10. CIRCUITE MAGNETICE 10.1. CONSIDERAII GENERALE I DEFINIII Conform teoremei refrac iei!

"inii"e #e c$m% ma&netic '(nt %ractic tan&en ia"e %e fe e"e interioare a"e '(%rafe ei cor%(ri"or feroma&netice c( ) ** ) 0. De a'emenea! "a '(%rafa a ace'tor cor%(ri + #ac, n( '(nt %re-ente %$n-e #e c(rent %e '(%rafa , + 'e con'er., com%onenta tan&en ia", a inten'it, ii c$m%("(i ma&netic H . Re-("t, c, /n interior(" H e'te mare /n cor%(ri"or feroma&netice com%onenta tan&en ia", a in#(c iei B = com%ara ie c( cea #in e0terior 1#in aer! (n#e B a = 0 H a 2! iar "inii"e in#(c iei ma&netice '(nt con#('e %rin cor%(ri"e feroma&netice a'em, n, tor c( mo#(" /n care '(nt con#('e "inii"e #en'it, ii c(rent("(i #e con#(c ie %rin con#(ctoare. Deoarece 3 i "inii"e #e in#(c ie ma&netic, '(nt %ractic /nc4i'e! 'e n(me3 te circuit magnetic (n #i'%o-iti. /n care ace'te "inii trec %rintr+o '(cce'i(ne #e cor%(ri fero+ 'a( ferima&netice! 'e%arate e.ent(a" %rin %or i(ni neferoma&netice! n(mite ntrefieruri. In fi&(ra 10.1+1 'e arat, #o(, circ(ite ma&netice! (ti"i-ate a2 /n tran'formator(" e"ectric monofa-at 3 i 52 /n re"e(" e"ectroma&netic. 6or i(ni"e #e circ(it ma&netic %e care 'e a3 a-, bobinele 152 'e n(me'c coloane 1c2 'a( miez 1m2! iar re't(" circ(it("(i ma&netic e'te /nc4i' %rin juguri 172 3 i ntrefieruri 1/28 %or i(ni"e mo5i"e 1#e%"a'a5i"e2 a"e circ(it("(i ma&netic 'e n(me'c arm turi 1a2. De o %arte 3 i #e a"ta a /ntrefier(ri"or a%ar poli magnetici . Con.en iona" 'e con'i#er, poli nord 1N2 fe e"e feroma&netice #in care ie' "inii #e c$m% 1 B orientat #in '%re fier '%re /ntrefier2 3 i poli sud 1S2 ce"e /n care intr, "inii"e #e c$m%.

Fi&. 10.1+1. E0em%"e #e circ(ite ma&netice.

Cea mai mare %arte a "inii"or c$m%("(i in#(c iei ma&netice 'e /nc4i# %rin fier 3 i /ntrefier! form$n# liniile cmpului util 1'a( principal2. O a"t, %arte! mai mic, ! a "inii"or in#(c iei ma&netice 'e /nc4i# n(mai %rintr+o %arte a circ(it("(i ma&netic 3 i a%oi %rin aer 1%rin '%a i(" neferoma&netic /ncon7(r, tor2! form$n# liniile cmpului de dispersie! c, rora "e core'%(n#e fluxul magnetic de dispersie. O %ro5"em, im%ortant, o formea-, rezolvarea circuitelor magnetice 1n(mit, 3 i ana"i-a circ(ite"or ma&netice2! care 'e form("ea-, a'tfe"9 %entr( (n circ(it ma&netic! #e confi&(ra ie #at, 3 i format #in materia"e c( caracteri'tici ma&netice c(no'c(te! 'e cere ', 'e #etermine %rin ca"c(" fie f"(0(ri"e ma&netice (ti"e 3 i #e #i'%er'ie "a o #i'tri5( ie #at, a 'o"ena ii"or! fie 'o"ena ii"e #e e0cita ie nece'are %ro#(cerii (n(i f"(0 ma&netic (ti" #at. 6ro5"eme"e #e mai '(' 'e %ot re-o".a fie #irect! %rin a%"icarea "e&ii f"(0("(i ma&netic 3 i a teoremei "(i Am%re! fie (ti"i-$n# ana"o&ia #intre circ(ite"e e"ectrice 3 i circ(ite"e ma&netice. Intr+o %rim, a%ro0ima ie! circ(ite"e ma&netice 'e re-o"., neglijnd dispersia magnetic 3 i con'i#er$n# f"(0(" ma&netic (niform #i'tri5(it /n 'ec i(ni tran'.er'a"e %e "inii"e

#e c$m% 1'e con'i#er, aceea3 i in#(c ie /n toate %(ncte"e (nei 'ec i(ni tran'.er'a"e2! iar circ(it(" ma&netic 'e /m%arte /n %or i(ni %ractic omo&ene #in %(nct #e .e#ere ma&netic. In "e&, t(r, c( ca"c("(" f"(0("(i ma&netic a" "at(ri"or #e circ(it ma&netic tre5(ie %reci-at, no i(nea #e flux magnetic fascicular. 6rin f"(0 ma&netic fac'cic("ar 'e /n e"e&e f"(0(" ma&netic ca"c("at %rin 'ec i(nea (nei "at(ri #e circ(it ma&netic. A3 a#ar! f"(0(" ma&netic fa'cic("ar re%re-int, ana"o&(" ma&netic a" c(rent("(i e"ectric #e con#(c ie #in e"ectrocinetic, . 10.:. METODA DIRECT; DE RE<OL=ARE A UNUI CIRCUIT MAGNETIC Meto#a #irect, con'i't, /n a%"icarea '(cce'i., a "e&ii f"(0("(i ma&netic 3 i a teoremei "(i Am%re! /n .e#erea #etermin, rii re"a iei #intre f"(0(" ma&netic (ti" a" circ(it("(i ma&netic neramificat 3 i 'o"ena ia e0citatoare. Meto#a 'e i"('trea-, c( e0em%"(" #in fi&(ra 10.:+1! a" (n(i circ(it ma&netic /n form, #e C! a.$n# o 5o5in, c( 'o"ena ia N i! mai m("te %or i(ni feroma&netice omo&ene! c( "(n&imi a"e "inii"or #e c$m% me#ii lk! k > 1!...!?! arii a"e 'ec i(ni"or tran'.er'a"e Ak! %rec(m 3 i (n /ntrefier #e ", r&ime l 3 i o arie a 'ec i(nii tran'.er'a"e A 1%rin care trece f"(0(" ma&netic /n /ntrefier! arie a%ro0imati. e&a", c( 'a( ce.a mai mare #ec$t aria 'ec i(nii tran'.er'a"e a %o"i"or .ecini2. Fie ( fluxul magnetic fascicular util a" circ(it("(i ma&netic %rin 'ec i(nea @ 1/ntrefier2. Se a%"ic, "e&ea f"(0("(i ma&netic (nor '(%rafe e k care trece %rin /ntrefier 3 i %rintr+o 'ec i(ne oarecare #e or#in k a circ(it("(i ma&netic. Datorit, ne&"i7, rii #i'%er'iei! circ(it(" ma&netic neramificat re%re-int, (n t(5 #e f"(0! #eci /n orice 'ec i(ne are ace"a3 i f"(0 ma&netic
k = ( ! k = 1!:! !@.

110.:+12

Fi&. 10.:+1. Circ(it ma&netic neramificat! /n form, #e C.

Datorit, i%ote-ei 'im%"ificatoare c, in#(c ia ma&netic, e'te %ractic con'tant, /n fiecare 'ec i(ne tran'.er'a", ! re-("t,
k = B k Ak ! 'a( B k = k Ak ! k = 1!: ! !@.

110.:+:2

C(no'c$n# c(r5a #e ma&neti-are BA 1Hk2 a materia"("(i ma&netic a" fiec, rei %or i(ni #e or#in k a circ(it("(i ma&netic! 'e #e#(ce .a"oarea inten'it, ii c$m%("(i ma&netic Hk core'%(n-, toare. 6entr( /ntrefier 1%or i(nea @2 re"a ia e'te
H @ = B@ 0 .

110.:+B2

A%"ic$n# teorema "(i Am%re (nei "inii #e c$m% me#ii a circ(it("(i ma&netic 1re%re-entat, c( "inie /ntrer(%t, /n fi&(ra 10.:+12 'e %oate #etermina 'o"ena ia e0citatoare nece'ar, . Se ca"c("ea-, /nt$i ten'i(ni"e ma&netice a"e %or i(ni"or omo&ene
U mk = l k H k ! k = 1!:! !@.

110.:+C2

DD

Ten'i(nea ma&netomotoare a circ(it("(i 'e o5 ine %rin '(mare

U mm = U mk .
k =1 @

110.:+?2 i

Din teorema "(i Am%re re-("t, 'o"ena ia nece'ar, 'a( c(rent(" #e e0cita ie nece'ar
= N i = U mm .

110.:+@2

D$n# f"(0("(i ma&netic (ti" ( #iferite .a"ori! 'e %oate con'tr(i caracteristica magnetic a circ(it("(i ma&netic! a#ic, #e%en#en a (12 'a( (1i2. En fi&(ra 10.:+: 'e arat, forma ti%ic, a caracteri'ticii ma&netice %entr( o 5o5in, c( mie- feroma&netic 3 i /ntrefier.

Fi&. 10.:+:. Caracteri'tica ma&netic, a (n(i circ(it ma&netic c( /ntrefier.

Dac, 'e #, 'o"ena ia 1'a( c(rent(" #e e0cita ie2! f"(0(" ma&netic (ti" ( 'e #etermin, %rin /ncerc, ri '(cce'i.e 1meto#e #e a%ro0imare '(cce'i., 2 'a( con'tr(in# /nt$i caracteri'tica ma&netic, a circ(it("(i! %e care 'e #etermin, f"(0(" (ti" core'%(n-, tor 'o"ena iei #ate. 6entr( circ(ite ma&netice ramificate! meto#a #irect, #e re-o".are con'i't, /n con'tr(irea #e caracteri'tici ma&netice %ar ia"e %entr( "at(ri"e #e circ(it ma&netic! care 'e com%(n a%oi core'%(n-, tor re"a ii"or ce re-("t, #in "e&ea f"(0("(i ma&netic 3 i #in teorema "(i Am%re. Ace't ca- 'e tratea-, mai 'i'tematic /n ca#r(" meto#ei care face a%e" "a ana"o&ia #intre circ(ite"e ma&netice 3 i circ(ite"e e"ectrice #e c(rent contin((. O5'er.a ie. Dac, circ(it(" ma&netic neramificat e'te "iniar! a#ic, %or i(ni"e 'a"e %ot fi caracteri-ate %rin %ermea5i"it, i con'tante )k! at(nci 'e o5 ine (3 or re"a ia e0%"icit,
= ( lk . k =1 k Ak
n

110.:+F2

E0%re'ia #at, #e '(m, re%re-int, re"(ctan a ec4i.a"ent, a circ(it("(i ma&netic neramificat! a3 a c(m .a re-("ta #in meto#a %re-entat, /n contin(are. 10.B TEOREMELE LUI OGM I HIRCGGOFF REFERITOARE LA CIRCUITE MAGNETICE Entre m, rimi"e &"o5a"e care caracteri-ea-, circ(ite"e ma&netice 1f! Um! 2 3 i m, rimi"e care caracteri-ea-, circ(ite"e e"ectrice #e c(rent contin(( 1 I! U! E2 'e %oate 'ta5i"i o ana"o&ie com%"et, ! fa%t care %ermite (ti"i-area "a circ(ite"e ma&netice a (nor conce%te 3 i a (nor meto#e #e ca"c(" #e-.o"tate /n teoria circ(ite"or e"ectrice. Teoria circ(ite"or e"ectrice #e c(rent contin(( are "a 5a-, "e&ea "(i O4m 3 i teoreme"e "(i Hirc44off. 6entr( circ(ite"e ma&netice 'e %ot 'ta5i"i teoreme ana"o&e ce"or #e mai '('. Se con'i#er, o %or i(ne neramificat, #e circ(it ma&netic! care formea-, (n t(5 #e f"(0! a#ic, are ace"a3 i f"(0 ma&netic fa'cic("ar f /n oricare 'ec i(ne tran'.er'a", 1fi&. 10.B+12. De

DI

a'emenea! 'e con'i#er, c, /n fiecare 'ec i(ne tran'.er'a", S! #e arie A! .ector(" in#(c iei ma&netice B e'te %er%en#ic("ar %e 'ec i(ne 3 i are aceea3 i .a"oare /n toate %(ncte"e 'ec i(nii! a'tfe" /nc$t re"a ia #intre f"(0(" fa'cic("ar 3 i in#(c ie .a fi
f = BA.

110.B+12

Con'i#er$n# c(no'c(t, .a"oarea %ermea5i"it, ii ) a me#i("(i /n 'ec i(nea S 'e #e#(ce .a"oarea inten'it, ii c$m%("(i ma&netic
H = B = f

( A) .

110.B+:2

Fi&. 10.B+1. 6or i(ne #e circ(it ma&netic.

Ca"c("$n# ten'i(nea ma&netic, #e+a "(n&(" "iniei #e c$m% C me#ii 1"inia a0, 2! /ntre #o(, 'ec i(ni tran'.er'a"e S1 3 i S: 3 i in$n# 'eama c, .ectorii H J i # s '(nt omo%ara"e"i! re-("t,
U m =H # s =H # s =
C1: C1: C1:

f # s = f A

C1:

#s . A

M, rimea
Rm =
C1:

#s A

110.B+B2

'e n(me3 te reluctan a por iunii de circuit magnetic 1n(mit, ! (neori! 3 i re-i'ten , ma&netic, 2! iar re"a ia
U m = R m f

110.B+C2

con'tit(ie teorema lui Ohm referitoare la circuite magnetice ! fiin# teorema ana"o&, "e&ii "(i O4m 1#e "a circ(ite"e e"ectrice2. Re"a ia 110.B+C2 'e mai n(me3 te 3 i rela ia constitutiv a "at(rii #e circ(it ma&netic. En 'i'tem(" interna iona" #e (nit, i 1SI2! (nitatea #e m, '(r, a re"(ctan ei 'e n(me3 te amper pe weber 3 i 'e 'im5o"i-ea-, KALM5N 'a( KG+1N. M, rimea reci%roc, re"(ctan ei! notat, c( P 'a(
P = = 1 Rm

110.B+?2

'e n(me3 te permean . Unitatea #e m, '(r, a %ermean ei 'e n(me3 te weber pe amper! 'im5o"i-at, KM5LAN! 'a( 4enrO! 'im5o"i-at, KGN. Re"a ii"e 'ta5i"ite mai '(' %ermit ', 'e /ntre.a#, e0i'ten a (nei ana"o&ii /ntre circ(ite"e ma&netice 3 i circ(ite"e e"ectrice #e c(rent contin((! %e 5a-a (rm, tor("(i ta5"o( #e core'%on#en , /ntre m, rimi9 ircuite magnetice In#(c ia ma&netic, Inten'itatea c$m%("(i ma&netic F"(0 ma&netic fa'cic("ar Ten'i(ne ma&netic,
B H f Um ! " I U

ircuite electrice Den'itatea c(rent("(i Inten'itatea c$m%("(i e"ectric Inten'itatea c(rent("(i e"ectric Ten'i(ne e"ectric,

I0

Re"(ctan , 6ermean , So"ena ie

Rm P,

R Re-i'ten , e"ectric, G Con#(ctan , E Ten'i(ne e"ectromotoare

Tre5(ie o5'er.at fa%t(" c, ! %e c$n# ten'i(nea e"ectromotoare care inter.ine /n circ(ite"e #e c(rent contin(( are o "oca"i-are 5ine %reci-at, 1/n "at(ri2! 'o"ena ia %oate fi a'ociat, n(mai (n(i oc4i 1cont(r /nc4i'2! #eci 'o"ena iei ar tre5(i ', i 'e a'ocie-e o ten'i(ne e"ectromotoare #e oc4i. In ca-(" circ(ite"or ma&netice! 'o"ena ia e'te #at, #e 5o5ine %arc(r'e #e c(rent! #eci 'o"ena ia (nei 5o5ine #e or#in k! c( Nk '%ire 3 i %arc(r', #e c(rent(" ik! 'e %re-int, '(5 forma
k = N k ik !

110.B+@2

ca m, rime care are 'emn(" c(rent("(i ik. Ace'tei 'o"ena ii i 'e %oate a'ocia (n sens de referin axial /n mo#(" (rm, tor. Fie o 5o5in, c( 'o"ena ia ! #at, #e c(rent(" i! care /n 5o5in, are 'en'(" #e referin , marcat 1/n 'ec i(ni"e 5o5inei! fi&. 10.B+:2! /n conformitate c( 'en'(" #e /nf,3 (rare a" con#(ctor("(i 5o5inei. 6entr( ca"c("(" 'o"ena iei %e o '(%rafa , #e'c4i', ! '%ri7init, %e (n cont(r /nc4i' ! 'en'("(i #e %arc(r&ere a" cont(r("(i i 'e a'ocia-, (n .er'or a" norma"ei n #(%, re&("a 5(r&4i("(i #re%t. Se o5'er., (3 or c, ace't .er'or .a a.ea aceea3 i orientare ca 'en'(" #e referin , a" c(rent("(i 1at$t %entr( cont(r(" /nc4i' '%re #rea%ta 1! c$t 3 i %entr( cont(r(" /nc4i' '%re 't$n&a : #in fi&(ra 10.B+:2! #ac, cont(r(" e'te %arc(r' /n sensul care se asociaz sensului de nf# urare # i sensului de referin al curentului dup regula burghiului drept. Ace't 'en'! marcat c( o ', &eat, ca /n fi&. 10.B+:! 'e atri5(ie 'o"ena iei 3 i con'tit(ie sensul de referin axial al solena iei calculate cu expresia $ % i.

Fi&. 10.B+:. Definirea 'en'("(i #e referin , a0ia" a" (nei 5o5ine.

6entr( a com%"eta ana"o&ia #intre circ(ite"e ma&netice 3 i circ(ite"e e"ectrice! mai tre5(ie 'ta5i"ite teoreme"e to%o"o&ice a"e circ(ite"or ma&netice! n(mite teoreme"e "(i Hirc44off. Fie o re ea ma&netic, ! ca /n fi&(ra 10.B+B! com%(', #in "at(ri 1co"oane! 7(&(ri! /ntrefier(ri etc.2 c( caracteri'tici ma&netice c(no'c(te! a.$n# 5o5ine c( 'o"ena ii #ate. Se notea-, c( k f"(0(" ma&netic fa'cic("ar a" "at(rii k 3 i ace't(i f"(0 i 'e a'ocia-, (n 'en' #e referin , 1in#icat c( ', &eat, %e "at(r, 2! omo%ara"e" c( .er'or(" n k a" norma"ei "a 'ec i(nea tran'.er'a", c( care a fo't ca"c("at 1#efinit2 f"(0(" re'%ecti.. A%"ic$n# "e&ea f"(0("(i ma&netic (nei '(%rafe e /nc4i'e ! care /ncon7oar, (n no# 1#e or#in 2 a" re e"ei ma&netice! a#ic,

'e o5 ine re"a ia

B n # A = 0!

110.B+F2

no#

= 0!

110.B+D2

care con'tit(e prima teorem a lui &irchhoff referitoare la circuite magnetice 9 '(ma f"(0(ri"or ma&netice fa'cic("are a"e "at(ri"or conc(rente /ntr+(n no#! ca"c("ate c( ace"a3 i 'en' I1

#e referin , fa a #e no#! e'te n(", . In re"a ia 110.B+D2 'emn(" 'e ia 1P2#ac, 'en'(" #e referin , a" f"(0("(i ma&netic fa'cic("ar re'%ecti. e'te #e ie3 ire #in no# 1ca n 2 3 i 1Q2 /n ca- contrar. En ca-(" concret #in fi&(ra 10.B+B re-("t, re"a ia
C + ? @ + F = 0.

Fi&. 10.B+B. Re ea ma&netic, .

En re ea(a #in fi&(ra 10.B+B 'e con'i#er, (n #r(m 1cont(r2 /nc4i' ! #e+a "(n&(" oc4i("(i ! care 'e .a %arc(r&e /n 'en' orar. Ace't(i oc4i i 'e a%"ic, teorema "(i Am%re

H # s =

! n # A.

110.B+I2

Inte&ra"a #e cont(r! re%re-ent$n# ten'i(nea ma&netomotoare a oc4i("(i ! 'e #e'com%(ne /n inte&ra"e #e "inie %e 'e&mente a"e c(r5ei ! re%re-ent$n# ten'i(ni ma&netice a"e "at(ri"or! iar inte&ra"a #e '(%rafa , ! re%re-ent$n# 'o"ena ia oc4i("(i ! 'e #e'com%(ne /ntr+o '(m, #e 'o"ena ii #atorite 5o5ine"or "at(ri"or care com%(n oc4i(" . Se notea-, c( Umk ten'i(nea ma&netic, core'%(n-, toare "at(rii k! a.$n# ace"a3 i 'en' #e referin , ca f"(0(" ma&netic fa'cic("ar k a" "at(rii 1ca /n teorema "(i O4m2. Se mai notea-, c( k 'o"ena ia 5o5ine"or "at(rii k! a.$n# 'en'(" #e referin , a0ia" %reci-at a3 a c(m '+a ar, tat mai /nainte. Re"a ia 110.B+I2 #e.ine
oc4i

mk

oc4i

110.B+102

3 i re%re-int, a doua teorem a lui &irchhoff referitoare la circuite magnetice 9 '(ma ten'i(ni"or ma&netice a"e "at(ri"or ce formea-, (n oc4i! ca"c("ate /n 'en'(" #e %arc(r&ere! e'te e&a", c( '(ma 'o"ena ii"or 5o5ine"or "at(ri"or oc4i("(i. Semne"e 'e ia( a'tfe"9 + %entr( ten'i(ni"e ma&netice #e "at(r, 'e ia 'emn(" 1P2 at(nci c$n# 'en'(" #e referin , a" f"(0("(i "at(rii coinci#e c( 'en'(" #e %arc(r&ere 3 i 1Q2 /n ca- contrar8 + %entr( 'o"ena ii"e "at(ri"or 'e ia 'emn(" 1P2 at(nci c$n# 'en'(" #e referin , a0ia" coinci#e c( 'en'(" #e %arc(r&ere 3 i 1Q2 /n ca- contrar. La circ(ite ma&netice "iniare a #o(a teorem, a "(i Hirc44off 'e %oate %re-enta 3 i '(5 o form, explicit ! /n care ten'i(ni"e ma&netice #e "at(r, 'e e0%"icitea-, c( a7(tor(" teoremei "(i O4m
oc4i

mk

k =

oc4i

110.B+112

Re&("a #e 'emne r, m$ne cea en(n at, anterior. En ca-(" concret #in fi&(ra 10.B+B re-("t, re"a ia
R m1 1 R mB B + R mC C + R mF F R mn n = C n .

Ten'i(nea ma&netic, /ntre #o(, no#(ri a 3 i 5 1fi&. 10.B+B2 'e %oate ca"c("a /n ace"a3 i mo#! a%"ic$n# teorema "(i Am%re (n(i cont(r R! care con ine #r(m(" a+5

I:

U m a5 + R mB B R m11 = 0.

Se o5'er., (3 or c, %rin ana"o&ia #e'cri', /nainte '+ar fi %(t(t 'ta5i"i #irect 1f, r, a fi #emon'trate2 teoreme"e "(i Hirc44off %entr( circ(ite ma&netice! %rin 'im%"a tran'criere a teoreme"or core'%(n-, toare #e "a circ(ite"e e"ectrice. Entr(c$t teoria circ(ite"or e"ectrice are "a 5a-, re"a ii"e to%o"o&ice #ate #e teoreme"e "(i Hirc44off 3 i re"a ii"e con'tit(ti.e a"e "at(ri"or 1"e&ea 'a( teorema "(i O4m %entr( "at(ri"e "iniare2! toate teoreme"e en(n ate %entr( circ(ite"e e"ectrice /3 i a( teoreme ec4i.a"ente /n teoria circ(ite"or ma&netice. A'tfe"! #e e0em%"(! #ac, circ(ite"e ma&netice '(nt "iniare 1"at(ri"e a( %ermea5i"it, i con'tante2! at(nci 'e %ot fo"o'i teoreme"e #e '(%er%o-i ie! #e reci%rocitate! teoreme"e re"(ctan e"or ec4i.a"ente! teoreme"e &eneratoare"or ec4i.a"ente 3 .a. A%"ica ie. Fie circ(it(" ma&netic! con'i#erat "iniar! a" (n(i mie- c( trei co"oane! c( c$te o 5o5in, %e fiecare co"oan, ! ca /n fi&. 10.B+Ca. 6e fi&(r, a( fo't marcate 3 i e"emente"e &eometrice care %ermit caracteri-area fiec, rei "at(ri 1co"oane2 %rin re"(ctan a core'%(n-, toare
Rm1 = l1 ( 1 A1 ) ! R m: = l : ( : A: ) ! R mB = l B ( B AB ) .

Se mai notea-, 'o"ena ii"e "at(ri"or

1 = N 1i1 ! : = N : i : ! B = N B i B !

c( 'en'(ri"e #e referin , a0ia"e marcate %e fi&(r, ! /n core'%on#en , c( 'en'(ri"e #e referin , a"e c(ren i"or 3 i c( 'en'(ri"e #e /nf,3 (rare a"e 5o5ine"or. Se 'ta5i"e3 te! f, r, #ific("tate! circ(it(" e"ectric ec4i.a"ent #in fi&(ra 10.B+C5. Re-o".area circ(it("(i ma&netic #in fi&(ra 10.B+Ca 'e re#(ce "a re-o".area circ(it("(i e"ectric 10.B+C5.

Fi&. 10.B+C. Circ(it ma&netic 1a2 3 i 'c4ema 'a ec4i.a"ent, 152.

D$n# f"(0(ri"or ma&netice 'en'(ri #e referin , 1marcate %e fi&(ri2! c( meto#a ec(a ii"or a'ociate teoreme"or "(i Hirc44off 'e 'ta5i"e3 te (rm, tor(" 'i'tem #e ec(a ii
1 + : + B = 0! R m11 R m: : = 1 + : ! R m: : R mB B = : B .

Re-o".area 'i'tem("(i #e mai '(' %ermite #eterminarea f"(0(ri"or ma&netice fa'cic("are 1! :! B. 10.C. CALCULUL CIRCUITELOR MAGNETICE NELINIARE Materia"e"e feroma&netice #in care '(nt rea"i-ate circ(ite"e ma&netice a( %ermea5i"itatea #e%en#ent, #e in#(c ia 'a( #e inten'itatea c$m%("(i ma&netic! a#ic, '(nt materia"e ma&netice ne"iniare. In con'ecin , circ(ite"e ma&netice '(nt! #e re&(", ! ne"iniare 1#in %(nct #e .e#ere ma&netic2. Ca"c("(" circ(ite"or ma&netice ne"iniare 'e a'eam, n, c( ca"c("(" circ(ite"or e"ectrice ne"iniare #e c(rent contin((.

IB

In ca-(" (nei "at(ri ne"iniare #e circ(it ma&netic n( mai e'te .a"a5i", teorema "(i O4m referitoare "a circ(ite ma&netice 110.B+C2 3 i n( 'e %oate #efini o re"(ctan , care ', fie ca"c("at, c( re"a ia 110.B+B2. Re"a ia /ntre ten'i(nea ma&netic, Um a "at(rii 3 i f"(0(" ma&netic fa'cic("ar f .a fi #at, #e o caracteri'tic, ma&netic, Um1f2 'a( f1Um2.Teoreme"e "(i Hirc44off r, m$n .a"a5i"e /n forma care n( face a%e" "a teorema "(i O4m9 %rima teorem, /n forma 110.B+D2! iar a #o(a + /n forma 110.B+102. 6entr( o re ea ma&netic, c( n "at(ri! c( a7(tor(" teoreme"or "(i Hirc44off 'e %ot 'crie n ec(a ii in#e%en#ente /ntre f"(0(ri"e ma&netice fa'cic("are k a"e "at(ri"or 3 i ten'i(ni"e ma&netice Umk a"e "at(ri"or! iar caracteri'tici"e ma&netice a"e "at(ri"or re%re-int, a"te n re"a ii in#e%en#ente /ntre ace"ea3 i m, rimi. Se o5 ine! a'tfe"! (n 'i'tem com%"et #e :n ec(a ii! care #etermin, 'o"( ia c, (tat, . 6entr( e0em%"ificare! 'e con'i#er, ca-(" (n(i circ(it ma&netic ne"iniar ca /n fi&(ra 10.C+1a! a.$n# B "at(ri! c( o 5o5in, %e %rima "at(r, ! care %ro#(ce 'o"ena ia . C( 'en'(ri"e #e referin , marcate /n fi&(r, ! 'e %ot 'crie (rm, toare"e re"a ii /ntre m, rimi9
1 = : + B ! U m a 5 = U m: = U mB ! U m1 + U m a 5 = .

110.C+12 110.C+:2 110.C+B2

Fi&. 10.C+1. Circ(it ma&netic ne"iniar 1a2! caracteri'tici"e 'a"e 3 i com%(nerea caracteri'tici"or 152.

En fi&(ra 10.C+15 '+a( re%re-entat caracteri'tici"e ma&netice k1Umk2 1ne"iniare2 a"e "at(ri"or 1! : 3 i B! %rec(m 3 i caracteri'tica re-("tant, 11Um a52 a "at(ri"or : 3 i B! conectate /n %ara"e" conform re"a ii"or 110.C+12 3 i 110.C+:2. Acea't, caracteri'tic, 'e ca"c("ea-, a'tfe"9 %entr( fiecare .a"oare #at, a ten'i(nii ma&netice Um a5 'e a#(n, f"(0(ri"e ma&netice fa'cic("are a"e caracteri'tici"or : 3 i B. A%oi 'e %oate ca"c("a caracteri'tica f"(0("(i ma&netic fa'cic("ar f12! a#(n$n# ten'i(ni"e ma&netice Um1 3 i Um a5 %entr( fiecare .a"oare a f"(0("(i ma&netic fa'cic("ar f > 1 1conform re"a iei 10.C+B2. C( a7(tor(" caracteri'ticii re-("tante f12 'e %oate #etermina %(nct(" #e f(nc ionare core'%(n-, tor (nei 'o"ena ii e0citatoare #ate! 'a( (n(i f"(0 fa'cic("ar 1 #at 3 i a%oi 'e #e#(ce 'tarea ma&netic, a t(t(ror "at(ri"or. 6e caracteri'tici"e "at(ri"or 11Um12! :1Um a52! B1Um a52 a( fo't marcate trei %(ncte #e f(nc ionare core'%(n-, toare (n(i 3 ir #e B 'o"ena ii /n %ro&re'ie aritmetic, 9 B0! C0! ?0. 6(ncte"e #e f(nc ionare 'e %ot #etermina 3 i %rin ca"c(" iterati.. De e0em%"(! %entr( o 'o"ena ie #at, 1! 'e ia ca .aria5i", in#e%en#ent, ten'i(nea ma&netic, Um a5. Ace't, ten'i(ne #etermin, toate ten'i(ni"e ma&netice a"e "at(ri"or %rin re"a ii"e 110.C+:2 3 i 110.C+B2! a3 a c, #etermin, .a"oarea f(nc iei f1Um a52 > 1 + : + B. C, (t$n# r, #, cina ace'tei f(nc ii 1#e

IC

e0em%"( c( meto#a NeSton2! 'e #etermin, ten'i(nea ma&netic, Um a5 core'%(n-, toare 3 i a%oi 'tarea ma&netic, a oric, rei "at(ri.

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