Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Dr.Mirela Culman
Diabetul zaharat
The Expert Committee on the Diagn.and Classif. of Diabetes Mellitus (from the ADA) Diab.Care 2004; Vol 27, suppl 1 S5 to S10
CLASIFICARE
Diabetul zaharat tip 1:
autoimun idiopatic
Diabetul gestational
cu debut sau diagnosticat in cursul sarcinii
CLASIFICARE
Diabetul zaharat secundar: Defecte genetice ale functiei beta celulare (MODY) Defecte genetice ale actiunii insulinei Pancreatopatii (pancreatita,fibroza
chistic,hemocromatoza)
Endocrinopatii (Cushing,acromegalia,feocromocitomul,
hipertiroidismul, sindromul Conn)
complicatii
Stroke
AVC-creste de 2 pana la 4 ori mortalitatea cardiovasculara 3-4
Cardiovascular disease
Diabetic neuropathy
1Fong
DS, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl. 1):S99S102. 2Molitch ME, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl.1):S94S98. WB, et al. Am Heart J 1990; 120:672676. 4Gray RP & Yudkin JS. In Textbook of Diabetes 1997.5Mayfield JA, et al. Diabetes Care 2003; 26(Suppl. 1):S78S79.
3Kannel
DIABETUL ZAHARAT
EPIDEMIA SECOLULUI ?
300
250 200 150 100 50
1995
2025
International Diabetes Federation. Diabetes Atlas Executive Summary. Second Edition. IDF publ. 2003; 7-14
Pancreas2
Sistemul digestiv2
1. Flint A, et al. J Clin Invest. 1998;101:515-520. 2. Giugliano D,et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2008;87:217S-222S.
10
Ficat
Stomac
Glucoz
Intestin Vas sanguin
Insulin Glucagon
Pancreas
Insulin
Adapted from: Aronoff SL, et al. Diabetes Spectrum. 2004;17:183-190.
11
Echilibrul secretor ntre insulin i glucagon menine controlul normal postprandial al glicemiei
140 mg% 120 100 Masa
Glicemie Insulin Glucagon
Dup mas
160
120 mU/ml 80 40 130 120 pg/ml 110 100
Insulin
Glucagon
Acest echilibru controleaz strict creterile glicemice care apar dup ingestia de alimente
90
0 -60 0 60 120 180 240 Timp (min)
Unger RH. N Eng J Med. 1971;285:443-449. Copyright 1971 Massachusetts Medical Society. All rights reserved. Translated with permission 2006.
Perspectiv contemporan
Creier
Stomac
Ficat
Glucoz
Producie de GLP-1 glucoz hepatic
-Intestin
Grelin ++ Glucoz i ali metabolii n fluxul sanguin Amilin -Rata de absorbie a glucozei
Lipide
Vas sanguin
Adiponectin Leptin --
Insulin Glucagon
Pancreas
Insulin
Deacon C. Diabetes. 2004;53:2181-2189. Fasshauer M, Paschke R. Diabetologia. 2003;46:1594-1603. Aronoff SL, et al. Diabetes Spectrum. 2004;17:183-190. Horvath TL, et al. Endocrinology. 2001;142:4163-4169.
13
CRITERII DE DIAGNOSTIC
Simptomatologie specifica:
18 Glucoz (mmol/L)
12
Nivelul glicemiei bazale i postprandiale este semnificativ mai mare la pacienii cu diabet zaharat tip 2 (P<0,0001)
Timp (ore)
Polonsky KS, et al. N Engl J Med. 1988;318:1231-1239.
15
3,0 Volumul celulelor (%) 2,5 2,0 1,5 1,0 0,5 0,0 TNG (n=31) GBM (n=19) Diabet zaharat tip 2 (n=41)
**
*P.05 vs NGT. **P.01 vs TNG. GBM = glicemie bazal modificat TNG= toleran normal la glucoz. Butler AE, et al. Diabetes. 2003;52:102-110.
16
13,9
11,1 8,3 5,6 2,8 250 200 150 100 50 0 -10 -5 0 Debutul diabetului 5 10 Ani 15 20 25 30
Prediabet (GBM, STG) Diagnostic clinic Diagnostic clinic
Glicemia bazal
Rezistena la insulin
Funcia celulei
IFG = glicemie a jeune alterat. IGT = toleran alterat la glucoz. Adapted from: Simonson GD, Kendall DM. Coron Artery Dis. 2005;16:465-472. Lilly GBM- glicemie bazal modificat; STG scderea toleranei la glucozDiabetes
17
100
80 60
60
40 20 0 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Glucoz IV
40 20
0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Timp (min)
Timp (min)
Porte D. Diabetes. 1991;40;166-180. Copyright 1991 American Diabetes Association. From Diabetes, Vol 40, 1991; 166-180. Reprinted with permission from The American Diabetes Association.
Prnz cu Glucoz
Glucoz (mmol/L)
15 10 5 0 -60
60
120
180
240
300
Timp (minute)
420
Insulin (pmol/L)
75 60 45 30
Prnz cu Glucoz
180
120
60
0 -60 0 60 120 180 240 300
15 -60
60
120
180
240
300
Timp (minute)
Mitrakou A, et al. Diabetes. 1990;39:1381-1390.
Timp (minute)
20
EFECTUL INCRETINIC
11
Efectul incretinic Rspuns insulinic mai puternic la glucoza per os dect i.v Glucoz oral
Glucoz intravenoas
Efect incretinic
*
5,5
0,5
MediaSE. N=6. *P.05. 01-02 = rata de infuzie a glucozei. Nauck MA, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1986;63:492-498. 22
GLP-1 i GIP
Efectul incretinic asigur ~60-70% din
Drucker DJ. Diabetes Care. 2003;26:2929-2940; Thorens B. Diabetes Metab. 1995;21:311-318; Baggio LL, Drucker DJ. Gastroenterology. 2007;132:21312157; Nyberg J, et al. J Neurosci. 2005;25:1816-1825.
celule : secreia postprandial a glucagonului Ficat: glucagonului reduce producia hepatic de glucoz Stomac: ntrzie evacuarea gastric
24
Insulin
25
ATP/ADP
Ca2+
Eliberarea insulinei
Celula pancreatic
Gromada J, et al. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. 1998;435:583-594; MacDonald PE, et al. Diabetes. 2002;51:S434-S442.
ATP/ADP
Ca2+
Transportorul glucozei
cAMP
ATP Celula pancreatic
Receptorul GLP-1
Gromada J, et al. Pflugers Arch Eur J Physiol. 1998;435:583-594; MacDonald PE, et al. Diabetes. 2002;51:S434-S442.
Efectul incretinic este redus la pacienii cu diabet zaharat tip 2 Glucoz oral
Glucoz intravenoas
Lot de control
80
Insulin (mU/L)
Insulin (mU/L)
60
60
40
40
*
20
20
* * * * * * *
* *
28
Placebo GLP-1
PBO GLP-1
270 300
PBO GLP-1
20
PBO GLP-1
Insulin (pmol/L)
Glicemie (mg/dl)
180
200
Glucagon (pmol/l)
90
* * *
100
* * *
* * * * *
240
10
* * *
0 -30 0
60
120
180
240
0 -30 0
60
120
180
0 -30 0
60
120
180
240
Timp (min)
Timp (min)
Timp (min)
N=10; Media DS; *p<0.05. Nauck MA, et al. Diabetologia. 1993;36:741-744. Reprinted with permission form Springer-Verlag Copyright 1993.
Nivelurile postprandiale ale GLP-1 sunt mai sczute la pacienii cu diabet zaharat tip 2
Mas
Toleran normal la glucoz Toleran alterat la glucoz Diabet zaharat tip 2
20
* * * *
* * *
GLP-1 (pmol/L)
15
10
180
240
30
Creterea rapid a glicemiei dup sistarea infuziei de GLP-1 n diabetul zaharat tip 2
16 14 12 Glucoz (mmol/L) 10 8 6 4 2 0 22 Infuzie de GLP-1 24 2 4 6 Timp (ore)
N=13. Sunt artate doar date de la pacieni cu diabet zaharat de tip 2. Rachman J, et al. Diabetologia. 1997;40:205-211.
Mic dejun
Prnz Gustare
10
12
14
16
31
Insulele pancreatice
cultivate n absena GLP1 i-au pierdut organizarea dup 5 zile Pn n ziua 5, 45% din insulele din culturile de control i-au pierdut structura 3-D Doar 15% dintre insulele tratate cu GLP-1 i-au pierdut structura 3-D n 5 zile (P0,01 fa de control)
Ziua 1
Ziua 3
Ziua 5
Farilla L, et al. Endocrinology. 2003;144:5149-5158.
32
33
Intestin
GLP-1
Inim
sensibilitate la
insulin
Pancreas
La fiecare 19 minute
La fiecare 90 minute La fiecare 19 minute
Microanevrisme
38
Edem macular diabetic2 Poate coexista cu retinopatia diabetic neproliferativ sau cu cea proliferativ n orice form ngroarea retinian poate fi evaluat stereoscopic
Retinopatie diabetic Retinopatie diabetic Retinopatie diabetic 2 2 proliferativ2 neproliferativ uoar neproliferativ sever Una sau mai multe dintre Doar microanevrisme Oricare dintre urmtoarele: urmtoarele: Retinopatie diabetic Peste 20 de hemoragii intraretiniene n fiecare dintre cele Neovascularizaie neproliferativ moderat 4 cadrane Hemoragie n ntre RD neproliferativ vitros/preretinian Beading venos n cel puin 2 uoar i RD neproliferativ cardane sever IRMA proeminente n cel puin un cadran i fr semene de RD proliferativ
IRMA = anomalii vasculare intraretinale. 1. National Eye Institute. Available at: http://www.nei.nih.gov/photo/keyword.asp?conditions=Diabetic&match=all. Accessed May 1, 2009. 2. AAO Retinal Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Diabetic Retinopathy; 2008. 39
exsudrii lichidiene n macul1 Simptomele DME pot varia: absente pn la afectarea sever a vederii1 Poate aprea n orice stadiu al retinopatiei diabetice neproliferative sau proliferative1 Diagnosticul se stabilete la examinarea fundului de ochi de ctre oftalmolog1
Normal
Edem macular
1. AAO Retinal Panel. Preferred Practice Pattern Guidelines. Diabetic Retinopathy; 2008. 2. EyeTec.net. Vezi: http://www.eyetec.net/group7/M37S1.htm. Accesat: 1 mai 2009. Utilizat pe baz de permisiune.
40
NEFROPATIA DIABETIC
Normal
<20
<30
Microalbuminurie
20-200
30-300
20-200
>200
>300
>200
Malaysian Society of Nephrology. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetic Nephropathy. Vezi: http://www.acadmed.org.my/cpg/Management_of_Type_II_Diabetes.pdf. Accesat: 26 aprilie, 2009.
42
Stadiul 1
Faza silenioas
(modificri funcionale)
ESRD Stadiul 5
Stadiul 2
10-30
13-25
20-40
Instalarea proteinuriei
Creterea creatininei
Dializ/ transplant
ESRD = boal renal n stadiu terminal. Malaysian Society of Nephrology. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetic Nephropathy. Vezi: http://www.acadmed.org.my/cpg/Management_of_Type_II_Diabetes.pdf. Accesat: 26 aprilie, 2009.
43
Stadiul 5
Insuficien renal terminal Este necesar dializ sau transplant pentru supravieuire
Nefropatia apare la 20-40% dintre pacienii cu diabet Factorii de risc cunoscui pentru apariia nefropatiei diabetice includ predispoziia genetic, controlul glicemic precar, hipertensiunea i fumatul Malaysian Society of Nephrology. Clinical Practice Guidelines: Diabetic Nephropathy.
Vezi: http://www.acadmed.org.my/cpg/Management_of_Type_II_Diabetes.pdf. Accesat: 26 aprilie, 2009. 44
NEUROPATIA DIABETIC
Examinarea de esuturi provenite de la pacieni diabetici arat afectri capilare, cu ocluzii n vasa nervorum Fluxul sanguin redus ctre esutul nervos duce la deficiene n transmiterea nervoas care afecteaz att funcia senzitiv, ct i cea motorie
Semne2
Amoreli, furnicturi sau durere n degetele de la picior, picior, membru inferior, mini, brae i degete Atrofie muscular la nivelul picioarelor sau mainilor Indigestie, grea, vrsturi Diaree/constipaie Probleme la urinat
Pierderea sensibilitii
periferice
Disfuncie erectil
Astenie Ameeal/lein
1. NDIC. Diabetic neuropathies: the nerve damage of diabetes. Available at: http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/neuropathies/neuropathies.pdf. 2. Ziegler D. Diabetes Care. 2008;31(suppl 2):S255-S261. 3. Sheetz MJ, King GL. JAMA. 2002;288:2579-2588.