TENSES

Present Simple

Forme
A. Aff: S + V1
B. Int: Do/Does + S + V1
! Pentru „Who” nu folosim verbul auxiliar
C. Neg: S + Do/Does + Not + V1
! La verbele modale nu se folosește verbul auxiliar

Spelling Notes
1) -sh
-ch
+es
-x
-ss
2) stay -> stayes
try -> tries

Situații
➢ Adevăruri general valabile
Water boils at 100°.
➢ Acțiuni obișnuite repetate cu o anumită frecvență sau obiceiuri
Usually
Every day/night/week/Summer
At Easter/lunch
Once a month
➢ Acțiuni viitoare care fac parte dintr-un orar oficial
The train leaves at 9.
Banks close at 5 în Romania.
➢ Comentarii sportive, demonstrații, indicații scenice
Messi interceps the ball and scores.
➢ Prezentul istoric (folosit în narațiuni, povestiri pentru a reda ideea de oralitate a exprimării)
➢ Titluri de ziare, reviste, știri
Earthquake hits Carraibean Islands
 Present Continuous

Forme
A. Aff: S + Am/Are/Is + Ving
B. Int: Am/Are/Is + S + Ving
C. Neg: S + Am/Are/Is + Not + Ving
Spelling Notes
Hit -> hitting
Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune în progresie în momentul vorbirii
Adverbe distinctive: now, at the moment, at present, right now, as we speak
➢ Acțiune care este valabilă pentru o perioadă de timp
I’m taking English lessons this Summer.
She’s living în London this month.
She lives în London. - - > it’s actually her home
➢ Acțiuni care sunt excepții de la regulă
Usually, Generally + Present Simple + but + Present Continuous
I usually drive to work but this weekend I’m takingthe bus.
➢ Acțiuni viitoare, partea unui program personal
I’m meeting Jane at the weekend
➢ Iritarea vorbitorului
Always, Continually, Forever
You’re always complaining about something!

Verbe care nu au aspect continuu în mod normal:

I. Verbele care arată sentimente: love, hate, like, enjoy, prefere
II. Verbele care arată posesia: have, belong, own, possess
III. Verbele care arată dorința: want, wish, desire
IV. Verbele de cogniție: think, know, consider, imagine
V. Verbele care arată percepția: smell, taste, hear, see, think, consider
 Past Simple

Forme
A. Aff: S + V2
B. Int: Did + S + V1
! Pentru „Who” nu folosim verbul auxiliar
C. Neg: S + Did + Not + V1
Spelling Notes

• Try -> Tried

Stay -> Stayed
• Pat -> Patted
Travel -> Travelled
• Picnic -> Picnicked
Panic -> Panicked
• Dance -> Danced
Practice -> Practiced

Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune sau o stare trecută și încheiată într-o perioadă de timp
 Past Continuous

Forme
A. Aff: S + Was/Were + Ving
B. Int: Was/Were + S + Ving
C. Neg: S + Was/Were + Not + Ving
Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune încheiată într-o perioadă de timp din trecut
Yesterday I didn’t eat any sweets.
Excepție -> obiceiuri trecute
He used to read more when he was younger.
S + used to + V1
 Present Perfect Simple

Forme
A. Aff: S + Have/Has + V3
B. Int: Have/Has + S + V3
C. Neg: S + Have/Has + Not + V3
Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune încheiată într-o perioadă de timp neîncheiată încă
Today, This week/Summer, Just, Already, Yet, Lately, Recently, So far, Until now
Yesterday i didn’t eat any sweets, but today I Have had 2 chocolat bars.

➢ Acțiune încheiată într-o perioadă de timp neprecizată

➢ Acțiune sau stare care a început în trecut și este valabilă și în prezent
Since, For, Always, Never, Ever, Sometimes
Note

It’s the first/Second/Last Time + Present Perfect

 Present Perfect Continuous

Forme
A. Aff: S + Have/Has + Been + Ving
B. Int: Have/Has + Been + Ving
C. Neg: S + Have/Has + Not + Been + Ving
Present Continuous + Time period = Present Perfect Continuous
Situații

➢ Arată o acțiune care este în desfășurare de o perioadă scurtă de timp și bine precizată
(a durat o perioadă, s-a terminat dar se vad rezultatele în prezent)
 Past Perfect Simple

Forme
A. Aff: S + Had + V3
B. Int: Had + S + V3
C. Neg: S + Had + Not + V3
Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune trecută și încheiată înaintea altei acțiuni trecute și încheiate sau
înaintea unui moment bine precizat în trecut
! Se traduce cu mai-mult-ca perfectul
 Past Perfect Continuous

Forme
A. Aff: S + Had + Been + Ving
B. Int: Had + S + Been + Ving
C. Neg: S + Had + Not + Been + Ving

Situații

➢ Arată o acțiune care era în desfășurare de o perioadă de timp scurtă și bine precizată când o
altă acțiune a avut locsau într-un moment trecut
 Future Simple

Forme
A. Aff: S + Will/Shall + V1
B. Int: Will/Shall + S + V1
C. Neg: S + Will/Shall + Not + V1

Situații

➢ Informează referitor la o acțiune viitoare fără a pune accent pe durată

➢ Situații inevitabile
➢ WILL:
I. Informare: I will get here asap.
II. Hotărâre/Determinare: I will be the winner, no metter what.
III. Promisiune: I will get you out of here.
IV. Estimarea capacității: That reservoir will have 50L.
V. Presupunere: The girl in black will be his sister.
➢ SHALL:
I. Hotărâre: I Shall never talk to you again.
II. Amenințarea: You Shall be punnished.
III. Sfatul: You Shall listen to him.
 Future Continuous

Forme
A. Aff: S + Will Be + Ving
B. Int: Will + S + Be + Ving
C. Neg: S + Will + Not + Be + Ving
Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune viitoare care va fi în progresie într-un moment bine precizat în viitor
sau când o alta acțiune va avea loc
➢ Poate exprima o acțiune viitoare care se va desfășura pe parcursul unei întregi
perioade de timp
 Future Perfect Simple

Forme
A. Aff: S + Will Have Been + Ving
B. Int: Will + S + Have Been + Ving
C. Neg: S + Will + Not + Have Been + Ving
Situații
➢ Arată o acțiune care va fi în desfășurare în viitor, de o perioada de timp bine precizată
(accent pus pe durată)
 Inversion using Past Perfect

Forma

HARDLY

SCARELY + Had + S + V3 ... When + Past Tense

BARELY

No Sooner + Had + S + V3 ... Than + Past Tense

Situații

➢ Atunci când avem 2 acțiuni trecute care s-au petrecut foarte repede una după cealaltă, pentru
a reda ideea de rapiditate se folosesc aceste structuri
 Phrasal Verbs

I. To get away with something = a scăpa nepedepsit

II. To get by = a se descurca, a supraviețui
III. To get on/along with somebody = a se înțelege bine cu cineva
IV. To get over = a trece peste, a depăși un moment
V. To get round to = a începe/a se apuca de ceva ce nu îi place
VI. To get together = a se întâlni
VII. To put someone down = a face pe cineva sa se simtă rău/prost/inferior
VIII. To put off = a amâna
IX. To put up = a tolera
X. To put somebody up for the night = a caza
XI. To get away with something
XII. To retire = a se pensiona
XIII. To resigne = a demisiona
XIV. Compulsory/mandatory = obligatoriu
XV. Complaint = plângere
XVI. To make up someone’s mind = to make a decision = a lua o decizie
XVII. To make someone redundant = a desființa postul cuiva, a lăsa șomer
XVIII. To make something for granted = a considera ca ceva e bun
XIX. To take something info account = a tine cont de ceva, a lua în vedere
XX. To Be the norm = a fi normal
XXI. Te catch up with = a recupera
XXII. To back up = to give external help/suport, to cover
XXIII. To blast off = to start în full speed
XXIV. To come up with something = think of and suggest something
XXV. To hook up = to connect
XXVI. To set up an experiment = to prepare, toget ready
XXVII. To set off/out = to start a journey
XXVIII. To set up = to prepar equipment for use, capcană/șiretlic
XXIX. To Take over = to Take control/responsability
XXX. To dig up = to remove something from the ground
XXXI. To put off = discourage, postpone
XXXII. To die out = to become extinct
XXXIII. To
 Time Clauses

• When, after, as long as, as soon as, before, while, untill, till
! Dacă avem o frază în care ambele acțiuni sunt la viitor, subordonata NU primește viitor.

• By the time +will have + V3 (future)

By + Time period + Had + V3 (past activities)

 Means of Expressing Future

A. Present simple – oficial schedeuled activity

The president delivers a speech next week.
B. Present continuous – part of a personal programme
I am meeting Tom tonight.
C. To be going to
-intention
Tom is going to sell that old house you visited
-prediction
It is going to rain soon.
D. To be to – o acțiune planificată oficial, o datorie impusa din exterior
You are to attend all the meetings.
E. To be about to do something
To be on the point of doing something The immediate future
To be on the verge of doing something
 The sequence of tenses

(in Do clauses)
Main clause Do clause Report Examples
1 Would + V1
Past tense Posterioritate I knew he’d regret it one day
(fluture in the past)
2 Past tense Simultaneitate He wanted to know where I lived
She was sure thatthey had changed
3 Past perfect Anterioritate
their mind

! Nu respectă concordanța timpurilor adevărurile general valabile.

 Reported speech

Statement

➢ To ask
➢ To say
➢ To tell
➢ To explain
➢ To wonder
➢ To inquire
➢ To want to know
! Dacă reporting verb-ul este la Past tense vom aplica concordanta timpurilor

Direct speech Indirect speech

Here There
This That
These Those
Now Then
Today That day
Yesterday The previous day/the day before
Tomorrow The next/following day/the day after
Ago Before
Come Go
Can Could
May Might
Will Would
Could/should/might/would Not changing
My Her/his
Our Their
 Reporting various speech acts
Direct speech
Advice Doc: You’d better give up smoking, Joe
Apologies Judy: Excuse me for calling so early in the
morning, but it’s very urgent.
Ann: It’s alright, I am an early riser
Greetings A Cathy said, „Hello, Gloria!”.
B Alex said „Good morning, Peter! Where
are you going?”
C Joe said „Good night, Sarah!”
Introductions Gloria Sims: Mr. Scott?
Joe Scott: Yes, my name is Scott. I’m Joe
Scott.
Gloria Sims: Nice to meet you, Joe. I’m
Gloria Sims.
Joe Scott: Nice to meet you too, Ms. Sims.
Invitations A Joe Scott: What about having lunch with
my wife and me on Sunday?
Gloria: I’d love to. Thank you very much.
B Bill: Could you come to my birthday
party on Sunday?
Cathy: I’m sorry, I can’t. I’m leaving town
on Sunday.
Offers A Sarah: Have a cup of coffee, Joe.
B Bill: Let me carry your suitcase, Cathy
C Alex: Shall I help you with your
homework, Betty?
Betty: Thanks, I can manage.
Polite A Bill: Well done, Peter!
remarks Peter: Thanks!
B Susan: Have o good time at the party!
Betty: Thank
Indirect speech
The doctor advised Joe to give up
smoking
Judy apologised to Ann for calling so
early in the morning, but it was
something very urgent. Ann said it was
alright because she was an early riser.
A Cathy said hello to Gloria
B Alex greeted Peter and asked him
where he was going.
C Joe wished Sarah good night.
Meeting Joe Scott, Gloria Sims
introduced herself and they shook
hands.
A Joe Scott invited Gloria to lunch on
Sunday and she rapidly accepted the
invitation.
B Bill invited Cathy to his birthday party
the next Sunday, but she declined the
invitation as she was leaving town that
day.
A Sarah offered Joe a cup of coffee.
B Bill offered to carry Cathy’s suitcase
and she accepted his offer.
C Alex offered to help Betty with her
homework but she declined the offer.
She said she could manage.
A Bill congratulated Peter on his
success. Peter thenked him.
B Susan wished Betty to Have a good
time at the party and Betty thanked her
Thanks Betty: Thanks a lot for The book. I enjoyed Betty thanked Peter for the book he
reading it had given her, saying she had enjoyed
Peter: No problem. I’m glad you liked it reading. Peter was glad she had liked
it.
Suggestions A Gloria: What about going to the theater A Gloria suggested going to the
tonight? theater that night and Cathy agreed.
Cathy: That’ a good idea.

B Bill to Cathy: Let’s wait for Peter outside B Bill suggested to Cathy that they
the movie theater. wait for Peter outside the movie
Cathy: I’m sorry, I can’t. I’m Not feelings theater but Cathy refused/wouldn’t
very well. because she wasn’t feelings very well.
 Modal Verbs

Can - - To Be able to

Must - - To have to

Nevoia interioară a subiectului de a face ceva - - obligație, legi

May - - To be allowed

Should - - Ought to
 Perfect Modals

Come – now or in the fluture

Should

Have – in the past

Modal + Have + V3 = Anterioritate

! Dacă suntem siguri ca s-a întâmplat ceva în trecut folosim: Must + Have + V3

! Dacă suntem siguri ca NU s-a întâmplat, folosim: Can’t/Couldn’t + Have + V3

! Dacă vrem sa arătăm ca s-a întâmplat un lucru dar nu era nevoie, folosim: Needn’t + Have + V3

! Când vrem sa arătăm ca e posibil sa se fi întâmplat ceva în trecut dar nu suntem siguri, folosim:
Could/May/Might + Have + V3
 Conditional sentences

➢ If – dacă
➢ Unless – dacă nu + Vafirmativ
If he doesn’t = Unless he does

Type Romanian Main clause If clause

1 Viitor Future Present tense (S/C)
Past tense (S/C)
2 Conditional prezent Would + V1
To Be -> Were
Past perfect
3 Conditional perfect Would + Have + V3
Had + V3

If × Will, Would
 Mixed types

I. 2 + 3: Situație generala (consecință în trecut)

If Mary knew maths, she wouldn’t have got .
II. 3 + 2: Situație trecută (consecință trecută)
If I had listened to you Last year, now I would be rich
 Passive voice

Structure:

To be/To get + V3 + by... (complement de agent)

To Be

• Se conjuga luând modul și timpul diarezei active;

• Complementul de agent nu este obligatoriu de a fi exprimat în cazul generalizările sau când este
subînțeles

Active voice Passive voice

I read a book. A book is read by me
I am reading a book. A book is being Read by me.
He opened the door. The door was opened by him.
He was washing the car. The car was being washed by him.
He has bought this car. This car has been bought by him.
He had bought the car The car had been bought by him.
He will buy it IT will Be bought by him

! Atât complementul direct cât și cel indirect de la diateza activă pot deveni subiect la diateza pasivă.