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ALTE ANTIVIRALE
Medicament Indicatii Farmacocinetica Farmacodinamie Reactii adverse
*virus gripal A si B, v paragripal, v sincitial *inhibitor nucleozidic al multo polimeraze; asociere cu interferoni!! *bronhospasm anemie hemolitica; cntind in sarcina, alaptare
RIBAVIRINA respirator, v febrei de Lassa, HIV, v
hepatitice
LAMIVUDINA *hepatita B
TENOFOVIR
TELBIVUDINA *hepatita B *antagonist specific polimeraza (RT) virus B
*(-)selectiv RT virus B *admin la cei cu hepatita B+HIV => creste frecv rezistenta HIV la inh nucleozidice RT
ENTECAVIR
*hepatotoxicitate
ADEFOVIR *hepatita B *(-)transcriptie la foarte multe virusuri *nefrotoxic, mutagen, teratogen
Inhibitorii proteinelor netructurale de origine virala (medicamente cu actiune antivirala directa): BOCEPREVIR (NS3), TELAPREVIR si SIMEPREVIR (NS3/4A), DACLATASVIR si LEDIPASVIR (NS5A), SOFOSBUVIR (NS5B)
*trat FARA asoc de interferoni sau *abs buna --> se leaga mult --> elim prin bila sub forma *NU infl P450; cefalee, oboseala
Ribavirina de metaboliti/nemodif (exp Sofosbuvir al carui *Simeprevir si Telaprevir pot prod eruptii cutanate
metabolit se elim urinar) *Simeprevir, Daclatasvir, Ledipasvir sunt teratogene
INTERFERONII
Medicament Indicatii Farmacocinetica Farmacodinamie Reactii adverse, Contraindicatii
*spectru larg: v herpetic, VZV, CMV, *efect antiviral, antitumoral, antiproliferativ, imunomodulator *sdr pseudogripal (trat cu Paracetamol), greturi, diaree, dureri abd, modif dermatologice, alopecie,
hepatita B si C si probabil si alte hepatite *prod de leucocite => INTERFERON ALFA, fibroblasti => INTERFERON BETA, cel T stimulante => INTERFERON GAMMA prurit, dermatite, usc pielii, tulb hemato, neutropenie moderata
INTERFERONII *leucemie cu cel paroase, leucemie *alfa si beta = in special antivirale, gamma = in special imunomodulatori
granulocitara cronica, sdr Kaposi *mecanism prin sis JAK-STAT si au receptori de tip I (pt alfa si beta) si receptori de tip II (pt gamma) => (-)replicare virala
*gamma ca antitumoral => prelungire ciclu de multiplicare a cel tumorale si epuizarea unor metaboliti
*hepatite B si C *subcut --> abs crescuta, creste T1/2 (NU modif *cuplarea molec de interferon cu poli-etilen-glicol (PEG) => PEG-ilare (NU modif propr FD)
PEG-INTERFERONII
biodisp)
CHIMIOTERAPICE ANTIPARAZITARE
Medicament Indicatii Farmacocinetica Farmacodinamie Reactii adverse
*Entamoeba histolytica, Trichomonas *oral --> se abs bine --> dif bine (inclusiv in LCR, *derivat sintetic de 5-nitroimidazol; act antifungica SI bactericida *anorexie, greata, gust metalic neplacut (admin in timpul meselor => scade r.a)
vaginalis, Giardia intestinalis abcese), T1/2 relativ scurt =7,5h *activat intracel prin reducerea gr nitro (sub act enzimelor patogenilor) => comp intermediari => efect bactericid => afectare ADN, proteine, membr cel *nevrita periferica, vertij, ataxie, crize epileptice
*bacili G- anaerobi (Bacteroides, *coloreaza urina in rosu-brun
Helicobacter), coci G+ anaerobi *cntrind consum alcool => reactii tip disulfiram (flush, greata, varsaturi, ameteli, tahiaritmii)
(Peptostreptococcus), maj clostridiilor *teratogen => cntrind in sarcina
(inclusiv C difficile)
METRONIDAZOL
*dizenterie amibiana acuta, trichomoniaza
vaginala, giardiaza, inf cu anaerobi abd/SNC
in asoc cu Aminoglcd (Gentamicina) sau B
(Ampicilina, Amoxicilina), diaree C difficile,
inf pylori
ANTIFUNGICELE SISTEMICE
Medicament Indicatii Farmacocinetica Farmacodinamie Reactii adverse, Contraindicatii
*cel mai efiac in trat micozelor sis severe: *oral se abs putin => iv --> dif bine (putin in LCR) => *antiB macrolidic polienic; fungistatic sau fungicid (in f de specie si doza) *toxicitate mare sistemica (mai ales renala) <= legare colesterol gazda => creare preparate in invelis
Aspergillus fumigatus, Blastomyces admin intrarahidian, sau admin in articulatii sau in *se leaga IREVERSIBIL de ergosterolul din membr fungilor => formare pori mebr => consecinte toxice lipidic => se pot admin doze mai mari cu toxicitate mai mica
dermatiditis, Candida albicans, Cryptococcus umori (intraocular in keratite sau ulcere corneene *propr imunostimulante (umoral si celular) --> rol neprecizat *febra, frisoane, anorexie, greata, modif tensionale, aritmii, anemie, leucopenie, trombocitopenie
neoformans, Coccidioides immitis, micotice), T1/2= 15 zile *rezistenta rezultata prin scaderea/modif ergosterolului
AMFOTERICINA B
Histoplasma capsulatum, Sporothrix *asoc cu Flucitozina
schenckii
*folosit ca trat initial --> din cauza r.a -->
inlocuit apoi cu un derivat azolic
*spectru ingust : maj tuplinilor de *oral --> se abs repede --> dif larg (si in LCR) --> se *act prin intermediul FLUORO-URACILULUI (format intracel; cel umane nu pot converti astfel => toxicitate selectiva) => (-)timidilat-sintetaza => bloc *afectare maduva hematopoietica; hepatotoxicitate
FLUCITOZINA Cryptococcus neoformans, Candida elim 99% nemodif urinar sinteza ADN
*asoc cu Amfotericina B (sinergice) sau cu Itraconazolul
*terapie sis fungi cu spectru larg: Candida, *oral *Imidazoli (KETOCONAZOL, MICONAZOL, CLOTRIMAZOL, ECONAZOL) - admin doar topica (grad de specificitate mai mic) *toxicitate mai redusa; tulb gastrointest minore, creste enzimele hepatice, hepatita toxica reversibile;
Cryptococcus neoformans, Blastomyces *Triazoli (ITRACONAZOL, VORICONAZOL, FLUCONAZOL) - terapie sistemica cntrind la gravide, alaptare
dermatiditis, Histoplasma capsulatum, *(-)14-alfa-steroldemetilaza din P450 fungi => scadere sinteza ergosterol *(-)P450 (in special CYP3A4) => scadere formare testosteron si corticosteroizi, predispne la infectii
AZOLII Coccidioides immitis, dermatofiti, microbiene, creste conc plasmatica pt Anticoag cumarinice, Antidiabetice orale, Ciclosporina,
Aspergillus Terfenadina, Astemizol
*asoc cu anti-H1 de generatie noua (Terfenadina, Astemizol, Cisaprida) => risc aparitie aritmii grave,
torsada varfurilor
KETOCONAZOL *doar topic *a fost primul azol sistemic; selectivitate mica *toxicitate relativ mare
*micoze sis grave, afect dermato, ofta, gineco *oral/iv --> se abs optim (cand e admin imediat dupa o *triazol hidrosolubil
ITRACONAZOL prod de dermatofiti si levuri masa principala); se leaga mult => T1/2 lung = 20h -->
dif bine (putin in saliva, LCR)
*levuri (Candida), dermatofiti; de electie in *oral/iv --> biodisp buna (neinfl de alimente); T1/2 lung *triazol hidrosolubil
trat sis al candidozelor sis, orale sau cut-muc, = 30h
inclusiv al celor rezistente la imidazoli sau
FLUCONAZOL
antiB polienice (Nistatina); prflx stomatite
candidozice in HIV
*trat dermatofitilor pielii glabre sau ale *oral (se abs de 2 ori mai bine daca e sub forma *antiB cu efect fungistatic => interferare fctie microtubuli/sintezei ac nucleici de catre cel fungica
parului si unghiilor prod de Epidermophyton, micronizata sau daca se admin cu grasimi)
GRISEOFULVINA Microsporum, Tricophyton; trat onicomicoza *dif preferential in t bogate cu keratina (piele, unghii)
piciorului (chiat pt 6 luni)
*spectru larg ; trat dermatofitilor, in special *se conc in tes bog in keratina (piele, sudoare, sebum, *fungicid <= toxic <= se acumuleaza scualen<= interfereaza cu biosinteza ergosterolului <= (-)scualen-epoxidazei fungice *iritatie gastrointest, cefalee; NU afect P450
TERBINAFINA
onicomicoze unghii); oral
ECHINOCANDINE: *Candida, Aspergillus, Pneumocystis, *iv *act la niv peretelui fungic prin (-)sintezei de beta-glucan (crucial pt sinteza peretelui) => efect fungicid
CAPSOFUNGINA Histoplasma
MICAFUNGINA *terapeutic/prflx in candidozele sis sau cut-
ANIDULFUNGINA muc
ANTIFUNGICELE LOCALE
Medicament Indicatii Farmacocinetica Farmacodinamie Reactii adverse
*dermatofitii, candidoze muc si cut, pitiriazis *aplicatii topice (crema, ovule vaginale, sampon)
KETOCONAZOL versicolor, dermatita seboreica, tricofitii
*candidoze cut sau muc; cheilita angulara, inf *aproape exclusiv local; NU se abs dig *arsuri, maceratii, roseata cut, prurit
MICONAZOL
candid recidivante
*spectru larg: dermatofiti, levuri, germeni
ECONAZOL G+; inf genitale mixte, micotice si bacteriene
*spectru larg: levuri (Candida) dermatofiti, T *exclusiv local (abs sis nesemnif) *antiB macrolidic cu act fungicida; se leaga IREVERSIBIL de componenta sterol a membr => distrugere fung
NATAMICINA
vaginalis, Aspergillus
ANTICANCEROASE
Medicament Indicatii Farmacocinetica Farmacodinamie Reactii adverse, Contraindicatii