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Gramatica Limbii Engleze
Gramatica Limbii Engleze
Transcriere fonetica
[ei]
[bi:]
[si:]
[di:]
[i:]
[ef]
[dji:]
[eitch]
[ai]
[gei]
[kei]
[el]
[em]
[en]
[ou]
[pi:]
[kju:]
[a:]
[es]
[ti:]
[ju:]
v
w
x
y
z
[vi:]
['dablju:]
[eks]
[wai]
[zed]
[a] a cu barcuta deasupra, e scurt, si intalnit in silabe neaccentuate, ex.: a pen [ a pen] un
stilou, at home [at haum] acasa, after [a:fta] dupa, England [ingland] Anglia
[a: ] a cu barcuta deasupra, prelungit si pronuntat printre dinti, intr-un zambet larg, ex.: girl
[ga:l] fata, learn [la:n] a invata
[ae] este un sunet intermediar intre "e" si "a", pronuntat cu gura foarte mult deschisa, ex.: Ann
[aen] Ana, has [haez] (el, ea) are
e similar cu vocala romaneasca, ex.: men [men] barbati, many [meni] multi, multe
i scurt, intre "i" si "e"
it [it] el, ea (pentru substantive ce denumesc obiecte, animale si notiuni abstracte), ex: big [big]
mare
i: vocala lunga, intalnita in exclamatiile din limba romana!, ex: be [bi:] a fi, see [si:] a vedea
o intermediara intre o si a, ex: dog [dog] caine, not [not] nu (adverb)
o: lung, intre "u" si "o", ex: all [o:l] toti, toate, door [do:] usa
u scurt, intre "u" si "o", ex: good [gud] bun
u: lung, ex: you [iu:] tu, voi, do [du:] a face
the Atlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English Channel, the River Thames, the
Straits of Gibraltar
the Himalayas, the Alps, the Carpathians
the Hawaiian Islands, the Falklands
the United States of America, the Netherlands, the Philippines
the Arizona Desert, the Mojave Desert
NOTA: THE nu se foloseste cu nume de munti izolati.
Ben Nevis is the highest mountain in Scotland.
THE nu se foloseste cu nume de lacuri.
Lake Superior, Lake Victoria, Lake Ontario
8. in fata numelor de instruente muzicale:
Rachmaninov began to play the piano when he was only 4 years old.
The guitar has always been my favourite instrument.
9. in fata unor adjective nationalitati cu referire la oameni dintr-o anumita tara. Aici se
foloseste un verb la plural:
The Swiss have decided not to join the EU.
The Spanish are doing very well in this years Olympics.
NOTA: In anumite cazuri, se pot folosi numai substantive la plural.
The Germans were upset about losing the WW II.
The Americans hosted the 1994 World Football Championship.
10. inaintea adjectivelor superlative si a numeralelor ordinale:
Neil Armstrong was the first man to walk on the moon.
Laura is the most beautiful in my class.
That is the silliest thing I have ever heard.
NOTA: Uneori numeralele oridinale pot fi folosite fara THE atunci cand se face
referire la ordinea in care se petrec evenimentele.
Brendan came first ad Colin second at 100 meters.
We went to Manhattan first, then on to Brooklyn.
Articolul nehotart (a / an).
Se foloseste a naintea substantivelor care ncep cu o consoana si an naintea substantivelor
care ncep cu o vocala (a, e, i, o, u). Articolul nehotart se foloseste:
1. inaintea unui substantiv pentru a ne referi la ceva sau cineva pentru prima data:
Ive received a postcard from a friend of mine in the US.
After months of searching, my brother found a job.
The Jacksons live in a bungalow.
2. pentru a exprima ce este ceva sau cineva, inclusiv slujbe sau profesii:
My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect.
Jenny doesnt eat meat; shes a vegetarian.
There is a man at the door who says he is a detective.
That was a kind thing to say.
3. dupa verbul be sau alte verbele copulative, cand dupa ele urmeaza locutiuni
prepozitionala sau propozitii relative care ofera mai multa informatie despre cineva sau
ceva:
I read an interesting article about pollution in yesterdays paper.
Jacks son is a talented artist.
He studied law at University and became a judge.
I bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.
John Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the Times yesterday.
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4. cu unele expresii numerice insemnand unu sau su expresii ale pretului, vitezei,
raportului si cantitatii:
A hundred guests were invited.
Petrol costs 1.50 a litre in England.
Hes crazy driving at 190 kilometres an hour.
You must take this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.
There was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.
5. cu substantive numarabile la singular pentru a da definitii, a face afirmatii generale,
exclamatii sau cand ne exprimam dorinte:
A thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms.
A house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood.
An apple a day keeps the doctor away. (proverb)
Wow! What a pretty girl walked by just now.
Id like a nice cool glass of beer.
Articolul a / an si one
1.
Atunci cnd numeri sau masori timpul, distanta, greutatea, etc. se poate folosi fie
a/an fie one pentru singular:
Ex.: a / one pound, a / one million pounds
You can take an/ one hour for lunch.
2.
Dar a/an si one nu nseamna ntotdeauna acelasi lucru:
Ex.: A box is no good. (We need a crate not a box).
One box is no good, we need two boxes.
Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste articol n urmatoarele cazuri:
1. in fata substantivelor nenumarabile sau numarabile la plural cand se face o afirmatie
generala (adesea precedate de determinanti ca: some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.):
Water quenches thirst on a hot day.
Pollution in big cities is very worrying.
Dogs make good companions.
There is some luggage to be taken upstairs.
Is there any bread in the kitchen?
2. in fata substativelor abstracte cand sunt folosite in mod generic: beauty, happiness, fear,
hope, knowledge, intelligence etc.; cu exceptia cazurilor cand sunt folosite cu sens mai
bine specificat:
Knowledge comes to us through our senses. DAR: She got the job because she
has a knowledge of English.
Beauty is in the eye of the beholder. DAR: What a beauty!
3. in fata substantivelor proprii, nume de persoane si numele unei companii, cu exceptia
situatiilor cand se vorbeste de familie ca un tot:
He works for Microsoft.
Helen and George Parker are coming to dinner tonight. DAR: The Parkers are
coming to dinner tonight.
4. pentru a vorbi despre sporturi, in fata numelor de echipe etc:
He loves football and supports Manchester Utd.
5. inaintea meselor zilei:
Where did you have breakfast / lunch / dinner?
6. inaintea cuvintelor home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci cand
ele reprezinta o institutie sau o idee generala. THE se foloseste totusi atunci cand se face
o referire speciala la locul respectiv:
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Al Capone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. (ne referim nu la o
anumita inchisoare, ci la institutie)
His mother went to the prison once a week to visit him. (aici ne referim la acea
inchisoare unde se afla Al Capone)
My mother goes to church every Sunday. (biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu
religios)
She sometimes goes to the church near the Royal Palace. (acea biserica anume).
Our University is 150 years old. (institutia universitatii)
Emma and Ben often go to the university to talk to their professor. (la o
universitate anume, in cladirea ei)
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Prepozitia
1. Prepozitia de loc - se foloseste cu verbe statice: to be/to stay/to exist/to stand, etc.
in in, la, pentru spatii mari
Ex: I live in Bucharest.
at in, la, pentru spatii reduse Ex: I live at Sinaia.
within in cadrul, pentru suprafete restranse Ex: A lot of words have been said within
these walls.
against rezemat
Ex: The man is against the wall.
impotriva
Ex: We are against them.
on pe (pozitia pe o suprafata) Ex: The book is on the table.
Pentru apropiere:
imediata: next to, close to, beside
apropiere: near, near by, by
Pozitia pe verticala:
over deasupra
under dedesubt
(fara raportare la un punct fix)
above deasupra
below dedesubt
(cu raportare la un punct fix) Ex: above zero, below the water
level
underneath punctul cel mai de jos
on top of punctul cel mai de sus (prin atingere) Ex: The green book is underneath.
(este cea mai de jos carte)
Pozitia pe orizontala:
in front of in fata
behind in spate (pentru lucruri pentru a indica pozitia) Ex: The tree is in front of the
house.
after dupa
before inainte (pentru oameni, pentru a indica ordinea) Ex: Im before you at the
queue.
between intre 2
among printre (mai mult de 2)
2. Prepozitia de miscare - se foloseste numai cu verbe de miscare
to la, catre (pp atingerea punctului)
Ex: I go to school.
towards la, catre (nu pp atingerea punctului) Ex: I go towards office.
Into in (pp patrunderea intr-un spatiu)
Ex: Put the bag into the house.
Onto pe (pp miscarea pe o suprafata orizontala;se pune ondaca sta)The cat is running
onto the floor.
along de-a lungul (pp miscarea pe o suprafata plana si lunga) Ex: Im walking along the
beech.
through prin (pp traversare si patrundere) Ex: I walk through the park.
across traversare (nu si patrundere)
Ex: I run across the street.
about prin (arata o miscare nedefinita)
Ex: I walk about town (prin oras, fara un tel
precis)
around in jurul (pp o miscare circulara)
Ex: I dance around the fire.
out of pp iesirea dintr-un volum
Ex: Get out of my house.
off pp desprinderea de o suprafata
Ex: The plane takes off.
up-and-down in sus si in jos pe un plan vertical Ex: The children run up-and-down the
stairs.
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Expresii
From-din,de la
In-n
Into-n,spre
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Inside-nuntru
Near-lng
Of-de
Off-departe de
On-pe
Over-peste
Past
Round-n jurul
Since-de,de la
Through-prin
Under-sub
Up-n susul,ctre
Until-pn la,pn n
UponWithin-n,nuntrul,nu mai trziu de
Without-fr
Wake up!-trezete-te,scoal-te
Until the end of life-pn la sfritul vieii
To refuse upon the principle-a refuza din principiu
Upon the top of the hill-n vrful dealului
Upon our word-pe cuvntul nostru
To keep within doors-a ine n cas
Within the law-n limita legii
Within a week-n mai puin de o sptmn
Within our room-n interiorul camerei noastre
To be without help-a fi fr de ajutor
To come without delay-a veni fr ntrziere
To escape without damage-a scpa nevtmat
To come without fail-a veni sigur(negreit)
To come without doubt-a veni fr ndoial
It goes withaut sayng(seing)-se nelege de la sine
I will leave withaut him-o s plec fr el
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Conjunctia
A. Dupa aspect
1. Simple: but, if, and.
2. Compuse: however, unless, otherwise.
3. De legatura: asas, bothand, eitheror, neithernor, not onlybut also, whetheror .
4. Locutiuni: as well as, as if (de parca), as though (de parca), for instance, thats why, so long as
(atata timp cat).
B. Dupa functie
1. De coordonare
a) and - care leaga
- propozitii intre ele
- parti de vorbire de acelasi fel
Ex: I go and stay there for a week
b) as well as
Ex: I work in a school as well as at home.
c) neithernor
Ex: I am neither in the kitchen nor in the bathroom.
d) not onlybut also
Ex: I am not only intelligent but also pretty.
e) as well
Ex: He is calm and good as well.
f) eitheror
Ex: They are either brother and sister or husband and wife.
g) furthermore (cu atat mai mult)
Ex: I speak English, furthermore I wood like to visit England.
h) conjunctii adversative: but, while, whereas (pe cata vreme, tinand seama de)
contrasteaza cu propozitia principala.
Ex:
I am tall but fat.
I am talking while you are righting.
k) conjunctii disjunctive: or, else, or else (ori, cu alte cuvinte), otherwise (altfel).
Ex:
Would you prefer coffee or tea?
Please put your coat else you get whet.
Learn your lesson otherwise you fail.
i) conjunctiile concluzive: consequently, on that account, so, then, that is why (iata de ce),
therefore (de aceea).
Ex: I havent slept therefore/that is why I am tired.
j) conjunctii explicative: for example, for instance, namely, that is to say.
Ex:
Only one friend of mine left Romania, namely Ela.
I like do a lot of thinks for instance/example reading, dancing,
2. De subordonare acelea care introduc o propozitie secundara. Unele dintre ele sunt
specializate pe anumite tipuri de propozitii.
Ex:
pt. concesive: through, although (desi)
pt. conditionale: if
pt. comparative: as if (de parca), as though
pt. predicative sau pt. subiective, completive directe, attributive
Subordonate predicative introduse prin:
a) what - Ex: The question is what I must read.
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Adverbul
Adverbele sunt cuvinte care ne spun mai multe despre cum , unde, cnd, ct de frecvent
sau n ce msura are loc o actiune.
Functia adverbelor
Astfel, adverbele determina n general verbe:
Ex.: The bus moved slowly. (cum?)
I am going home tomorrow. (cnd?)
Adverbele pot determina:
adjective: You look absolutely fabulous!
adverbe: She played the violin extremely well. You're speaking too quietly.
propozitii intregi: Perhaps we'll see you again next year.
In general adverbul este terminat in ly, dar nu tot ce are ly este adverb. De regula se
formeaza din adjectiv + ly.
Modificari ortografice:
1. daca adjectivul se termina in e, acesta se pastreaza ely
Ex: nice nicely
Exceptii:
due duly (datorat)
true truly
whole wholly
2. daca adjectivul se termina in le, se transforma e in y/ ly
Ex: capable capably
3. daca adjectivul se termina in ll, se adauga doar lly
Ex: full fully
4. daca adjectivul se termina in ic, se adauga ally
Ex: automatic automatically
5. daca adjectivul se termina in y, indiferent daca este precedat de vocala sau de
consoana, se transforma in i si se adauga ily
Ex:
pretty prettily
gay gaily
Exceptii:
shy shyly
wry wryly
coy coyly (sfios)
6. adjectivul good face adverbul well
NOTA: ca sa verific L-urile unui adverb, il desfac in adjectiv + ly
Ex:
usually = usual + ly
bitterly = bitter + ly
awfully = awful + ly
Adverbe care au 2 forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare din ele este corect)
1. bright = brightly
2. sound = soundly
3. fair = fairly
4. tight = tightly
(sunt echivalente)
5. dear = dearly
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6. dead = deadly
7. cheap = cheaply
Ex: The sun shines bright / brightly.
NOTA: forma in ly se va prefera totusi cand adverbul determina un adjectiv
Ex: He is deadly tired. (si nu he is dead tired).
Adverbul cheap se va folosi in loc de cheaply doar pentru a caracteriza activitati
comerciale (to buy, to sell, to get)
Ex:
She bought it cheap.
dar
We traveled cheaply.
Adverbe cu 2 forme cu 2 intelesuri diferite
clean = complet
cleanly = intr-o maniera curata
clear = exact
clearly = intr-o maniera clara
close = apropiat
closely = indeaproape
deep = adanc
deeply = profund
direct = direct
directly = imediat
due = spre (la busola)
duly = punctual
easy = usor
Ex: Take it easy!
easily = intr-o maniera lejera
free = gratis
freely = pe sleau, deschis
full = complet
fully = pe scara larga, intr-o maniera extinsa
hard = greu
hardly = de-abia, cu greu, aproape deloc
high = sus
highly = foarte
just = tocmai
justly = asa cum se cuvine
late = tarziu
lately = in ultima vreme
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large = extins
largely = pe scara larga
most = majoritatea
mostly = cu precadere
near = langa
nearly = aproape ca
pretty = foarte
prettily = intr-o maniera draguta
right = exact
rightly = cu precizie, clar
sharp = fix
sharply = intr-o maniera taioasa
short = brusc
shortly = imediat
Adverbe si adjective cu aceeasi forma si inteles
fast
far
early
alike
alone
past
solo
straight
next
little
outside
He is a friendly person.
adj
He speaks to me in a friendly way / manner.
adv
coward = las (substantiv)
cowardly = las (adjectiv)
in a cowardly manner = cu lasitate (adverb)
Gradele de comparatie - se construiesc astfel:
daca adjectivul si adverbul au aceeasi forma, se comporta ca un adjectiv scurt (gradele se
fac cu er si est)
Ex: I run fast / not so fast as / as fast as / faster than / the fastest of all / very fast
daca adverbul se obtine din adjectiv + ly, face gradele de comparatie ca un adjectiv lung
(cu more si the most)
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Ex: He runs quickly / less quickly than / as quickly as / more quickly than / the most
quickly of all / very quickly
Comparatia regulata
well better the best
badly worse the worst
much more the most
far farther the farthest
further the furthest
near nearer the next
little less the least
late later the last
Clasificarea adverbelor
1. Adverbe de mod
2. Adverbe de loc si directie
3. Adverbe de timp, durata si frecventa
4. Adverbe de probabilitate
5. Adverbe de grad
Adverbe de mod
Adverbele de mod ne arata cum, in ce mod are loc o actiune. Ele se aseaza in propozitie
dupa verb sau dupa complementul acestuia.
fairly foarte, dar nu extraordinary. Fairly se cupleaza intotdeauna cu adjectivul la
gradul pozitiv.
Ex: Your story is fairly interesting.
quite este mai puternic decat fairly. Se foloseste cand vreau sa fac o apreciere
favorabila.
Ex: This car is quite cheap.
NOTA : cand se refera la adjective sau adverbe care nu au grade de comparatie,
quite capata sensul de absolut, complet, de-a dreptul.
Ex: Your dress is quite unique.
rather se foloseste cand am de facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este =
foarte, neasteptat de. Se foloseste numai cu caracteristici negative. Poate fi precedat
si urmat de articolul a
Ex: This car is rather expensive.
Ex:
This is a rather difficult exercise.
This is rather a difficult exercise.
pretty foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)
Ex: Im pretty tired.
very Este cel mai cunoscut si se cupleaza cu orice (pozitiv, comparativ sau
superlativ)
Ex:
I do my very best.
He is very much faster than I am.
much / a lot = se cupleaza cu comparativul
Ex: He is much faster than I am.
by far = se cupleaza cu superlativul
Ex: He is by far the fastest of all.
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De obicei, adverbele de timp se aseaza la sfrsitul propozitiei sau emfatic, la nceputul ei:
Ex.: One of my children wrote to me yesterday.
Later the boy understood the story.
Adverbele care indica durata se aseaza la sfarsitul propozitiei:
Ex.: She stayed in the house all day.
My mother lived in France for a year.
Adverbele de frecventa exprima frecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza de obicei in fata
verbului principal, dar dupa verbele auxiliare (cum ar fi be, have, may, must):
I often eat vegetarian food. (in fata verbului principal)
You must always fasten your seat belt. (dupa verbul auxiliar must)
I have never forgotten my first kiss. (dupa verbul auxiliar have si in fata verbului principal
forgotten)
Unele adverbe de frecventa exprima regularitatea incidentei unei actiuni si se plaseaza la
sfarsitul prepozitiei:
This magazine is published monthly.
He visits his mother once a week.
Adverbe de fecventa: frequently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,
sometimes, usually.
De retinut! Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.
Have you finished your work yet? No, not yet.
They haven't met him yet.
Still exprima ideea de continuitate. Se foloseste in propozitii pozitive sau
interogative.
I am still hungry.
Do you still work for the BBC?
Adverbe de timp usuale:
ago se foloseste cand raportarea se face fata de un moment prezent
Ex: I saw her one hour ago.
NOTA! daca raportarea se face fata de un moment trecut, in loc de ago se pune before
Ex: I told her that I had met her one hour before.
for arata durata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul de inceput si sfarsit al actiunii.
Este specific prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului perfect continuu.
Ex: I havent met her for two years.
NOTA! se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut
Ex: I was a student for two years (Im no longer a student).
NOTA! pentru perioade lungi de timp (for ages, for centuries)
ATENTIE! nu se pune for dupa verbele:
to last
to take
to wait
to spend
to stay
Ex:
Ive been waiting ten minutes, (si nu Ive been waiting for ten minutes).
It lasts five seconds, (si nu it lasts for five seconds).
since arata inceputul perioadei fara a preciza durata si momentul final. Este specific
prezentului perfect simplu si continuu si trecutului continuu.
Ex: I havent met her since Monday.
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Vrsta:
Ex.:
Size
Age/Temperature
Shape
Colour
Origin
Material
Ex:
Gradele de comparatie
1. pozitiv = adjectivul nu se schimba
2. comparative:
a. de inferioritate
b. de egalitate
c. de superioritate
3. superlative:
a. relative
b. absolut
Comparativ de inferioritate
adj scurte (mono si bisilabice) se formeaza din: not so/not as + adj + as
Ex:
daca adj se termina in consoana precedata de vocala, dublez consoana finala Ex: big
bigger
pt adj lungi: more + adj + than
Ex: The book is more interesting than the movie.
Adj provenite din latina sunt urmate de to si nu de than
Ex: He is superior to me.
Superlativul relativ
adj scurte: the + adj +est
Ex:
large the largest
silly the silliest
adj lungi: the most+ adj
Ex: This is the most expensive thing.
ATENTIE! dupa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile of sau in
Ex: He is the best of all/the best in my group.
ATENTIE! daca se face comparatie intre 2 elemente, comparativul implica
superlativul: the + comparativ
Ex: Between you and me, I am the older.
Superlativul absolut
very + adj
very poate fi inlocuit cu: extremely
exceptionally
tremendously
awfully
ATENTIE! nu toate adj au grad de comparatie, unele definesc ideea de unitate (own,
complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, maximum, minimum). Altele au sufixe si prefixe:
extra large
over crowded
super fine
ultra short
priceless
Comparatia neregulata
good better the best
bad worse the worst
ill worse the worst
many more the most
much more the most
little less the least
near nearer the nearest (cel mai apropiat); next (urmatorul)
far farther the farthest (in spatiu)
far further the furthest (in timp)
late later the latest; the last (ultimul); the latter (ult din 2). Dintre 2, primul este the
former, nu the first.
up upper the upmost
in inner the inmost
Adjectivul interogativ
pozitie initiala in propozitie
invariabil ca forma
anuleaza articolul
determina un substantiv
forme: what, which, whose, how much, how many.
Diferenta: what./which
Which presupune selectie dintr-un numar limitat.
Ex: Which boy is your best friend?
What nu presupune selectie.
Ex: What days of the week do you know?
Diferenta how much / how many
How much presupune cantitatea si se foloseste pentru substantive nenumarabile.
Ex: How much money do you want?
How many inseamna numar si se foloseste la substantive numarabile.
Ex: How many books do you want?
Adjectivul relativ
pozitie mediana
introduce o propozitie secundara
invariabil
determina un substantiv anulandu-i articolul
forme:
whatever (fara selectie),
whichever (selectie din numar limitat),
whose (a, al, ai, ale cui).
Ex: You may take 1/ whatever books you want 2/.
Adjectivul nehotarat
SOME (unii, niste, vreo, cativa) - Utilizare:
1. In propozitia enuntiativa urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: I have some money / friends.
2. In propozitia interogativa in care se face o afirmatie sau o invitatie.
Ex: Would you like some coffee?
3. In propozitia in care stiu sigur ca primesc raspuns pozitiv.
Ex: Mother, can you give me some money?
4. In propozitia interogativa in care intrebarea nu se refera la some.
Ex: Why are there so many people in some (so many) restaurants?
5. In propozitia negativa al carui sens este afirmativ.
Ex: I never go home without buying some chocolate.
6. Cand poate fi inlocuitorul lui certain.
Ex: Certain people/some people believe they are the best.
ANY - este inlocuitorul lui some in:
1. Propozitia interogativa la care nu stiu ce raspuns voi primi.
Ex: Is there any milk left?
2. In propozitia enuntiativa dar cu sensul de oricine, oricare, orice.
Ex: Any book is good for you.
3. In propozitia care contine un adverb negativ de genul: hardly, barely, scarcely (de abia, cu
greu, deloc).
Ex: I hardly eat any bread (nu mananc paine aproape deloc)
4. In propozitia care contine if. (if = incertitudine)
Ex: If you find any books, buy them.
5. In propozitia care contine o expresie de indoiala: maybe, perhaps.
Ex: I doubt there are any good films in town.
6. In propozitia negativa in care verbul este negat.
Ex: I havent any friends here.
NO - Se foloseste numai in propozitia negativa in care verbul este la afirmativ.
Ex: I have no friends here.
EVERY (fara particularizare)
Ex: Every day I go to my office. (nu ma duc chiar in fiecare zi)
EACH (cu particularizare)
Ex: Each person has a name. (fiecare, particularizare)
EITHER (fiecare din doi)
NEITHER (nici unul din doi)
ATENTIE! Dupa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la
singular iar acordul cu verbul se face la singular.
Expresii cu every si each
Each other = unul pe altul (pp reciprocitate)
Every bit/inch = fiecare bucatica
Every right = tot dreptul
Every now and than = din cand in cand
Every other day = alternativ
Every so often = la interval regulat de timp fara a sti exact cand.
SUCH (astfel) - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: I have such friends/information.
SUCH A - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.
Ex: This is such a man of honor.
ALL - Urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural.
Ex: All books/information must be used.
WHOLE - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular.
Ex: I like the whole book.
NOTA! Pt perioade de timp se poate folosi si whole si all
Ex: Im home all the morning/ the whole morning. (whole este cotat ca fiind mai
puternic)
THE OTHER - Urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular sau plural.
Ex: The other child/children can swim.
Expresia The other day = some days ago, cere obligatoriu trecutul.
Ex: I was there the other day. (Am fost acolo acum cateva zile)
OTHER + Urmat de substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: Give me other examples.
+ Daca e precedat de no poate fi urmat si de numarabil la singular.
Ex: No other man is as good as you are.
ANOTHER + substantiv la singular (different, in addition)
Ex: Would you like another drink? = vrei inca unul (suplimentar) sau un altul (diferit)?
BOTH + substantiv numarabil la plural (pt. doi)
Ex:
I like both kids -> acordul in plural
Both are intelligent.
SEVERAL (mai multi intr-un numar nedefinit) + substantiv numarabil la plural.
Ex: We spent several days there.
MOST (majoritatea) + substantiv numarabil la plural sau nenumarabil.
Ex: Most books/information can be read easily.
ENOUGH
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv nenumarabil sau numarabil la plural are pozitie
mobila.
Ex: I have enough money/money enough to be happy.
ATENTIE! Daca e urmat de substantiv numarabil la singular se aseaza dupa el.
Ex: He is man enough to understand me.
Numeralul
1. Numeralul cardinal - arata numarul, cantitatea
Numeralul zero
1) zero = pentru calcul matematic si pentru exprimarea temperaturii
Ex: Its ten degrees above zero.
2) love = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la tenis (15-0 = fifteen-love)
3) nil = (nothing) = zero pentru exprimarea scorului la fotbal
4) naught = zero cand face parte din partea zecimala a unui numar
5) oh = zero pentru numere de telefon
De la 1 la 12 avem forme distincte
De la 13 la 19 avem (numeral simplu + teen), la care accentul cade pe sufix si i-ul este
lung.
De la 20 la 90 avem (numeral cardinal + ty), care este scurt si cu accentul pe prima silaba.
Ex: 40 = forty (nu mai are u!)
Numeralele compuse se scriu cu cratima
Ex: 42 = forty-two
One hundred = 100 - Ca numeral nu poate avea plural, dar are ca substantiv. Este substantiv
cand:
a) este urmat de of:
Ex: hundreds of pages
b) nu determina alt substantiv:
Ex: hundreds are here
Numeralul compus peste suta se scrie cu prepozitia and la englezi si fara la americani.
Ex: 210 = two hundred and ten
One thousand = 1,000 - Aceleasi reguli ca la suta.
One million = 1,000,000 - Fara s la TOEFL, dar este corect si cu s (2 millions) in
engleza.
One billion = 1,000,000,000 - Americanii zic milliard.
Utilizarea numeralului cardinal:
1) pentru exprimarea temperaturii (cu verbul to be)
2) pentru calcule matematice:
Addition (to add = a aduna)
2 + 3 = 5 two plus/and three is/are/equals five
(acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Subtraction (to subtract = a scadea)
5 3 = 2 five minus/take away is two
(acordul se face doar in sg)
Multiplication (to multiply = a inmulti)
2 x 3 = 6 two multiplied by three/twice three/3 times 2 is/are/equals six
(acordul se face in sg si in pl)
Division (to divide = a imparti)
6 : 3 = 2 six divided by three is two
(acordul se face doar in sg)
reminder = rest
Root = radical
- cube root = radical de ordinul 3
- square root = radical de ordinul 2
Power = putere
More than = >
Less than = <
Equal to = egal
Unequal to = diferit de
Parallel to = paralel
Perpendicular to = perpendicular
Angle = unghi
Right angle = unghi drept
Straight angle = unghi de 180 grade
Circle angle = unghi de 360 grade
Even = par
Odd = impar
3) pentru exprimarea unitatii monetare:
coin = moneda
bill/note = bancnota
nickel = 5 centi
dime = 10 centi
quarter of a dollar = 25 centi
half of a dollar = 50 centi
4) pentru unitati de masura la timpul potrivit (cand primim I20) !!!
5) pentru exprimarea anilor: se citesc cifrele 2 cate 2, iar anii formati din mai putin de 4 cifre se
citesc ca un numeral.
NOTA! zero nu se citeste in cadrul acestor 4 cifre ale anilor
Ex: 1907 = nineteen seven
- era noastra (e.n.) = a.d. (ante domini) sau in the year of Lord
- inaintea erei noastre = b.c. (before Christ)
6) pentru exprimarea numerelor zecimale (decimal fractions), intregul se citeste ca atare,
punct in loc de virgula, iar partea zecimala cifra cu cifra
Ex: 20.03 = twenty point naught three
NOTA! daca intregul este <1, nu se citeste
Ex: 0.1 = point one
7) pentru exprimarea varstei (cu verbul to be)
Ex:
Im twenty (years old) / Im twenty years of age.
sau
Im aged twenty.
Aproximarea varstei se face cu: almost, about (around), over, under
Ex:
Im in my twenties (am douazeci si)
Im mid-twenty (25 ani)
8) pentru exprimarea numerelor de telefon
to dial = a forma un numar
figure = cifra
dozen = 12
gross = 144 (12 duzini)
2. Numeralul ordinal
Se formeaza din: the + numeral cardinal + th
Exceptii:
the first (primul)
the second (al doilea)
the third (al treilea)
+
toate celelalte numerale compuse care contin una din aceste exceptii
(21, 22, 23, 31, 32, 33, 101, 102, 1001, 1002, etc)
Prescurtari: 1st, 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 21st, 22nd, etc.
NOTA! th se aplica doar ultimei cifre !
Modificari ortografice:
five the fifth
eight the eighth
nine the ninth
twelve the twelfth
twenty the twentieth (+ toate cele terminate in ty)
Utilizarea numeralului ordinal:
1) exprimarea datei (in 2 forme)
a) luna/zi/an
b) zi/luna/an
2) exprimarea ordinii intr-o insiruire
Ex:
Henry the eighth
the first floor
the second World War
3) pentru numeralul fractionar (common fraction/vulgar fraction)
numerator = numaratorul (cardinal)
denominator = numitorul (ordinal)
Ex: 1/3 = one third
NOTA! daca numaratorul > 1, numitorul va fi in plural
Ex: 2/3 = two thirds
Intregul = the whole
Fractia pe 100 = per cent
Procentaj = percentage
Numeralul distributiv - Arata distributia lucrurilor:
One by one = unul cate unul
Two at a time = 2 odata
By twos / in twos = cate 2
Pronumele
Functia pronumelui
Pronumele sunt cuvinte lipsite de inteles de sine statator. Ele nu denumesc si nu aracterizeaza
nimic, functia lor fiind aceea de a inlocui un substantiv, facand astfel referire la o idee, obiect sau
actiune mentionate anterior sau cunoscuta de catre interlocutor.
Ex.: John did all the work.
He did all the work.
Who did all the work?
Forma pronumelui
Pronumele au forme specifice in functie de:
Numar: singular - this; plural these
Caz: Nominativ - she; Genitiv - hers; Dativ - to her; Acuzativ her
Gen: masculin - he; Feminin - she; neutru - it
Pronumele pot fi simple (you, which, many) sau compuse (everybody, whatever, no one).
Clasificarea pronumelor
1. Personale
2. Reflexive
3. Nehotarate
4. Demonstrative
5. Relative
6. De ntarire
7. Interogative
8. Reciproce
Pronumele personale
Singular
Plural
Nominativ
Genitiv
Dativ
Acuzativ
mine
(to) me
me
you
yours
(to) you
you
he
his
(to) him
him
she
hers
(to) her
her
it
its
(to) it
it
we
ours
(to) us
us
you
yours
(to) you
you
they
theirs
(to) them
them
ATENTIE! I se scrie intotdeauna cu majuscula. Its (pronume) nu are apostrof. It's vine
de la it is sau it has!
Forme arhaice si poetice: pers. II sg. - thou, thine, (to) thee
You / They impersonal - putem folosi aceste doua pronume pentru a vorbi despre oameni
in general.
Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in Great Britain.
They say she's very clever.
It - poate indeplini o serie de functii de mare importanta:
It impersonal (in expresii impersonale temporale, exprimand starea vremii, distante sau
in contructii pasive)
Ex.: It's 7 o'clock.
It was spring.
Is it Monday?
How hot it is!
How far is it to the station?
It demostrativ
Ex.: Who is it? It's the postman.
It's the children.
Pronumele reflexive
Acestea insotesc un verb si se refera la subiect. Se folosesc atunci cand subiectul si
complementul direct se refera la aceeasi persoana.
Forme:
Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.
he fell off the ladder and injured herself.
Pronumele nehotarate
Some, any, every se pot combina cu -one, -body, -thing pentru a obtine pronumele nehotarate:
anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything.
No poate forma impreuna cu -body sau -one pronumele: nobody, no-one.
NOTA! Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate anyone,
anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt din punct de vedere
gramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.
Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,
all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.
De retinut! Daca acestea forme preceda un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: Few will be chosen; fewer will finish, Little is expected.
Pronumele demonstrativ
Pronumele demostrative: this, these, that, those, such pot functiona atat ca pronume, cat si ca
determinanti substantivali.
Ex.: That is incredible! (referring to something you just saw)
I will never forget this. (referring to a recent experience)
Such is my belief. (referring to an explanation just made)
This si these sugereaza ideea de apropiere temporala sau spatiala, pe cand that si those
sugereaza ideea de departare.
Ex.: These (pancakes sitting here now on my plate) are delicious. Those (pancakes that I
had yesterday morning) were even better.
This (book in my hand) is well written; that (book that I'm pointing to, over there, on
the table) is trash.
Aceasta idee de departare se poate transforma chiar in dispret sau instrainare afectiva:
Ex.: Are you going to wear these? (They are awful. I do not like them at all.)
Can you belive I would have bought that?
Pronumele relative
Pronumele relativ face referire la un substantiv sau inlocuitor substantival mentionat in
contextul aterior (antecedent) si leaga propozitia sau grupul de cuvinte care explica sau da mai
multe detalii despre substantivul antecedent de propozitia continand substantivul determinat.
Pronumele relative sunt : who, whoever, which, that.
Ex.: The student who studies hardest usually does the best.
Alegerea corecta dintre which si that se inscrie printre cele mai frecvente nelamuriri ale
studentilor la limba engleza. In general, which se foloseste pentru a introduce propozitii care au
natura de paranteze, explicatii suplimentare dar care pot fi inlaturate sau omise fara a schimba
intelesul frazei. Din acest motiv propozitiile introduse prin which sunt in general intre virgule.
Din contra propozitiile introduse de that sunt considerate indispensabile sensului frazei si nu se
vor pune intre virgule.
Who si formele sale se refera la persoane, which se refera la lucruri, iar that poate face
referire la ambele.
Ex.: The man who hijacked the plane wanted to get to Cuba
The couple who live next door have the radio on all night.
The team that won the championship received a great reception.
This is the program which won the prize.
We'll plant new trees to replace those which fell.
Pronumele de intarire
Insoteste substantive sau pronume personale pentru a le sublinia. Ca forma sunt identice cu
pronumele reflexive: Singular: myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
Plural: ourselves, yourselves, themselves
Ex.: I myself don't know the answer.
Mary did all this herself.
Mary herself did all this.
Expresii: by myself = singur, de unul singur Ex.: I worked by myself.
Pronumele interogativ
Pronumele interogative introduc intrebari, propozitii interogative directe sau indirecte.
Forme: who? what? which? whose? (to) whom?
Ex.: Who said that?
Whose are those books?
I do not remember to whom I gave my sweater.
What happened?
What's the weather like?
Pronumele reciproce
Forme: each other si one another. Se folosesc pentru a exprima relatii de reciprocitate intre
fiinte, idei, lucruri.
Ex.: If Bob gave Alicia a book for Christmas and Alicia gave Bob a book for Christmas,
we can say that they gave each other books.
My mother and I give each other a hard time.
They borrowed each other's ideas.
De retinut! Each other se refera la doua obiecte, pe cand one another face referire la mai
mult de doua obiecte sau fiinte.
Ex.: The scientists in this lab often use one another's equipment.
Hockey players hit one another quite frequently.
Pronumele IT functii:
1. Pronume personal, persoana a treia sg.,gen neutru folosit pentru obiecte i noiuni
abstracte, nepersonificate, animale nepersonificate i crora nu li se cunosc sexul sau sunt
luate n sens generic.
Ex:
Here is a book. It is very interesting.
VERBUL BE
BE WAS BEEN
Utilizare:
1. pentru construirea timpurilor continue si a formei pasive:
The old man is taking an afternoon nap.
The bridge was destroyed by the earthquake.
2. pentru a exprima existenta, starea fizica sau mentala sau alte informatii despre o persoana
sau un lucru:
Dr. Johnson is a dentist. He is calm and patient.
3. pentru a exprima varsta:
The baby is two months old. How old are you?
4. BE TO + INFINITIV: pentru a da ordine/instructiuni sau pentru a comunica un plan:
You are to finish your homework before dinner. (= You must finish)
The chairman is to give his annual speech tomorrow. (= He plans to give)
5. BE ABOUT TO + INFINITIV: pentru a indica viitorul imediat:
Meg is about to leave. (= Meg is on the point of leaving.)
6. THERE + BE + SUBSTANTIV: pentru a indica existenta unei fiinte sau a unui lucru:
There are two pieces of cake left in the fridge.
There is a person outside the door.
VERBUL DO
DO DID DONE
Utilizare: DO se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.
A. DO ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma negativul si interogativul prezentului simplu so trecutului simplu:
The kitten doesnt play with strangers.
Did they go to the opera yesterday?
2. pentru a evita repetarea aceluiasi verb sau aceleiasi expresii:
My company made a profit last year but IBM did not.
Mary typed that letter very badly. She certainly did!
VERBUL HAVE
HAVE HAD HAD
Utilizare: HAVE se foloseste atat ca verb auxiliar cat si ca verb propriu-zis.
A. HAVE ca verb auxiliar:
1. pentru a forma alte timpuri:
Present perfect: I have worked.
Past perfect: I had worked.
Future perfect: I will have worked.
Past conditional: I would have worked.
2. HAD BETTER + INFINITIV fara TO (short INFINITIVE):
They had better study hard from the first day of school. (It would be a good idea
if they studied hard from)
Youd better go home. (It would be a good idea if you went home.)
3. I WONT HAVE + COMPLEMENT + -ING:
I wont have that dog sleeping on my bed! (I wont permit that dog to sleep on my
bed!)
B. HAVE ca verb propriu-zis:
1. posesia:
Anne always has a cold.
Anne doesnt always have a cold.
Does Anne always have a cold?
Cand HAVE este urmat de GOT, se intareste sensul posesiv.
Debbies got a lovely voice.
Have you got a computer?
2. a manca, a bea sau a organiza:
She will be able to / has been able to type 100 words a minute.
4. could + INFINITIV perfect, pentru a se referi la o actiune care nu a avut loc:
You could have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
I could have driven you to the airport, but I didnt have my car.
cand nu stim daca actiunea s-a petrecut sau nu:
Have you seen my umbrella? Dad could have taken it.
NOTA: forme alternative:
You might have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
You would probably have hurt your back lifting that heavy table.
Inlocuitori: to be able to, to be capable to
MAY
Utilizare:
1. cu referire la evenimente sau actiuni posibile sau probabile in prezent, adesea cu sens de
viitor. Might poate fi folosit pentru a sublinia o foarte redusa posibilitate:
Theres a black cloud above us. It may rain.
Alice may get angry if you tell her.
If you try hard enough, you might convince him to come.
si cu forma continua:
Call me after eight I may be working hard late tonight.
Alex says he might be going on holiday without his parents this year.
NOTA: formele alternative sunt:
Maybe it wil rain. It is likely to rain.
Maybe Alice will get angry if you tell her. Alice is likely to get angry if you tell her.
2. pentru a cere, a oferi sau a refuza permisiunea politicos:
May I open the window? It is very hot in this office.
You may go in to see the doctor now.
You may not smoke in my car.
NOTA: forme alternative:
Am I allowed to open the window?
You are not permitted to smoke in my car.
Can I open the window? (can poate fi si el folosit, dar este considerat mai putin politicos)
3. cu well pentru a indica o foarte mare probabilitate:
I think it may well rain today, look at those black clouds.
The Government may well decide to raise the price of gas again.
NOTA: forme alternative:
I think it is very likely to rain today.
The Government is very likely to deicde to raise the price of gas.
ATENTIE: may / might as well are alt sens:
There is nothing interesting on TV this evening, I may / might as well have an early night.
(= Din moment ce nu este nimic interesant la TV, e mai bine sa ma duc devreme la
culcare.)
4. cu o constructie perfecta pentru a face referire la o presupunere in trecut:
Bill isnt at his office, he may have gone home early.
Ex:
Modurile nepredicative:
infinitivul
participiul
gerund
MODUL INDICATIV
Are 3 timpuri: - prezent
- trecut
- viitor
Prezentul are 4 aspecte:
- Simplu
- Continuu
- Perfect
- Perfect continuu
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
1. Desemneaza o actiune repetata ce devine o obisnuinta
2. Adverbe specifice: usually, often, always, every, never
Ex: Every day I go to my office.
3. Desemneaza un adevar universal valabil, o lege
Ex. Fish swim.
4. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de un program.
Ex: The train arrives tonight.
5. Pt actiuni pas cu pas (instructiuni de utilizare, indicatii regizorale, comentarii sportive)
6. In naratiune
Ex: The boy enters the room, takes the ball and goes out.
7. Pt actiuni care, desi se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, nu au durata (verbe nondurative): to
start, to end, to finish, to stop, to quite, to cancel, to kill, to die, to shoot.
8. Cu verbe de perceptie senzoriala: to see, to hear, to taste, to smell, to sound, to feel etc.
9. Cu verbe de perceptie mentala: to think, to realize, to remember, to forget, to remind, to
suppose.
10. Cu verbe de perceptie afectiva: to like, to enjoy, to hate, to dislike.
11. Se formeaza din subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt ; pentru pers III sg se adauga s
12. Modificari ortografice la persoana a III-a:
a) Daca verbul se termina in s, ss, sh, ch, tch, x, z sau o se adauga es
Ex:
to go => goes
wash => washes
b) Daca verbul se termina in y precedat de consoana se transforma y in i si se adauga es.
Ex: cry => cries
13. Interogativul do/does + subiect + verb la infinitiv scurt
Ex: She cries a lot. Does she cry a lot?
13. Negativ subiect + dont/doesnt + verb la infinitiv scurt
Ex: She doesnt cry.
PREZENTUL CONTINUU
1. Desemneaza o actiune ce se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii (in this very moment/now/right
now)
Ex: I am speaking now.
2. Se foloseste in descrieri
Ex: The sun is shinning.
3. Cu valoare de viitor cand actiunea depinde de subiect
Ex: I am leaving soon.
4. Pt. actiuni prezente paralele in desfasurare (when, while).
Ex: While I am talking he is sleeping.
5. Pentru actiuni care, desi nu se desfasoara in momentul vorbirii, constituie o rupere de ritm.
Ex: Every day I get up at 7, but on Sunday I am getting up at 9.
6. Pt. actiuni repetate care ma enerveaza
Ex:
She always eats fruits before soup. (constatare obisnuita)
dar
Did you see Gone with the wind? (nu mai poti sa-l vezi)
dar
Have you seen American Pie? (mai poti sa-l vezi)
! de multe ori la o intrebare in prezent perfect raspunsul vine in trecut daca precizez momentul
cand a avut loc actiunea
Ex:
Have you met her?
Yes, I have. I met her an hour ago.
(raspunsul trebuie sa contina have-ul din intrebare, dar trebuie sa precizez momentul, si atunci
intra pe trecut).
Se formeaza din
have / has + verb III (participiu trecut)
Verbele se impart in: - regulate (a)
- neregulate (b)
Pe pozitia finala mai avem adv de timp deschis (lately, today, this year / month / week).
! prezentul perfect corespunde in romana trecutului (perfectul compus)
Ex:
A nins = It has snowed (nu stiu cand)
dar
A nins acum o ora = It snowed an hour ago.
Interogativul avand in constructie auxiliarul to be, se obtine prin inversia acestuia cu
subiectul
Ex: Has it snowed?
Negativul prin adaugarea negatiei not la auxiliarul have
Ex: It hasnt snowed.
PREZENT PERFECT CONTINUU
- corespunde in romana prezentului
Ex: Ninge de 2 zile. (ninge = prezent; de 2 zile = actiunea a inceput in trecut si continua pana in
prezent)
have / has + been + V-ing
- desemneaza o actiune trecuta care s-a desfasurat necontenit si care fie tocmai s-a incheiat, fie se
desfasoara intr-un timp nedeterminat
Ex: It has been snowing for 2 days.
! se foloseste doar cu verbe durative care au o durata de actiune (nu poti sa spui ca moare de 2
ore)
! se foloseste cu verbe meteo
! are caracter subiectiv (nu pot spune despre altul ca doarme de 2 ore)
! cu:
to work
to live
to study
nu se poate folosi forma continua decat daca precizez anumite
conditii
Ex:
NU ! I have been working all my life. (verb existential = pleonasm)
DA I have been working in this company all my life.
! daca precizez de cate ori s-a desfasurat o actiune, nu mai pot folosi forma continua, pentru ca
practic se fragmenteaza actiunea.
Ex:
Citesc cartea asta de cand am venit (nu stiu de cate ori)
I have been reading this book since I came.
dar
Am citit cartea asta de 2 ori de cand am venit.
I have read this book twice since I came. (am inceput, am terminat, iar am inceput, etc.)
Adverbe specifice sunt de continuitate (since si for)
Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul have
TRECUTUL
Timpul trecut are 4 forme:
- simplu (I)
- continuu (II)
- perfect (III)
- perfect continuu (IV)
I. Trecutul simplu
Forma: verbul la forma II
1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta, repetata, devenita obisnuinta (in romana corespunde cu
perfectul compus)
Ex: I used to visit my grandparents last year.
2) desemneaza o actiune la care momentul incheierii ei este bine precizat
Adverbe specifice yesterday, the day before yesterday, 3 days ago, last year / month, the other
day, when, etc.
Ex: I visited them yesterday.
3) are valoare de prezent la trecerea de la vorbirea directa la vorbirea indirecta
Ex:
She said, I want to win.
devine
She told me that she wanted to win.
(Virgula are valoare de 2 puncte inainte de cuvintele cuiva si nu exista linie de dialog, ci
ghilimelele de sus).
Interogativ Did + (S) + V infinitiv scurt
Ex: Did you watch TV?
Negativ (S) + didnt + V infinitiv scurt
Ex: I didnt watch TV.
II. Trecutul continuu
Corespunde imperfectului in romana (vorbeam, scriam, citeam)
Forma:
1) desemneaza o actiune trecuta ce se desfasoara intr-un anumit moment bine definit sau intr-un
moment trecut raportat momentului vorbirii (ieri pe vremea asta = this time yesterday)
Ex: I was writing this time yesterday / yesterday at 5 oclock.
2) se foloseste in descrierile pe trecut
Ex: That day the wind was blowing hard.
! pentru naratiune se foloseste trecutul simplu.
Ex: The child got the ball and put it into the box.
VIITORUL
Viitorul simplu
Forma:
shall (I sg, pl) / will + V infinitiv scurt (in SUA will la toate persoanele)
Prescurtare: ll
Ex: Youll be home soon.
1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment bine definit
Adverbe specifice tomorrow, the day after tomorrow, next , the following
2) desemneaza o actiune viitoare desfasurata in mod repetat, devenita obisnuinta
Adverbe specifice always, usually, often
Ex: I shall always think of you.
! daca in propozitia principala am viitor, in secundara nu pot avea decat prezent. Acest prezent
poate sa fie:
a) simplu daca depinde de un program
Ex: I shall come when the train arrives.
b) continuu daca depinde de subiect
Ex: I shall come when I am finding the ticket.
c) prezent perfect cand actiunea este anterioara momentului viitor
Ex: I shall come when I have saved enough money.
! propozitiile secundara introduse prin temporale (when, while, before, after, as soon as, till,
until, etc.) si if, nu pot sa contina viitor si contin prezent.
Interogativul prin inversia auxiliarului shall / will
Ex: Will you take this car?
Negativul
Viitorul continuu
Forma:
shall / will + be + V-ing
1) desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului
vorbirii sau intr-un moment viitor raportat momentului precizat (tomorrow this time / tomorrow
between 3 and 5).
2) actiuni viitoare in desfasurare (paralele) when, while
Ex: While Im watching TV you will be sleeping.
! atentie, nu pot avea viitor in ambele (when si while nu permit viitor)
Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul viitor shall / will
Viitorul de intentie
Forma:
to be going to + V infinitiv scurt
(se conjuga doar verbul to be)
1) desemneaza intentia (am de gand sa, intentionez sa), o actiune viitoare ce urmeaza sa aiba loc
intr-un moment viitor apropiat
Ex: I think its going to rain.
! nu se poate folosi cu verbul to go si to come, ci cu to leave si to return
Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul to be
Viitorul apropiat
Desemneaza o actiune viitoare ce se va desfasura datorita unei porunci, ordin, rugaminte, sau
intr-un moment imediat urmator.
Are 2 forme: a) to be to + V infinitiv scurt (folosit pt ordine, comenzi)
Ex: You are to read the book before midnight.
b) to be about to + V infinitiv scurt (= a fi pe punctul de a)
Ex: He is about to cry.
Interogativul si negativul cu auxiliarul to be
Viitorul in trecut
Forma:
should / would + V infinitiv scurt
Este un timp sintetic care nu poate sa apara in propozitia principala, ci in secundara atunci cand
in propozitia principala am un verb la timpul trecut si vreau sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara acelui
moment trecut.
Ex:
I-am spus ca ma voi duce la film.
(trecut)
viitor (in rom)
I told her that I should go to the movie.
! daca actiunea ce urmeaza sa se desfasoare in propozitia secundara are durata, voi folosi forma
continua => should / would + be + V-ing
Ex: I told him that I should be waiting for him.
Celelalte forme de viitor in trecut (viitor de intentie in trecut / viitor apropiat in trecut) apar cand
am un verb la trecut in principala, iar in secundara trebuie sa sugerez o actiune ulterioara. In
acest caz verbul to be apare la trecut.
Ex:
I-am spus ca am de gand sa cumpar masina.
I told him that I was going to buy the car.
Viitorul perfect
Forma:
shall / will + have + verb III
SUBJONCTIVUL
Subjonctivul are 2 forme:
- sintetic (1)
a) prezent
b) trecut (simplu si perfect)
- analitic (2)
1.a) Subjonctivul sintetic prezent
Identic ca forma cu infinitivul scurt; foarte folosit in engleza americana
1) se foloseste in urari
Ex:
May all your dreams come true.
Long live the Queen.
2) la injuraturi
Ex:
Damn you!
Curse this rain!
God bless you!
3) in propozitii secundare introduse prin that daca in principala am o dorinta, o obligatie, o
necesitate:
to suggest
to recommend
to order
to demand
to urge
Ex: I urged that she sit down.
4) in propozitii care contin urmatoare;e expresii impersonale:
it is necessary
it is essential
it is important
Ex: It is impossible that he arrive in time.
1.b) Subjonctivul sintetic trecut
Simplu
Este forma a II-a a verbului, numai ca verbul to be are mereu forma were.
Utilizare:
1) in propozitiile conditionalului 2
Ex: I should take it if I were you.
2) dupa verbul wish
Ex: I wish you were here.
3) dupa constructiile
its time
C agent
DIATEZA PASIVA
1) I eat an egg.
An egg is eaten.
2) I am eating an egg.
An egg is being eaten.
3) I have eaten an egg.
An egg has been eaten.
4) I have been eating an egg.
5) I ate an egg.
An egg was eaten.
6) I was eating an egg.
An egg was being eaten.
7) I had eaten an egg.
An egg had been eaten.
8) I had been eating an egg.
9) I shall eat an egg.
An egg will be eaten.
10) Im going to eat an egg.
An egg is going to be eaten.
11) I am to eat an egg.
An egg is to be eaten.
12) Im about to eat an egg.
An egg is about to be eaten.
13) I should eat an egg.
an egg would be eaten.
14) I shall have eaten an egg. An egg will have been eaten.
! atentie la prepozitiile care se aseaza la final (vor rezulta 2 prepozitii una dupa alta)
Ex:
They sent for the doctor.
The doctor was sent for by them.
Everybody laughed at him.
He was laughed at by everybody.
! anumite verbe (to eat, to feel, to wear, to wash, to sell, to read, to perform) nu pot avea forma
pasiva cand vrei sa spui ca sunt de foarte buna calitate / se vand singure / se poarta singure, etc.
Ex:
These books sold quickly. (si nu have been sold)
The shoes wore comfortably. (si nu have been worn)
! verbul to grow nu poate avea sens de diateza pasiva pentru ca este de la sine
CORESPONDENTA TIMPURILOR
1) daca in principala avem prezent, in secundara putem avea orice
Ex: I know she is / will be / was here.
2) daca in principala avem viitor, in secundara avem prezent
a) simplu daca depinde de un program
b) continuu daca depinde de subiect
c) perfect daca a inceput intr-un moment anterior
3) daca in principala avem trecut, in secundara avem 3 raporturi:
a) simultaneitate (actiuni paralele) => in secundara avem trecut
Ex: While I was dancing, he took my hand.
b) anterioritate => in secundara avem past perfect
Ex: I told him I had met her before.
c) posterioritate => in secundara avem future in the past
Ex: I told him I should go there.
! pt adevaruri universal valabile nu se respecta regula cu trecutul
Ex: He told me that the sun rises from East.
Verbe neregulate - Lista verbelor
Infinitiv
Trecut
Participiu trecut Traducere
to abide
abode
abode
a astepta, a sta, a locui
to arise
arose
arisen
a se ridica
to awake
awoke
awoke
a se trezi
to be
was, were
been
a fi
to bear
bore
born
a se naste
to beat
beat
beaten
a bate
to become
became
become
a deveni
to begin
began
begun
a icepe
to behold
beheld
beheld
a zari, a vedea
to bend
bent
bent
a idoi
to beseech besought
besought
a implora
to bear
bore
born
a se naste
to bet
bet
bet
a paria
to bid
bade
bidden
a oferi, a licita
to bind
bound
bound
a lega
to bite
bit
bitten
a musca
to bleed
bled
bled
a sangera
to bless
blest
blest
a binecuvanta
to blow
blew
blown
a sufla
to break
broke
broken
a sparge
to breed
bred
bred
a creste
to bring
brought
brought
a aduce
to broadcast broadcast
broadcast
a transmite prin radio
to burn
to burst
to buy
to can
to cast
to catch
to choose
to cleave
to cling
to come
to cost
to creep
to cut
to deal
to dig
to do
to draw
to dream
to drink
to drive
to dwell
to eat
to fall
to feed
to feel
to fight
to find
to fly
to forbid
to forecast
to foresee
to foretell
to forget
to forgive
to forgo
forsake
to freeze
to get
to give
to go
to grind
to grow
to hang
to have
burnt (burned)
burnt (burned)
a arde
burst
burst
a izbucni
bought
bought
a cumpara
could
been able to
a putea, a fi posibil
cast
cast
a arunca
caught
caught
a prinde
chose
chosen
a alege
cleft
cleft
a despica
clung
clung
a se lipi
came
come
a veni
cost
cost
a costa
crept
crept
a se tara
cut
cut
a taia
dealt
dealt
a se ocupa, a trata afaceri
dug
dug
a sapa
did
done
a face
drew
drawn
a desena
dreamt (dreamed) dreamt (dreamed) a visa
drank
drunk
a bea
drove
driven
a conduce masina
dwelt
dwelt
a locui, a ramane, a insista
ate
eaten
a manca
fell
fallen
a cadea
fed
fed
a hrani
felt
felt
a simti
fought
fought
a lupta
found
found
a gasi
flew
flown
a zbura
forbade
forbidden
a interzice
forecast
forecast
a prevedea
foresaw
foreseen
a prevedea
foretold
foretold
a prezice
forgot
forgotten
a uita
forgave
forgiven
a ierta
a
renunta
la,
forwent
forgone
a da uitarii
forsook
forsaken
a parasi
froze
frozen
a igheta
got
got
a primi
gave
given
a da
went
gone
a merge
ground
ground
a macina
grew
grown
a creste
hung (hanged)
hung (hanged)
a spanzura
had
had
a avea
to hear
to hide
to hit
to hold
to hurt
to keep
to kneel
to knit
to know
to lay
to lead
to lean
to learn
to leave
to lend
to let
to lie
to light
to lose
to make
to mean
to meet
to misgive
to mislead
to mistake
to outdo
to overcome
to overdo
to pay
to put
to read
to rend
to ride
to ring
to rise
to run
to say
to see
to seek
to sell
to send
to set
to sew
heard
hid
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
knew
laid
led
leant
learnt (learned)
left
lent
let
lay
lit
lost
made
meant
met
misgave
misled
mistook
outdid
overcame
overdid
paid
put
read
rent
rode
rang
rose
ran
said
saw
sought
sold
sent
set
sewed
heard
hidden
hit
held
hurt
kept
knelt
knit
known
laid
led
leant
learnt (learned)
left
lent
let
lain
lit
lost
made
meant
met
misgiven
misled
mistaken
outdone
overcome
overdone
paid
put
read
rent
ridden
rung
risen
run
said
seen
sought
sold
sent
set
sewn (sewed)
to shake
shook
shaken
a auzi
a ascunde
a lovi
a tine
a rani
a pastra
a igenunchia
a tricota
a sti, a cunoaste
a aseza
a conduce
a se sprijini de
a ivata
a lasa, a parasi
a mprumuta (cuiva)
a permite
a fi culcat
a aprinde
a pierde
a face
a isemna
a italni
a inspira neicredere
a induce i eroare
a itelege gresit
a itrece
a ivinge
a face exces
a plati
a pune
a citi
a sfasia, a rupe
a calari
a suna
a se ridica
a alerga
a spune
a vedea
a cauta
a vinde
a trimite
a fixa, a regla
a coase
a
scutura,
a clatina
to shave
to shed
to shine
shaved
shed
shone
shaven
shed
shone
to shoe
shod
shod
to shoot
to show
to shrink
to shut
to sing
to sink
to sit
to slay
to sleep
to slide
to sling
shot
showed
shrank
shut
sang
sank
sat
slew
slept
slid
slung
shot
shown
shrunk
shut
sung
sunk
sat
slain
slept
slid
slung
to slit
slit
slit
to smell
to smite
to sow
to speak
smelt (smelled)
smote
sowed
spoke
smelt (smelled)
smitten
sown
spoken
to speed
sped
sped
to spell
spelt (spelled)
spelt (spelled)
to spend
spent
spent
to spill
spilt
spilt
to spin
spun
spun
to spit
to split
to spoil
to spread
to spring
to stand
to steal
to stick
to sting
to stink
to strike
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprang
stood
stole
stuck
stung
stank
struck
spat
split
spoilt
spread
sprung
stodd
stolen
stuck
stung
stunk
struck
to string
strung
strung
to strive
to swear
to sweep
strove
swore
swept
striven
sworn
swept
a se barbieri
a varsa (lacrimi)
a straluci
a
icalta,
a potcovi
a mpusca
a arata
a se strange
a ichide
a canta
a se scufunda
a sta (pe scaun)
a ucide
a dormi
a aluneca
a azvarli
a
crapa,
a despica
a mirosi
a lovi
a semana
a vorbi
a
accelera,
a goni
a pronunta litera cu litera
a
petrece,
a cheltui
a varsa
a
toarce,
a se roti
a scuipa
a despica
a strica
a itinde
a sari, a tasni
a sta i picioare
a fura
a ifige, a se lipi
a itepa
a mirosi urat
a lovi
a
isira,
a icorda
a se stradui
a jura
a matura
to swim
swam
to swing
swung
to take
took
to teach
taught
to tear
tore
to tell
told
to think
thought
to throw
threw
to thrust
thrust
to tread
trod
to underlie underlay
to understand understood
to upset
upset
to wake
woke
to wear
wore
to weave
wove
to wet
wet
to win
won
to wind
wound
swum
swung
taken
taught
torn
told
thought
thrown
thrust
trodden
underlain
understood
upset
woken
worn
woven
wet
won
wound
to wring
wrung
wrung
to write
wrote
written
a inota
a se legana
a lua
a ivata, a preda
a rupe, a sfasia
a spune
a gandi, a crede
a arunca
a mbranci
a calca
a sustine
a itelge
a supara
a se trezi
a purta
a tese
a uda
a castiga
a se rasuci
a
frange,
a smulge
a scrie
VERBE CU PREPOZIII
To accuse of-a acuza de
To agree with-a fi de acord cu
To agree on-a fi de acord asupra
To apologize for-a.i cere iertare pentru
To approve of something-a aproba ceva
To arrive at-a ajunge la
To ask for something-a cere ceva
To be accustomed to something-a fi familiar cu ceva
To be acquainted with-a cunoate,a fi obinuit cu
To be afreid of something-a se teme de ceva
To be afreid of somebody-a se teme de cineva
To be angry with somebody-a fi suprat pe cineva
To be anxious about something-a fi ngrijorat de ceva
To be astonished at-a fi uimit(uluit) de
To be aware of a-i da seama de,a fi contient de
To be characteristic of-a fi caracteristic pentru
To be close to-a fi aproape de,a fi alturi de
To be confident of-a fi ncreztor n
To be crauy about-a fi nebun dup
To be cruel to-a fi crud cu,a fi ru fa de,a fi crud fa de
To be dependent on / upon-a fi dependent de
To be deprived(dipraiv) of-a fi lipsit de,a fi deposedat de
To be different(difrent)from-a fi diferit de
To be fond of-a fi legat de
To be good at-a fi bun la,a se pricepe la
To be good(kind)to-a fi amabil cu
To be grateful to-a fi recunosctor fa de
To be indignant at-a fi indignat de
To be of opinia on that-a fi de prere c
To be bent on /upon-a fi hotrt s
To be on the move-a fi n micare
To be impressed by-a fi impresionat de
To be independent of-a fi independent de
To be indifferent to-a fi indiferent fa de
To be intent on-a fi absolvit de
To be interested in-a fi interesat de
Tu be jealous of-a fi gelos pe
To be patient with-a fi rbdtor cu
To be polite to-a fi politicos(civilizat)cu
To be preoccupied by-a fi preocupat de
To be proud of-a fi mndru() de
To be satisfied with-a fi mulumit cu(de)
To be sated with-a fi stul(dezgustat)de
To be seized with-a fi prins de
To be similar to-a fi asmntor cu
To be sorry for-a-I prea ru pentru,a-i cere scuze
To be superior to-a fi superior
To be surprised at-a fi surprins de
To be typical of-a fi caracteristic pentru
To beg for-a ceri,a implora
To begin by-a ncepe prin
To belong to-a aparine
To beware of-a se feri de,a se pzi
To boast of-a se luda cu,a se fli cu
To borrow from-a mprumuta de la
To call for-a cere,a necesita
To call on somebody-a vizita pe cineva
To call at a place-a trece printr-un loc
To care for-a ine la,a-I plcea
To compare with(to)-a compara cu
To complain of-a se plnge(vita)de
To conceal from-a se ascunde de
To congratulate on-a felicita pentru
To contribute to-a contribui la
To count /rely on upon-a se bizui /baza pe
To cure of-a vindeca de
To deal with-a se ocupa de (cu)
To defend from-a apra de
To depend on(upond)-a depinde de
To die of-a muri de