Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
de rezolvare
examinarea
modelului
m0 , m ,
aproximativ
y%i 1 q(yi i ) yi 1 qi .
De
aici
se
vede,
eroarea
N op
al unui
N op f n . n calculul numeric,
f n a0 n k a1n k 1 K ak .
Pentru c
de obicei
este
poate avea o
i vom scrie
N op O n k
corectarea
erorilor.
Pentru
ne
ncredina
de
corectitudinea
2) eroare a metodei;
3) eroare de calcul
matematic
al
problemei
reprezint
ecuaie
d 2 (t )
d (t )
g sin (t )
0,
2
dt
dt
(1.2.1)
I%
h - soluia aproximativ real a problemei ce se obine la realizarea metodei
1 I% I - eroarea inevitabil;
12
%
2 I%
h I - eroarea metodei;
%
3 I%
h I h - eroarea de calcul.
Eroarea total 0 I%
h I , egal cu diferena dintre soluia aproximativ real obinut
0 1 2 3 .
(1.2.2)
0 I%
h I ;
1 I% I ;
%
2 I%
h I ;
%
3 I%
h Ih ;
0 1 2 3 .
%
% % % %
ntr-adevr, deoarece are loc I%
h I I h I h I h I I I avem:
%
% % % %
%
% % % %
0 I%
h I I h I h I h I I I I h I h I h I I I 3 2 1 ,
13
(1.2.3)
x,
dac el poate fi
( x ) ( x ) ,
x ( x ) x x ( x ) .
A a (a ) a (a ) A a (a ) .
14
( x ) x x
(x )
.
x
x
x x , se accept c ( x ) x x x .
( x )
,
x
( x ) ( x ) .
Exemplul 1.2.5.
3
o
1o. Masa 1 dm de ap la t 0 C este m 1000 0.05 g . S se determine eroarea
(m) 0.05
5 105
m
1000
( R) 2%=0.02 ;
15
Deci
acest
sens
facem
urmtoarele
notaii:
x1
c x x , u x x , v , w ( x1 ) n , (n 0) .
x2
Avem:
(c) ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 x2 ) ( x1 x1 ) ( x2 x2 ) ;
(u ) x1 x2 x1 x2 ) x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x1 x2 x2 ( x1 x1 ) x1 ( x2 x2 ) ;
(v )
x1 x1
x x x x x x x x
x ( x x ) x ( x x )
1 2 1 2 1 2 1 2 2 1 1 1 2 2 ;
x2 x2
x2 x2
x2 x2
a b
n
n(n 1) n 2 2
n!
Cnk a n k b k a n na n 1b
a b ... b n , Cnk
,
2!
k ! n k !
k 0
obinem
n
n(n 1) n 2
( w) x1n ( x1 ) n ) x1 ( x1 x1 ) ( x1 ) n n( x1 ) n 1 ( x1 x1 )
( x1 )
( x1 x1 ) 2 ... ( x1 x1 ) n
2!
;
Utiliznd faptul c, modulul sumei nu ntrece suma modulelor, obinem:
(c) ( x1 x1 ) ( x2 x2 ) x1 x1 x2 x2 ( x1 ) ( x2 ) (c ) ( x1 ) ( x2 )
(1.2.4)
(u ) x2 ( x1 x1 ) x1 ( x2 x2 ) x2 ( x1 ) x1
( x2 )
(u ) x2 (x1 )
x1
( x2 )
(1.2.5)
16
x2 ( x1 ) x1
( x2 )
x2 (x1 )
x1
x2 ( x1 x1 ) x1 ( x2 x2 )
(v )
(v )
x2 x2
x2 x2
x2 x2
( x2 )
(1.2.6)
n(n 1) n 2
( w) n( x1 ) n 1 ( x1 x1 )
( x1 )
( x1 x1 ) 2 ... ( x1 x1 ) n
2!
n n 1
n ( x1 ) n 1
( x1 )
(x1 ) n 2
2
n n 1
( w) n ( x1 ) n 1
( x1 )
(x1 ) n 2
2
forma:
(u ) x2 ( x1 ) x1
( x2 )
( x1 ) (x2 )
(1.2.8)
(v )
x2 ( x1 ) x1
( x2 )
x2 ( x2 ) x2
(1.2.9)
n
1
x x , x
(1.2.4),
, x x ,
x1
x2
(1.2.7),
(1.2.8),
utiliznd
(1.2.9)
relaia
le
( x )
mprim,
( x )
x
dup
respectiv,
la
transformri
(c )
c
c
c
x1 x2
x1 x2
( x2 ) ( x1 ) ( x2 )
(u ) x2 ( x1 ) x1
(u ) ( x1 ) ( x2 ) ( x1 ) ( x2 )
u
x1 x2
x1 x2
x1 x2
(1.2.10)
(1.2.11)
x1
x ( x1 )
( x2 )
x2
x2
x2 ( x1 ) ( x2 ) ( x1 ) ( x2 )
(v )
v
1 ( x2 )
x2 ( x2 ) x2
x1
x2 ( x2 )
( x1 ) ( x2 )
(v )
1 ( x2 )
17
(1.2.12)
n 1
( x1 )
( w) n x1
n
w
x
1
( w) n ( x1 )
n n 1 n 2 2
x1
( x1 )
n ( x1 )
2
...
n
n
x1
x1
n n 1 2
( x1 ) ... n ( x1 ) .
2
(1.2.13)
cu mult mai mici dect 1, rezult c putem omite termenii mici (cu valoarea mic).
Estimrile ce se obin sunt grupate n urmtorul tabel:
(c )
(c ) ( x ) ( x )
(u ) x2 ( x1 ) x1
( x2 )
(v )
x x
( x )
x2
x x
( x2 )
(v) ( x1 ) ( x2 )
2
2
n 1
(u ) ( x1 ) ( x2 )
x2 ( x1 ) x1
( x2 )
( w) n x1
x1
( w) n ( x1 )
( x1 )
b c 3 ,
y f ( a , b, c )
ca
3
dac a 1.1; b 1.23; c 1 i (a ) (b) (c) 10 .
( y )
c a (bc 3 ) bc
ca
(c a)
2
1
1
c a c 3
(b) b c 3 (c)
3
2
ca
;
18
b c 3
(c ) (a)
1
c
a
c a 3 c
1
( y ) (bc 3 ) (c a) (b) (c)
(c)
( a)
(c)
3
ca
ca
3 c a
(a) (b)
c a
3
1
2
Dac a 1.1; b 1.23; c 1 i (a ) (b) (c) 10 , atunci ( y ) 2.5 10 , ( y ) 10 .
Acest exemplu ilustreaz bine faptul c, n calcule eroarea rezultatului poate crete
esenial. Drept cauz servete eroarea diferenei mrimilor c i a care sunt
apropiate.
2o . S se afle eroarea absolut i eroarea relativ a volumului paralelipipedului ce are
laturile a 6 0.03 cm ; b 8 0.03 cm ; c 3 0.01 cm.
3 144 (cm3 );
Soluie. V abc 6 8
( a)
(a)
(b )
(c)
; ( b)
; ( c)
;
a
b
c
0.012;
6
8
3
(V ) (V ) V 0.012 144
1.73 (cm 2 ) .
19