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GENOMICA STRESULUI: DETERMINAREA
BINOMULUI STRES/VULNERABILITATE
Stress genomics: determination of stress/vulnerability binomial
Drd. Dr. Alexandra Mihilescu1,2, Dr. Sorin Riga1, Dr. Dan Riga1,
Prof. Dr. Ioan-Bradu Iamandescu2
1
Spitalul Clinic de Psihiatrie Prof. Dr. Al. Obregia, Bucureti
2
Universitatea de Medicin i Farmacie Carol Davila, Bucureti
REZUMAT
Stresul acut i cronic determin un impact negativ asupra sntii (n general) i sntii mintale (n special).
Binomul stres/vulnerabilitate iniiaz cascada etio-patogenic stres uzur mbtrnire polipatologie.
Genomica stresului demonstreaz importana vulnerabilitii n tulburrile anxioase i depresive la tineri. Gena
transportorului de serotonin (SERT, 5-HTT sau SLC6A4), gena receptorului de glucocorticoid (NR3C1), gena
IL-6 (InterLeukin-6), gena receptorului de Dopamin (DRD4), gena enzimei Monoaminoxidaza A (MAO-A)
determin vulnerabilitatea sau rezistena la distres. De aceea, genomica i medicina stresului capt un rol
esenial n sntatea public, sntatea mintal, medicina omului sntos, n psihoprofilaxia primar, medicina
de familie i medicina personalizat.
ABSTRACT
Acute and chronic stress have a negative impact on health (in general) and mental health (in particular). The
stress/vulnerability binomial initiates the etiopathogenetic cascade stress impairment aging polypathology.
Stress genomics demonstrates the importance of vulnerability concept in anxiety and depression disorders in
young people. Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), glucocorticoid receptor gene (NR3C1), IL-6 (Interleukin-6)
gene, dopamine receptor gene (DRD4), monoamine oxidase A enzyme (MAO-A) gene can cause vulnerability or
resistance to distress. Therefore, genomics and stress medicine hold an essential role in public health, mental
health, healthy human medicine, in primary prophylaxis of mental disorders, family medicine and personalized
medicine.
Key words: Genomics and stress medicine; distress/vulnerability binomial; anxiety and
depression; genes: SLC6A4, NR3C1, IL-6 gene, MAO-A gene; personalised and family medicine
Adresa de coresponden:
Dr. Sorin Riga, Spitalul Clinic de Psihiatrie Prof. Dr. Al. Obregia, os. Berceni, Nr. 10, Bucureti
e-mail: D_S_Riga@yahoo.com
nalt sau joas a locusului respectiv. Caspi et al. a descoperi markeri ai reactivitii axei hipotalamo-
(2003) (14) au fost primii care au artat c indivizii hipofizo-suprarenale, mediat de interaciunea
cu alele slab funcionale (S sau LG) ale polimor- dintre receptorul de glucocorticoid i molecula
fismului genei transportorului de serotonin sunt FKBP5, deja descris.
mai vulnerabili la evenimentele de via stresante,
i astfel mai predispui la a dezvolta depresie ma- Gena IL-6 (InterLeukin-6)
jor. Ulterior, Glatz et al. (2003) (15) au sugerat o Stresul psihic poate s creasc concentraia de
conexiune posibil ntre sistemul serotoninei i IL-6 circulant (22), probabil consecutiv influenei
rspunsul la stres, prin interaciunea exercitat de catecolaminelor asupra nivelurilor de IL-6. Este
hormonul glucocorticoid asupra expresiei genei neclar dac originea acestei creteri este leucocitul,
serotoninei n culturi tisulare. Gunthert et al. (16) esutul adipos sau alt esut, dei date preliminare
au artat rolul variantelor 5HTTLPR n anxietate, (23) sugereaz cum catecolaminele stimuleaz eli-
stabilind c indivizii cu cel puin o copie a alelei berarea de IL-6 din esutul adipos, n timp ce inhib
scurte S sau L G au resimit anxietate mai crescut n acest lucru din celulele imune. IL-6 la rndul ei are
zilele cu stresori mai inteni, comparativ cu cei aciuni stimulatorii asupra axei hipotalamo-hi-
homozigoti pentru LA. Studiile efectuate asupra pofizo-corticosuprarenale (24), prin mrirea se-
genei transportorului de serotonin indic posibi- creiei de CRH i creterea att a eliberrii ACTH,
litatea ca variantele promoterului genei s moduleze ct i a secreiei corticosuprarenale de cortizol. La
reacia unui individ la evenimentele adverse de pacienii cu depresie, concentraia de IL-6 crescut,
via. alturi de alte modificri clinice, fiziologice i bio-
chimice, poate fi consecina hiperactivitii axei
Gena (NR3C1) receptorului de glucocorticoid (GR)
HHC i a axei simpato-adrenomedulare (25). Se
Ipoteza major propus pentru morbigeneza postuleaz c stresul psihosocial poate crete
tulburrii depresive este centrat pe receptorul de nivelurile circulante ale IL-6. Fishman et al. (1998)
glucocorticoid: principalul factor n patogenez (26) au descoperit prezena unor polimorfisme n
este semnalizarea sa defectuoas, ce duce de la un regiunea flancant 5 a genei IL-6. Una dintre acestea
feedback negativ al cortizolului sczut, la o cretere este localizat ntr-o arie despre care s-a raportat c
a produciei de CRH i hipercortisolism (17). Do- ar avea un efect negativ asupra transcripiei gene-
vezi clinice i preclinice susin c semnalizarea tice. Autorii demonstreaz c acest polimorfism
defectuoas a receptorului de glucocorticoid este este asociat cu niveluri mai sczute ale concentraiei
mecanismul cheie n patogeneza depresiei (17-19). de IL-6 la indivizii normali.
Sensibilitatea la glucocorticoizi n populaia nor-
mal este nalt variabil i parial determinat de Alte gene cu posibil implicare n stres
polimorfisme n gena receptorului de glucocorticoid Precum serotonina, alt neurotransmitor do-
(NR3C1) (20). Alterrile n sensibilitatea la gluco- pamina este larg distribuit n sistemul nervos, dar
corticoid, datorate unei variaii receptoriale, ar cu specificitate regional, i are o multitudine de
putea produce un rspuns compensator al axei HHC funcii, inclusiv modularea afectivitii. Mai muli
(Hipotalamo-Hipofizo-Corticosuprarenale), pentru cercettori (27-29) au sugerat c o varietate a genei
a ajusta rata producerii de cortizol. Exist 4 poli- receptorului de dopamin DRD4 poate influena
morfisme (N363S, BclI, ER22/23EK, TthIIII) care comportamentul de cutare a noutii (novelty-
prezint interes. n studiile clinice efectuate pe
seeking behavior), dar rolul n patologia depresiei
aduli cu depresie major, polimorfismele au fost
i anxietii este nc discutabil.
asociate cu hipersensibilitate la glucocortcoizi (20,
Un model similar este urmat de variaia altei
21). Funcia receptorului de glucocorticoid depinde
gene, care codific enzima pentru Monoaminoxidaza
n mare msur de interaciunile cu alte componente
A (MAO-A), cu rol n metabolizarea mai multor
aparinnd unui mare complex molecular. O analiza
neurotransmitori (dopamin, noradrenalin, sero-
recent a polimorfismelor nucleotidice singulare
tonin), implicai n patogenia depresiei i anxietii.
(SNP single nucleotide polymorphism) n gena
n funcie de dou polimorfisme exprimate de
FKBP5 (FK-506 binding protein 5), care codeaz
aceast gen, ea determin o activitate joas sau
una dintre moleculele chaperon ce regleaz activi-
nalt. Gena este X-linkat. Prin urmare, genul
tatea receptorului, a descoperit trei polimorfisme
masculin este mai vulnerabil la efectele unei acti-
asociate cu recurena episoadelor de depresie i un
viti joase a genei MAO-A, demonstrat printr-un
rspuns mai rapid la tratamentul antidepresiv
risc mai crescut de a dezvolta tulburare de
prescris. Genotiparea mai multor SNP este calea de
96 REVISTA MEDICAL ROMN VOLUMUL LVIII, NR. 2, An 2011
personalitate antisocial i agresivitate ca rspuns populaie, iar impactul lor asupra prezicerii modi-
la evenimente stresante n copilrie (traume, depri- ficrilor comportamentale necesit a fi n continuare
vare afectiv) (30, 31). studiat, prin promovarea unei practici medicale
translaionale, cu mare impact n sntatea public
GENOMICA I MEDICINA STRESULUI i, n particular, n sntatea psihic.
Genomica stresului relev vulnerabiliti indi-
Rspunsul individual la stres variaz considerabil viduale n dimensiune bio-psiho-social. Domeniul
i depinde de o palet larg de experiene n mediul reprezint o cale principal n cercetarea transla-
din care face parte, dar i de factorii cognitivi i ional, ca suport pentru profilaxia primar, sn-
genetici. Un progres considerabil a fost fcut prin tatea mintal i medicina personalizat (32).
studiile care au caracterizat att genele implicate n Sntatea public/sntatea mintal/medicina
cile relevante pentru rspunsul la stres, ct i genele omului sntos sunt n interdependen direct cu
implicate n eliberarea i receptarea hormonilor medicina stresului. De aceea, n paralel cu diag-
glucocorticoizi. Multe dintre modificrile sem- nosticul, analiza i evaluarea binomului negativ,
nificative pentru patologie descoperite de cercettori entropic, etio-patogenic distres/vulnerabilitate, se
sunt n fapt mutaii rare, dar s-au descoperit i impune caracterizarea binomului pozitiv, anti-
variante ale genelor enzimelor implicate n meta- entropic, terapeutic anti-stres/rezisten (32).
bolismul serotoninei care interacioneaz cu ex- n aceast strategie, genomica stresului capt
perienele stresante de via i predispun individul funcii multiple, de la scop (diagnostic vulnerabi-
la manifestarea simptomelor de depresie i anxietate. liti), la metode de cercetare i la intervenii pre-
Aceste variante genetice sunt larg rspndite n ventive-terapeutice de recuperare.
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