Introducere

7 ianuarie 2013

Cuprins
1 Operatii cu numere 1
1.1 Factor comun (fortat) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 Fractii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 Puteri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.4 Formule de calcul prescurtat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.5 Factorialul . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Functii reale 4
2.1 Intervale reale . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.2 Functii continue. Limitele laterale si limitele la 1 . . . . . . . 4
2.3 Logaritmul natural . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
2.4 Functiile trigonometrice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
2.5 Functiile trigonometrice inverse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

3 Limite de siruri 7
3.1 Limite remarcabile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
3.2 Proprietatile limitei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

4 Derivate 9
4.1 Derivatele functiilor elementare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
4.2 Proprietatile derivatei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

5 Integrale 11
5.1 Primitivele functiilor elementare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.2 Formula Leibniz-Newton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
5.3 Metoda integrarii prin parti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12
5.4 Metoda schimbarii de variabila . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

1 Operatii cu numere
1.1 Factor comun (fortat)
ab ac = a (b c)

1
 c
ab c=a b
a
c
a c=a 1
a

1.2 Fractii
a c ad bc a c a c c ad c
Adunarea b d = bd ; b b = b ; a d = d
a c ac c ac 1 c c
Inmultirea b d = bd ; a d = d ; b d = bd
a a
ad b a a ad
Impartirea b
c = bc ; c = bc ; dc = c
d

1.3 Puteri
Puterea cu exponent intreg Fie a 2 R si n 2 N .

an = a
| a {z::: a}
n ori
0
a = 1
n 1
a = :
an
Avem
n 1, n impar
( 1) = :
1, n par
n
Puterea cu exponent rational. Radicalul Fie a > 0 si m 2 Q, n 2 Z;
m 2 N; m 2.
n p
a m = m an
1 p
am = m a
p p
a = 2 a:

Proprietatile puterilor Fie a; b > 0 si p; q 2 Q.

1. ap aq = ap+q
ap
2. aq = ap q

p q
3. (a ) = ap q
p
4. ap bp = (ab)
ap a p
5. bp = b :

Proprietatile radicalilor Fie a; b > 0 si m 2 N, m 2.

p p p
1. m a m b = m ab

2
 p
m a pa
2. p
m
b
= m
b
p pn
3. ( a) = m an
m

p
4. m am = a
p p
5. m am b = a m b

Ampli…carea cu conjugata
p p
a b = paa+p
b
b
p p
3 a b p
3
a b= p
3 p
3 3 :
a2 + ab+ b2

1.4 Formule de calcul prescurtat

2
(a + b) = a2 + 2ab + b2
2
(a b) = a2 2ab + b2
3
(a + b) = a3 + 3a2 b + 3ab2 + b3
3
(a b) = a3 3a2 b + 3ab2 b3
a2 b2 = (a b) (a + b)
a3 b3 = (a b) a2 + ab + b2
a3 + b3 = (a + b) a2 ab + b2

1.5 Factorialul
Fie n 2 N .

n! = 1 2 3 ::: (n 1) n
0! = 1:

Avem
(n + k)! = (n + k) (n + k 1) ::: (n + 1) n!:

3
2 Functii reale
2.1 Intervale reale
Fie a < b.
(a; b) = fx 2 R ja < x < b g
[a; b) = fx 2 R ja x < bg
(a; b] = fx 2 R ja < x bg
[a; b] = fx 2 R ja x bg
(a; 1) = fx 2 R ja < x g
[a; 1) = fx 2 R ja xg
( 1; b) = fx 2 R jx < b g
( 1; b] = fx 2 R jx bg
( 1; 1) = R:

2.2 Functii continue. Limitele laterale si limitele la 1

Pentru o functie continua f : I ! R avem
lim f (x) = f (a):
x!a

Pentru o functie f : In fag ! R se noteaza

f a = lim f (x) (limita la stanga lui a)
x!a
x<a

f a+ = lim f (x) (limita la dreapta lui a).

x!a
x>a

Pentru o functie f : I ! R se noteaza

f (1) = lim f (x)
x!1
f ( 1) = lim f (x):
x! 1

2.3 Logaritmul natural

ln : (0; 1) ! R
+
Valori importante 1. ln 0 = 1
2. ln 1 = 0
3. ln e = 1
4. ln 1 = 1:
Proprietati 1. ln (ab) = ln a + ln b
2. ln ab = ln a ln b
3. ln (ap ) = p ln a:

4
2.4 Functiile trigonometrice

sin : R ! [ 1; 1]
cos : R ! [ 1; 1]

n o
tg : Rn k + jk 2 Z !R
2
ctg : Rn fk jk 2 Z g ! R

sin a
tga =
cos a
cos a
ctga =
sin a
Valori importante

a 0 6 p4 p3 2
1 2 3
sin a 0 p2 p2 2 1
3 2 1
cos a 1 p2 2 0
3
p2
tga 0 1 3 j
p3 p
3
ctga j 3 1 3 0
+
tg = 1; tg = 1
2 2
ctg 0 = 1; ctg 0+ = 1

sin a + = cos (a)

2
cos a + = sin (a)
2
tg a + = ctga
2
ctg a + = tg (a)
2
sin ( a) = sin a
cos ( a) = cos a
tg( a) = tga
ctg( a) = ctga

5
Formule trigonometrice
sin2 a + cos2 a = 1

sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a

cos 2a = cos2 a sin2 a
1 cos 2a
sin2 a =
2
1 + cos 2a
cos2 a = :
2

2.5 Functiile trigonometrice inverse

h i
arcsin : [ 1; 1] ! ;
2 2
arccos : [ 1; 1] ! [0; ]
arctg : R! ;
2 2
arcctg : R ! (0; )

arcsin b = a , sin a = b
arccos b = a , cos a = b
arctgb = a , tga = b
arcctgb = a , ctga = b

Valori importante

p p p p
3 2 1 1 2 3
b 1 2 2 2 0 2 2 2 1
arcsin b 2 3 4 6 0 6 4 3 2
5 3 2
arccos b 6 4 3 2 3 4 6 0
arcsin ( x) = arcsin x
arccos( x) = arccos(x)

p p
3
p
3
p
b 1 3 1 3 0 3 1 3 1
arctgb 2 3 4 6 0 6 4 3 2
5 3 2
arcctgb 6 4 3 2 3 4 6 0

arctg( x) = arctgx
arcctg( x) = arcctg(x)

6
3 Limite de siruri
3.1 Limite remarcabile
Functia exponentiala
0; a 2 ( 1; 1)
lim an =
n!1 1; a > 1
2 n 3 n
Exemple: limn!1 3 = 0; limn!1 2 = 1:
Functia putere
0; p < 0
lim np =
n!1 1; p > 0
p
Exemple: limn!1 p1 = 0; limn!1 n = 1:
n

Functia polinomiala
1; ak > 0
lim ak nk + ::: + a1 n + a0 =
n!1 1; ak < 0

Exemple: limn!1 n2 n = 1; limn!1 n3 + n2 + 1 = 1:

Functia rationala
8
1; abkl > 0 >
>
<;k > l
k
ak n + ::: + a1 n + a0 1; abkl < 0
lim = ak
n!1 bl nl + ::: + b1 n + b0 >
> ;k = l
: bk
0; k < l
2n3 +5 2n2 +5
Exemple: limn!1 3n2 +4 = 1; limn!1 3n2 +4 = 23 ; limn!1 2n+5
3n2 +4 = 0:
Sirul lui e 1
lim (1 + an ) an = e = 2; 71828183:::
an !0
1
1 n 1 n2 sin 1
Exemple: limn!1 1 + n = e; limn!1 1 n2 = e; limn!1 1 + sin n1 n =
e:
Limitele cu sin; tg; arcsin; arctg
sin an tgan arcsin an arctgan
lim = lim = lim = lim =1
an !0 an an !0 an an !0 an an !0 an
sin 1 p
Exemple: limn!1 1
n
= 1; limn!1 narctg p1n = 1:
n

Radicalul de ordin n
p
n
1
lim a = lim a n = 1; 8a > 0
n!1 n!1
p
n p
lim np = lim n n = 1; 8p 2 R
n!1 n!1
p
n 2
Exemple: limn!1 3 = 1; limn!1 n n = 1:

7
3.2 Proprietatile limitei
Fie sirurile (an ) si (bn ) si 2 R.

1. limn!1 (an bn ) = limn!1 an limn!1 bn

2. limn!1 an = limn!1 an
3. limn!1 (an bn ) = limn!1 an limn!1 bn
an limn!1 an
4. limn!1 bn = limn!1 bn

limn!1 bn
5. limn!1 abnn = (limn!1 an )
6. limn!1 f (an ) = f (limn!1 an ) ; 8f o functie continua.
1
Exemple: limn!1 arcsin n = arcsin 0 = 0; limn!1 arctg (n) = arctg1 =
2:

7. 1 = 0; 0+ = 1; 0 = 1; >0
8. 1= 1; 1 + 1 = 1; 1 1 = nedeterminare
9. 1 = 1; > 0; 1 = 1; < 0; 1 1 = 1; 0 1 = nedeterminare
1 0
10. 1 = 0 = nedeterminare
11. 11 = 10 = 00 = nedeterminare.

Exerciţiul 1 Sa se calculeze limitele urmatoarelor siruri:

1 1:
p p
1. n+1 n
p p
2. n2 + n n2 n
p p
3. 3n2 + n n2 + 1
p
4. n n2 + 1 n
p p p p
5. n n n+1+ n 1 2 n
p
3
p3
6. n3 + 2n2 + 1 n3 3
p
3
7. n3 + n2 n
p
3
p
8. n3 + 2n2 n2 + 3n
p p
n+1 n
9. p
3 p
n+1 3 n
p
10. n n:
1
1; 0 1; 00 :
p
n3 +n
1. p
5 2
n +1

8
 p
n2 +n+n
2. 2n
2n +3n
3. 3n +4n
2n +3n
4. 3 2n +5 3n
ln(1+e5n )
5. ln(1+e2n )
ln(n3 +n 1)
6. ln(n6 +2n3 +n)
n2
7. n+1 sin n1
p
8. 3
n sin p1n
q
n+1
9. n n+2 1
2n
10. n ln 2n+3 :

11 :
n
1. 1 + sin n1
n
n2 +1
2. n2 +2
n2 +n+1
n2 +n+1 n+1
3. n2 +1
n2 1
2n2 3 n
4. 2n2 n+1
n
n
5. 1 + ln n+1 :

4 Derivate
Pentru o functie derivabila f : I ! R avem
f (x) f (a) f (a + t) f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim = lim :
x!a x a t!0 t

4.1 Derivatele functiilor elementare

1. c0 = 0
x0 = 0
0
(xa ) = axa 1

1 0 1
x = x2
p 0 1
x = p
2 x
0
2. (ex ) = ex
0
(ax ) = ax ln a

9
 0 1
3. (ln x) = x
0 1
(loga x) = x ln a
0
4. (sin x) = cos x
0
(cos x) = sin x
0
(tgx) = cos12 x
0
(ctgx) = sin12 x
0
5. (arcsin x) = p 1
1 x2
0
(arccos x) = p 1
1 x2
0 1
(arctgx) = 1+x2
0 1
(arcctgx) = 1+x2 :

4.2 Proprietatile derivatei

0
1. (f g) = f 0 g0
0
2. ( f ) = f 0 ; 2R
0
3. (f g) = f 0 g + f g 0
0
f f 0 g f g0
4. g = g2

Derivarea functiilor compuse

0
[f ('(x))] = f 0 ('(x)) '0 (x):
h i
5 0 4
Exemplu: x2 + 3x + 1 = 5 x2 + 3x + 1 (2x + 3):

Exerciţiul 2 Sa se calculeze derivatele urmatoarelor functii:

5
1. f (x) = x2 3x
p 3
x
2. f (x) = x+1
q
1 x2
3. f (x) = 1+x2
p
3
4. f (x) = x2 3x + 2
5. ln3 1+x
1 x:

10
5 Integrale
Pentru o functie continua f : I ! R avem
Z
f (x)dx = F (x) + C

unde
F 0 (x) = f (x); 8x 2 I:
Avem:
R R R
R (f g) R= f g
f= f:

5.1 Primitivele functiilor elementare

R xa+1
1. xa dx = a+1 + C; a 6= 1
R dx
x = ln jxj + C
R
2. ex dx = ex + C
R ax
ax dx = ln a +C
R dx 1 x a
3. x2 a2 = 2a ln x+a +C
R dx
x2 +a2 = a1 arctg xa + C
R
4. p dx = arcsin xa + C
a2 x2
R p
p dx = ln x + x2 + a2 + C
x2 +a2
R p
p dx = ln x + x2 a2 + C
x2 a2
R
5. sin xdx = cos x + C
R
cos xdx = sin x + C
R
tgxdx = ln jcos xj + C
R
ctgxdx = ln jsin xj + C
R dx
6. sin2 x
= ctgx + C
R dx
cos2 x = tgx + C:

5.2 Formula Leibniz-Newton

Z b
f (x)dx = F (b) F (a)
a

unde F 0 (x) = f (x); 8x 2 [a; b] :

11
5.3 Metoda integrarii prin parti
Z b Z b
0 b
fg = f gja f 0g
a a
R R R 1
R
Exemplu: ln xdx = ln x x0 dx = ln x x x xdx = x ln x dx =
x ln x x + C:

Exerciţiul 3 Sa se calculeze urmatoarele primitive:

R
1. arcsin xdx
R
2. arctgxdx
Rp
3. a2 x2 dx
Rp
4. x2 + a2 dx
Rp
5. x2 a2 dx:

5.4 Metoda schimbarii de variabila

Prima schimbare de variabila Daca ' : [a; b] ! R este derivabila, cu derivata
continua, atunci:
Z b Z '(b)
f ('(x)) '0 (x)dx = f (y)dy
a '(a)
y = '(x)
dy = '0 (x)dx:
R R R
Exemplu: ln (1 x) dx = ln y ( dy) = ln ydy = (y ln y y)+
y=1 x; dy= dx
C= (1 x) ln (1 x) + 1 x + C:

Exerciţiul 4 Sa se calculeze urmatoarele primitive:

R
1. x22x+1
+x+3 dx
R p
2. x 5 1 x2 dx
R 3
3. lnx x dx
R arctg 5 x
4. 1+x2 dx
R 3
5. x2 ex dx:

12
A doua schimbare de variabila Daca ' : [c; d] ! [a; b] este derivabila, cu
derivata continua si, in plus, bijectiva, cu inversa derivabila si derivata
inversei continua, atunci:
Z b Z ' 1
(b)
f (x)dx = f ('(t)) '0 (t)dt
a ' 1 (a)

x = '(t)
dx = '0 (t)dt:

13