Analele Universitii Constantin Brncui din Trgu Jiu, Seria Inginerie, Nr.

2/2009

APLICAII ALE VALORILOR PROPRII LA REZOLVAREA UNOR PROBLEME DE ALGEBR

Miodrag Iovanov , Prof. univ.dr., Univ. C.Brncui , Tg-Jiu
REZUMAT: We will use in this work the precise spectrum of a matrix A M n (R ) used for solving some algebra problems ( the calculation of the determinants ) .

MAPPING THE PROPER VALUES TO SOLVING ALGEBRA PROBLEMS

Miodrag Iovanov, Professor dr., C.Brncui University, TgJiu
ABSTRACT: We will use in this work the precise spectrum of a matrix A M n (R ) used for solving some algebra problems ( the calculation of the determinants ) .

Cuvinte cheie: valoare proprie, problem de algebr

Keywords: proper values, algebra problem

n prezenta lucrare vom folosi spectrul unui operator liniar i continuu n unele aplicaii privind operaii cu matrice ptratice. Se tie [1] c o matrice ptratic de tipul n n se poate ntotdeauna identifica cu operatorul liniar i continuu A : K n K n pe care l genereaz ( K = R sau C ). Fie X un normat peste K , I =1K , operatorul identic n X i A : X X un operator liniar i continuu. Mulimea

( A) = { K : A I este bijectiv
si (A I ) ( X , X ) }
1 *

In the present paper we will use the spectrum of a linear and continuous operator in some maps concerning calculations with quadratic matrix. It is known [1] that a quadratic matrix of the n n type can always identify itself with the continuous and linear operator A : K n K n which it generates ( K = R or C ). Let X be a standard form over K , I =1K, the identical operator in X and A: X X a linear and continuous operator. The set

( A) = { K : A I is bijective
and (A I ) ( X , X ) }} (1)
1
*

(1) se numete mulime rezolvent a lui A iar elementele lui ( A) se numesc elemente regulate. Mulimea

is called A s resolving set ( A) s elements are called regular elements. The set

( A) = K ( A)

(2)

( A) = K ( A)

(2)

se numete spectrul lui A . Termenul de spectru a fost introdus de D.Hilbert(1905). Deosebim trei pri , dou cte dou disjuncte ale lui ( A) ( M. H. Stone ,1932,[2] ) : 1 o ) Spectrul punctual al lui A , numit i

is called A s spectrum . The word spectrum was introduced by D. Hilbert (1905). We can distinguish three parts, two by two disjunctives of ( A) (M. H. Stone, 1932, [2]):

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mulimea valorilor proprii ale lui A i notat cu P ( A) , este alctuit , prin definiie , din toi K pentru care operatorul A I
2 o ) Spectrul continuu , notat cu C A , este format din toi scalarii K , pentru care A I este injectiv fr a fi surjectiv i 3 o ) Spectrul rezidual , notat cu R ( A) , este mulimea tuturor K , pentru care
A I este injectiv i A I

este neinjectiv ;

()

1 o ) A s punctual spectrum, also called A s set of proper values and noted with P ( A) , consists , by definition , of all K for which operator A I

(A I )( X ) = X

with C A , consists of all scalars K , for which A I is injective without being surjective and
o

is uninjective ; 2 o ) The continuous spectrum, noted

()

(A I )( X ) = X

)( X ) X

n lucrare vom folosi doar spectrul punctual a lui A . Fie A M n (R ) (o matrice de ordinul n n ). Atunci P ( A) sau este valoare proprie a lui A dac i numai dac este rdcin a ecuaiei :

3 ) The residual spectrum, noted with R ( A) , is the set of all K , for which A I is injective and

(A I )( X ) X

P( ) = det (A I ) = 0 .

(3)

In the paper we will use only A s punctual spectrum. Let A M n (R ) be (a matrix of the order n n ). Then P ( A) or is A s proper value only if it is the equations root:

Polinomul P ( ) din relaia (3) , cu coeficieni constani reali se numete polinomul caracteristic al matricei A i are forma
P ( ) = ( 1) n + c n 1n 1 + L + c1 + c0 (4)
n

P( ) = det (A I ) = 0 .

(3)

The polynomial P( ) from relation (3), with real constant coefficients is called the characteristic polynom of matrix A and it has the following expression
P ( ) = ( 1) n + c n 1n 1 + L + c1 + c0 (4)
n

iar ecuaia (3) se numete ecuaie caracteristic . Din relaiile (3) i (4) rezult c orice matrice A M n (R ) are exact n valori proprii ,nu neaprat distincte , valorile proprii complexe aprnd n perechi complexe conjugate . Din relaiile (3) i (4) observm c
det A = 1 2 L n

(5)

And equation (3) is called characteristic equation. From relations (3) and (4) it results that any matrix A M n (R ) has exactly n proper values, not necessarily distinct, the complex proper values occurring in conjugate complex pairs. From relations (3) and (4) we notice that
det A = 1 2 L n

(unde k , k { 1,2,..., n} sunt valori proprii ale matricei A sau k P ( A), k { 1,2,..., n}). Vom folosi rezultatele prezentate mai sus n rezolvarea unor probleme de algebr

(5)

1,2,..., n} being proper values of ( k , k { matrix A or k P ( A), k { 1,2,..., n}). We will use the results presented

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cunoscute (exemplul 10 (exemplul 20 ) .

) sau propuse

above in solving some known (example 10) or proposed (example20) algebra problems.
Example 10. Let X M 2 (R ) be and n > 2 a natural 1 0 number so that X n = 1 1 . Demonstrate that det X = 1 . (Univ. lecturer Sabin Tabrc, The Intercounty Maths Contest Laureniu Duican, Braov, May 1986 [3]) 1 0 Solution. We note C = 1 1 . According to Cailey-Hamiltons theorem, C 2 - 2C + I 2 = O 2 .If n is odd, we can notice that det X = 1 . If n is even it results that det X { 1,1}. We assume that det X = 1 .

Exemplul 10 . Fie X M 2 (R ) i n > 2 un numr 1 0 natural astfel nct X n = 1 1 . S se arate c det X = 1 .(Lector univ. Sabin Tabrc , Concursul Interjudeean de matematic Laureniu Duican,Braov,mai 1986 [3] ) 1 0 Soluie . Notm cu C = 1 1 . Conform teoremei lui Cailey-Hamilton , C 2 - 2C + I 2 = O 2 .Dac n este impar ,se observ prin trecere la determinani c det X = 1 . Dac n este par rezult c det X { 1,1}. Presupunem prin absurd c det X = 1 . Din X n = C i C 2 - 2C + I 2 = O 2 obinem X 2n - 2X n + I 2 = O 2 deci P ( X ) = O2 unde P(x ) = x 2 n 2 x n + 1 . Dac este o valoare proprie a lui X rezult c

or (n 1) = 0 from where n = 1 . If
2

From X n = C i C 2 - 2C + I 2 = O 2 we obtain X 2n - 2X n + I 2 = O 2 so P ( X ) = O2 where P(x ) = x 2 n 2 x n + 1 . If one of X s proper values it results that 2 n 2n + 1 = 0

2 n 2n + 1 = 0 sau (n 1) = 0 de unde n = 1 . Dac C \ R rezult c este de

2

C \ R it results that is also a proper value of matrix X and we deduce that 2 = det X = 1 , from where = 1 ,
which is absurd. If is real the other proper value is real. They are the solutions of the equation with even n , so 1 .So = 1 i , { 1,1} . It results Tr ( X ) = 0 . As X 2 Tr ( X ) X + det X I 2 = O2 we obtain X 2 = I 2 so X n = I 2 (cu n par). Thus C = I 2 , which is a contradiction! This shows that det X = 1 . Example 20. Let the set A M n (Z ), n N * be and p, q, r natural numbers with r 1(mod 2 ) and p 2 = q 2 + r 2 . If p 2 A P = q 2 A q + r 2 I n , then det A
2 2

asemenea o valoare proprie a matricei X i deducem c = det X = 1 , de unde

= 1 , absurd . Deci este real;cealalt valoare proprie este real. Ele sunt soluiile
ecuaiei x n = 1, cu n par, deci 1 .Deci = 1 i , { 1,1} . Rezult Tr ( X ) = 0 . Deoarece X 2 Tr ( X ) X + det X I 2 = O2 obinem
c X 2 = I 2 i deci X n = I 2 (cu n par). Deci C = I 2 , contradicie ! Aceasta arat c det X = 1 . Exemplul 20 . [ Problem propus i aprut la a 18 a Olimpiad Internaional de Matematic Wojtech Jarnik (pentru studeni) din Ostrava

Solution. We consider the function

f ( x ) = p 2 x P q 2 x q r 2 , f : R R . (6)
2 2

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(Cehia), 1.04.2009 ] Fie mulimea A M n (Z ), n N i p, q, r numere naturale cu r 1(mod 2 ) i p2 = q2 + r2 .

*

We notice that:
r2 q 4 f (x ) = p x x p . The roots of equation f (x ) = 0 are x1 = 0
4 q 2 1

Dac p 2 A P = q 2 A q + r 2 I n , atunci
det A = 1 .

Soluie. S considerm funcia

f ( x ) = p 2 x P q 2 x q r 2 , f : R R . (6)
2 2

Observm c :

q r2 and x 2 = p ( r 0 and q 1 ) . Variation table of function f ( x ) is q ( 0 < < 1 ): p

f (x ) = p 4 x q

r2 q 4 x p .

Rdcinile ecuaiei f (x ) = 0 sunt

q r2 x1 = 0 i x 2 = p ( r 0 i q 1 ) . Tabelul de variaie al funciei f ( x ) este q (0 < <1 ) : p
4

f ' (x ) + + + + + + + f (x )

q r2 0 1 p 0 0+ + + + +

r2 < 0

Fig. 1
q r2 ( m = f ( p ) < 0 ).
4 4

Diagram 1.
q r2 ( m = f ( p ) < 0 ).

Din tabelul de variaie rezult c:

From the variation table it results:

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1 sgn ( f ( x )) = 0 1

, x <1 , x =1 , x >1

1 sgn ( f ( x )) = 0 1

, x <1 , x =1 , x >1

Deci x = 1 este singura rdcin real a ecuaiei f ( x ) = 0. Cum matricea A verific verific ecuaia f ( ) = 0. Fie 1 , 2 ,L, n valori proprii ale matricei A (k P ( A), k { 1,2,L, n}) . Vom arta c {1 , 2 , L , n }, 1 . Faptul c
f ( ) = 0 poate fi scris i astfel:
2 P
2

f ( A) = On orice valoare

(A )

So x = 1 is the only real root of the equation f ( x ) = 0. As A matrix check f ( A) = On any value

the equation f ( ) = 0. Let 1 , 2 ,L, n be A's matrix proper values (k P ( A), k { 1,2,L, n}) . We show that {1 , 2 , L , n }, 1 . That f ( ) = 0 can be written as it follows:
p 2
P2

( A ) check

=q
2

+r .
2

= q 2

q2

+ r2 .

(7)

(7) Passing the relation (7) at modulus we (7) obinem : i sau

.

Trecnd la modul n p
2 P
2

q
2

+r

Din expresia sgn( f ( x )) f ( ) 0 rezult c 0 1

sau f ( ) 0 .

obtain: p 2 .

P2

q2

q2

+ r 2 or f ( ) 0

From expression sgn( f ( x )) and f ( ) 0 it results that 0 1

k { 1,2, L , n} .

Deoarece f (0) = r 2 0 k 0, k { 1,2,L , n} . Deci :

0 k 1 ,

k { 1,2, L , n}

rezult

As f (0) = r 2 0 it results that k 0, k { 1,2,L , n} . So:

0 < k 1 , k { 1,2, L , n} .

or 0 k 1 ,

0 < k 1 , k { 1,2, L , n} .

(8)

(8)

Din relaia (5) obinem :

det A = 1 2 L n = 1 2 L n 1 . (9)

From relation det A = 1 2 L n we obtain:

det A = 1 2 L n = 1 2 L n 1 . (9)

Din relaiile (8) i (9) obinem :

0 < det A 1 .

(10) A M n (Z ) rezult c

From relations (8) and (9) we obtain:

0 < det A 1 .

Cum
det A N

(10)

det A N . Din relaia (10) i faptul c

As A M n (Z ) it results that
det A N . From relation (10) and det A N we obtain the conclusion of the

obinem

tocmai concluzia

problemei : det A = 1 .

problem: det A = 1 .

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Concluzii Observaia 1 . Matricea

I n M n (Z )
det I n = 1

verific condiiile problemei i

.

Observaia 2 . Dac A M n (R ) atunci

Conclusions Observation 1. Matrix I n M n (Z ) check the condition of the problem and det I n = 1 .

Observation 2. If A M n (R ) then the

concluzia este 0 < det A 1 . Consecin.

conclusion is 0 < det A 1 . Consequence.

max det A = 1
AM n ( R )

max det A = 1
AM n ( R )

Observaia 3 . Enunul problemei poate fi dat i sub forma : Fie mulimile :

p = {( p, q, r , n ) n N * , p, q, r N , r 1 (mod 2 ), p 2 = q 2 + r 2 }

Observation 3. The problem may be given in the form: If the sets:

p = {( p, q, r , n ) n N * , p, q, r N , r 1 (mod 2 ), p 2 = q 2 + r 2 }

i
A = { A M n (Z ) p 2 A P =
2

and .
A = { A M n (Z ) p 2 A P =
2

=q A
2

q2

+ r I n , ( p, q, r , n ) P}
2

=q A
2

q2

+ r I n , ( p, q, r , n ) P}
2

S se arate c oricare ar fi X A, det X = 1 (sau cu Observaia 2, dac A M n (R ) :

In order to show that whatever X A, det X = 1 (or with observation (2), if A M n (R ) :

max det A = 1
AM n ( R )

) .

max det A = 1 ).
AM n ( R )

BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAFIE

[1] I. Muntean, Functional Analysis, Faculty funcional, of Mathematics and Informatics, Cluj Napoca, 1993. [2] M.H. Stone, Linear Transformations in Hilbert space and their Applications to Analysis, American Maths. Soc.Colloquium Publ., vol. 15, New York, 1932. [3] S. Tabrc, Proposed Problems, Intercounty Mathematics Contest Laureniu Duican, Braov, May, 1996.

[1]

I.

Muntean,

Analiz

Facultatea de Matematic i Informatic, Cluj Napoca, 1993. [2] M.H. Stone, Linear Transformations in Hilbert space and their Aplications to Analysis, American Math. Soc. Colloquium Publ., vol. 15, New York, 1932. [3] S. Tabrc, Problem propus, Concursul Interjudeean de matematic Laureniu Duican, Braov, mai , 1996.

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