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Importanta problemei
Background fiziopatologic
Definitia diabetului zaharat si a altor categorii de
intoleranta la glucoza
Diagnosticul diabetului
Tipurile de diabet zaharat: definitie, etiopatogeneza, istorie
naturala
Tratamentul diabetului zaharat
Complicatiile acute specifice ale DZ
Complicatiile cronice
Obezitatea
Dislipidemiile
Hiperuricemiile
Sd. metabolic
dializa si transplant
Prima cauza de amputatie
24 ori mai frecvente bolile coronariene & strokes la diabetici fata de
nediabetici
15 ani scurtarea sperantei de viata fata de nediabetici
A 6-a cauza de deces dintre toate bolile
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA
Source: Diabetes Atlas 3rd Edition. www.eatlas.idf.org. Last accessed 25 January 2007
Ratio 2.2
Ratio 2.1
35
32.0
30
26.9
26.9
Mortality Rate25
(Deaths per
1000
patient years)
20
Control
Diabetes
15.5
15
10.8
12.5
10
5
0
10,025 61
6629 279
(Patient Numbers)
631
24
Paris
Whitehall
Helsinki
Prospective Study Policemen Study
Study
Balkau. Lancet 1997; 350: 1680.
10
8.8
8.6
Men
Women
8
6.9
6.6
7
6.0
6.1
5.1
5.4
4.8
5
4
3
3.4
2.2
2.5
2
1
Africa
Americas
Eastern
Mediterranean
Europe
Southeast
Asia
Western
Pacific
130
120
110
100
90
80
70
60
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
Anul
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
Brbai
n=1628
n=228
% supravieuitorilor
% supravieuitorilor
Diabetici
Non-diabetici
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Femei
n=568
n=15
6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Luni Post-IM
Sprafka et al. Diabetes Care. 1991; 14: 537-543.
Incidena n %
50%
45.0%
40%
P < 0.001
30%
20%
20.2%
18.8%
10%
3.5%
0%
Cu IM
Fr IM
Fr Diabet
Fr IM
Cu IM
Cu Diabet
Haffner SM et al, N Engl J Med 1998;339:229-234
Nicolae Paulescu
Secreia insulinei
Pulsatorie
Bifazic
800.000 1.500.000
1 2 % din masa
pancreatic total
Celule: A, B, C, D
90
70
50
30
10
-10
oral
intravenous
-30
0
15
30 45 60
TIME (min)
75
200
D INSULIN (mU/L)
D GLUCOSE (mg/100ml)
150
100
90
50
0
15
30
45 60
TIME (min)
75
90
McIntyre et al 1964
Hormoni de contrareglare
Efect net: creterea glicemiei
Receptorul de insulina
Insulin anormal
Receptori anormali
insulina
Rc. Insul.
IRS
MAPK
Pi3 - Kinaza
NO, vasodilatatie
sintezei matriciale
Ef. aterogenic
In cazuri de IR sau
insulino defic.
crescut
King GL, 1999
PERIPHERAL INSULIN
-CELL MASS
RESISTANCE
& FUNCTION
Diabetic State
Adapted from Kahn SE, Prigeon RL, McCulloch DK, Boyko EJ, Bergman RN, Schwartz MW, Neifing JL, Ward WK, Beard JC, Palmer JP et al. Quantification of the relationship between
insulin sensitivity and beta cell function in human subjects. Evidence for a hyperbolic function. Diabetes 1993, 42: 1663-72. Bergman RN, Ader M. Huecking K, Van Citters G. Accurate
assessment of beta-cell function: the hyperbolic correction. Diabetes 2002, 51 Suppl. 1: S212-20. Bergman RN. Pathogenesis and prediction of diabetes mellitus: lessons from integrative
physiology. Mt Sinai J Med. 2002, 69: 280-90.
Persoane nediabetice
DZ tip 2
600
400
200
0
6 am
10 am
2 pm
6 pm
10 pm
2 am
6 am
timp
Polonsky KS et al. N Engl J Med 1996; 334: 777-783
Diagnosticul clinic al DZ
Poliurie
Polidipsie
Polifagie
Scdere ponderal
Astenie
plasmatic
Normal
- bazal
- la 2 h dup glucoz
capilar
mg/dl (mmol/l)
Plasma
venoas
mg/dl (mmol/l)
Diabet zaharat
Pe nemncate sau
La 2 ore dup glucoz
110 (6,1)
180 (10,9)
110 (6,1)
200 (11,1)
126 (7,0)
200 (11,1)
100 (5,6) i
< 110 (<6,1)
100 (5,6) i
< 110 (<6,1)
110 ( 6,1) i
< 126 (<7,0)
Diabetul gestaional
neogeneza
hypertrofie
apoptoza
Masa cel-
atrofie
Autoimunitate
Progresia distructiei beta celulare
Insuficienta functiei beta celulare
Dependenta de insulina exogena
Risc de ceto acidoza
Etiopatogenia DZ 1 autoimun
Predispoziie genetic
Factor de mediu (viral, toxic, alimentar)
Activare autoimun insulit
Normal
30
Gene
Insulino-rezisten
Ambient
40
Deficienta de secretie
a insulinei
Diabetogene
primare
secundare
Gene legate de diabet
50
Obezitate
Diet
Activitate fizic 60
Diabet tip II
Modified from Kahn R. Diabetes. 1994;43:1066-1084.
ACANTHOSIS NIGRICANS
Hyperglycemia
Unsuppressed glucose production
Impaired insulin action
Etiopatogenia DZ 2
100
75
50
IFG/IGT
DZ tip 2
25
-10
-6
-2
10
14
Ani de la diagnostic
Adapted from Lebovitz. Diabetes Reviews 1999;7(3)
UKPDS Group. Diabetes. 1995; 44:1249-1258.
IGT*
Type 2 diabetes
Insulin
resistance
Increased insulin
resistance
Insulin
secretion
Hyperinsulinemia,
then -cell failure
Postprandial
glucose
Abnormal
glucose tolerance
Fasting
glucose
Hyperglycemia
*IGT = impaired glucose tolerance
Adapted from Type 2 Diabetes BASICS. International Diabetes Center (IDC), Minneapolis, 2000.
Diabet
STG
Risc pentru
ochi, rinichi,
nervi
Risc
CV
Limita glicemiei
normale
Disglicemia este un factor de risc progresiv pentru evenimente CV
Gerstein H. 2003
Hemoglobina glicat
HbA1c = 4-6%
Determinarea Hb A1c - cromatografic
- colorimetric
- radioimunologic
PPG
Glucose
TRIADE
HbA1c
Postprandial
glucose
300
Post-prandial
hyperglycaemia
contributes HbA1c ~1%
Post-prandial
hyperglycaemia
Fasting
hyperglycaemia
200
100
Normal
HbA1c ~5%
0
6
12
18
Time of day (h)
24
La limit
Precar
80-110 (4,4-6,1)
100-145 (5,5-8,0)
111-140 (6,2-7,8)
146-180 (8,1-10,0)
HbA1c (%)
< 6,5
6,5-7,5
> 7,5
HbA1 (%)
< 8,00
8,0-9,5
> 9,5
200-250 (5,2-6,5)
150-200 (1,7-2,2)
< 25,4
< 24,0
25,0-27,0
24,0-26,0
> 27,0
> 26,0
Glicemia (autodeterminare)
pe nemncate/preprandial
postprandial [mg/dl (mmol/l)]
Trigliceride
mg/dl (mmol/l)
EGIRb
NCEPc
IDFd
Insulin
resistance
&/or FPG
Insulin resistance
FPG
Central
obesity
Central
obesity
BP
TG, HDL-C
Microalbumin
uria
(hyperinsulinaemia
Plus 2 or more of
Central
Central obesity
obesity
FPGe
BP
BP
BPe,f
TG, HDLCf
TG
TGf
HDL-C
HDL-Cf
aWorld Health Organisation; bEuropean Group for the study of Insulin resistance;
cNational Cholesterol Education Program; dInternational Diabetes Federation
eor diagnosis of diabetes or hypertension as applicable; fand/or treatment
Eschwege E. Diabetes Metab 2003;29:6S19-27; International Diabetes Federation