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Rutarea
Rutarea
Proiectarea Reelelor
9. Rutarea
Overview
Rutarea
Rutare static
Rutare dinamic
Generaliti
Probleme: bucle de rutare
Soluii pentru acestea
Generaliti
Configurare
Verificare
Primete pachet
Este D una
dintre adresele
ruterului?
Trimite pachet
ctre nivelul
superior
Ignor
pachetul
Da
Nu
masc(C)&C =
masc(C)&D?
Trimite pachet
pe interfaa(R)
Da
Nu
Extrage R prima
ruta din tabela
Rescrie adres de
nivel legtur de date
Actualizeaz tabela
ARP
Da
masc(R)&D
Nu=
destinaie(R)?
Da
Mai exist
rute n
tabel?
Nu
Nu
Procesul de rutare
Acest proces este alctuit din dou mecanisme:
Determinarea
Reele
direct conectate;
Rute statice;
Rute dinamice.
192.1.1.0/24
192.1.2.0/24
interfata
s0
s0
e0
192.1.3.0/24
Tabela de rutare
192.168.2.0/24
172.16.0.0/16
e0
.1
192.168.1.0/24
s0
s0
.1
.2
s1
B
.1
10.0.0.0/8
s1
.2
e0
C
.1
Distan administrativ
Metric
A# show ip route
Codes: C - connected, S - static, I - IGRP, R - RIP, M - mobile, B - BGP
D - EIGRP, EX - EIGRP external, O - OSPF, IA - OSPF inter area
N1 - OSPF NSSA external type 1, N2 - OSPF NSSA external type 2
E1 - OSPF external type 1, E2 - OSPF external type 2, E - EGP
i - IS-IS, L1 - IS-IS level-1, L2 - IS-IS level-2, * - candidate
default
U - per-user static route, o ODR
R
172.16.0.0/16
e0
.1
192.168.1.0/24
s0
s0
.1
.2
s1
B
.1
10.0.0.0/8
s1
.2
e0
C
.1
Implicit, ruterele cunosc doar reelele lor direct conectate: nu au nici un protocol de rutare
configurat.
RTA# show ip route
Codes: C - connected,.. <Other codes and gateway information omitted>
C
172.16.0.0/16 is directly connected, Serial0
C
192.168.2.0/24 is directly connected, Ethernet0
Rute statice
Router(config)# ip route prefix mask {addr | interf} [dist]
Ruta default
A# show ip route
10
Distana administrativ
Tipul de rut
Distan administrativ
Direct conectat
Rut static
Sumarizare EIGRP
BGP extern
20
EIGRP
90
OSPF
110
IS-IS
115
RIP
120
EIGRP extern
170
BGP intern
200
necunoscut
255
11
Rutare dinamic
de rutare
Ruterele vecine i actualizeaz tabela de rutare n funcie de informaiile
primite, apoi genereaz un nou pachet de actualizare
Link State
Pachetele
tabela de
tabela de
tabela de
12
Comparatie DV-LS
DV
Transmit
informaii la vecini
Transmit intreaga tabel de rutare
Update-uri periodice
Folosesc mai puine resurse
Convergen greoaie
Puin scalabile
LS
Transmit
13
Protocoale DV - Generaliti
DV
Transmit informaii la vecini
Transmit ntreaga tabel de rutare
Update-uri periodice
15
Protocoale DV funcionare
192.168.0.16/30
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
16
Protocoale DV funcionare
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
S0/1
17
Protocoale DV funcionare
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
S0/0
172.16.0.0
S0/1
10.0.0.0
S0/0
18
Bucle de rutare
192.168.0.0/30
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
R1
S0/0
R2
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
19
Bucle de rutare
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
R1
S0/0
R2
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
20
Bucle de rutare
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
R1
S0/0
R2
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
21
horizon
Route Poisoning
Hold-down timers
22
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
R1
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
S0/0
R2
23
Split horizon
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
R1
S0/0
R2
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
Fa0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
24
Fa0/0
S0/0
10.0.0.0
192.168.0.16/30
S0/1
S0/0
R1
S0/0
R2
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
Reea
Interfa
Numr de
hopuri
10.0.0.0
S0/0
16
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.0
S0/0
192.168.0.16
S0/1
192.168.0.16
S0/0
10.0.0.0
S0/0
25
10.0.0.0
C
26
10.0.0.0
C
Q: n trecut D i-a trimis ruta 10.0.0.0 lui C. De ce pasul 3 nu ncalc regula splithorizon?
27
accesibil
dac informaia a venit de la alt vecin, cu o metric mai proast,
informaia este ignorat
dac informaia a venit de la alt vecin, cu o metric mai bun,
informaia este considerat corect, timerul este oprit i se modific
tabela de rutare n mod corespunztor
28
10.0.0.0
C
29
Protocolul RIP
RIP
Generaliti:
Protocol distance
vector
Update periodic: 30 secunde
Metrica: hop count (max=15)
Dou versiuni:
RIP v1:
RIP v2:
- classful
- classless
31
RIPv1
10.1.1.0
10.1.1.0/24
10.0.0.0/8
10.2.1.0/24
A
10.1.1.0
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.0/24
Universitatea Politehnica Bucureti - Proiectarea
Reelelor
32
Dac masca reelei ce trebuie inclus n update este /32 atunci updateul este trimis
Dac masca reelei ce trebuie inclus n update este diferit de masca de
pe interfa, atunci update-ul nu este trimis
33
Configurare RIPv1
Exemplu de configurare:
10.10.11.0/24
Flash
Flash(config)# router
Flash(config-router)#
Flash(config-router)#
SAU
Flash(config)# router
Flash(config-router)#
10.10.12.0/24
rip
network 10.10.11.0
network 10.10.12.0
rip
network 10.0.0.0
34
Configurare RIP
Router(config-router)# no ip split-horizon
Setarea
intervalului de update
Router(config-router)# update-timer 40
Dezactivarea
update-urilor pe o interfa
Router(config-router)# version 2
Interpretarea pachetelor
primite (versiune)
35
Verificare RIP
Flash# sh ip protocols
Routing Protocol is "rip"
Outgoing update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Incoming update filter list for all interfaces is not set
Sending updates every 30 seconds, next due in 0 seconds
Invalid after 180 seconds, hold down 180, flushed after 240
Redistributing: rip
Default version control: send version 1, receive any version
Interface
Send
Recv
Ethernet0/0
1 2
Ethernet0/1
1 2
Loopback0
1 2
Triggered RIP
Key-chain
Distance
Last Update
36
R
R
C
C
C
R
37
POC RIPv1
172.16.6.0/24
10.10.11.0/24
10.10.12.0/24
11.12.12.1/32
11.11.11.1/32
10.10.13.0/24
10.10.14.0/24
10.10.16.1/26
38
POC RIPv1
39
40
41
RIPv2
Sumarizarea manual
42
RIPv1 vs RIPv2
RIPv1
RIPv2
Max. 15 hops
Max. 15 hops
Classful
Nu transmite informaii despre subnet
INUTILIZABIL cu VLSM
Classless
Transmite informaii despre subnet
Poate fi folosit cu VLSM
Fr autentificare
43
Version = 1
ZERO
Rut RIPv1
ZERO
Command (1 sau 2)
Version = 2
ZERO
Rut RIPv2
Masca de reea
Suport pentru autentificare
Metrica (nr de hopuri)
Rute multiple, pn la 25 ntr-un singur update, 23 cu autentificare
44
Activarea RIPv2
R1(config-router)#version ?
<1-2> version
R1(config-router)#version 2
45
Auto-sumarizarea
46
Probleme de auto-sumarizare
207.21.24.32/27
207.21.24.0/24
10.0.0.4/30
207.21.24.0/24
10.0.0.6/30
207.21.24.0/27
47
207.21.24.0/22
207.21.26.0/24
207.21.27.0/24
48
49
Verificarea RIPv2
#
#
#
#
show
show
show
show
ip protocols
ip route
ip interface brief
running-config
50
Troubleshooting RIP v2
# debug ip rip
# no debug all
# undebug all
51
Erori frecvente
Conflict de versiuni
Comenzi network:
Sumarizarea automat
Autentificare eronat
Overview
Rutarea
Rutare static
Rutare dinamic
Generaliti
Probleme: bucle de rutare
Soluii pentru acestea
Generaliti
Configurare
Verificare
Universitatea Politehnica Bucureti - Proiectarea
Reelelor
53
POC RIPv2
172.16.6.1/24
10.10.11.0/24
10.10.12.0/24
11.12.12.1/32
11.11.11.1/32
10.10.13.0/24
10.10.14.0/24
10.10.16.1/26
54
POC RIPv2
55