +
 π⋅ λ' 5  4  
------------------------------------------

1+δ
6 2
Cxind6( α) := ⋅ Cz6( α)
π⋅ λ'

Cx6( α) := if α < αcr6 , Cxmin ... , Cxmin ... 

 6 6

+ Cxp( α) ... + C xp( α) ...
 
 + Cxu0 ... + Cxu0 ... 
6 6
 + Cxind6( α) 1+δ 
⋅ Czcr( Mach ) + Czatr ⋅ ( α − αcr6) + c1⋅ ( α − αcr6)  ⋅ tan( α) 
6 2 2
 +
 π⋅ λ' 6  5  
------------------------------------------

Cx7( α) := Cz7( α) ⋅ α + Cxp( α) + Cxu0 + Cxmint

7 0
------------------------------------------
 Cx8( α) := Cz8( α) ⋅ α + Cxp( α) + Cxu0 + Cxmint
8 1

------------------------------------------

Cx9( α) := Cz9( α) ⋅ α + Cxp( α) + Cxu0 + Cxmint

9 2

------------------------------------------

 2deg

0
( )
2
Machs −1
csi := 
0 4deg 0.  Fig. 3.37
= 1.04258
tan( χ0)  6deg 0. 
 8deg 
 0. 

(〈0〉
ξs9( α) := interp lspline csi , csi (
〈1〉 〈0〉
)
〈1〉
, csi , csi , α )
4
 Machs0 − Mc1 π 
Css9( α) := CsM1 ⋅ ξ s9( α) ⋅ sin ⋅ 
9
 1 − Mc1 2
2
Cxs9( α) := Css9( α) ⋅ Cz9( α)

Cx10( α) := Cz10( α) ⋅ α + Cxp( α) + Cxu0 + Cxmins

10 0
------------------------------------------

 2deg 0 

( 1)
2
Machs −1
csi := 
4deg 0. 
= 1.282
tan( χ0)  6deg 0. 
 8deg 
 0. 

(〈0〉
ξs9( α) := interp lspline csi , csi (
〈1〉 〈0〉
)
〈1〉
, csi , csi , α )
4
 Machs1 − Mc1 π 
Css9( α) := CsM1 ⋅ ξ s9( α) ⋅ sin ⋅ 
9
 1 − Mc1 2
2
Cxs9( α) := Css9( α) ⋅ Cz9( α)

Cx11( α) := Cz11( α) ⋅ α + Cxp( α) + Cxu0 + Cxmins

11 1
 α := −4 deg , −3.5deg .. 16deg

Polara Incompresibil si Compresibil

1
Cz

0.5

0
0.1 0.2

Cx
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.897
 Polara Transonic pur si Supersonic

1
Cz

0.5

0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4

Cx
1.1
1.2
1.3
1.5
1.7