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NOUL COD CIVIL I SOLUIILE SALE LEGISLATIVE Conf. univ. dr. Titu IONACU Universitatea Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu
Rezumat Viitorul Cod civil promoveaz o concepie monist de reglementare a raporturilor de drept privat, incorpornd totalitatea reglementrilor referitoare la persoane, la relaiile de familie, i cele comerciale, avnd n vedere n acest timp i dispoziiile de drept internaional privat. Cuvinte cheie: noul cod civil, solutii legislative, reglementari, dispozitii de drept international privat.

THE NEW CIVIL CODE AND ITS LEGISLATIVE SOLUTIONS Assoc. Prof. PhD Titu IONACU Constantin Brncui University of Trgu Jiu
Abstract The future civil code promotes a Monist conception of regulating private law relations, incorporating all the regulations regarding persons, family relations and commercial relations, considering private international law provisions. Key words: future civil code, legislative solutions, regulations, private international law provisions.

Viitorul Cod civil promoveaz o concepie monist de reglementare a raporturilor de drept privat, incorpornd totalitatea reglementrilor referitoare la persoane, la relaiile de familie, i cele comerciale, avnd n vedere n acest timp i dispoziiile de drept internaional privat. Precedat de un Titlu preliminar, Codul civil este structurat pe apte cri: Cartea I Despre persoane; Cartea a-II-a Despre familie; Cartea a - III-a Despre bunuri; Cartea a IV-a Despre motenire i liberaliti; Cartea a-V-a Despre obligaii; Cartea a-VI-a Despre prescripia extinctiv , decderea i calculul termenelor; Cartea a-VII-a Dispoziii de drept internaional privat. Cartea I- are ca obiect de reglementare capacitatea civil a persoanelor fizice i juridice i preia i dispoziiile principalelor legi speciale n aceast materie. S-a urmrit recunoaterea , ocrotirea i aprecierea n mod egal i efectiv a drepturilor i libertilor civile ale persoanelor fizice n raport cu ordinea public i bunele moravuri , precum i crearea unui cadru legal general modern i unitar aplicabil tuturor pesoanelor juridice

The future civil code promotes a Monist conception of regulating private law relations, incorporating all the regulations regarding persons, family relations and commercial relations, considering private international law provisions. Preceded by a preliminary title, the Civil Code consists of seven books: 1sy Book About persons; 2nd Book About Family; 3rd Book About assets; 4th Book About inheritance and liberalities; 5th Book About liabilities; 6th Book About extinctive prescription, decay and terms calculations; 7th Book Private international law provisions. 1st Book- regulates the civil ability of natural persons and legal entities and takes over the provisions of the main special laws in this matter. It followed the equal and actual acknowledgement, protection and appreciation of civil rights and freedoms of natural persons in relation to public order and good habits, as well as creating a modern and unity general framework that can apply to all legal entities irrespective of their juridical status or their juridical

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indiferent de regimul lor juridic sau de categoria sau forma lor juridic. Totodat au fost armonizate soluiile cu cele cuprinse n alte reglementri interne i internaionale referitoare la instituia persoanelor fizice i a celor juridice din perspectiva crerii unui cadru legislativ unitar care s constituie dreptul comun n materie, cu respectarea particularitilor juridice i a normelor speciale aplicabile fiecrei categorii de persoane , unele aflate ntr-un dinamism accentuat de evoluia dreptului comunitar i a altor norme internaionale incidente. Aa se face c: - s-a regndit capacitatea de folosin anticipat a copilului conceput; - a fost perfecionat regimul lipsei capacitii de exerciiu; - s-a revizuit instituia tutelei i a curatelei; - au fost incluse reglementri specifice referitoare la ocrotirea dreptului la via, la sntate i integritate, a dreptului la viaa privat i la demnitate, precum i la respectul memoriei persoanei decedate; - a fost consolidat protecia dreptului personal nepatrimonial, reglementnduse expres dreptul celui vtmat sau ameninat cu o atingere ilicit adus personalitii sale , de a cere oricnd instanei, fie interzicerea nclcrii dac este iminent, fie ncetarea nclcrii i interzicerea ei pentru viitor sau constatarea caracterului illicit a nclcrii aduse dac tulburarea produs subzist; - s-a consacrat ca mijloc specific de aprare, dreptul la replic precum i instituia unor msuri provizorii specifice; - s-a consacrat dreptul la domiciliu i reedin i unicitatea acestora; - au fost revizuite dispoziiile referitoare la starea civil; - a fost regndit reglementarea persoanei juridice, introducndu-se i unele prevederi exprese privitoare la funcionarea acesteia , la regimul special al nulitii ei, avndu-se n vedere i

category or form. At the same time solutions were harmonized with the ones included in other internal and international regulations regarding the institution of natural persons and legal entities from the view of creating an united legislative framework that would be the common law in the matter in compliance with the juridical particularities and special regulations applicable to every category of persons, some of them being in a bigger dynamics of communitarian law and other related international regulations evolution. This is how: - It thought over the ability to previously use the conceived child; - It improved the lack of exercise ability regime; - It revised the institution of tutorship and trusteeship; - It included specific regulations regarding the protection of the right to life, health and integrity, the right to private life and dignity, as well as respect for a deceased person; - It consolidated the protection of nonpatrimonial personal right, expressly regulating the right of the injured or threatened party with an illicit damage upon its personality, to demand the court, at any moment, either to forbid the breach, if it is imminent, either to cease breaching and forbidding it for the future or establishing the illicit character of the breach caused if the damage continues; - It established, as specific means of defence, the right to reply as well as the institution of specific temporary measures; - It established the right to a domicile and residence and their uniqueness; - It revised civil status related provisions; - It thought over the regulation of legal entity, introducing some express provisions regarding its operation, to

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prevederile din dreptul comparat precum i dreptul comunitar al societilor comerciale. Cartea a-II-a Despre familie, realizeaz o regndire a modalitilor de reglementare a materiei familiei, renunndu-se la idea unui cod distinct care s guverneze acest domeniu. S-a urmrit ntrirea obligaiei statului de a sprijini, prin msuri economice i sociale, ncheierea cstoriei precum i consolidarea i dezvoltarea familiei. A fost consacrat principiul interesului superior al copilului. S-a stabilit competena instanei tutelare n aplicarea dispoziiilor din material familiei. n materia cstoriei au fost reglementate ca nouti instituia logodnei, alegerea regimului matrimonial ntre cel al comunitii legale,al comunitii convenionale , precum i cel al separaiei de bunuri. Tot n aceast materie i tot ca noutate a fost reglementat regimul primar imperativ privitor la locuina familiei precum i instituia divorului pe cale administrativ. n materia rudeniei a fost lrgit sfera subiectelor care pot fi titulare ale aciunii n tgada paternitii, respectiv soul mamei, mama, precum i copilul n cauz. A fost reglementat reproducerea uman asistat medical cu teri donatori. A fost reglementat noiunea de autoritate printeasc, definit noiunea de locuin a copilului i s-a stabilit regimul juridic al administrrii bunurilor copilului. Au fost reglementate detaliat condiiile de fond, efectele i ncetarea adopiei. Cartea a-III-a unific dispoziiile n materia bunurilor, a dreptului de proprietate i a celorlalte drepturi reale, innd cont de soluiile din doctrina i jurisprudena din acest domeniu. Ca elemente de noutate pot fi amintite, reconsiderarea soluiilor juridice n materia dreptului de proprietate comun, pe

the special regime of its nullity, considering also the provisions from compared law and from communitarian law of business corporations. 2nd Book About family, makes a rethinking of family regulating methods, giving-up the idea of a distinct code that would govern this field. It followed to consolidate the state obligation to support, through economic and social measures, marriage conclusion as well as consolidation and development of family. It consolidated the principle of childs high interest. It established the jurisdiction of the tutelary court in enforcing the provisions in the matter of family. In the matter of family, it regulated as news the institution of engagement, the choice of matrimonial states between that of legal community, conventional community as well as separation of goods. In this matter as a new element, it regulated the imperative primary regime regarding the dwelling place of the family as well as the institution of administrative divorce. In the matter of kinship it enlarged the sphere of subjects holding actions to the disadvantage of paternity, mothers husband respectively, the mother and the child. It regulated human reproduction medically assisted by third donors. It regulated the term of parental authority, defined the notion of childs dwelling place and established the juridical status of childs assets administration. It regulated the background conditions in detail, the effects and cease of adoption. 3rd Book unifies the dispositions in the matter of assets, ownership right and other real rights, taking into consideration the solutions from the doctrine and jurisprudence from this field. As elements of novelty we can

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cote pri, obinuit, reglementarea instituiei proprietii periodice instituinduse sanciunea excluderii coproprietarului care tulbur n mod grav exercitarea acestei proprieti, prin vnzarea forat a cotei pri ce-i aparine. S-a limitat durata dreptului de superficie , iar n cazul accesiunii s-a realizat distincia dintre lucrrile autonome i cele adugate, precum i dintre lucrrile cu caracter durabil i cele cu caracter provizoriu, dar i regimul juridic al lucrrilor i al mbuntirilor realizate de uzufructuar. A fost introdus instituia fiduciei, sa realizat o reglementare general a instituiei administrrii bunurilor altuia. A fost preluat reglementarea n materia crilor funciare consacrndu-se caracterul constitutiv al nscririlor n crile funciare. Despre motenire i liberaliti, Cartea a-IV-a a revizuit instituii precum testamentul, rezerva succesoral sau raportul succesoral. S-a avut n vedere gruparea aspectelor comune tuturor tipurilor de succesiune , s-a definit noiunea de motenire legal, determinndu-i-se caracterul supletiv n raport cu motenirea testamentar. S-a consacrat capacitatea anticipat de a moteni , au fost reglementate cazurile de nedemnitate absolut i judiciar precum i efectele nedemnitii. Au fost consacrate expres reguli n privina reprezentrii, dndu-se acestei instituii o reglementare unitar, au fost preluate n Cod dispoziiile legale cu privire la dreptul de motenire al soului supravieuitor. S-a consacrat principiul potrivit cruia orice liberalitate trebuie s mbrace forma donaiei sau a legatului. S-a reglementat expres instituia darului manual , a fost modernizat instituia testamentelor privilegiate. Cartea a-V-a Despre obligaii, renun la diviziunea ntre raporturile civile

remind the reconsideration of juridical solutions in the matter of common property, on share quotas, the regulation of the institution of periodic property establishing the penalty of excluding the co-owner that seriously troubles the exercise of this property, by forced sale of its share quota. It limited the duration of the superficies and in the case of accession it made a distinction between autonomous and added works, as well as between durable and temporary works, as well as the legal status of works and improvements made by the usufructuary. It introduced the institution of fiduciary, it made a general regulation to the institution of aliens assets administration. It took over the regulation in the matter of fiduciary books establishing the constitutive character of recording in land registers. About inheritance and liberalities, 4th Book revised institutions like the will, heirs reserve or heirs ratio. It considered the grouping of aspects common to all types of succession, it defined the notion of legal inheritance, determining its suppletive character in relation to testamentary inheritance. It established the anticipated ability to inherit, it regulated the cases of absolute and juridical lack of dignity and its effects. It expressly established rules regarding representation, giving this institution an unity regulation, it took over legal provisions regarding the surviving spouses right of inheritance into the Code. It established the principle according to which any liberality has to take the form of donation or legacy. It expressly regulated the institution of manual gift, it modernized the institution of privileged wills. 5th Book About liabilities, renounces the division between civil relations and commercial relations,

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i raporturile comerciale , consacrnd diferenierea de regim juridic n funcie de calitatea de profesionist sau nonprofesionist a celor implicai n raportul juridicobligaional. Noua reglementare n materia obligaiilor a lrgit sfera izvoarelor acestora, a reglementat n detaliu aspectele referitoare la ncheierea contractului, introducnd dispoziiile speciale referitoare la formarea contractelor electronice. A fost consacrat prezumia de nulitate relativ i interpretare, introducndu-se coceptul de voin concordant a prilor. Au fost definite noi tipuri de contracte precum cel de adeziune sau contractul cadru. S-a consacrat rspunderea precontractual, n special pentru negocierea cu rea credin, divulgarea sau folosirea neautorizat a informaiilor confideniale sau retragerea intempestiv a ofertei. S-a consacrat soluia irevocabilitii de a contracta , a sistemului recepiunii ca moment al ncheierii contractului. Au fost incluse dispoziii exprese cu privire la eroarea de drept ca i cauz de anulare a contractului, a fost recunoscut expres dolul prin reticen. S-a reglementat posibilitatea de a contracta cu privire la bunurile care la data ncheierii contractului aparin unei tere persoane. A fost reglementat expres impreviziunea i denunarea unilateral pentru contractul ncheiat pe durat nedeterminat. S-a detaliat reglementarea cu privire la clauza de dezicere, pactul de opiune, promisiunea de a contracta, stipulaia pentru altul, promisiunea faptei altuia precum i simulaia. n privina reprezentrii au fost clarificate condiiile i efectele acesteia , mai ales n ceea ce privete actele ncheiate de reprezentant f r indicarea numelui reprezentatului sau a celor ncheiate n lipsa

establishing the difference of legal status depending on the professional or nonprofessional quality of those involved in the juridical-liability relation. The new regulation in the matter of liabilities has enlarged the extent of their sources, it has regulated in detail aspects regarding contract conclusion, introducing the special provisions regarding the conclusion of electronic contracts. It established the presumption of relative nullity and interpretation, introducing the concept of parties concordant will. It defined new types of contracts like the accession one or the framework agreement. It established the pre-contractual liability, especially for bad will negotiation, disclosure or unauthorized use of confidential information or unexpected withdrawal of the offer. It established the solution of irrevocability to contract, reception system as execution moment of the contract. It included express dispositions regarding the rightful error as contract annulment cause, it expressly admitted dolus by reticence. It regulated the possibility to contract regarding goods belonging to third parties at the moment of concluding the contract. It expressly regulated unpredictability and unilateral denunciation for the contract concluded for undetermined period. It detailed the regulation regarding the denial cause, the promise to contract, stipulation for another one, promise for others actions and simulation. As far as representation is concerned, it clarified its conditions and effects, especially regarding the documents concluded by the representative without indicating the name of the representative or the ones concluded in absence or by going over the power to represent.

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sau cu depirea puterii de a reprezenta. Cu privire la rspunderea civil delictual , a fost reglementat rspunderea pentru vtmarea unui interes precum i rspunderea n cazul nendeplinirii unei activiti impuse de lege sau de ordinul superiorului. S-a definit paza juridic, s-a extins rspunderea comitentului pentru faptele prepusului. S-a preluat regula solidaritii legale n obligaiile comerciale, s-a introdus solidaritatea pasiv legal ntre debitorii unor obligaii constractate pentru exploatarea unei intreprinderi. A fost detaliat regimul juridic al obligaiilor de mijloace i rezultat, au fost recunoscute plile efectuate cu mijloace moderne , s-a introdus principiul nominalismului monetar , precum i reguli noi cu privire la anatocism. S-a reglementat n detaliu punerea n ntrziere a debitorului, extinzndu-se situaia n care debitorul se afl de drept n ntrziere, sarcina probei unui caz de ntrziere de drept revenind ntotdeauna creditorului. Ca noutate, a fost reglementat neexecutarea obligaiei de a face, precum i faptul c daunele moratorii vor curge din ziua scadenei, fr a fi nevoie de vreo punere n ntrziere. Cu privire la clauza penal s-a reglementat faptul c instana judectoreasc o poate reduce dar nu o poate suprima. A fost introdus regula rezoluiunii convenionale i nu cea judiciar , a fost reglementat n mod distinct cesiunea unei universaliti de creane , precum i a prelurii de datorii. S-au preluat ntr-un Titlu distinct Constractele speciale i acele contracte considerate ca fiind apanajul exclusiv al comercianilor precum cel de comision, de consignaie, de expediie, de transport, o serie de contracte bancare i altele. n materia vnzrilor au fost reglementate aspecte precum promisiunea de

Regarding criminal civil liability, it regulated the liability for damages of interests as well as liability in case of failure to perform an activity required by the law or by a superior order. It defined juridical protection, extended the liability of the criminal for its supposed offences. It took over the rule of legal solidarity in commercial liabilities, it introduced legal passive solidarity among the debtors of liabilities established for the operation of an enterprise. It detailed the legal status of means and outcome liabilities, it admitted payments made with modern means, it introduced the principle of monetary nominalism as well as new rules regarding compound interest. It regulated in detail the delay of the debtor, extending the case in which the debtor is in delay by right, the obligation of proving a delay case by right belonging to the creditor. As a new element, it regulated the failure to execute the obligation of doing, as well as the fact that moratory damages shall being at the maturity date, without any delay. As far as penal clause is concerned, it regulated the fact that the court is able to reduce it but not to suppress it. It introduced the rule of conventional resolution and not juridical one, it distinctly regulated the cession of an universality of debts as well as debts taking over. It took in a Distinct Title Special Contracts those contracts considered to be the exclusive attribute of traders like the commission one, commission shop, delivery, transport, bank contracts and others. In the matter of sales it regulated aspects like the promise to sell, the sale of others goods, repurchase pact sale, sale in instalments, sale in public tenders, sale of litigating rights, right to pre-emption.

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vnzare, vnzarea bunului altuia, vnzarea cu pact de rscumprare, vnzarea cu plata preului n rate, vnzarea la licitaie public,vnzarea de drepturi litigioase, dreptul de preempiune. n materia societii a fost structurat sistemul pe dou principii, cel al societii simple i cel al societii speciale. Au fost reglementate contractele folosite n mod uzual de instituiile financiare precum contractele de cont curent i unele contracte bancare. n materia contractelor de rent a fost reglementat stipularea rentei n beneficiu unui ter, rezoluiunea contractului de rent viager precum i modurile de constituire a rentei. A fost introdus instituia tranzaciei asupra unui proces terminat. n materia garantrii obligaiilor a fost consacrat regula egalitii creditorilor i a fost definit noiunea de cauz de preferin. Ca noutate s-a statuat c i bunurile mobile pot face obiectul unei ipoteci , precum i posibilitatea instituirii ipotecii asupra unei universaliti de bunuri imobile, a fost reglementat dreptul de retenie, ca garanie real imperfect. O carte distinct este Cartea a -VI-a, care reglementeaz regulile aplicabile prescripiei extinctive, uzucapiunea fiind tratat n Cartea a-III-a. O regul general i absolut nou a fost dat termenelor de decdere. S-a reglementat termenul de prescripie extinctiv n materia rspunderii civile delictuale, a fost instituit un nou caz de suspendare a prescripiei extinctive, acela al negocierilor purtate n scopul rezolvrii pe cale amiabil a nenelegerilor dintre pri. n sfrit Cartea a-VII-a Dispoziii de drept internaional privat integreaz prevederile Legii 105/1992 revizuite i puse n acord cu noua concepie n materia dreptului familiei i cu instrumente comunitare i internaionale n domeniul dreptului internaional privat.

In the matter of society it structured the system on two principles, that of simple society and special society. It regulated contracts used by financial institutions like current account contracts and some bank contracts. In the matter of rent contracts, it regulated the stipulation of rent for the benefit of third parties, the resolution of life annuity contracts as well as rent establishment ways. It introduced the institution of transaction upon a completed process. In the matter of guaranteeing the obligations it established the rule of creditors equality and defined the preference cause. As a new element, it stated that movable goods can be the object of a mortgage, as well as the possibility to establish a mortgage upon an universality of movable goods, it regulated the retention right, as imperfect real guarantee. A distinct book is 6th Book, regulating the rules applicable to extinctive prescription, usucapio being treated in 3rd Book. A general new rule has been given to decay terms. It regulated the extinctive prescription term in the matter of criminal civil liability, it established a new case of suspending extinctive prescription, that of negotiations in order to amicably solve disputes between the parties. At last 7th Book Provisions of private international law integrates the provisions of the Law 105/1992 revised and agreeing with the new conception in the matter of family law with communitarian and international instruments in the field of private international law. It established the principle of parties autonomy of will in the meaning of the possibility to choose, under certain limitations, the law applicable to the matrimonial status.

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A fost consacrat principiul autonomiei de voin a prilor n sensul posibilitii de a alege, n anumite limite, legea aplicabil regimului matrimonial. A fost reglementat ca instituie nou nlturarea excepional a legii aplicabile, care permite judectorului, n mod excepional, s stabileasc legea aplicabil cea mai adecvat n spe, independent de norma conflictual n materie. A fost reglementat soluionarea conflictelor de lege n diferite materii, precum cea a motenirii, principiul fiind aplicarea legii ultimei reedine obinuite a defunctului i numai prin excepie, pentru imobile, legea locului unde sunt situate, materia legii aplicabile obligaiei de ntreinere, regula fiind aplicat legii reedinei obinuite a creditorului , lrginduse autonomia de voin a testatorului prin instituirea posibilitii acestuia de a alege legea aplicabil motenirii. Aceste soluii legislative ale noului Cod civil, ale dreptului material, constituie baza reformrii dreptului procedural.

It regulated the new institution of exceptional removal of applicable law, allowing the judge to exceptionally establish the most adequate law, irrespective of the conflict regulation in the matter. It regulated the solving of law conflicts in various fields, like the one of inheritance, the principle being applied to the law of the last residence of the defunct and only by exception, for buildings, the law of their location, the matter of the law applicable to the liability of maintenance, the rule being applied to the law of the creditors common residence enlarging the autonomy of testators will by establishing its possibility to choose the law applicable to its heirs. These legislative solutions applicable to the new Civil Code, material law, are the base for the reformation of procedural law.

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