CUPRINS

Alfabetul limbii engleze 3

Vocalele limbii engleze 4
Consoanele limbii engleze 5
Substantivul ...
A!ticolul "
P!e#ozitia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... $3
Con%unctia ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... &$
A've!bul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... &3
A'e%ectivul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3(
Nume!alul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 3)
P!onumele ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 43
Ve!bul ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... 4*
&
Alfabetului Limbii Engleze
+ngleza foloseste un alfabet latin cu lite!ele cunoscute si in alte limbi st!aine 'e o!igine
in'o,eu!o#eana 'a! cunoaste g!u#u!i 'e lite!e ca!e se #!onunta 'ife!it. -e e.em#lu/ 0t10 este
g!u#ul cel mai cunoscut.
Ceea ce este mai inte!esant in alfabetul englez este ca a'esea 020 si 030 'evin vocale si
astfel inte!vin sc1imba!ile necesa!e 4a!ticolul ne1ota!at 0a0 se t!ansfo!ma in 0an0 'aca cuvintele
ince# cu una 'int!e aceste lite!e5.
+ngleza este o limba tonala in ca!e intonatia este im#o!tanta. -e aceea/ a'esea/ vocea
a%uta sa t!ansmita i!onia sau su!#!iza/ afi!matia sau inte!ogatia. S#!e e.em#lu/ int!eba!ea #oate fi
fo!mata cu a%uto!ul inve!siunii subiectului cu au.ilia!ul ve!bului 'a! e.ista si #osibilitatea
mentine!ii afi!matiei si a sc1imba!ii intonatiei.
-iac!iticele a#a! 'estul 'e !a! in limba engleza/ in s#ecial in cuvintele im#!mutate
4a##li6u7/ attac17/ c!8#e/ 7lite5 si #!onuntia lo! este i'entica cu cea 'in limba 'in ca!e #!ovin/ in
ma!e #a!te 'in f!anceza.
Vocalele Limbii Engleze
(the voewls)
9imba engleza a!e $&
vocale/ lungi 4mai lungi 'ecat
in limba !omana/ #e ca!e le
in'icam in t!ansc!ie!ea
fonemica #!in 'oua #uncte
:;<5/ si scu!te 4mai scu!te
'ecat in limba !omana5;
a scu!t/ int!e 0a0 ante!io! si
0o0/ e..; nut [nat] nuca
a: mai lunga 'ecat vocala
!omaneasca/ u!mata 'e obicei
'e 0!0 4ca!e nu se #!onunta/
'oa! 'aca u!mato!ul cuvant
inca#e cu o vocala=5/ e..;
arm [a;m] brat, car [ca:]
masina
[a] a cu ba!cuta 'easu#!a/ e scu!t/ si intalnit in silabe neaccentuate/ e..; a pen [ a pen] un
stilou, at home [at haum] acasa/ after [a:fta] upa/ Englan [inglan] Anglia
Litera !ranscriere fonetica
a :ei<
b :bi;<
c :si;<
' :'i;<
e :i;<
f :ef<
g :'%i;<
1 :eitc1<
i :ai<
% :gei<
> :>ei<
l :el<
m :em<
n :en<
o :ou<
# :#i;<
6 :>%u;<
! :a;<
s :es<
t :ti;<
u :%u;<
v :vi;<
3 :?'abl%u;<
. :e>s<
2 :3ai<
z :ze'<
3
[a: ] a cu ba!cuta 'easu#!a/ #!elungit si #!onuntat #!int!e 'inti/ int!,un zambet la!g/ e..; girl
[ga;l] fata, learn [la;n] a invata
[ae] este un sunet inte!me'ia! int!e 0e0 si 0a0/ #!onuntat cu gu!a foa!te mult 'esc1isa/ e..; Ann
[aen] Ana, has [haez] (el, ea) are
e simila! cu vocala !omaneasca/ e..; men [men] barbati, man" [meni] multi, multe
i scu!t/ int!e 0i0 si 0e0
it [it] el, ea 4#ent!u substantive ce 'enumesc obiecte/ animale si notiuni abst!acte5/ e.; big [big]
mare
i: vocala lunga/ intalnita in e.clamatiile 'in limba !omana=/ e.; be [bi;] a fi, see [si;] a veea
o inte!me'ia!a int!e o si a/ e.; og [og] caine, not [not] nu (averb)
o: lung/ int!e 0u0 si 0o0/ e.; all [o;l] toti, toate, oor [o;] usa
u scu!t/ int!e 0u0 si 0o0/ e.; goo [gu] bun
u: lung/ e.; "ou [iu;] tu, voi, o [u;] a face

4
#onsoanele Lmbii Egleze
Unele consoane englezesti sunt 'eosebite 'e cele 'in limba !omana;
a. u!mate 'e as#i!atie/ 'e un 010 uso!/ can' sunt folosite la ince#utul cuvintelo!
$ come [c
h
am] a veni ('e !egula/ 0e0,ul 'in #ozitie finala nu se citeste%)
p #en [p
h
en] stilou
t ten [t
h
en] zece
b. alveola!e@ va!ful limbii se s#!i%ina #e alveolele incisivilo! su#e!io!i
'i [i] facut
t ten [ten] zece
n not [not] nu
c. inte!'entale/ tine va!ful limbii int!e 'inti si !osteste 0s0 4consoana su!'a5 sau 0z0
4consoana sono!a5
[&s&] t1an$ [0s0aenc] multumesc
[&z&] then [0z0en] atunci
'. 0l0 vela!/ #ozitie finala A 0l0 cla!/ a#a!e inainte 'e vocale
tell [tel] a povesti li$e [laic] a place
e. 0n0 vela! A 0n0 cla!
sun [san] soare English [inglish] englez
f. 0!0 f!icativ/ nu se #!onunta in #ozitie finala/ 'ecat 'aca u!mato!ul cuvant ince#e cu o
vocala
'en!"
g. 0s0,ul 'int!e 'oua vocale/ sau uneo!i cel aflat la sfa!situl cuvantului se #!onunta 0z0
please [pli:z] va rog (a'u,ti aminte ca 0e0 final/ 'u#a consoana/ nu se citeste%)
his [hiz] al lui
1. 0s10 a!e ca ec1ivalent 0s10,ul !omanesc; s1ogun
Englis1 [inglis1] englez
i. 0ts0 in'entic cu 0ts0,ul !omanesc
nuts [nats] nuci
5
(ubstantivul (the noun)
)elul substantivelor
Substantivele Bn limba engleza se #ot Bm#a!ti Bn #at!u catego!ii;
substantive comune; cat, girl, lamp
substantive proprii; England, London, Mr Smith, Mary
substantive abstracte; beauty, love, courage, fear, joy
substantive colective; crowd, group, team
*enul
Substantive 'e genul masculin sunt fiintele si animalele 'e se. masculin;
Ex.: man, boy, lion, dog
Substantivele 'e genul feminin sunt fiintele si animalele 'e se. feminin;
Ex.: woman, girl, cat, giraffe
Substantive 'e genul neutru sunt luc!u!ile/ #lantele/ animale sau fiinte al ca!o! se. nu
este cunoscut 4#!onume; itAt1e25;
Ex.: world, peace, house, mouse, baby
E+ceptii: tarile, navele, ,n ma-oritatea cazurilor si autovehiculele sau alte vehicule
sunt e genul feminin.
Substantivele 'e genul comun sunt o #a!ticula!itate a limbii engleze. Substantivele ca!e
int!a Bn aceasta catego!ie au aceeasi fo!ma #ent!u ambele se.e;
+..; c1il' 4co#il/ co#ila5/ coo> 4bucata!/ bucata!easa5/ teac1e! 4#!ofeso!/
#!ofesoa!a5.
Unele substantive au fo!me 'ife!ite #ent!u genul masculin si cel feminin;
Ex.: boy girl, husband wife, brother sister, father mother, son daughter,
uncle aunt, dog bitch, bull cow, !ing "ueen
/umarul
Numa!ul este fo!ma #e ca!e o ia un substantiv #ent!u a a!ata ca ne !efe!im la unul sau mai
multe obiecte sau fiinte.
Singula!ul coinci'e cu fo!ma 'e baza a unui substantiv; dog, girl, wife, world, storm
Plu!alul substantivelo! se fo!meaza #!in a'auga!ea unui s la fo!ma 'e singula!;
Ex.: cat#s$cats, day#s$days, world#s$worlds
Plu!alul substantivelo! teminate Bn ch, o, sh, s, + se fo!meaza a'augCn' es la singula!.
Ex.: church#es$churches, bush#es$bushes, class#es$classes,
potato#es$potatoes, bush#es$bushes, box#es$boxes
0luralul neregulat
Substantive te!minate Bn consoana1" fac #lu!alul Bn ies;
Ex.: company companies, factory factories, baby babies
Unele substantive te!minate Bn o fac #lu!al #!in a'auga!ea unui s.
Ex.: soprano sopranos, piano pianos, photo photos
Unele substantive te!minate Bn f sau fe vo! sufe!i la #lu!al sc1imba!ea Bn ves.
Ex.: leaf leaves, half halves, wife wives, life lives, self selves, wolf % wolves
E+ceptii: roof - roofs, handkerchief - handkerchiefs, gulf - gulfs, wharf - wharfs/ wharves
CCteva substantive fo!meaza #lu!alul #!in sc1imba!ea unei vocale inte!ne
Ex.: foot feet, man men, tooth teeth
Plu!alul substantivului child este children.
Unele substantive !amCn i'entice la #lu!al +..; aircraft, deer, series, sheep, species, fish

0luralul substantivelor compuse

Dn cazul substantivelo! com#use numai ultimul cuvCnt va t!ece la #lu!al.
+..; boyfriends, brea!ins, travel agents
+.ce#tii; substantivele com#use al ca!o! #!im element este man sau woman vo! #!imi semnul
#lu!alului #ent!u ambele substantive com#onente.
+..; men drivers, women teachers, men servants
Dn cazul substantivelo! com#use fo!mate 'in const!uctii 'e genul substantiv E #!e#ozitie A
a've!b E substantiv/ substantivul 'e baza va #!imi semnul #lu!alului.
+..; sistersinlaw, passersby, menofwar, hangerson, loo!erson, runnersup
Ab!evie!ile sau initialele vo! fo!ma #lu!alul #!in a'auga!ea unui s
+..; M&s 'Members of &arliament(, )*&s 'very important persons(
(ubstantivele unice (uncountable nouns)
Sunt substantive ca!e nu se #ot numa!a 4uncountable5 'eoa!ece !e#!ezinta fie unicate/ obiecte
#ute!nic in'ivi'ualizate/ notiuni abst!acte.
/ume e substante; bread, coffee, gold, paper, cloth, glass, oil, stone, wood
Abstractiuni; earth, paradise, nature, the present, advice, death, help, information, news,
beauty, experience, horror, !nowledge, friendship, theory, literature
Alte substantive; baggage, damage, shopping, reading, luggage, par!ing, weather
Substantivele unice sunt Bntot'eana la singula! si vo! lua un ve!b la singula!;
+..; +his coffee is cold. +he weather was dreadful.
Nu sunt #!ece'ate 'e a,an@ #ent!u a e.#!ima o unitate 'in aceste substantive se foloseste;
some, any, no, a little, bit, piece of, slice of, etc.
+..; * do not want any help. * need some information. +his slice of bread is hard. +he piece
of advice you gave me helped.
Nota: 2ulte intre substantivele unice pot avea si sensuri care se pot numara, astfel
evenin substantive comune si comport3nu4se ca atare (primes a5an la singular, pot avea
plural).
(ens 6nic 5 (ens #omun
-er hair is blac!. 4Pa!ul ei este neg!u.5
She found a hair in the mil!. 4A gasit un fi! 'e #a! Bn la#te.5
+heir house was made of wood. 4Casa lo! este 'in lemn.5
.e picnic!ed in the woods. 4Am me!s la #icnic Bn #a'u!e.5
7.8. )orma posesiva
Se a'auga 9s la fo!ma 'e singula! a substantivelo! ca!e nu se te!mina Bn s;
Ex.: a child/s voice, the people/s choice, a horse/s mouth, women/s clothes
Vom folosi 'oa! a#ost!oful 495 cu fo!mele 'e #lu!al ale substantivelo! ca!e se te!mina Bn s.
Ex.: a boys/ school, the 0ohnsons/ residence
Numele #!o#!ii te!minate Bn s vo! #!imi fie 'oa! a#ost!of 495/ fie 9s
Ex.: Mr 0ones/s , Mr 0ones/ car, 1eats/s , 1eats/ poems
Dn cazul substantivelo! com#use si a titlu!ilo! ultimul cuvCnt va #!imi 9s
Ex.: My fatherinlaw/s guitar, -enry the Eighth/s wives
9s se foloseste si 'u#a initiale sau ab!evie!i.
+..; +he 2E3/s assistant, the &M/s speech
Fo!ma #osesiva se foloseste Bn gene!al cCn' vo!bim 'e oameni/ animale/ ta!i. Se foloseste 'e
asemenea Bn u!matoa!ele cazu!i;
Dn e.#!esii tem#o!ale
*
+..; yesterday/s newspaper, in five years/ time, ten minutes/ brea!
Dn e.#!esii const!uite 'u#a mo'elul bani 1 worth
+..; ten dollars/ worth of bananas, a shilling/s worth of stamps
Dn alte e.#!esii uzuale;
+..; for heaven/s sa!e, a winter/s day, the water/s edge, the plane/s wings, the
train/s departure
Dn cazul anumito! substantive folosite la #osesiv/ este uzuala omisiunea substantivului
u!mato! atunci cCn' sensul comunica!ii este cla! 4magazine/ bi!ou!i/ oficii/ casa/ locuinta5.
+..; Gou can buy this at the ba!er/s 'shop(. Mary bought her tic!ets at the travel agent/s
'office(. +he !ids went to 4obby/s 'house(.
I'eea 'e #osesie se #oate e.#!ima si cu a%uto!ul const!uctiei of1substantiv. Aceasta
const!uctie se foloseste mai ales #ent!u luc!u!i sau fiinte umane sau animale atunci can'
acestea sunt u!mate 'e o #!o#ozitie subo!'onata.
+..; the walls of the town, the roof of the church, the !eys of the house
* too! the advice of the girl * met on the bus and went to buy the boo!.
)
Articolul (the article)
Pent!u ca un substantiv sa ca#ete Bnteles Bnt!,o #!o#ozitie oa!eca!e/ acesta t!ebuie sa fie
Bnsotit 'e un 'ete!minant substantival. Cel mai 'es folosit 'ete!minant substantival este
articolul. A!ticolele se #ot clasifica 'u#a cum u!meaza;
A!ticolul 1ota!Ct , the
A!ticolul ne1ota!Ct , a / an
A!ticolul ze!o 4fo!ma im#licita sau nee.#!imata5
A!ticolele sunt fo!me inva!iabile/ a'ica nu se sc1imba Bn functie 'e numa!ul sau genul
substantivului si se aseaza Bn fata substantivului 'ete!minat.
Articolul hotar3t ( the ) se foloseste;
$. inaintea unui substantiv singula! numa!abil sau nenuma!abil sau a unui substantiv #lu!al
numa!abil #ent!u a face o noua !efe!i!e la ceva ce a fost 'e%a sau la ca!e s,a facut 'e%a
aluzie;
-e wanted to go to the ban! to change some money, but all the ban!s were on
stri!e.
5ave had a nasty accident when he was young. 1ou can still see the scar.
5o you remember the fun we had when we were at school together6
&. #ent!u a face !efe!i!e la cineva sau ceva anume;
+he 7merican economy is suffering at the moment.
+he people * wor! with are very friendly.
* don8t li!e the president of that company.
3. in fata unui substantiv !e#!ezentan' o anume #e!soana sau un luc!u sau un g!u# 'e
#e!soane sau luc!u!i;
* don8t feel well. 2an you call the doctor6 '$ medicul personal(
+he !ids aren8t at home. '$ proprii tai copii(
2an you pass me the butter, please6 '$ untul de pe aceasta masa(
Shall * drive the car6 '$ aceasta masina(
Maria 2allas sang so beautifully that the audience threw flowers onto the stage.
'$ publicul care o urmarea a aruncat flori pe scena pe care canta ea(
4. cu !efe!i!e la ceva unic in mo' absolut;
+he sun rises in the East and sets in the .est.
+he weather at the 9orth &ole is very cold.
+he &resident of the :nited States visited the &ope last May.
5. in fata a'%ectivelo! #ent!u a face !efe!i!e la un anumit g!u# sau clasa 'e oameni. In acest
caz NU este nevoie 'e substantiv;
3nly the strong survive. '$ oamenii puternici in general(
+he "uestion of the unemployed came up again.
;obin -ood stole from the rich and gave to the poor.
. in fata unui substantiv la singula! #ent!u a se !efe!i la un anume g!u# 'e oameni/ animale
sau obiecte;
+he *ndian elephant is smaller than the 7frican elephant.
+he dolphin is said to be a very intelligent animal.
-enry <ord invented the automobile.
+he customer is always right.
*. inaintea uno! substantive #!o#!ii #ent!u a 'enumi zone geog!afice/ nume 'e ma!i si !au!i/
lantu!i muntoase/ g!u#u!i 'e insule/ nume la #lu!al 'e ta!i si 'ese!tu!i;
the Middle East, the 9orth of England, the *vory 2oast
"
the 7tlantic, the Mediterranean Sea, the English 2hannel, the ;iver +hames, the
Straits of =ibraltar
the -imalayas, the 7lps, the 2arpathians
the -awaiian *slands, the <al!lands
the :nited States of 7merica, the 9etherlands, the &hilippines
the 7ri>ona 5esert, the Mojave 5esert
NHIA; !'E nu se foloseste cu nume 'e munti izolati.
4en 9evis is t1e 1ig1est mountain in Scotlan'.
!'E nu se foloseste cu nume 'e lacu!i.
La!e Superior, La!e )ictoria, La!e 3ntario
). in fata numelo! 'e inst!uente muzicale;
;achmaninov began to play the piano when he was only ? years old.
+he guitar has always been my favourite instrument.
". in fata uno! a'%ective J nationalitati cu !efe!i!e la oameni 'int!,o anumita ta!a. Aici se
foloseste un ve!b la #lu!al;
+he Swiss have decided not to join the E:.
+he Spanish are doing very well in this year8s 3lympics.
NHIA; In anumite cazu!i/ se #ot folosi numai substantive la #lu!al.
+he Ke!mans 3e!e u#set about losing t1e LL II.
+he Ame!icans 1oste' t1e $""4 Lo!l' Football C1am#ions1i#.
$(. inaintea a'%ectivelo! su#e!lative si a nume!alelo! o!'inale;
9eil 7rmstrong was the first man to wal! on the moon.
Laura is the most beautiful in my class.
+hat is the silliest thing * have ever heard.
NHIA; Uneo!i nume!alele o!i'inale #ot fi folosite fa!a !'E atunci can' se face
!efe!i!e la o!'inea in ca!e se #et!ec evenimentele.
M!en'an came first a' Colin second at $(( mete!s.
Le 3ent to Nan1attan first/ t1en on to M!oo>l2n.
Articolul nehotar3t ( a / a n).
Se foloseste a Bnaintea substantivelo! ca!e Bnce# cu o consoana si an Bnaintea substantivelo!
ca!e Bnce# cu o vocala 4a, e, i, o, u5. Articolul nehotar3t se foloseste;
$. inaintea unui substantiv #ent!u a ne !efe!i la ceva sau cineva #ent!u #!ima 'ata;
*8ve received a postcard from a friend of mine in the :S.
7fter months of searching, my brother found a job.
+he 0ac!sons live in a bungalow.
&. #ent!u a e.#!ima ce este ceva sau cineva/ inclusiv slu%be sau #!ofesii;
My neighbour is a sociologist and his wife is an architect.
0enny doesn8t eat meat@ she8s a vegetarian.
+here is a man at the door who says he is a detective.
+hat was a !ind thing to say.
3. 'u#a ve!bul be sau alte ve!bele co#ulative/ can' 'u#a ele u!meaza locutiuni
#!e#ozitionala sau #!o#ozitii !elative ca!e ofe!a mai multa info!matie 'es#!e cineva sau
ceva;
* read an interesting article about pollution in yesterday8s paper.
0ac!8s son is a talented artist.
-e studied law at :niversity and became a judge.
* bought a painting that reminded me of my childhood home.
0ohn Smith wrote an interesting article on Education in the A+imes8 yesterday.
$(
4. cu unele e.#!esii nume!ice insemnan' OunuP sau su e.#!esii ale #!etului/ vitezei/
!a#o!tului si cantitatii;
7 hundred guests were invited.
&etrol costs B C.DE a litre in England.
-e8s cra>y driving at CFE !ilometres an hour.
1ou must ta!e this medicine four times a day if you want to get better.
+here was a great deal of noise coming form the house next door.
5. cu substantive numa!abile la singula! #ent!u a 'a 'efinitii/ a face afi!matii gene!ale/
e.clamatii sau can' ne e.#!imam 'o!inte;
7 thesaurus is a dictionary of synonyms.
7 house built of stone is stronger than a house built of wood.
7n apple a day !eeps the doctor away. 'proverb(
.owG .hat a pretty girl wal!ed by just now.
*8d li!e a nice cool glass of beer.
Articolul a / an si one
$. Atunci cCn' nume!i sau maso!i tim#ul/ 'istanta/ g!eutatea/ etc. se #oate folosi fie
aAan fie one #ent!u singula!;
Ex.: a , one pound, a , one million pounds
1ou can ta!e an, one hour for lunch.
&. -a! aAan si one nu Bnseamna Bntot'eauna acelasi luc!u;
Ex.: 7 box is no good. '.e need a crate not a box(.
3ne box is no good, we need two boxes.
Articolul zero. Nu se foloseste a!ticol Bn u!matoa!ele cazu!i;
$. in fata substantivelo! nenuma!abile sau numa!abile la #lu!al can' se face o afi!matie
gene!ala 4a'esea #!ece'ate 'e 'ete!minanti ca; some, any, a piece of, a lot of etc.5;
.ater "uenches thirst on a hot day.
&ollution in big cities is very worrying.
5ogs ma!e good companions.
+here is some luggage to be ta!en upstairs.
*s there any bread in the !itchen6
&. in fata substativelo! abst!acte can' sunt folosite in mo' gene!ic; beaut2/ 1a##iness/ fea!/
1o#e/ >no3le'ge/ intelligence etc.@ cu e.ce#tia cazu!ilo! can' sunt folosite cu sens mai
bine s#ecificat;
Hnowledge comes to us through our senses. 57;: She got the job because she
has a !nowledge of English.
4eauty is in the eye of the beholder. 57;: .hat a beautyG
3. in fata substantivelo! #!o#!ii/ nume 'e #e!soane si numele unei com#anii/ cu e.ce#tia
situatiilo! can' se vo!beste 'e familie ca un tot;
-e wor!s for Microsoft.
-elen and =eorge &ar!er are coming to dinner tonight. 57;: +he &ar!ers are
coming to dinner tonight.
4. #ent!u a vo!bi 'es#!e s#o!tu!i/ in fata numelo! 'e ec1i#e etc;
-e loves football and supports Manchester :td.
5. inaintea meselo! zilei;
.here did you have brea!fast , lunch , dinner6
. inaintea cuvintelo! home, church, university, prison, hospital, market etc. atunci can'
ele !e#!ezinta o institutie sau o i'ee gene!ala. !'E se foloseste totusi atunci can' se face
o !efe!i!e s#eciala la locul !es#ectiv;
$$
7l 2apone was arrested and put in prison for tax evasion. 'ne referim nu la o
anumita inchisoare, ci la institutie(
-is mother went to the prison once a wee! to visit him. 'aici ne referim la acea
inchisoare unde se afla 7l 2apone(
My mother goes to church every Sunday. 'biserica in sensul de institutie, serviciu
religios(
She sometimes goes to the church near the ;oyal &alace. 'acea biserica anume(.
3ur :niversity is CDE years old. 'institutia universitatii(
Emma and 4en often go to the university to tal! to their professor. 'la o
universitate anume, in cladirea ei(
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0repozitia
7. 0repozitia e loc 4 s e foloseste cu verbe statice; to beAto sta2Ato e.istAto stan'/ etc.
in J in/ la/ #ent!u spatii mari +.; I live in Muc1a!est.
at J in/ la/ #ent!u spatii reuse +.; I live at Sinaia.
within J in carul, pentru suprafete restranse +.; A lot of 3o!'s 1ave been sai' 3it1in
t1ese 3alls.
against J !ezemat +.; I1e man is against t1e 3all.
J im#ot!iva +.; Le a!e against t1em.
on J #e 4#ozitia #e o su#!afata5 +.; I1e boo> is on t1e table.
Pent!u a#!o#ie!e;
ime'iata; ne+t to/ close to/ besie
a#!o#ie!e; near/ near b"/ b"
Pozitia #e ve!ticala;
over J 'easu#!a
uner J 'e'esubt 4fara raportare la un punct fi+5
above J 'easu#!a
below J 'e'esubt 4cu raportare la un punct fi+5 +.; above ze!o/ belo3 t1e 3ate!
level
unerneath J #unctul cel mai 'e %os
on top of J #unctul cel mai 'e sus (prin atingere) +.; I1e g!een boo> is un'e!neat1.
4este cea mai 'e %os ca!te5
Pozitia #e o!izontala;
in front of J in fata
behin J in s#ate 4#ent!u lucruri #ent!u a in'ica pozitia5 +.; I1e t!ee is in f!ont of t1e
1ouse.
after J 'u#a
before J inainte 4#ent!u oameni/ #ent!u a in'ica orinea5 +.; IQm befo!e 2ou at t1e
6ueue.
between J int!e &
among J #!int!e 4mai mult 'e &5
:. 0repozitia e miscare 4 se foloseste numai cu verbe e miscare
to J la/ cat!e 4## atinge!ea #unctului5 +.; I go to sc1ool.
towars J la/ cat!e 4nu ## atinge!ea #unctului5 +.; I go towards office.
;nto J in 4## #at!un'e!ea int!,un s#atiu5 +.; Put t1e bag into t1e 1ouse.
<nto J #e 4## misca!ea #e o su#!afata o!izontala@se #une OonP'aca sta5I1e cat is !unning
onto t1e floo!.
along J 'e,a lungul 4## misca!ea #e o su#!afata #lana si lunga5 +.; IQm 3al>ing along t1e
beec1.
through J #!in 4## traversare si patrunere5 +.; I 3al> through t1e #a!>.
across J traversare (nu si patrunere) +.; I !un across t1e st!eet.
about J #!in 4a!ata o misca!e ne'efinita5 +.; I 3al> about to3n 4#!in o!as/ fa!a un tel
#!ecis5
aroun J in %u!ul 4## o misca!e ci!cula!a5 +.; I 'ance around t1e fi!e.
out of J ## iesi!ea 'int!,un volum +.; Ket out of m2 1ouse.
off J ## 'es#!in'e!ea 'e o su#!afata +.; I1e #lane ta>es off.
up4an4own J in sus si in %os #e un #lan ve!tical +.; I1e c1il'!en !un u#,an','o3n t1e
stai!s.
$3
from J 'e la/ 'e #e/ 'in +.; Ia>e it from m2 bag.
past J langa (pp apropierea imeiata prin miscare5 +.; I '!ive #ast t1e unive!sit2 4si nu
near the universityG/ #t ca sunt in misca!e5
=. 0repozitia e timp
in J #ent!u ani/ lunile anului/ anotimpuri/ perioae ale vietii 4in m2 c1il'1oo'5/
in anumite momente ale zilei 4in t1e mo!ning/ in t1e afte!noon/ in t1e evening5
at J #ent!u ora 4at $( oQcloc>5/ in anumite momente ale zilei 4at noon/ at mi''a2/ at
mi'nig1t/ at 'us>5/ #ent!u varsta 4at t1e age of $55/ mesele zilei 4at lunc1 time5/ cu wee$4
en 4at t1e 3ee>,en'5 si in sarbatori 4at C1!istmas5
on J cu zilele saptamanii 4on Sun'a25/ ata 4on t1e $5
t1
of Rune5 si
sarbatorile 4on C1!istmas 'a2 J can' este vo!ba 'e ziua 'e C!aciun/ nu 'e toata #e!ioa'a5
before si after J inainte si 'u#a/ cu raportare la un punct fi+
b" J nu mai ta!ziu 'e +.; I!2 to a!!ive b2 ten.
uring J in tim#ul
over J in timpul, ar pe perioae scurte +.; Rea' it ove! t1e 3ee>,en'.
throughout 5 althrough J 'e,a lungul/ 'a! #e o #!ioa'a lunga 'e tim# +.; Alt1!oug1 t1e
2ea!s.
>. ?iferentiere intre prepozitii
in time on time
cu ceva tim# inainte la fi.
in the en at the en
finall2/ in cele 'in u!ma la ca#atul 4u!meaza un substantiv5
in with
#ent!u ceva cu ca!e esti imb!acat #ent!u o t!asatu!a fizica
+.; A 3oman in t!ouse!s. A 3oman 3it1 long 1ai!.
as li$e
#ent!u !ol/ functie/ #ozitie #ent!u com#a!atie
+.; I 3o!> as a teac1e!. +.; I tal> li>e a teac1e!.
4I am a teac1e!5 4I am an enginee!5
on about
in legatu!a cu/ folosit aca'emic 'es#!e
+.; Kive me a boo> on +conomics. +.; 9etQs tal> about se..
ue to owing to
'ato!ita 4'oa! 'u#a Oto beP5 'ato!ita 4!estul inafa!a 'e Oto beP5
+.; N2 success is 'ue to 1e!. +.; H3ing to m2 3o!> I succee'e'.
over across
## t!ave!sa!ea #este un obstacol t!ave!sa!e #e %os
+.; IQm ove! t1e ocean. 4cu avionul5 +.; IQm ac!oss t1e ocean. 4cu ba!ca5
espite in spite of
'u#a u!meaza C- 4nicio'ata sub.5 'u#a u!meaza genitiv
+.; -es#ite t1e ba' 3eat1e! I left. +.; In s#ite of t1e ba' 3eat1e! I left.
mae of J !ecunosc mate!ialul +.; ma'e of gol'
mae from J 'e'uc ceva elemente +.; t1e ca>e is ma'e f!om cocoa
mae with J !ecunosc $ element +.; a c1ocolate ma'e 3it1 mil> 4'a! la#tele nu este
elementul 'e baza5
in J in t1e mo!ning/ in t1e afte!noon/ in t1e evening
at J at 'a3n/ at mi'nig1t
$4
on J pentru orice moment al zilei atunci can e+ista un atribut
+.; In t1e mo!ning 'a! Hn a fine 'a2
At nig1t 'a! Hn a starry nig1t
8. 0entru mi-loace e locomotie
b" J cu o!ice mi%loc 'e t!ans#o!t/ 'aca nu este eterminat
+.; b2 ca!/ b2 bus/ b2 #lane 4'a! on footG5
in J #ent!u autovehicule/ 'aca sunt eterminate
+.; in my father8s ca!/ in t1e ca! that you bought me
on J #ent!u toate celelalte in afara e autovehicule aca sunt eterminate
+.; on my father8s #lane/ on t1e tubeAsub3a2Aun'e!g!oun'
@. E+presii cu 0repoziAii
0repozitia E+presii
About 4'es#!e5 About t1e to3n,#!in o!aS
About si. oTcloc>,Bn %u!ul o!ei Sase
A %ou!ne2 about t1e 3o!l',o cUlUto!ie #!in lume
About m2 1ea','easu#!a ca#ului meu
About all,mai #!esus 'e o!ice/Bn #!imul !Cn'
Ac!oss 4'e,a cu!meziSul sau 'e,a
latul5
Io 3al> ac!oss t1e st!eet,a t!ave!sa st!a'a
Ac!oss t1e !oa',#este '!um
Afte! 4'u#U5 Afte! 'a!>,'u#U lUsa!ea Bntune!icului
Afte! b!ea>fast,'u#U micul 'e%un
Afte! five oTcloc>,'u#U o!a cinci
-a2 afte! 'a2,zi 'e zi/zi 'u#U zi
Iime afte! time,'eseo!i/foa!te a'esea
Afte! t1eat,'u#U aceea
I1e 'a2 afte! tomo!!o3,#oimCine
Against,Bm#ot!ivU/cont!a Against t1e la3s,Bm#ot!iva legilo!
A !ace against time,o cu!sU cont!a c!onomet!u
Io lean against a 3all,a se s#!i%ini 'e un #e!ete
Along,'e,a lungul Along a valle2,'e.a lungul unei vUi
Along t1e sea s1o!e,'e,a lungul VU!mului
Among,Bnt!e Among us,Bnt!e noi4cCn' este vo!ba 'e 3 sau mai multe #e!soane5
Among 1is f!ien's,#!int!e4Bnt!e5 #!ietenii lui
Among t1e most im#o!tant !easons,#!int!e cele m.im#.cauze4motive5
A!oun',Bm#!e%u! A t!i# a!oun' t1e cont!2,o cUlUto!ie #!in Va!U
Io sit a!oun' t1e table,a Se'ea Bn %u!ul mesei
I 3ill come a!oun' ten,o sU vin #e la zece 4Bn %u! 'e o!a zece5
At Jla At noon,la #!Cnz
At 'a2 b!ea>,la !evU!satul zo!ilo!
At sunset,la a#usul soa!elui/la asfinVit
At !on'om,la intCm#la!e
At 3o!>,la luc!u
At t1e 'oo!,la uSU
At t1e beginning,la Bnce#ut
At t1e en',la sfC!Sit
At t1e same time,Bn acelaSi tim#
At t1e age of,la vC!sta 'e
At fi!st,la Bnce#ut
$5
At last,la sfC!Sit/Bn cele 'in u!mU
At full s#ee',la vitezU ma.imU/cu toatU viteza
At fi!st sig1t,la #!ima ve'e!e
At 31at timeW,la ce o!UW
At once,ime'iat
At least,cel #uVin
At m2 'is#osal,la 'is#oziVia mea
M2fo!e,Bnainte M2fo!e m2 e2es,Bnaintea oc1ilo! mei
M2fo!e one aTcloc>,Bnainte 'e o!a unu
Io sail b2fo!e t1e 3in',a naviga cu vCntul Bn s#ate
Me1in'4bi1ain'5,Bn s#ate Me1in' t1e clou's,Bn s#atele no!ilo!
Io 1i'e be1in' t1e 'oo!,a se ascun'e Bn s#atele uSii
Melo34bilou5,sub Io st!i>e belo3 t1e belt,a lovi sub centu!U
Melo3 sea level,sub nivelul mU!ii
Melo3 t1e g!oun',sub #UmCnt
Melo3 t1e ave!age,sub nivelul me'iu
Meneat1,sub/mai %os 'e Meneat1 oneTs 'ignit2,sub 'emnitatea cuiva
Mesi'es,Bn afa!U 'e Xe 1as t3o ca!s besi'es t1is,el a!e 'ouU maSini Bn afa!U 'e aceasta
Met3een,Bnt!e/ se foloseSte cCn' este
vo!ba 'e 'ouU elemente sau 'ouU
#e!soane
Met3een t1e t3o 3o!l' 3a!s,Bnt!e cele 'ouU !Uzboaie mon'iale
An un'e!stan'ing bet3een us,o BnVelege!e Bnt!e noi
Me2on','incolo 'e Me2on' 'oubt4'eaut5,fU!U Bn'oialU
Me2on' t1e sea,'incolo 'e ma!e
Me2on' limits,#este limitU
M2,'e/'e cUt!e/#!in Io o#en b2 fo!ce,a 'esc1i'e cu fo!Va
Io t!avel b2 t!ain,a cUlUto!i cu t!enul
Io go b2 ca!,a me!ge cu maSina
-a2 b2 'a2,zi 'e zi
Ste# b2 ste#,#as cu #as
-!o# b2 '!o#,st!o# cu st!o#
Piece b2 #iece,bucatU cu bucatU
Hne b2 one,unul cCte unul
I3o b2 t3o,'oi cCte 'oi
Io lea!n b2 1ea!t,a BnvUVa #e 'e !ost
Io go b2 t1e #ost,office,a t!ece #e lCngU #oStU
M2 fo!ce of ci!cunstances,#!in fo!Va Bm#!e%u!U!ilo!
Io slee# si'e b2 si'e,a 'o!mi unul lCngU altul
Fo!,#ent!u Koo' fo! foo',comestibil
Io leave fo! sc1ool,a #leca la ScoalU
Io loo> fo! 1el#,a cUuta a%uto!
Io c!2 fo! 1el#,a st!iga 'u#U a%uto!
Fo! a time,un tim#/#ent!u un tim#
Io go fo! a 3al>,a me!ge la #limba!e
Io !ea' fo! #leasu!e,a citi 'e #lUce!e
L1at is t1is goo' fo!W,la ce este bun UstaW
Fo! all t1e 3o!l',#ent!u nimic Bn lume
Io 1ave a taste fo! a!t,a avea gust a!tistic
Fo! t1is !eason,#ent!u4'in5 acest motiv
Fo! t1e sa>e of #eace,Bn numele #Ucii
+noug14inag15 fo! t1e #!esent,suficient 'eocam'atU
$
ITm so!!2 fo! 2ou,Bmi #a!e !Uu 'e tine4#ent!u tine5
F!om,'in/'e la F!om fi!st to last,'e la #!imul la ultimul
F!om 1eaven to ea!t1,'e la ce! la #UmCnt
F!om ba'4bea'5 to 3o!se,'in ce Bn ce mai !Uu
F!om #lace to #lace,'in cCn' Bn cCn'
F!om mo!ning to nig1t,'e 'imineaVa #CnU sea!a
9ig1t f!om t1e sun,luminU 'e la soa!e
A man f!ee f!om ca!e,un om libe! 'e g!i%i
A man f!om t1e count!2,un om 'e la Va!U
Io be fa! f!om 1ome,a fi 'e#a!te 'e casU
F!om t1eat #oint of vie3,'in #unctul acela 'e ve'e!e
F!om m2 #oint of vie3,'in #unctul meu 'e ve'e!e
Io be !elease' f!om #!isom,a fi elibe!at 'in Bnc1isoa!e
Seen f!om above,vUzut 'e sus
Seen f!om belo34bilou5,vUzut 'e 'e'esubt
Hn m2 3a2 f!om PiteSti to Muc1a!est,Bn '!umul meu 'e la P.la M
Io tell one t1ing f!om anot1e!,a 'eosebi un luc!u 'e celUlalt
In,Bn In t1e mo!ning,'imineaVa
In t1e s1a'e4Sei'5,la umb!U
In t1e en',la final
In t1e ga!'en,Bn g!U'inU
In 1eaven,Bn ce!
In s#!ing,#!imUva!a
In summe!,va!a
In fall,toamna
In 3inte!,ia!na
Io be in 'ange!4'einge!5,a fi Bn #e!icol
Io lie4lai5 in be',a sta Bntins Bn #at
Io live in t1e count!2,a sta la Va!U
In ou! centu!i4auU! sentu!i5,
In all seasons,Bn toate anotim#u!ile
In m2 2out1,Bn tine!eVea mea
In 1is memo!2,Bn memo!ia lui
+a!l2 in t1e mo!ning,'imineaVa 'ev!eme
In t1e #ast,Bn t!ecut
In t1e futu!e4fiuciU!5,Bn viito!
In come %ust in time,a veni la tim#
Io >ee#4>i#5in min'4main'5,a Vine minte
-one in 1aste,fUcut Bn g!abU
Io #ut in min',a,Si #une Bn gCn'
Io #ut in o!'e!,a #une Bn o!'ine
In gene!al,Bn gene!al
Io 3o!> in vain,a munci Bn za'a!
Io be in #ain,a fi Bn'u!e!at
Io s#ea> in #ublic,a vo!bi Bn #ublic
Io ta>e in 1an',a lua Bn mCnU
Into,Bn/s#!e Io lea' into e!!o!,a 'uce Bn e!oa!e
Io get into 'ifficulties,a 'a 'e g!eutUVi
Io fall into t1e !ive!,a cU'ea Bn !Cu4lac5
Io bu!st into tea!s,a izbucni Bn lac!imi
$*
Io get into t!ouble,a 'a 'e bucluc/belea/necaz
Io #ou! 3alte! into a glass,a tu!na a#U Bn #a1a!
Insi'e,BnUunt!u Insi'e t1e !oom,BnUunt!ul came!ei
Xis is insi'e,el e BnUunt!u
Nea!,lCngU Nea! t1e sea s1o!e,lCngU VU!m
Nea! at 1an',la Bn'emCnU/a#!oa#e
Nea! 2ou,lCngU tine
Hf,'e A c!o3n of gol',o co!oanU 'e au!
A floc> of s1ee#,o tu!mU 'e oi
Xa!' of 1ea!ing41i!ing5,su!'/ta!e 'e u!ec1i
A boo> of #!ove!bs,o ca!te 'e #!ove!be
I1e fo!ce of t1e 3in',fo!Va vCntului
A #lace of 1onou!,Bn loc 'e onoa!e
A man of ma!>,un om Bnsemnat4im#o!tant5
A man of no im#o!tance,un om oa!eca!e4fU!U im#o!tanVU5
Io 3ea! a'!ess of sil>,a #u!ta o !oc1ie 'e mUtase
9ove of a mot1e!,iubi!e 'e mamU
Naste! of t1e 1ouse,stU#Cnul casei
A #iece of #a#e!,o bucatU 'e 1C!tie
A f!ien' of mine,un #!ieten 'e,al meu
I1e events of late,evenimentele 'in ultimul tim#
In 'a2s of ol',Bn zilele 'e mult a#use
Hf cou!se,bineCnVeles/cu sigu!anVU/sigu! cU 'a
Hff,'e#a!te 'e Yee# off t1e g!ass,nu cUlcaVi #e ia!bU
Io be off 'ut2,a fi libe!/a nu fi la se!viciu
Io fall off t1e 1o!se,a cU'ea 'e #e cal
Hn,#e Io be on 'ut2,a fi 'e se!viciu
Io sit on t1e g!ass,a sta #e ia!bU
Some goo's4gu'z5on sale,niSte mU!fu!i 'e vUnza!e
Xaus on fi!e,o casU Bn flUcU!i
Io go on foot,a me!ge #e %os
Hn a beautiful 'a2,Bnt!,o zi f!umoasU
Hn suc1 a 'a2,Bnt!,o astfel 'e zi
Hn t1is occasion4oc1ei%en5,cu aceastU ocazie
Hn ce!tain con'itions,cu anumite con'iVii
Io stan' on ti# toe,a sta Bn vC!ful #icioa!elo!
Io be on lan',a fi #e uscat
Hn t1e 31ole,Bn ansamblu/Bn gene!al/Bn ma!e
Hn an ave!age,Bn me'ie
Io be on 1oli'a2,a fi Bn vacanVU
Io sit on a c1ai!,a sta #e un scaun
Io #a2 on 'eman',a #lUti la ce!e!e
Io #a2 on t1e s#ot,a #lUti #e loc
Hn t1e celing,#e tavan
Hn a 'ese!t islan'4ailUn'5,#e o insulU #ustie
Hn t1e #oint of,a fi #e #unctul 'e a
Hve!,#este Hve! t1e !oc>s,#este stCnci
Io be 1ea' ove! 1eels in love,a fi Bn'!Ugostit lulea
Io sta2 some31e!e4samue!5 ove! nig1t,a sta un'eva #este noa#te
Io be famous all ove! t1e 3o!l',a fi celeb!u4cunoscut 5Bn toatU Va!a
$)
Io coo> ove! t1e fi!e,a gUti la foc
Io t!emble all ove!,a t!emu!a 'in toate mU'ula!ele/a t!emu!a tot
Past Past 1is com#!e1ension,#este #ute!ea lui 'e a BnVelege
Io be #ast 3o!>,a nu mai #utea munci/a nu mai #utea sU munceascU
Io be #ast 'ange!4'einge!5,a fi Bn afa!a #e!icolului
Xave #ast one,unu Si %umUtate
It is #ast five oTcloc>,este t!ecut 'e o!a cinci
Roun',Bn %u!ul A !oun' table,o masU !otun'U
A !oun' #eg in a s6ua!e 1ole,#ot!ivit ca nuca Bn #e!ete
Roun' t1e 3o!l',Bn %u!ul lumii
Since,'e/'e la Since fou! oTcloc>,'e la o!a #at!u
I 1avenTt seen 1im since,nu l,am mai vUzut 'e atunci
I1!oug1,#!in Io go t1!oug1 t1ic> an' t1in,a t!ece #!in foc Si a#U
I1!oug1 t1e 3oo',#!in #U'u!e
Io at t1!oug1 fea!,a acViona 'e f!icU
All t1!oug1 t1e nig1t,toatU noa#tea/tot tim#ul no#Vii
Io go t1!oug1 life,a t!ece #!in viaVU
I1!oug1 31omW,#!in cine I1!oug1out t1is count!2,'e,a lungul Si 'e,a latul acestei VU!i
I1!oug1out ou! 1oli'a2s,#e tot #a!cu!sul vacanVei noast!e/tot tim#ul
vacanVei noast!e
Iill,#CnU/#CnU la Io be u# lill late,a se culca tC!ziu/a nu se culca 'ev!eme
Iill 'eat1 'o us #a!t,#CnU ce moa!tea ne va 'es#U!Vi
Io,la/cUt!e Io go to be',a me!ge la culca!e
Io ta>e to 3ife,a lua 'e soVie4nevastU5
F!om en' to en','e la ca# la ca#
F!om 1an' to mout1,'e la mCnU #CnU la gu!U
Io come to an en',a lua sfC!Sit
Io finis1,a te!mina/a se te!mina
Io be 3et to t1e s>in,a fi u' #CnU la #iele
Io count u# to ten,a numU!a #CnU la zece
F!om time to time,'in cCn' Bn cCn'/'in tim# Bn tim#
Io 'ance to t1e musics,a 'ansa 'u#U muzicU
I 'onTt 3ant to=,nu v!eau
Un'e!,sub Un'e! loc> an' >e2,sub c1eie/sub #azU
Un'e! t1e t!ee,sub co#ac
Io s3im un'e! 3ate!,a Bnota sub a#U
Io be un'e! a!ms,a fi sub a!me
Io be un'e! a vo34veau5,a fi sub un %u!UmCnt/a fi legat #!in %u!UmCnt
Io be un'e! sentence of 'eat1,a fi con'amnat la moa!te
Un'e! 31at con'itionsW,Bn ce con'iVii
Un'e! t1ese con'itions,Bn aceste con'iVii
In un'e! ten minutes,Bn mai #uVin 'e $( minute
Io be un'e! age,a fi mino!
Io be un'e! t!eatement,a fi sub Bng!i%i!e me'icalU a fi Bn t!atament
Un'e! m2 feet,sub tUl#ile4#icioa!ele5 mele
I1e ball !olle' un'e!neat1 a table,mingea s,a !ostogolit sub o masU
U#,Bn susul/cUt!e I1e u#s an' 'o3ns of life,u!cuSu!ile Si cobo!CSu!ile vieVii/geutUVile
vieVii
Io !un u# t1e 1ill,a ale!ga #e 'eal Bn sus
Io 3al> u# a 1ill,a u!ca un 'eal
$"
La>e u#=,t!ezeSte,te/scoalU,te
Until,#CnU la/#CnU Bn Until t1e en' of life,#CnU la sfC!Situl vieVii
U#on, Io !efuse u#on t1e #!inci#le,a !efuza 'in #!inci#iu
U#on t1e to# of t1e 1ill,Bn vC!ful 'ealului
U#on ou! 3o!',#e cuvCntul nost!u
Lit1in,Bn/BnUunt!ul/nu mai tC!ziu 'e Io >ee# 3it1in 'oo!s,a Vine Bn casU
Lit1in t1e la3,Bn limita legii
Lit1in a 3ee>,Bn mai #uVin 'e o sU#tUmCnU
Lit1in ou! !oom,Bn inte!io!ul came!ei noast!e
Lit1out,fU!U Io be 3it1out 1el#,a fi fU!U 'e a%uto!
Io come 3it1out 'ela2,a veni fU!U BntC!zCie!e
Io esca#e 3it1out 'amage,a scU#a nevUtUmat
Io come 3it1out fail,a veni sigu!4neg!eSit5
Io come 3it1out 'oubt,a veni fU!U Bn'oialU
It goes 3it1aut sa2ng4seing5,se BnVelege 'e la sine
I 3ill leave 3it1aut 1im,o sU #lec fU!U el
&(
#on-unctia
A. ?upa aspect
$. Sim#le; but, if, and.
&. Com#use; however, unless, otherwise.
3. -e legatu!a; asIas, bothIand, eitherIor, neitherInor, not onlyIbut also, whetherIor .
4. 9ocutiuni; as well as, as if 4'e #a!ca5/ as though 4'e #a!ca(, for instance, that8s why, so long
as 4atata tim# cat5.
B. ?upa functie
7. ?e cooronare
a5 JandK , ca!e leaga , #!o#ozitii int!e ele
, #a!ti 'e vo!bi!e 'e acelasi fel
+.; I go an' sta2 t1e!e fo! a 3ee>
b5 Jas well asK
+.; I 3o!> in a sc1ool as well as at 1ome.
c5 JneitherInorK
+.; I am neither in t1e >itc1en nor in t1e bat1!oom.
'5 Jnot onlyIbut alsoIK
+.; I am not only intelligent but also #!ett2.
e5 Jas wellK
+.; Xe is calm an' goo' as well.
f5 JeitherIorK
+.; I1e2 a!e either b!ot1e! an' siste! or 1usban' an' 3ife.
g5 JfurthermoreK 4cu atat mai mult5
+.; I s#ea> +nglis1/ furthermore I 3oo' li>e to visit +nglan'.
15 con%unctii a've!sative; but, while, whereas 4#e cata v!eme/ tinan' seama 'e5 J
cont!asteaza cu #!o#ozitia #!inci#ala.
+.; I am tall but fat.
I am tal>ing while 2ou a!e !ig1ting.
>5 con%unctii 'is%unctive; or, else, or else 4o!i/ cu alte cuvinte5/ otherwise 4altfel5.
+.; Loul' 2ou #!efe! coffee or teaW
Please #ut 2ou! coat else 2ou get 31et.
9ea!n 2ou! lesson ot1e!3ise 2ou fail.
i5 con%unctiile concluzive; conse"uently, on that account, so, then, that is why 4iata 'e
ce5/ therefore 4'e aceea5.
+.; I 1avenQt sle#t therefore,that is why I am ti!e'.
%5 con%unctii e.#licative; for example, for instance, namely, that is to say.
+.; Hnl2 one f!ien' of mine left Romania/ namely +la.
I li>e 'o a lot of t1in>s fo! instanceAe.am#le !ea'ing/ 'ancing/
:. ?e suboronare J acelea ca!e int!o'uc o #!o#ozitie secun'a!a. Unele 'int!e ele sunt
s#ecializate #e anumite ti#u!i 'e #!o#ozitii.
+.; #t. concesive; through, although 4'esi5
#t. con'itionale; if
#t. com#a!ative; as if 4'e #a!ca5/ as though
#t. #!e'icative sau #t. subiective/ com#letive 'i!ecte/ att!ibutive
(uboronate preicative C introuse prin;
a5 JwhatK +.; I1e 6uestion is what I must !ea'.
&$
b5 JwhoK , +.; I1e 6uestion is who is 1e.
c5 JwhereK +.; I1e 6uestion is were I go.
'5 JwhenK +.; I1e 6uestion is when I can come.
e5 whatever, whoever, that, why %
(uboronate subiective C introuse prin:
a5 JthatK +.; It is necessa!2 that 2ou s1oul' un'e!stan' t1is !ule.
b5 JwhatK +.; It 'oesnQt matte! what 2ou believe.
c5 JwhoK +.; It 1asnQt be 'eci'e' who is t1e lea'e! of t1e team.
'5 31ic1/ 31oeve!/ 31ateve!/ 31ic1eve!/ 31en/ 1o3/ 312/ 31e!e/ if/ 31et1e!.
(uboronate completive irecte 4cele cu fo!ma 'e com#lement5; if, that, whether,
whatever, whoever, wherever, why, whichever.
+.; S1e sa' t1at s1e 3as ti!e'.
I 'onQt >no3 if 2ou leave Romania.
I 'onQt >no3 31oeve! 3antQs m2 'og.
I 'o 31ateve! 2ou 3ant me to 'o.
I ma2 ta>e 31ateve! boo> 2ou 3ant.
(uboronate inirecte J int!o'use #!in; to whom, to what, to anyone, whoever.
+.; I ma2 give t1e flo3e!s to whom 2ou 3ant.
Gou inte!#!et whatever s1e sa2s.
(uboronate prepozitionale J int!o'use #!in; who, whom, whoever, whichever, how aca
sunt preceate e o prepoziitie.
+.; Gou 'e#en' on what I sa2.
Gou must a##!ove' of whatever s1e sa2s.
(uboronate atributive J int!o'use #!in; whose, which, whom, were, why, when, that.
+.; I1is is t1e 3oman who loves me.
I1is is t1e man whose 3ife is #!ett2.
I1is is t1e bo2 whom I g!eete'.
(uboronate averbiale J int!o'use #!in; as, li!e, much as, how, in the manner, as if, as
though, just.
+.; No one s#ea>s li!e 2ou 'o.
I1e2 acte' much as I tol' t1em. 4!es#ectan' ma%o!itatea celo! s#use 'e
mine5
(uboronate conitionale J int!o'use #!in; if, on condition that, only if.
+.; I s1all come soon if,on condition that I fin' m2 #ass#o!t.
&&
Averbul
A've!bele sunt cuvinte ca!e ne s#un mai multe 'es#!e cum , unde, cLnd, cLt de frecvent
sau Mn ce mNsura a!e loc o actiune.
)unctia averbelor
Astfel/ a've!bele 'ete!mina Bn gene!al ve!be;
+..; +he bus moved slowly. 4cumW5
* am going home tomorrow. 4cCn'W5
A've!bele #ot 'ete!mina;
a'%ective; 1ou loo! absolutely fabulousG
a've!be; She played the violin extremely well. 1ou/re spea!ing too "uietly.
#!o#ozitii int!egi; &erhaps we/ll see you again next year.
In gene!al a've!bul este te!minat in Ol2P/ 'a! nu tot ce a!e Ol2P este a've!b. -e !egula se
fo!meaza 'in a-ectiv 1 Dl"E.
2oificari ortografice:
$. 'aca a'%ectivul se te!mina in DeE/ acesta se #ast!eaza Del"E
+.; nice J nicel2
+.ce#tii; ue C ul" (atorat)
true C trul"
whole C wholl"
&. 'aca a'%ectivul se te!mina in DleE/ se t!ansfo!ma OeP in O2PA Dl"E
+.; ca#able J ca#abl2
3. 'aca a'%ectivul se te!mina in DllE/ se a'auga 'oa! Dll"E
+.; full J full2
4. 'aca a'%ectivul se te!mina in DicE/ se a'auga Dall"E
+.; automatic J automaticall2
5. 'aca a'%ectivul se te!mina in D"E/ in'ife!ent 'aca este #!ece'at 'e vocala sau 'e
consoana/ se t!ansfo!ma in OiP si se a'auga Dil"E
+.; #!ett2 J #!ettil2
ga2 J gail2
+.ce#tii; sh" C sh"l"
wr" C wr"l"
co" C co"l" (sfios)
. a'%ectivul Ogoo'P face a've!bul O3ellP
/<!A: ca sa ve!ific 9,u!ile unui a've!b/ il 'esfac in a'%ectiv E l2
+.; usuall2 Z usual E l2
bitte!l2 Z bitte! E l2
a3full2 Z a3ful E l2
Averbe care au : forme cu acelasi inteles (oricare in ele este corect)
7. bright F brightl"
:. soun F sounl"
=. fair F fairl"
4. tight F tightl" 'sunt echivalente(
8. ear F earl"
&3
@. ea F eal"
G. cheap F cheapl"
+.; I1e sun s1ines b!ig1t A b!ig1tl2.
/<!A: fo!ma in Ol2P se va #!efe!a totusi can' a've!bul 'ete!mina un a'%ectiv
+.; Xe is 'ea'l2 tired. 4si nu Ohe is dead tiredK5.
A've!bul cheap se va folosi in loc 'e cheaply 'oa! #ent!u a ca!acte!iza activitati
come!ciale 4to bu2/ to sell/ to get5
+.; S1e boug1t it c1ea#.
'a!
Le t!avele' c1ea#l2.
Averbe cu : forme cu : intelesuri iferite
clean Z com#let
cleanl2 Z int!,o manie!a cu!ata
clea! Z e.act
clea!l2 Z int!,o manie!a cla!a
close Z a#!o#iat
closel2 Z in'ea#!oa#e
'ee# Z a'anc
'ee#l2 Z #!ofun'
'i!ect Z 'i!ect
'i!ectl2 Z ime'iat
'ue Z s#!e 4la busola5 +.; I1e2 3ent 'ue Sout1.
'ul2 Z #unctual
eas2 Z uso! +.; Ia>e it eas2=
easil2 Z int!,o manie!a le%e!a
f!ee Z g!atis
f!eel2 Z #e sleau/ 'esc1is
full Z com#let
full2 Z #e sca!a la!ga/ int!,o manie!a e.tinsa
1a!' Z g!eu
1a!'l2 Z 'e,abia/ cu g!eu/ a#!oa#e 'eloc
1ig1 Z sus
1ig1l2 Z foa!te
%ust Z tocmai
%ustl2 Z asa cum se cuvine
late Z ta!ziu
latel2 Z in ultima v!eme
&4
la!ge Z e.tins
la!gel2 Z #e sca!a la!ga
most Z ma%o!itatea
mostl2 Z cu #!eca'e!e
nea! Z langa
nea!l2 Z a#!oa#e ca
#!ett2 Z foa!te
#!ettil2 Z int!,o manie!a '!aguta
!ig1t Z e.act
!ig1tl2 Z cu #!ecizie/ cla!
s1a!# Z fi.
s1a!#l2 Z int!,o manie!a taioasa
s1o!t Z b!usc
s1o!tl2 Z ime'iat
Averbe si a-ective cu aceeasi forma si inteles
fast
fa!
ea!l2
ali>e
alone
#ast
solo
st!aig1t
ne.t
little
outsi'e
/<!A: 'aca a-ectivul se termina in Dl"E, el 'evine averb #!in cont!uctia
in a 1 a- 1 manner
+.; Xe is a f!ien'l2 #e!son.
a'%
Xe s#ea>s to me in a f!ien'l2 3a2 A manne!.
a'v
co3a!' Z las 4substantiv5
co3a!'l2 Z las 4a'%ectiv5
in a co3a!'l2 manne! Z cu lasitate 4a've!b5
*raele e comparatie , se const!uiesc astfel;
'aca a-ectivul si averbul au aceeasi forma/ se com#o!ta ca un a-ectiv scurt 4g!a'ele se
fac cu DerE si DestP5
+.; I !un fast A not so fast as A as fast as A faste! t1an A t1e fastest of all A ve!2 fast
'aca averbul se obtine 'in a-ectiv 1 l"/ face g!a'ele 'e com#a!atie ca un a-ectiv lung
4cu OmoreP si Othe mostP5
&5
+.; Xe !uns 6uic>l2 A less 6uic>l2 t1an A as 6uic>l2 as A mo!e 6uic>l2 t1an A t1e most
6uic>l2 of all A ve!2 6uic>l2
#omparatia regulata
well C bette! J t1e best
bal" J 3o!se J t1e 3o!st
much J mo!e J t1e most
far J fa!t1e! J t1e fa!t1est
J fu!t1e! J t1e fu!t1est
near J nea!e! J t1e ne.t
little J less J t1e least
late J late! J t1e last
#lasificarea averbelor
$. A've!be 'e mo'
&. A've!be 'e loc si 'i!ectie
3. A've!be 'e tim#/ 'u!ata si f!ecventa
4. A've!be 'e #!obabilitate
5. A've!be 'e g!a'
Averbe e mo
A've!bele 'e mo' ne a!ata cum/ in ce mo' a!e loc o actiune. +le se aseaza in #!o#ozitie
'u#a ve!b sau 'u#a com#lementul acestuia.
fairl" J foarte, ar nu e+traorinar". Fai!l2 se cu#leaza intot'eauna cu a'%ectivul
la g!a'ul #ozitiv.
+.; Gou! sto!2 is fai!l2 inte!esting.
Huite J este mai #ute!nic 'ecat fai!l2. Se foloseste can' v!eau sa fac o apreciere
favorabila.
+.; I1is ca! is 6uite c1ea#.
/<!A : can se refera la a-ective sau averbe care nu au grae e comparatie,
DHuiteE capata sensul e absolut, complet, e4a reptul.
+.; Gou! '!ess is 6uite uni6ue.
rather J se foloseste can' am 'e facut o apreciere nefavorabila si sensul este F
foarte, neasteptat e. Se foloseste numai cu ca!acte!istici negative. Poate fi
preceat si urmat 'e articolul DaE
+.; I1is ca! is !at1e! e.#ensive.
+.; I1is is a !at1e! 'ifficult e.e!cise.
I1is is !at1e! a 'ifficult e.e!cise.
prett" J foarte (familiar, intre prieteni)
+.; IQm #!ett2 ti!e'.
ver" J +ste cel mai cunoscut si se cu#leaza cu o!ice 4#ozitiv/ com#a!ativ sau
su#e!lativ5
+.; I 'o m2 ve!2 best.
Xe is ve!2 muc1 faste! t1an I am.
much 5 a lot Z se cu#leaza cu comparativul
+.; Xe is muc1 faste! t1an I am.
b" far Z se cu#leaza cu superlativul
+.; Xe is b2 fa! t1e fastest of all.
&
too J se cu#leaza cu pozitivul
+.; Xe is too fast.
enough J se cu#leaza cu #ozitivul/ 'a! se aseaza 'u#a el
+.; Xe is fast enoug1 fo! a c1am#ion.
so J se cu#leaza , cu much, many, little, few 1 substantiv
, cu a-ectiv 5 averb la pozitiv
+.; It is so difficult.
I 1ave so many f!ien's A so much mone2.
I1e!e is so little time left.
such J u!mat 'e , substantiv numarabil la sg preceat e DaE
, e constructia a-ectiv 1 substantiv la pl
+.; Xe is suc1 a man.
I1e2 a!e suc1 interesting persons.
Averbe e loc si irectie
Ne a!ata un'e a!e loc actiunea ve!bului. Se aseaza in gene!al 'u#a ve!bul #!inci#al sau
com#lementul sau.
+.;
-u#a ve!b;
* loo!ed everywhere.
0ohn loo!ed ...away, up, down, around...
*/m going ...home, out, bac!...
-u#a com#lement;
+hey built a house nearby.
She too! the child outside.
A. Here / there. Cu ve!be 'e misca!e/ here e.#!ima i'eea 'e Bns#!eA cu A Bm#!euna cu
vo!bito!ul/ ia! there cont!a!iul/ 'e#a!te/ fa!a #a!tici#a!ea vo!bito!ului;
+..; 2ome here 4Z s#!e mine5
*t/s in here 4Z vino im#!euna cu mine sa vezi5
&ut it there 4Z 'e#a!te 'e mine5
*t/s in there 4Z 'u,te singu! sa vezi5
+.#!esii cu here/ there; down here, down there, over here, over there, under here, under
there, up here, up there.
B. Averbele e loc terminate ,n -wards , e.#!ima i'eea 'e misca!e Bnt!,o anumita
'i!ectie;
+..; bac!wards, forwards, downwards, upwards, inwards, outwards, northwards, southwards,
eastwards, westwards, homewards, onwards.
2ats don/t usually wal! bac!wards.
+he ship sailed westwards.
?e retinut% !owars este prepozitie, nu averb, astfel ,nc3t va fi ,ntoteauna urmat
e un substantiv sau pronume:
+..; -e wal!ed towards the car. She ran towards me.
#. Averbe care e+prima at3t locul c3t si irectia; ahead, abroad, overseas, uphill,
downhill, sideways, indoors, outdoors.
Averbe e timp, urata si frecventa
A!ata can' a avut loc o actiune 'a! si 'u!ata sau f!ecventa actiunii.
CCn'; today, yesterday, later, now, last year
-u!ata/ #ent!u cCt tim#; all day, not long, for a while, since last year
&*
CCt 'e f!ecvent; sometimes, fre"uently, never, often, yearly
-e obicei/ a've!bele 'e tim# se aseaza la sfC!situl #!o#ozitiei sau emfatic/ la Bnce#utul ei;
+..; 3ne of my children wrote to me yesterday.
Later the boy understood the story.
A've!bele ca!e in'ica 'u!ata se aseaza la sfa!situl #!o#ozitiei;
+..; S1e stayed in the house all day.
My mother lived in <rance for a year.
Averbele e frecventa e.#!ima f!ecventa unei actiuni si se aseaza 'e obicei in fata
ve!bului #!inci#al/ 'a! 'u#a ve!bele au.ilia!e 4cum a! fi be, have, may, must5;
* often eat vegetarian food. 4in fata ve!bului #!inci#al5
1ou must always fasten your seat belt. 4'u#a ve!bul au.ilia! must5
* have never forgotten my first !iss. 4'u#a ve!bul au.ilia! 1ave si in fata ve!bului
#!inci#al fo!gotten5
Unele a've!be 'e f!ecventa e.#!ima !egula!itatea inci'entei unei actiuni si se #laseaza la
sfa!situl #!e#ozitiei;
+his maga>ine is published monthly.
-e visits his mother once a wee!.
A've!be 'e fecventa; fre"uently, generally, normally, occasionally, often, regularly,
sometimes, usually.
?e retinut% Yet se foloseste in propozitii interogative sau negative.
-ave you finished your wor! yet6 9o, not yet.
+hey haven/t met him yet.
till e+prima ieea e continuitate. (e foloseste in propozitii pozitive sau
interogative.
* am still hungry.
5o you still wor! for the 4426
Averbe e timp usuale:
ago J se foloseste can' raportarea se face fata e un moment prezent
Ex: * saw her one hour ago.
/<!A% aca raportarea se face fata e un moment trecut, in loc e ago se pune before
Ex: * told her that * had met her one hour before.
for J a!ata urata unei actiuni fara a prezenta momentul e inceput si sfarsit al
actiunii. +ste s#ecific #!ezentului #e!fect sim#lu si continuu si t!ecutului #e!fect
continuu.
Ex: * haven8t met her for two years.
/<!A% se poate intalni si cu timpul trecut
Ex: * was a student for two years '*8m no longer a student(.
/<!A% pentru perioae lungi e timp (for ages, for centuries)
A!E/!;E% nu se pune DforE upa verbele:
to last
to ta$e
to wait
to spen
to sta"
Ex: *8ve been waiting ten minutes, 'si nu *8ve been waiting for ten minutes(.
*t lasts five seconds, 'si nu it lasts for five seconds(.
since J a!ata inceputul perioaei fara a preciza urata si momentul final. +ste s#ecific
#!ezentului #e!fect sim#lu si continuu si t!ecutului continuu.
&)
Ex: * haven8t met her since Monday.
Averbe e siguranta si probabilitate
Acestea e.#!ima cat 'e sigu! este vo!bito!ul 'e actiunea sau evenimentul #e ca!e il
!elateaza; certainly, definitely, probably, undoubtedly, surely, maybe, obviously, perhaps,
possibly, really. Se aseaza in #!o#ozitie int!e ve!bul au.ilia! si ve!bul #!inci#al.
Ex.: -e has certainly forgotten the meeting.
Pent!u o fo!mula!e emfatica sau o !eliefa!e a afi!matiilo!/ se aseaza Bn 'ebutul f!azei;
+..; !ndoubtedly, .inston 2hurchill was a great politician.
?e retinut% urely asezat la inceputul propozitiei inseamna ca vorbitorul este
convins e aevarul unei afirmatii, ar incearca sa obtina o confirmare; Surely you/ve got a
bicycle6
Averbe e gra
Aceastea e.#!ima intensitatea sau g!a'ul 'e in'e#lini!e a actiunii unui ve!b/ a'%ectiv sau
a've!b; almost, nearly, "uite, just, too, enough, hardly, scarcely, completely, very, extremely.
9ocul lo! in #!o#ozitie este fie in fata a'%ectivului sau a've!bului #e ca!e il 'ete!mina/ fie
in fata ve!bului #!inci#al;
+..; +he water was extremely cold.
-e was "ust leaving.
She has almost finished.
#nough, very, too
Enough inseamna 0#ana la #unctul necesa! #ent!u a...0 si se #laseaza 'u#a a'%ectiv sau
a've!b;
*s your coffee hot enough6 4a'%ectiv5
-e didn/t wor! hard enough. 4a've!b5
+oo Z 0mai mult 'ecat este necesa! #ent!u...0 si se aseaza in fata a'%ectivului sau a've!bului;
+his coffee is too hot. 4a'%ective5
-e wor!s too hard. 4a've!b5
)ery inta!este sensul unui a'%ectiv sau a've!b si se aseaza in fata acesto!a;
+he girl was very beautiful. 4a'%ectiv5
-e wor!ed very "uic!ly. 4a've!b5
?e retinut% E+ista o iferenta importanta intre too si very: $ery e+prima un fapt: He
speaks very %uickly& 'oo sugereaza e+istenta unei probleme: He speaks too %uickly (for me to
understand).
Alte a've!be asemanatoa!e lui very; extremely, especially, particularly, pretty, rather, "uite,
fairly, rather, not especially, not particularly.
Locutiuni averbiale
subst 1 after 1 subst
'a2 afte! 'a2
2ea! afte! 2ea!
mont1 afte! mont1
uring J u!mat intot'eauna 'e substantiv. A nu se confun'a cu 31ile 4in tim# ce5/ ca!e
#!esu#une actiuni #a!alele. -u!ing #oate fi inlocuit cu OinP 'aca se !efe!a la #e!ioa'e 'e
tim#
Ex: during my life $ in my life
from I to J #oate fi inlocuit cu till/ 'a! nicio'ata cu until/ #ent!u ca until nu #!esu#une
cunoaste!ea momentului 'e sfa!sit al actiunii
+.; * wor! until * die. 'nu stiu cand(
&"
* get up at O o8cloc! and wor! till CE o8cloc!.
/<!A% until nu poate fi cuprins in e+presia from I to in loc e DtoE
3(
A-ectivul (the a-ective)
)orma a-ectivului
A'%ectivele sunt inva!iabile. +le nu Bsi sc1imba fo!ma Bn functie 'e gen sau numa!.
+..; 7 hot potato, some hot potatoes.
Pent!u a sublinia sau accentua sensul unui a'%ectiv se #ot folosi very, really;
+..; 7 very hot potato, some really hot potatoes.
0ozitia a-ectivului
-e obicei a'%ectivul se aseaza Bn fata substantivului 'ete!minat;
+..; 7 good movie.
-u#a ve!be au.ilia!e ca to be, to become, to seem, to loo!, to taste, to appear, to feel, to
!eep, to ma!e, to smell, to sound, to turn, etc;
+..; +he movie is good.
1ou seem upset.
+his cheese tastes different.
-u#a substantiv Bn e.#!esii fi.e;
+..; the &rincess ;oyal, the &resident elect, the court martial
CCteva a'%ective/ ca 'e e.em#lu chief, main, poor 4Zunfortunate5 stau numai Bn fata
substantivului 'ete!minat;
+..; +his is the main purpose of the meeting.
+hat poor woman was living in a garage.
Altele #ot sta numai 'u#a un ve!b au.ilia!; asleep, upset, awa!e, afraid, ali!e, alive,
alone, annoyed, ill, well, sorry
+..; -e/s asleep.
*/m alone.
Unele a'%ective Bsi sc1imba sensul Bn functie 'e #ozitia #e ca!e o ocu#a. A'%ectivele
involved, present, concerned au sens 'ife!it 'aca sunt #lasate Bn fata substantivului sau
'u#a acesta.
+..; +hese are the people involved , concerned. 'the people who have
something to do with the matter(
+hey had an involved discussion on the matter. 'detailed, complex(
* am a concerned mother. 'worried, anxious(
+he list of the students present is outside, on the door. 'students who were
there(
+he present status of the matter re"uires urgent attention. 'current(
)unctiile a-ectivului
A'%ectivul ne s#une mai multe 'es#!e calitatile substantivul 'ete!minat. Pot e.#!ima;
Sentimente sau calitati;
+..; +hey ma!e an original couple.
She is a single mother.
Nationalitatea sau o!iginea;
+..; ;icardo is Spanish. -is mother is 7rgentinean and his father is 2anadian.
* bought him a Swiss watch for 2hristmas.
-ife!ite ca!acte!istici ale unui obiect;
+..; +he table is long.
+he steel tray was a gift.
VC!sta;
+..; My hat is too old. * will buy another one.
-e is still very young, almost a boy.
-imensiuni/ ma!ime si masu!i;
+..; P=one with the .indP is a very long film.
+hat boy is too tall.
Culoa!ea;
+..; * have a red jac!et to go with my new white s!irt.
Nate!ie A mate!ial;
+..; -e wore a cotton shirt.
*t was a silver tray, not a steel tray.
Fo!ma;
+..; 7 rectangular envelope.
7 round table.
Ru'ecati/ #a!e!i sau o#inii;
+..; =rammar is fascinating.
+he show was entertaining.
<rinea a-ectivelor
Atunci cCn' se folosesc 'oua sau mai multe a'%ective #ent!u a 'esc!ie acelasi substantiv/
o!'inea lo! 'e#in'e 'e functiile acesto!a. +.ista mai multe va!iante/ 'a! cea mai obisnuita o!'ine
este; ValueAo#inion/ Size/ AgeAIem#e!atu!e/ S1a#e/ Colou!/ H!igin/ Nate!ial
ValueAo#inion delicious, lovely, charming
Size small, huge, tiny
AgeAIem#e!atu!e old, hot, young, little
S1a#e round, s"uare, rectangular
Colou! red, blonde, blac!
H!igin Swedish, )ictorian, 2hinese
Nate!ial plastic, wooden, silver
+.; a green round plastic buc!et
an elegant little <rench cloc!
a small round wooden table
*raele e comparatie
$. #ozitiv Z a'%ectivul nu se sc1imba
&. com#a!ative;
a. 'e infe!io!itate
b. 'e egalitate
c. 'e su#e!io!itate
3. su#e!lative;
a. !elative
b. absolut
Com#a!ativ 'e infe!io!itate
a'% scu!te 4mono si bisilabice5 se fo!meaza 'in; not soAnot as E a'% E as
Ex: +his room is not so big as the bedroom.
+his room is not as big as the bedroom.
a'% lungi se fo!meaza; less E a'% E t1an
Ex: +he chair is less comfortable than the bed.
Com#a!ativ 'e egalitate
Atat #t a'% scu!te cat si #t lungi; as E a'% E as.
Ex: +he bed is as good as the chair.
I'eea 'e egalitate mai #oate fi suge!ata si #!in const!uctia; t1e same E subst E as
/<!A% as si nu li!e ===
Ex: +his room is the same si>e as the other one.
Sc1imba!e 'e valoa!e g!amaticala
A-ectiv (ubstantiv
big/ small size 4masu!a5
long/ s1o!t lengt1 4lungime5
b!oa'/ na!!o3 b!ea't1 4la!gime #t ceva conc!et5
3i'e/ na!!o3 3i't1 4la!gime #t ceva abst!act5
1ig1/ lo3 1eig1t 4inaltime5
'ee#/ s1allo3 'e#t1 4a'ancime5
1eav2/ lig1t 3eig1t 4g!eutate5
st!ong/ 3ea> st!engt1 4#ute!e5..etc.
Const!uctii cu com#a!ativul 'e egalitate;
as b!ave as a lion
as blin' as a bat
as blac> as coal
as bus2 as a bee
as cool as a cucumbe!
as clea! as 'a2lig1t
as '!2 as a bone
as eas2 as AMC
as f!es1 as a 'ais2
as 1ai!2 as a go!illa
as ma' as a 1atte! 4#ala!ie!5
as #oo! as a c1u!c1,mouse
as silent as a g!ave
as 3ise as Solomon
as soft as sil>
as smoot1 as g!ass
as gentle as a lamb.etc.
Com#a!ativul 'e su#e!io!itate
a'% scu!te; a'% E e! E t1an. No'ifica!i o!tog!afice;
'aca a'% se te!mina in OeP/ se a'auga 'oa! O!P Ex: nice % nicer
'aca a'% se te!mina in O2P #!ece'at 'e consoana/ se t!ansfo!ma O2P in Oie!P Ex: pretty
% prettier
E+ceptii: sh" C sh"er
sl" C sl"er
wr" C wr"er (stramb)
'aca a'% se te!mina in consoana #!ece'ata 'e vocala/ 'ublez consoana finala Ex: big
% bigger
#t a'% lungi; mo!e E a'% E t1an
Ex: +he boo! is more interesting than the movie.
A'% #!ovenite 'in latina sunt u!mate 'e OtoP si nu 'e Ot1anP
Ex: -e is superior to me.
Su#e!lativul !elativ
a'% scu!te; t1e E a'% Eest
Ex: large % the largest
silly % the silliest
a'% lungi; t1e mostE a'%
Ex: +his is the most expensive thing.
A!E/!;E% upa superlativ urmeaza prepozitiile DofE sau DinE
Ex: -e is the best of all,the best in my group.
A!E/!;E% aca se face comparatie intre : elemente, comparativul implica
superlativul: the 1 comparativ
Ex: 4etween you and me, * am the older.
Su#e!lativul absolut
ve!2 E a'%
ve!2 #oate fi inlocuit cu; e.t!emel2
e.ce#tionall2
t!emen'ousl2
a3full2
A!E/!;E% nu toate a- au gra e comparatie, unele efinesc ieea e unitate (own,
complete, proper, perfect, marvelous, ma+imum, minimum). Altele au sufi+e si prefi+e:
e+tra C large
over C crowe
super C fine
ultra C short
priceless
Com#a!atia ne!egulata
goo' J bette! J t1e best
ba' J 3o!se J t1e 3o!st
ill J 3o!se J t1e 3o!st
man2 J mo!e J t1e most
muc1 J mo!e J t1e most
little J less J t1e least
nea! J nea!e! J t1e nea!est 4cel mai a#!o#iat5@ ne.t 4u!mato!ul5
fa! J fa!t1e! J t1e fa!t1est 4in s#atiu5
fa! J fu!t1e! J t1e fu!t1est 4in tim#5
late J late! J t1e latest@ t1e last 4ultimul5@ t1e latte! 4ult 'in &5. -int!e &/ #!imul este Ot1e
fo!me!P/ nu Ot1e fi!stP.
u# J u##e! J t1e u#most
in J inne! J t1e inmost
out J oute! J t1e outmost
fo!e J fo!me! J t1e fo!emost
ol' J ol'e! J t1e ol'est
ol' J el'e! J t1e el'est 4'oa! at!ibutiv/ #t memb!ii aceleiasi familii5
Ex: My elder brother is older than me. 'fratele meu mai mare(
#onstructii a-ectivale
$5 cu mult mai Z muc1A a lot E com#a!ativ
Ex: *t is much warmer today , a lot warmer today
&5 'e 'e#a!te cel mai Z b2 fa! E su#e!lativ
Ex: +his is by far the hottest day of the year.
35 'in ce in ce mai Z com# E an' E com#
Ex: *t is warmer and warmer
A!E/!;E% pt a- lungi se repeta oar DmoreE
Ex: *t is more and more interesting.
45 cu cat mai/ cu atat mai 4t1e E com#a!ativ t1e E com#a!ativ5
A!E/!;E% E+presia e obligatoriu sa se repete ientic si verbul Dto beE lipseste:
Ex: +he more, the better 'cu cat mai mare, cu atat mai bine(
A!E/!;E% 2ai multe a-ective care etermina acelasi substantiv se espart prin
virgula. ?aca nu apare virgula intre ele atunci cel care nu este urmat e virgula este
averb.
A!E/!;E% <rinea a-ectivelor care etermina un substantiv va tine cont e cele
subiective (primele e+puse) si e cele obiective (imeiat langa substantiv).
A!E/!;E% 6n a-ectiv poate sa etermine si un verb. Verbul va fi obligatoriu Dto beE
sau orice alt verb e perceptie care poate fi inlocuit cu Dto beE.
Ex: * am intelligent
-e loo!s happy sau -e is happy.
A-ectivul emonstrativ
anuleza a!ticolul substantivului
inva!iabil ca fo!ma 4NAF5
se aseaza in fata substantivului #e ca!e il 'ete!mina
'aca nu 'ete!mina un substantiv 'evine #!onume 'emonst!ativ
Ex: JthisP J aceasta/ acesta 4singula! a#!o#ie!e5
JtheseK J acestea/ acestia 4#lu!al a#!o#ie!e5
ambele me!g cu JhereK.
JthatK J acela/ aceea 4singula! 'e#a!ta!e5
JthoseK J acelea/ aceia 4#lu!al 'e#a!ta!e5
ambele me!g cu OthereK.
/<!A% ;nepartarea in spatiu presupune si inepartarea in timp. ?eci *that+ si
*those+ se vor cupla cu trecutul.
+.; I1is boo! is goo'. 4t1is Z a'%ectiv/ boo> Z substantiv5
I1is is a goo' boo>. 4t1is Z #!onume5
A-ectivul posesiv
inva!iabil ca fo!ma si numa!
anuleaza a!ticolul substantivului
se aseaza in fata substantivului #e ca!e,l 'ete!mina
fo!me; my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their
Ex: My boo!.
A-ectivul interogativ
#ozitie initiala in #!o#ozitie
inva!iabil ca fo!ma
anuleaza a!ticolul
'ete!mina un substantiv
fo!me; what, which, whose, how much, how many.
-ife!enta; what.,which
.hich #!esu#une selectie 'int!,un numa! limitat.
Ex: .hich boy is your best friend6
.hat nu #!esu#une selectie.
Ex: .hat days of the wee! do you !now6
-ife!enta how much , how many
-ow much #!esu#une cantitatea si se foloseste #ent!u substantive nenuma!abile.
Ex: -ow much money do you want6
-ow many inseamna numa! si se foloseste la substantive numa!abile.
Ex: -ow many boo!s do you want6
A-ectivul relativ
#ozitie me'iana
int!o'uce o #!o#ozitie secun'a!a
inva!iabil
'ete!mina un substantiv anulan'u,i a!ticolul
fo!me;
whatever 4fa!a selectie5/
whichever 4selectie 'in numa! limitat5/
whose 4a/ al/ ai/ ale cui5.
+.; Gou ma2 ta>e
$
A 31ateve! boo>s 2ou 3ant
&
A.
A-ectivul nehotarat
(<2E 4unii/ niste/ v!eo/ cativa5 , Utiliza!e;
$. In #!o#ozitia enuntiativa u!mat 'e substantiv nenuma!abil sau numa!abil la #lu!al.
Ex: * have some money , friends.
&. In #!o#ozitia inte!ogativa in ca!e se face o afi!matie sau o invitatie.
Ex: .ould you li!e some coffee6
3. In #!o#ozitia in ca!e stiu sigu! ca #!imesc !as#uns #ozitiv.
Ex: Mother, can you give me some money6
4. In #!o#ozitia inte!ogativa in ca!e int!eba!ea nu se !efe!a la OsomeP.
Ex: .hy are there so many people in some 'so many( restaurants6
5. In #!o#ozitia negativa al ca!ui sens este afi!mativ.
Ex: * never go home without buying some chocolate.
. Can' #oate fi inlocuito!ul lui OcertainP.
Ex: 2ertain people,some people believe they are the best.
A/J 4 este inlocuito!ul lui OsomeP in;
$. P!o#ozitia inte!ogativa la ca!e nu stiu ce !as#uns voi #!imi.
Ex: *s there any mil! left6
&. In #!o#ozitia enuntiativa 'a! cu sensul 'e oricine, oricare, orice.
Ex: 7ny boo! is good for you.
3. In #!o#ozitia ca!e contine un a've!b negativ 'e genul; hardly, barely, scarcely 4'e abia/ cu
g!eu/ 'eloc5.
Ex: * hardly eat any bread 'nu mananc paine aproape deloc(
4. In #!o#ozitia ca!e contine OifP. 4if Z ince!titu'ine5
Ex: *f you find any boo!s, buy them.
5. In #!o#ozitia ca!e contine o e.#!esie 'e in'oiala; maybe, perhaps.
Ex: * doubt there are any good films in town.
. In #!o#ozitia negativa in ca!e ve!bul este negat.
Ex: * haven8t any friends here.
/< 4 Se foloseste numai in #!o#ozitia negativa in ca!e ve!bul este la afi!mativ.
Ex: * have no friends here.
EVEKJ 4fa!a #a!ticula!iza!e5
Ex: Every day * go to my office. 'nu ma duc chiar in fiecare >i(
EA#' J 4cu #a!ticula!iza!e5
Ex: Each person has a name. 'fiecare, particulari>are(
E;!'EK J 4fieca!e 'in 'oi5
/E;!'EK J 4nici unul 'in 'oi5
A!E/!;E% ?upa each, every, either sau neither rmeaza substantiv numarabil la
singular iar acorul cu verbul se face la singular.
+.#!esii cu every si each
+ac1 ot1e! Z unul #e altul 4## !eci#!ocitate5
+ve!2 bitAinc1 Z fieca!e bucatica
+ve!2 !ig1t Z tot '!e#tul
+ve!2 no3 an' t1an Z 'in can' in can'
+ve!2 ot1e! 'a2 Z alte!nativ
+ve!2 so often Z la inte!val !egulat 'e tim# fa!a a sti e.act can'.
(6#' 4astfel5 , U!mat 'e substantiv numa!abil la #lu!al sau nenuma!abil.
Ex: * have such friends,information.
(6#' A 4 U!mat 'e substantiv numa!abil la singula!.
Ex: +his is such a man of honor.
ALL 4 U!mat 'e substantiv nenuma!abil sau numa!abil la #lu!al.
Ex: 7ll boo!s,information must be used.
L'<LE 4 U!mat 'e substantiv numa!abil la singula!.
Ex: * li!e the whole boo!.
/<!A% Pt #e!ioa'e 'e tim# se #oate folosi si OwholeP si OallP
Ex: *8m home all the morning, the whole morning. 'whole este cotat ca fiind mai
puternic(
!'E <!'EK 4 U!mat 'e substantiv numa!abil la singula! sau #lu!al.
Ex: +he other child,children can swim.
+.#!esia OI1e ot1e! 'a2P Z some 'a2s ago/ ce!e obligato!iu t!ecutul.
Ex: * was there the other day. '7m fost acolo acum cateva >ile(
<!'EK 1 U!mat 'e substantiv numa!abil la #lu!al.
Ex: =ive me other examples.
E -aca e #!ece'at 'e OnoP #oate fi u!mat si 'e numa!abil la singula!.
Ex: 9o other man is as good as you are.
A/<!'EK E substantiv la singula! 4'iffe!ent/ in a''ition5
Ex: .ould you li!e another drin!6 $ vrei inca unul 'suplimentar( sau un altul 'diferit(6
B<!' E substantiv numa!abil la #lu!al 4#t. 'oi5
Ex: * li!e both !ids Q acordul in plural
4oth are intelligent.
(EVEKAL (mai multi int!,un numa! ne'efinit5 E substantiv numa!abil la #lu!al.
Ex: .e spent several days there.
2<(! 4ma%o!itatea5 E substantiv numa!abil la #lu!al sau nenuma!abil.
Ex: Most boo!s,information can be read easily.
E/<6*'
A!E/!;E% -aca e u!mat 'e substantiv nenuma!abil sau numa!abil la #lu!al a!e #ozitie
mobila.
Ex: * have enough money,money enough to be happy.
A!E/!;E% -aca e u!mat 'e substantiv numa!abil la singula! se aseaza 'u#a el.
Ex: -e is man enough to understand me.
/umeralul
7. /umeralul carinal 4 a!ata numa!ul/ cantitatea
Nume!alul ze!o
$5 ze!o Z #ent!u calcul matematic si #ent!u e.#!ima!ea tem#e!atu!ii
Ex: *t8s ten degrees above >ero.
&5 love Z ze!o #ent!u e.#!ima!ea sco!ului la tenis 4$5,( Z fifteen,love5
35 nil Z 4not1ing5 Z ze!o #ent!u e.#!ima!ea sco!ului la fotbal
45 naug1t Z ze!o can' face #a!te 'in #a!tea zecimala a unui numa!
55 o1 Z ze!o #ent!u nume!e 'e telefon
-e la $ la $& avem fo!me 'istincte
-e la $3 la $" avem 4nume!al sim#lu E OteenP5/ la ca!e accentul ca'e #e sufi. si OiP,ul este
lung.
-e la &( la "( avem 4nume!al ca!'inal E Ot2P5/ ca!e este scu!t si cu accentul #e #!ima silaba.
Ex: ?E $ forty 'nu mai are JuKG(
Nume!alele com#use se sc!iu cu c!atima
Ex: ?R $ fortytwo
Hne 1un'!e' Z $(( , Ca nume!al nu #oate avea #lu!al/ 'a! a!e ca substantiv. +ste substantiv
can';
a5 este u!mat 'e OofP;
Ex: hundreds of pages
b5 nu 'ete!mina alt substantiv;
Ex: hundreds are here
Nume!alul com#us #este suta se sc!ie cu #!e#ozitia Oan'P la englezi si fa!a la ame!icani.
Ex: RCE $ two hundred and ten
Hne t1ousan' Z $/((( , Aceleasi !eguli ca la suta.
Hne million Z $/(((/((( , Fa!a OsP la IH+F9/ 'a! este co!ect si cu OsP 4& millions5 in
engleza.
Hne billion Z $/(((/(((/((( , Ame!icanii zic milliard.
Utiliza!ea nume!alului ca!'inal;
$5 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea tem#e!atu!ii 4cu ve!bul Oto beP5
&5 #ent!u calcule matematice;
A''ition 4to a'' Z a a'una5
& E 3 Z 5 t3o #lusAan' t1!ee isAa!eAe6uals five
4aco!'ul se face in sg si in #l5
Subt!action 4to subt!act Z a sca'ea5
5 J 3 Z & five minusAta>e a3a2 is t3o
4aco!'ul se face 'oa! in sg5
Nulti#lication 4to multi#l2 Z a inmulti5
& . 3 Z t3o multi#lie' b2 t1!eeAt3ice t1!eeA3 times & isAa!eAe6uals si.
4aco!'ul se face in sg si in #l5
-ivision 4to 'ivi'e Z a im#a!ti5
; 3 Z & si. 'ivi'e' b2 t1!ee is t3o
4aco!'ul se face 'oa! in sg5
O!emin'e!P Z !est
Root Z !a'ical , cube !oot Z !a'ical 'e o!'inul 3
, s6ua!e !oot Z !a'ical 'e o!'inul &
Po3e! Z #ute!e
No!e t1an Z [
9ess t1an Z \
+6ual to Z egal
Une6ual to Z 'ife!it 'e
Pa!allel to Z #a!alel
Pe!#en'icula! to Z #e!#en'icula!
Angle Z ung1i
Rig1t angle Z ung1i '!e#t
St!aig1t angle Z ung1i 'e $)( g!a'e
Ci!cle angle Z ung1i 'e 3( g!a'e
+ven Z #a!
H'' Z im#a!
35 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea unitatii moneta!e;
coin Z mone'a
billAnote Z bancnota
nic>el Z 5 centi
'ime Z $( centi
6ua!te! of a 'olla! Z &5 centi
1alf of a 'olla! Z 5( centi
45 #ent!u unitati 'e masu!a J la tim#ul #ot!ivit 4can' #!imim I&(5 ===
55 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea anilo!; se citesc cif!ele & cate &/ ia! anii fo!mati 'in mai #utin 'e 4 cif!e se
citesc ca un nume!al.
/<!A% zero nu se citeste in carul acestor > cifre ale anilor
Ex: CFES $ nineteen seven
, e!a noast!a 4e.n.5 Z a.d. 4ante 'omini5 sau in the year of Lord
, inaintea e!ei noast!e Z b.c. 4befo!e C1!ist5
5 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea nume!elo! zecimale 4O'ecimal f!actionsP5/ int!egul se citeste ca ata!e/
#unct in loc 'e vi!gula/ ia! #a!tea zecimala cif!a cu cif!a
Ex: RE.ET $ twenty point naught three
/<!A% aca intregul este M7, nu se citeste
Ex: E.C $ point one
*5 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea va!stei 4cu ve!bul Oto beP5
Ex: *8m twenty 'years old( , *8m twenty years of age.
sau
*8m aged twenty.
A#!o.ima!ea va!stei se face cu; almost/ about 4a!oun'5/ ove!/ un'e!
Ex: *8m in my twenties 'am doua>eci si(
*8m midtwenty 'RD ani(
)5 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea nume!elo! 'e telefon
to 'ial Z a fo!ma un numa!
figu!e Z cif!a
slot Z o!ificiu #ent!u ban
boot1 Z cabina telefonica
!eceive! Z !ece#to!
long,'istance call Z convo!bi!e la 'istanta
call collecto! Z convo!bi!e cu ta.a inve!sa
o#e!ato! Z cent!alista
e.tension Z inte!io!
to be t1!oug1 Z a avea legatu!a
to 1ang on Z a !amane #e fi!
to 1ang u# Z a inc1i'e
Nume!ele 'e telefon se citesc cif!a cu cif!a cu e.ce#tia cif!ei !e#etate 'aca este la ince#utul
sau la sfa!situl numa!ului. Regula nu se a#lica #ent!u ze!o.
+.; &&3*(( J 'ouble t3o/ 3/ */ o1/ o1
"5 #ent!u e.#!ima!ea o!ei;
, fo!mal
, info!mal
Ex: .hat8s the time6
.hat time is it6
.hat8s the time by your watch6
My watch is fast $ ceasul meu e inainte
My watch is slow $ ceasul meu e in urma
My watch is wrong $ ceasul meu nu merge bine
My watch is bro!en $ ceasul meu e stricat
face Z ca'!an
belt Z cu!elusa
1an' Z limba 'e ceas 4minutes 1an'/ secon's 1an'5
Pent!u o!a e.acta;
a5 ItQs seven oQcloc> s1a!# PNAAN
b5 ((.(( Z mi'nig1t
$&.(( Z mi''a2
c5 ItQs 1alf #ast 4e si %umate5
'5 ItQs a 6ua!te! #astAto 4e si un sfe!tA fa!a un sfe!t5
e5 ItQs ten minutes #astAto 4e siAfa!a zece5
H!a oficiala; ();(( Z o1 eig1t 1un'!e' 1ou!s
&3;&4 Z t3ent2 t1!ee t3ent2 fou!
/umerale speciale:
cou#le Z & 4#t oameni si #t tim#5@ cou#le of minutes Z & minute
#ai! Z & #e!ec1e 4#t imb!acaminte/ incaltaminte/ unelte cu st!uctu!i #a!alele5
+.; a #ai! of s1oes
2o>e Z team Z & #ent!u animale
+.; a 2o>e of cattle Z & vite
a team of o.en Z & boi
b!ace Z & #ent!u vanat
+.; I 1ave b!ace 'uc> 4am & !ate salbatice5
sco!e Z &(
1alf a sco!e Z $(
'ozen Z $&
g!oss Z $44 4$& 'uzini5
:. /umeralul orinal
Se fo!meaza 'in; t1e E nume!al ca!'inal E t1
E+ceptii: the first (primul)
the secon (al oilea)
the thir (al treilea)
1
toate celelalte numerale compuse care contin una in aceste e+ceptii
(:7, ::, :=, =7, =:, ==, I 7N7, 7N:, 7NN7, 7NN:, etc)
P!escu!ta!i; $
st
/ &
n'
/ 3
!'
/ 4
t1
/ &$
st
/ &&
n'
/ etc.
/<!A% DthE se aplica oar ultimei cifre %
No'ifica!i o!tog!afice;
five J t1e fift1
eig1t J t1e eig1t1
nine J t1e nint1
t3elve J t1e t3elft1
t3ent2 J t1e t3entiet1 4E toate cele te!minate in Ot2P5
Utiliza!ea nume!alului o!'inal;
$5 e.#!ima!ea 'atei 4in & fo!me5
a5 lunaAziAan
b5 ziAlunaAan
&5 e.#!ima!ea o!'inii int!,o insi!ui!e
Ex: -enry the eighth
the first floor
the second .orld .ar
35 #ent!u nume!alul f!actiona! 4common f!actionAvulga! f!action5
nume!ato! Z numa!ato!ul 4ca!'inal5
'enominato! Z numito!ul 4o!'inal5
Ex: C,T $ one third
/<!A% aca numaratorul O 7, numitorul va fi in plural
Ex: R,T $ two thirds
Int!egul Z t1e 31ole
F!actia #e $(( Z #e! cent
P!ocenta% Z #e!centage
/umeralul istributiv , A!ata 'ist!ibutia luc!u!ilo!;
Hne b2 one Z unul cate unul
I3o at a time Z & o'ata
M2 t3os A in t3os Z cate &
/umeralul averbial , A!ata 'e cate o!i se !e#eta o actiune;
once Z o 'ata
t3ice Z 'e & o!i
3 times
4 times/ etc.
/<!A% nu e+ista Dtwice moreE, ci Dtwice as much asE F e : ori mai mult
/umeralul multiplicativ , A!ata 'e cate o!i c!este o cantitate;
'ouble Z t3ofol' Z in'oit 4'e & o!i5
tenfol' Z inzecit
0ronumele
)unctia pronumelui
P!onumele sunt cuvinte li#site 'e inteles 'e sine statato!. +le nu 'enumesc si nu a!acte!izeaza
nimic/ functia lo! fiin' aceea 'e a inlocui un substantiv/ facan' astfel !efe!i!e la o i'ee/ obiect sau
actiune mentionate ante!io! sau cunoscuta 'e cat!e inte!locuto!.
+..; 0ohn did all the wor!.
He did all the wor!.
,ho did all the wor!6
)orma pronumelui
P!onumele au fo!me s#ecifice in functie 'e;
/umar; singula! , this@ #lu!al J these
#az; Nominativ , she@ Kenitiv , hers@ -ativ , to her@ Acuzativ J her
*en; masculin , he@ Feminin , she@ neut!u , it
P!onumele #ot fi sim#le 4you, which, many5 sau com#use 4everybody, whatever, no one5.
#lasificarea pronumelor
$. Pe!sonale
&. Refle.ive
3. Ne1ota!ate
4. -emonst!ative
5. Relative
. -e Bnta!i!e
*. Inte!ogative
). Reci#!oce
0ronumele personale
/ominativ *enitiv ?ativ Acuzativ
(ingular
I mine 4to5 me me
2ou 2ou!s 4to5 2ou 2ou
1e 1is 4to5 1im 1im
s1e 1e!s 4to5 1e! 1e!
it its 4to5 it it
0lural
3e ou!s 4to5 us us
2ou 2ou!s 4to5 2ou 2ou
t1e2 t1ei!s 4to5 t1em t1em
A!E/!;E% ; se scrie intoteauna cu ma-uscula. -ts (pronume) nu are apostrof. -t.s vine
e la it is sau it has%
)orme arhaice si poetice: #e!s. II sg. , thou, thine, 'to( thee
You / 'hey impersonal , #utem folosi aceste 'oua #!onume #ent!u a vo!bi 'es#!e
oameni in gene!al.
Ex.: You have to drive on the other side of the road in =reat 4ritain.
'hey say she/s very clever.
-t , #oate in'e#lini o se!ie 'e functii 'e ma!e im#o!tanta;
-t impersonal 4in e.#!esii im#e!sonale tem#o!ale/ e.#!iman' sta!ea v!emii/ 'istante sau
in cont!uctii #asive5
+..; *t/s S o/cloc!.
*t was spring.
*s it Monday6
-ow hot it isG
-ow far is it to the station6
-t demostrativ
+..; .ho is it6 *t/s the postman.
*t/s the children.
0ronumele refle+ive
Acestea insotesc un ve!b si se !efe!a la subiect. Se folosesc atunci can' subiectul si
com#lementul 'i!ect se !efe!a la aceeasi #e!soana.
Fo!me; (ingular; myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
0lural; ourselves, yourselves, themselves
+..; * wanted to do it myself but he insisted on helping me.
he fell off the ladder and injured herself.
0ronumele nehotarate
Some, any, every se #ot combina cu one, body, thing #ent!u a obtine #!onumele ne1ota!ate;
anyone, anybody, anything, someone, somebody, something, everyone, everybody, everything.
No #oate fo!ma im#!euna cu body sau one #!onumele; nobody, noone.
/<!A% Atat in engleza britanica cat si in cea americana, pronumele nehotarate
anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, no-one sunt in punct e veere
gramatical la singular si trebuie folosite cu un verb la singular.
Alte pronume nehotarate: enough, few, fewer, less, little, many, much, several, more, most,
all, both, every, each, any, either, neither, none, some.
?e retinut% ?aca acestea forme precea un substantiv nu mai sunt pronume, ci
eterminanti substantivali.
+..; <ew will be chosen@ fewer will finish, Little is expected.
0ronumele emonstrativ
P!onumele 'emost!ative; this, these, that, those, such #ot functiona atat ca #!onume/ cat si ca
'ete!minanti substantivali.
+..; +hat is incredibleG 4!efe!!ing to somet1ing 2ou %ust sa35
* will never forget this. 4!efe!!ing to a !ecent e.#e!ience5
Such is my belief. 4!efe!!ing to an e.#lanation %ust ma'e5
+his si these suge!eaza i'eea 'e a#!o#ie!e tem#o!ala sau s#atiala/ #e can' that si those
suge!eaza i'eea 'e 'e#a!ta!e.
+..; +hese 'panca!es sitting here now on my plate( are delicious. +hose 'panca!es that *
had yesterday morning( were even better.
+his 'boo! in my hand( is well written@ that 'boo! that */m pointing to, over there, on
the table( is trash.
Aceasta i'ee 'e 'e#a!ta!e se #oate t!ansfo!ma c1ia! in 'is#!et sau inst!aina!e afectiva;
+..; 7re you going to wear these6 '+hey are awful. * do not li!e them at all.(
2an you belive * would have bought that6
0ronumele relative
P!onumele !elativ face !efe!i!e la un substantiv sau inlocuito! substantival mentionat in
conte.tul ate!io! 4antece'ent5 si leaga #!o#ozitia sau g!u#ul 'e cuvinte ca!e e.#lica sau 'a mai
multe 'etalii 'es#!e substantivul antece'ent 'e #!o#ozitia continan' substantivul 'ete!minat.
P!onumele !elative sunt ; who, whoever, which, that.
+..; +he student who studies hardest usually does the best.
Alege!ea co!ecta 'int!e which si that se insc!ie #!int!e cele mai f!ecvente nelamu!i!i ale
stu'entilo! la limba engleza. In gene!al/ which se foloseste #ent!u a int!o'uce #!o#ozitii ca!e au
natu!a 'e #a!anteze/ e.#licatii su#limenta!e 'a! ca!e #ot fi inlatu!ate sau omise fa!a a sc1imba
intelesul f!azei. -in acest motiv #!o#ozitiile int!o'use #!in which sunt in gene!al int!e vi!gule.
-in cont!a #!o#ozitiile int!o'use 'e that sunt consi'e!ate in'is#ensabile sensului f!azei si nu se
vo! #une int!e vi!gule.
.ho si fo!mele sale se !efe!a la #e!soane/ which se !efe!a la luc!u!i/ ia! that #oate face
!efe!i!e la ambele.
+..; +he man who hijac!ed the plane wanted to get to 2uba
+he couple who live next door have the radio on all night.
+he team that won the championship received a great reception.
+his is the program which won the pri>e.
.e/ll plant new trees to replace those which fell.
0ronumele e intarire
Insoteste substantive sau #!onume #e!sonale #ent!u a le sublinia. Ca fo!ma sunt i'entice cu
#!onumele !efle.ive; (ingular; myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself
0lural; ourselves, yourselves, themselves
+..; * myself don/t !now the answer.
Mary did all this herself.
Mary herself did all this.
E+presii: by myself Z singu!/ 'e unul singu! +..; * wor!ed by myself.
0ronumele interogativ
P!onumele inte!ogative int!o'uc int!eba!i/ #!o#ozitii inte!ogative 'i!ecte sau in'i!ecte.
)orme; who6 what6 which6 whose6 'to( whom6
+..; ,ho said that6
,hose are those boo!s6
* do not remember to whom * gave my sweater.
,hat happened6
,hat/s the weather li!e6
0ronumele reciproce
)orme; each other si one another. Se folosesc #ent!u a e.#!ima !elatii 'e !eci#!ocitate int!e
fiinte/ i'ei/ luc!u!i.
+..; *f 4ob gave 7licia a boo! for 2hristmas and 7licia gave 4ob a boo! for 2hristmas,
we can say that they gave each other boo!s.
My mother and * give each other a hard time.
+hey borrowed each other/s ideas.
?e retinut% #ach other se refera la oua obiecte, pe can one another face referire la
mai mult e oua obiecte sau fiinte.
+..; +he scientists in this lab often use one another/s e"uipment.
-oc!ey players hit one another "uite fre"uently.
0ronumele D;!E C functii:
$. P!onume #e!sonal/ #e!soana a t!eia sg./gen neut!u J folosit #ent!u obiecte Si noViuni
abst!acte/ ne#e!sonificate/ animale ne#e!sonificate Si cU!o!a nu li se cunosc se.ul sau sunt
luate Bn sens gene!ic.
Ex: -ere is a boo!. *t is very interesting.
-ow ould is your baby6 *t is five months ould.
&. P!onume #e!sonal,folosit #ent!u a in'ica;
a. +impul dupN calendar sau ceas ; It is si. oTcloc> on t1e 4
t1
of Feb!ua!2.
b. Scurgerea timpului: It is getting la>e Jse face tC!ziu
c. Starea atmosfericN; It is getting 'a!> Jse Bntune!iceSte@ ItTs !at1e! clou'2 Jmai
'eg!abU e Bno!at
'. <enomene meteorologice Ui naturale; It is !aining cats an' 'ogs J#louU cu
gUleata4to!enVial5@ It t1un'e!s JtunU@ It lig1tens Jfulge!U@ It is ten 'eg!ees above
ze!o Jsunt E$(]
f. 5istanVele: ItTsnea!l2 ten >ilomet!es to Albota,sunt a#!oa#e $( >m #CnU la Albota.
g. Starea lucrurilor Mn general; ItTs o> sau itTs all !ig1t=
3. P!onume 'emonst!ativ 4ec1ivalent cu I1at sau L1ic1 !sfe!in'u,se la ceva vUzut sau
menVionat Bnainte5
+. ; -e expressed his sympathies %Uia pre>entat condoleanVele
*t was nice of him 'to do that( %drNguV din partea lui 'sN facN asta(
4. P!onume int!o'uctiv
a. Int!o'uctiv antici#ativ , a!e !olul 'e a int!o'uce #!o#o2iVia #!int!,un subiect fo!mal
'eoa!ece subiectul !eal este 'e#lasat 'u#U numele #!e'icativ #ent!u a,l scoate Bn evi'enVU.
Ex: *tAs nice to see ,seeing such a garden %este o plNcere sN ve>i o asmenea
grNdinN.
Subiectul real se #oate e.#!ima #!in;
Infinitivul lung JTto seeT
Const!ucVii ge!umviale
H #!o#oziVie subiectivU/'e obicei int!o'usU #!in con%uncVia I1at.
b. Int!o'uctiv 'e BntU!i!e sau sublinie!e avCn' !olul 'e a sublinia foa!te #ute!nic sau 'e a
scoate Bn evi'enVU o!ica!e #a!te a #!o#oziViei cu e.ce#Via #!e'icatului.
Ex: *tAs &eter who,that solved all the problems. &eter este cel care a re>olvat
toate problemele.
5. P!onume nesemnificativ Jfolosit ca/ com#lement 'i!ect fo!mal mai ales al uno! ve!be
int!anzitive. Acest ti# 'e #!onume a#a!e f!ecvent Bn engleza vo!bitU.
Ex: Shall we cab it to the station 6 %SN luNm taxiul pLnN la staVie.
9o,*A would rather foot it. %9u,prefer sN merg pe jos.
Verbul (the verb)
A. Verbele au+iliare 4 to be, to o, to have 5
Sunt ve!be 'eosebit 'e #ute!nice
Au fo!me 'istincte #t. #!ezent si t!ecut
Int!a in alcatui!ea alto! tim#u!i ve!bale;
to be la toate fo!mele 'e continuu
to have la toate tim#u!ile #e!fecte
Nu,si #ot fo!ma #a!tici#iul ne'efinit 4fo!ma in OingP5 cu e.ce#tia situatiei can' ve!bul Oto
1aveP #ie!'e sensul 'e a avea/ a #ose'a si int!a in alcatui!ea alocutiunilo! verbale 'to have a
bath, to have a shower, to have a rest, to have tal!, to have a wal!, to have lunch5.
Isi fac singu!e inte!ogativul #!in inve!sa!ea cu subiectul
Isi fac negativul #!in a'auga!ea negatiei OnotP
Isi fac singu!e int!eba!ea 'is%unctiva si !as#unsul scu!t
Ex: -e has a car. -asn8t he6 1es, he has.
I!ecutul ve!belo! au.ilia!e^
Pt. to be J was la #e!s I si a II,a singula!/ were #t. toate celelalte
Pt. to have J had
VEKB6L BE
M+ J LAS J M++N
Utiliza!e;
$. #ent!u const!ui!ea tim#u!ilo! continue si a fo!mei #asive;
I1e ol' man is ta!ing an afte!noon na#.
I1e b!i'ge was destroyed b2 t1e ea!t16ua>e.
&. #ent!u a e.#!ima e.istenta/ sta!ea fizica sau mentala sau alte info!matii 'es#!e o #e!soana
sau un luc!u;
-!. Ro1nson is a 'entist. Xe is calm an' #atient.
3. #ent!u a e.#!ima va!sta;
I1e bab2 is t3o mont1s ol'. Xo3 ol' are 2ouW
4. BE !< 1 ;/);/;!;V; #ent!u a 'a o!'ineAinst!uctiuni sau #ent!u a comunica un #lan;
Gou are to finish 2ou! 1ome3o!> befo!e 'inne!. 4Z Gou must finis15
I1e c1ai!man is to give 1is annual s#eec1 tomo!!o3. 4Z Xe #lans to give5
5. BE AB<6! !< 1 ;/);/;!;V; #ent!u a in'ica viito!ul ime'iat;
Neg is about to leave. 4Z Neg is on t1e #oint of leaving.5
. !'EKE 1 BE 1 (6B(!A/!;V; #ent!u a in'ica e.istenta unei fiinte sau a unui luc!u;
+here are t3o #ieces of ca!e left in t1e f!i'ge.
+here is a person outsi'e t1e 'oo!.
VEKB6L ?<
-H J -I- J -HN+
Utiliza!e; ?< se foloseste atat ca ve!b au.ilia! cat si ca ve!b #!o#!iu,zis.
A. ?< ca ve!b au.ilia!;
$. #ent!u a fo!ma negativul si inte!ogativul #!ezentului sim#lu so t!ecutului sim#lu;
I1e >itten doesn8t #la2 3it1 st!ange!s.
5id t1e2 go to t1e o#e!a 2este!'a2W
&. #ent!u a evita !e#eta!ea aceluiasi ve!b sau aceleiasi e.#!esii;
N2 com#an2 ma'e a #!ofit last 2ea! but IMN did not.
Na!2 t2#e' t1at lette! ve!2 ba'l2. S1e ce!tainl2 did=
3. #ent!u a sublinia un afi!mativ sau im#e!ativ;
5o eat 2ou! vegetables=
GouQ!e 3!ong; I did #a2 2ou=
M. ?< ca ve!b #!o#!iu,zis J a!e sensul gene!al 'e a 'uce la bun sfa!sit/ a !ealiza/ a e.ecuta/ a
a'minist!a/ a #une in #!actica;
Stu'ents s1oul' do t1e e.e!cises at t1e en' of eac1 unit.
Xe al3a2s does t1e %ob 3ell.
I1e office cle!> did t1e t!ansaction 2este!'a2.
/<!A: A nu se confuna ?< cu 2APE% Verbul 2APE are sensul general e a crea, a
prouce, a construi, a cauza, a face sa fie sau a prepara. Com#a!ati;
to 'o someone a favou! to ma>e a f!ien'
to 'o oneQs best to ma>e t1e be'
to 'o goo' to ma>e mone2
to 'o t1e 'is1es to ma>e a !ule
to 'o t1e s1o##ing to ma>e a mista>e
to 'o oneQs 1ome3o!> to ma>e a mess
to 'o a c!oss3o!' #uzzle to ma>e a living
to 'o oneQs 'ut2 to ma>e fun of someone
to 'o 3ellAba'l2 to ma>e oneself at 1ome
VEKB6L 'AVE
XAV+ J XA- J XA-
Utiliza!e; 'AVE se foloseste atat ca ve!b au.ilia! cat si ca ve!b #!o#!iu,zis.
A. 'AVE ca ve!b au.ilia!;
$. #ent!u a fo!ma alte tim#u!i;
&resent perfect: I have 3o!>e'.
&ast perfect: I had 3o!>e'.
<uture perfect: I will have 3o!>e'.
&ast conditional: I would have 3o!>e'.
&. 'A? BE!!EK 1 ;/);/;!;V fara !< 4s1o!t INFINIIIV+5;
I1e2 had better study 1a!' f!om t1e fi!st 'a2 of sc1ool. 4It 3oul' be a goo' i'ea
if t1e2 stu'ie' 1a!' f!om5
GouQd better go 1ome. 4It 3oul' be a goo' i'ea if 2ou 3ent 1ome.5
3. ; L</Q! 'AVE 1 #<20LE2E/! 1 4;/*;
I won8t have t1at dog slee#ing on m2 be'= 4I 3onQt #e!mit t1at 'og to slee# on m2
be'=5
M. 'AVE ca ve!b #!o#!iu,zis;
$. #osesia;
Anne al3a2s has a col'.
Anne doesn8t al3a2s have a col'.
5oes Anne al3a2s have a col'W
Can' 'AVE este u!mat 'e KHI/ se inta!este sensul #osesiv.
-ebbieQs got a lovel2 voice.
-ave 2ou got a com#ute!W
&. a manca/ a bea sau a o!ganiza;
I1e t3ins usuall2 have 'inne! ea!l2.
N2 aunt Na!2 doesn8t have coffee often.
Hu! neig1bou!s had a coc>tail #a!t2 last 3ee>.
3. 'AVE 1 #<20LE2E/! 1 0A(! 0AK!;#;0LE;
N!s. Rile2 had 1e! house painted. 4N!s. Rile2 got someone to #aint 1e! 1ouse.5
N2 best f!ien' has 1is hair trimmed eve!2 F!i'a2. 4N2 best f!ien' 1as someone to
cut 1is 1ai! eve!2 F!i'a2.5
B. Verbele moale
Ve!be #ute!nice
Au fo!me 'istincte #t. #!ezent si t!ecut
Nu au infinitiv lung 4a'ica cu to in fata5
Ex: * can 'fara to( go
Nu #e!mit 'u#a ele ve!be la infinitiv lung
Nu a#a! nicio'ata singu!e/ cu e.ce#tia !as#unsului scu!t
Nu #ot avea fo!ma in OingP
Nu isi #ot fo!ma toate tim#u!ile
Au inlocuito!i
Isi fac inte!ogativul #!in inve!sa!e cu subiectul
Isi fac negativul #!in a'auga!ea negatiei OnotP
Isi fac singu!e int!eba!ea 'is%uncta si !as#unsul scu!t
#A/
Utiliza!e;
$. #ent!u a ce!e/ a aco!'a sau a !efuza #e!misiunea/ simila! cu may/ 'a! mai #utin fo!mal;
Gou can '!ive at seventeen in t1e UY.
2an I bo!!o3 2ou! #en/ #leaseW IQve left mine at 1ome.
Gou cannot go 1unting out of season.
/<!A: forme alternative: Jou are permitted / are allowed to / may rive ar
seventeen in the 6P.
A!E/!;E: la negativ, could si might au sensuri iferite.
+.; Yen could not be buil'ing t1e 1ouse b2 1imself. 4It is im#ossible/ it is too
muc1 3o!>.5
Yen might not be buil'ing t1e1ouse b2 1imself. 4Xe is buil'ing t1e 1ouse
1imself/ 1e #!obabl2 1as 1el#.5
&. #ent!u a face !efe!i!e la #!obabilitate/ #osibilitate sau im#osibilitate in #!ezent/ in t!ecut
sau la con'itional;
9oo>/ t1e!eQs #lent2 of sno3/ 3e can go s>iing to'a2.
9etQs t!2 1is office/ 1e could be t1e!e.
Mill cannot '!ive fo! a fe3 3ee>s/ 1eQs b!o>en 1is leg.
3. #ent!u a face !efe!i!e la abilitate sau in'emana!e in #!ezent/ in t!ecut sau la con'itional;
S1e is a g!eat sec!eta!2@ s1e can t2#e ninet2 3o!'s a minute.
2an 2ou s#ea> +nglis1W
Iim is 1o#eless. Xe can8t even f!2 an' egg.
If 1e stu'ie' 1a!'e!/ 1e could #ass t1e e.am.
NHIA; #ent!u alte tim#u!i/ se foloseste be able to;
S1e will be able to , has been able to t2#e $(( 3o!'s a minute.
4. coul 1 ;/);/;!;V perfect/ #ent!u a se !efe!i la o actiune ca!e nu a avut loc;
Gou could have hurt 2ou! bac> lifting t1at 1eav2 table.
I could have driven 2ou to t1e ai!#o!t/ but I 'i'nQt 1ave m2 ca!.
can' nu stim 'aca actiunea s,a #et!ecut sau nu;
Xave 2ou seen m2 umb!ellaW -a' could have ta!en it.
/<!A: forme alternative:
Gou might have hurt 2ou! bac> lifting t1at 1eav2 table.
Gou would #!obabl2 have hurt 2ou! bac> lifting t1at 1eav2 table.
Inlocuito!i; to be able to/ to be capable to
2AJ
Utiliza!e;
$. cu !efe!i!e la evenimente sau actiuni #osibile sau #!obabile in #!ezent/ a'esea cu sens 'e
viito!. /ight #oate fi folosit #ent!u a sublinia o foa!te !e'usa #osibilitate;
I1e!eQs a blac> clou' above us. It may !ain.
Alice may get ang!2 if 2ou tell 1e!.
If 2ou t!2 1a!' enoug1/ 2ou might convince 1im to come.
si cu fo!ma continua;
Call me afte! eig1t I may be wor!ing 1a!' late tonig1t.
Ale. sa2s 1e might be going on 1oli'a2 3it1out 1is #a!ents t1is 2ea!.
NHIA; fo!mele alte!native sunt;
Maybe it 3il !ain. It is li!ely to !ain.
Maybe Alice 3ill get ang!2 if 2ou tell 1e!. Alice is li!ely to get ang!2 if 2ou tell 1e!.
&. #ent!u a ce!e/ a ofe!i sau a !efuza #e!misiunea #oliticos;
May I o#en t1e 3in'o3W It is ve!2 1ot in t1is office.
Gou may go in to see t1e 'octo! no3.
Gou may not smo>e in m2 ca!.
NHIA; fo!me alte!native;
7m * allowed to o#en t1e 3in'o3W
1ou are not permitted to smo>e in m2 ca!.
2an I o#en t1e 3in'o3W 4can #oate fi si el folosit/ 'a! este consi'e!at mai #utin #oliticos5
3. cu well #ent!u a in'ica o foa!te ma!e #!obabilitate;
I t1in> it may well !ain to'a2/ loo> at t1ose blac> clou's.
I1e Kove!nment may well 'eci'e to !aise t1e #!ice of gas again.
NHIA; fo!me alte!native;
I t1in> it is very li!ely to !ain to'a2.
I1e Kove!nment is very li!ely to 'eic'e to !aise t1e #!ice of gas.
AI+NII+; may / might as well a!e alt sens;
I1e!e is not1ing inte!esting on IV t1is evening/ I may , might as well 1ave an ea!l2 nig1t.
4Z -in moment ce nu este nimic inte!esant la IV/ e mai bine sa ma 'uc 'ev!eme la
culca!e.5
4. cu o const!uctie #e!fecta #ent!u a face !efe!i!e la o #!esu#une!e in t!ecut;
Mill isnQt at 1is office/ 1e may have gone 1ome ea!l2.
M!ian might not have been >ille' b2 Sall2.
5. cu o const!uctie #e!fecta #ent!u a face !efe!i!e la ceva ca!e s,a! fi #utut #et!ece in t!ecut/
'a! nu s,a #et!ecut@ se #oate folosi numai might;
Gou might have burnt 2ou! 1an' 31ile ta>ing t1at 1ot t!a2 out of t1e oven 4but
2ou 'i'nQt5.
A lot of #eo#le/ 31o might have been save'/ 'ie' 31en t1e Iitanic san>.
. +.#!ima!ea unei inte!'ictii
+.; Peo#le ma2 not b!ing 'ogs into t1e 1otel.
*. +.#!ima!ea unei u!a!i
+.; Na2 all 2ou! '!eams come t!ue.
). -u#a ve!bele Jto hopeK si Jto trustK
+.; * hope 2ou may fin' tic>ets fo! t1e cinema.
". 9a fo!ma negativa a!e 'oa! fo!ma Omay notK 4nu e.ista fo!ma cont!asa ma2nQt5
$(. 9a t!ecut a!e fo!ma ma2 have#participiu trecut si OmightK J mai ales #t con'itional.
$$. Inlocuito!i; Jto be allowed toK/ Jto be permitted toK
26(!
$. Z t!ebuie/ a!ata obligativitatea
+.; I must go no3.
&. A!ata o 'e'uctie logica
+.; As s1e left at fou! s1e must be at 1ome no3.
3. Negativ; mustn8t 4nu t!ebuie5/ needn8t 4nu este necesa!5.
4. I!ecut; must # have E #a!tici#iu t!ecut si had to.
5. Inlocuito!i; to have to, to be obliged to, to be compelled to 4toate Z a fi obligat5
. -ife!enta 'int!e must si have to.
Must Z[ a!ata obligativitatea 'in #unctul meu 'e ve'e!e@
-ave to Z[ a!ata obligativitatea im#usa 'e altii.
+.; I must go no3.
I have to 3ea! unifo!m.
/EE?
$. A!e & valo!i; 4a5 ve!b le.ical/ 4b5 ve!b mo'al.
4a5 Ve!b le.ical , este un ve!b !egulat
+.; I need a ne3 ca!. -o I need a ne3 ca!W
4b5 Ve!b mo'al J se foloseste numai in #!o#ozitii inte!ogative si negative.
+.; 9eed s1e get u# ea!l2W
S1e needn8t go t1e!e.
Atentie% !otusi *need+ se poate intalni si in afirmative ca moal C propozitii in care
e+ista e regula never, hardly, barely, scarcely
+.; Xe hardly need mention 1is name.
&. +.ista & const!uctii cu JneedK consi'e!ate a!1aice.
a5 Nust nee's
+.; I must nee's see 2ou! teac1e!.
b5 Nee's must J suge!eaza i'eea 'e sa!casm
+.; S1e nee's must b!ing me no3 31en I 1ave
<6*'! !<
$. A!ata obligativitatea mo!ala 'e a,si face 'ato!ia
+.; I oug1t to go 4nu a!e acelasi nuanta cu OmustP5
&. -aca e u!mat 'e have si ve!b la #a!tici#iul t!ecut e.#!ima o 'ato!ie ca!e s,a in'e#linit
+.; Gou oug1t to have waited till & oQcloc>.
3. Nu a!e fo!ma 'e sine statatoa!e 'e t!ecut. Se fo!meaza; oug1t E 1ave E #a!tici#iu t!ecut E to
+.; Hug1t 1ave invite' to %oin t1e #a!t2.
4. Negativ; Joughtn8tK
('<6L? 4 +ste mai moale ca ought to
$. A!ata o 'ato!ie ca !ecoman'a!e/ e cel mai slab 'in cele ca!e Z t!ebuie
+.; Gou s1oul' !ea' t1is boo>.
&. Pt e.#!ima!ea su#ozitiei
+.; Fo! 1is age 1e s1oul' be talle!.
3. Folosit 'aca e #!ece'at 'e ve!be ca; to suggest, to propose, to insist, to recommend, to advice
+.; I suggest t1at 2ou s1oul' lea!n +nglis1.
4. Folosit can' este #!ece'at 'e o const!uctie im#e!sonala; it is important, necessary, natural,
better
+.; It is im#o!tant t1at 2ou s1oul' un'e!stan'.
5. Folosit 'u#a const!uctii ca; so that, in order that, for fear that, lest 4ca sa nu5.
+.; I got u# ea!l2 fo! fea! t1atA lestA so t1at I s1oul' a!!ive in time.
. -u#a ve!be 'e sta!i emotionale; to feel sorry for, to be delighted, to be annoyed 4uimit5.
+.; I feel so!!2 t1at 1e s1oul' go bac>. Imi #a!e !au ca t!ebuie sa se intoa!ca.
*. -u#a e.#!esiile; don8t !now why, can8t thin! why, see no reason wh2
+.; I 'onQt >no3 312 2ou s1oul' as> me t1at.
L<6L?
$. Folosit #t. o ce!e!e #oliticoasa
+.; Loul' 2ou give me 2ou! tel. numbe!W
&. U!mat 'e li!e ca sa aiba inteles mai #oliticos
+.; I 3oul' li>e to meet 2ou.
3. Poate fi u!mat 'e JratherP sau OsoonerK #ent!u a e.#!ima #!efe!inta
+.; I 3oul' !at1e! slee# t1an go fo! a 3al>.
4. Pt. a e.#!ima un obicei/ actiune !e#etata in t!ecut
+.; I 3oul' meet 2ou 31eneve! I c!osse' t1e !oa'.
5. Pt a e.#!ima #!obabilitatea
+.; I1e man 3oul' be 1is neig1bo!.
6(E? !<
$. A!ata un obicei t!ecut
+.; I use' to visit m2 g!an' #a!ents 31en I 3as c1il'.
&. A nu se confun'a cu Oto be use' toP ca!e ce!e 'u#a ea ve!bul in OingP
+.; I am use' to getting u# ea!l2. 4sunt obisnuit cu sculatul 'e 'imineata5
?AKE
$. A!e & valo!i; 4a5 mo'ala@ 4b5 le.icala.
4a5 Valoa!ea mo'ala J in #!o#ozitii negative si inte!ogative.
+.; -a!e 2ou sa2 t1isW 4in'!aznesti sa s#ui asta5
I 'a!enQt go t1e!e 4nu in'!aznesc sa me!g acolo5
4b5 valoa!e ca ve!b le.ical in #!o#ozitii afi!mative fiin' ve!b !egulat.
+.; I 'a!e to as> 2ou about m2 'og.
* dare say Z I su##ose
I 'a!e sa2 I 3ill invite t1em to 'inne!.
* daresay Z I acce#t
I 'a!esa2 2ou a!e !ig1t again.
/<!A% 0t a e+prima inignarea se foloseste e+presia: *How dare you+
+.; Xo3 'a!e 2ou come so lateW
#. Verbe le+icale
No'u!ile #!e'icative 4#ot sa fie #!e'icat in #!o#ozitie5;
a5 in'icativ
b5 con'itional
c5 sub%onctiv
'5 im#e!ativ
4$5 No'u!ile ne#!e'icative;
a5 infinitivul
b5 #a!tici#iul
c5 ge!un'
2<?6L ;/?;#A!;V
A!e 3 tim#u!i; , #!ezent
, t!ecut
, viito!
P!ezentul a!e 4 as#ecte; , Sim#lu
, Continuu
, Pe!fect
, Pe!fect continuu
0KERE/!6L (;20L6
$. -esemneaza o actiune !e#etata ce 'evine o obisnuinta
&. A've!be s#ecifice; usually, often, always, every, never
+.; +ve!2 'a2 I go to m2 office.
3. -esemneaza un a'eva! unive!sal valabil/ o lege
+.. Fis1 s3im.
4. Cu valoa!e 'e viito! can' actiunea 'e#in'e 'e un #!og!am.
+.; I1e t!ain a!!ives tonig1t.
5. Pt actiuni #as cu #as 4inst!uctiuni 'e utiliza!e/ in'icatii !egizo!ale/ comenta!ii s#o!tive5
. In na!atiune
+.; I1e bo2 ente!s t1e !oom/ ta>es t1e ball an' goes out.
*. Pt actiuni ca!e/ 'esi se 'esfasoa!a in momentul vo!bi!ii/ nu au 'u!ata 4ve!be non'u!ative5; to
start, to end, to finish, to stop, to "uite, to cancel, to !ill, to die, to shoot.
). Cu ve!be 'e #e!ce#tie senzo!iala; to see, to hear, to taste, to smell, to sound, to feel etc.
". Cu ve!be 'e #e!ce#tie mentala: to thin!, to reali>e, to remember, to forget, to remind, to
suppose.
$(. Cu ve!be 'e #e!ce#tie afectiva; to li!e, to enjoy, to hate, to disli!e.
$$. Se fo!meaza 'in subiect E ve!b la infinitiv scu!t @ #ent!u #e!s III sg se a'auga OsP
$&. No'ifica!i o!tog!afice la #e!soana a III,a;
a5 -aca ve!bul se te!mina in JsK, JssK, JshK, JchK, JtchK, JxK, J>K sau JoK se a'auga OesP
+.; to go Z[ goes
3as1 Z[ 3as1es
b5 -aca ve!bul se te!mina in O2P #!ece'at 'e consoana se t!ansfo!ma O2P in OiP si se a'auga OesP.
+.; c!2 Z[ c!ies
$3. Inte!ogativul 'oA'oes E subiect E ve!b la infinitiv scu!t
+.; S1e c!ies a lot. -oes s1e c!2 a lotW
$3. Negativ subiect E 'onQtA'oesnQt E ve!b la infinitiv scu!t
+.; S1e 'oesnQt c!2.
0KERE/!6L #</!;/66
$. -esemneaza o actiune ce se 'esfasoa!a in momentul vo!bi!ii 4in t1is ve!2 momentAno3A!ig1t
no35
+.; I am s#ea>ing no3.
&. Se foloseste in 'esc!ie!i
+.; I1e sun is s1inning.
3. Cu valoa!e 'e viito! can' actiunea 'e#in'e 'e subiect
+.; I am leaving soon.
4. Pt. actiuni #!ezente #a!alele in 'esfasu!a!e 431en/ 31ile5.
+.; L1ile I am tal>ing 1e is slee#ing.
5. Pent!u actiuni ca!e/ 'esi nu se 'esfasoa!a in momentul vo!bi!ii/ constituie o !u#e!e 'e !itm.
+.; +ve!2 'a2 I get u# at */ but on Sun'a2 I am getting u# at ".
. Pt. actiuni !e#etate ca!e ma ene!veaza
+.; S1e al3a2s eats f!uits befo!e sou#. 4constata!e obisnuita5
'a!
S1e is al3a2s eating f!uits befo!e sou#. 4ene!va!e5
*. Se fo!meaza 'in subiect E ve!bul to be E ve!b in OingP. 4se con%uga 'oa! Oto beP5
Ve!bul in OingP Z #a!tici#iu #!ezent si a!e u!matoa!ele mo'ifica!i o!tog!afice.;
a5 -aca ve!bul se te!mina in OeP acesta ca'e inaintea lui OingP
+.; to 'ance Z[ 'ancing
b5 Ve!bele te!minate in OieP t!ansfo!ma OieP in O2P
+.; to lie Z[ l2ing
c5 ve!bele te!minate in consoana #!ece'ata 'e vocala moale 'ubleaza consoana finala
+.; to sit Z[ sitting
% Sufi.ul OingP nu afecteaza O2P si OiP final al ve!bului
+.; to #la2 Z[ #la2ing
to s>i Z[ s>iing
). Inte!ogativul , se fo!meaza #!in inve!sa!ea au.ilia!ului cu subiectul
+.; Am I slee#ingW
". Negativul , se fo!meaza #!in a'auga!ea negatiei OnotP la ve!bul Oto beP
+.; I am not '!in>ing.
0KERE/!6L 0EK)E#!
$5 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta/ ca!e fie tocmai s,a inc1eiat/ fie ca se 'esfasoa!a int!,un tim#
'esc1is/ ne'ete!minat. S#!e 'eosebi!e 'e t!ecut/ ca!e 'esemneaza tot o actiune t!ecuta/ la #!ezent
#e!fect momentul inc1eie!ii actiunii nu t!ebuie sa fie cunoscut
+.; I sa3 1e! 2este!'a2. 4stiu can' Z[ t!ecut5
'a!
I 1ave seen 1e! latel2. 4nu stiu can' Z[ #!ezent #e!fect5
+.; -i' 2ou see OKone 3it1 t1e 3in'PW 4nu mai #oti sa,l vezi5
'a!
Xave 2ou seen OAme!ican PiePW 4mai #oti sa,l vezi5
% 'e multe o!i la o int!eba!e in #!ezent #e!fect !as#unsul vine in t!ecut 'aca #!ecizez momentul
can' a avut loc actiunea
+.; Xave 2ou met 1e!W
Ges/ I 1ave. I met 1e! an 1ou! ago.
4!as#unsul t!ebuie sa contina O1aveP,ul 'in int!eba!e/ 'a! t!ebuie sa #!ecizez momentul/ si atunci
int!a #e t!ecut5.
Se fo!meaza 'in
1ave A 1as E ve!b III 4#a!tici#iu t!ecut5
Ve!bele se im#a!t in; , !egulate 4a5
, ne!egulate 4b5
(a) Verbele regulate
Au fo!ma II si fo!ma III i'entice/ se fo!meaza cu sufi.ul Oe'P a'augata la fo!ma infinitivului
scu!t
No'ifica!i o!tog!afice;
$5 'aca ve!bul se te!mina in OeP/ a'auga 'oa! O'P
&5 'aca ve!bul se te!mina in O2P #!ece'at 'e consoana/ t!ansfo!ma 2 in i si a'auga Oe'P
+.; c!2 J c!ie'
35 'aca ve!bul se te!mina in OlP/ il 'ubleaza me!eu
+.; t!avel J t!avelle'
cancel J cancelle'
45 'aca ve!bul se te!mina in OicP/ a'auga O>e'P
+.; #anic J #anic>e'
55 'aca ve!bul se te!mina in consoana #!ece'ata 'e vocala moale 4vocala int!e & consoane5/
'ubleaza consoana si a'auga Oe'P
+.; to sto# J sto##e'
(b) Verbele neregulate
Au fo!ma II si fo!ma III 'ife!ite.
A've!bele s#ecifice #!ezentului #e!fect
Int!e cele & ve!be 4au.ilia! si ve!b5 avem
, a've!be 'e f!ecventa 'efinita; 4often/ sel'om/ eve!/ neve!/ usuall2/ sometimes5
, a've!be 'e f!ecventa in'efinita; 4%ust/ !ecentl2/ al!ea'25
+.; I 1ave just met 1e!.

"et J se aseaza 'oa! #e finalul #!o#ozitiei si numai in #!o#ozitii inte!ogative si negative. In
inte!ogative a!e sensul 'e O'e%aP;
+.; -ave 2ou met 1e! 2etW 4'aca a! t!ebui t!ans#usa in #!o#ozitie afi!mativa/ O2etP a! 'eveni
Oal!ea'2P5 Z[ I 1ave al!ea'2 met 1e!.
In negativa a!e sensul 'e OincaP;
+.; I haven8t met 1e! 2et.
for J tim# 'e 4a!ata 'u!ata actiunii/ fa!a a #!eciza momentul 'e ince#ut si 'e final5. In #!o#ozitie
a!e #ozitie a#!oa#e finala.
+.; I 1avenQt met 1e! fo! & 2ea!s.
since J ince#an' 'in 4a!ata momentul 'e ince#ut/ fa!a a #!eciza 'u!ata sau momentul 'e final5.
Pozitia este s#!e finalul #!o#ozitiei.
+.; I 1avenQt met 2ou since Non'a2.
% 'u#a OsinceK u!meaza intot'eauna t!ecut 'aca mai u!meaza o #!o#ozitie
+.; I 1avenQt met 1e! since I came. 4este o actiune mai t!ecuta 'ecat cea cu intalni!ea5
Pe #ozitia finala mai avem a'v 'e tim# 'esc1is 4lately/ today/ this year A month A wee!5.
% #!ezentul #e!fect co!es#un'e in !omana t!ecutului 4#e!fectul com#us5
+.; A nins Z It 1as sno3e' 4nu stiu can'5
'a!
A nins acum o o!a Z It sno3e' an 1ou! ago.
Inte!ogativul J avan' in const!uctie au.ilia!ul Oto beP/ se obtine #!in inve!sia acestuia cu
subiectul
+.; Xas it sno3e'W
Negativul J #!in a'auga!ea negatiei OnotP la au.ilia!ul O1aveP
+.; It 1asnQt sno3e'.
0KERE/! 0EK)E#! #</!;/66
, co!es#un'e in !omana #!ezentului
+.; Ninge 'e & zile. 4ninge Z #!ezent@ de R >ile Z actiunea a ince#ut in t!ecut si continua #ana in
#!ezent5
1ave A 1as E been E V,ing
, 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta ca!e s,a 'esfasu!at necontenit si ca!e fie tocmai s,a inc1eiat/ fie se
'esfasoa!a int!,un tim# ne'ete!minat
+.; It 1as been sno3ing fo! & 'a2s.
% se foloseste 'oa! cu ve!be 'u!ative J ca!e au o 'u!ata 'e actiune 4nu #oti sa s#ui ca moa!e 'e &
o!e5
% se foloseste cu ve!be meteo
% a!e ca!acte! subiectiv 4nu #ot s#une 'es#!e altul ca 'oa!me 'e & o!e5
% cu; to wor!
to live
to study nu se #oate folosi fo!ma continua 'ecat 'aca #!ecizez anumite
con'itii
+.; NU % J I 1ave been 3o!>ing all m2 life. 4ve!b e.istential Z #leonasm5
-A J I 1ave been 3o!>ing in t1is com#an2 all m2 life.
% 'aca #!ecizez 'e cate o!i s,a 'esfasu!at o actiune/ nu mai #ot folosi fo!ma continua/ #ent!u ca
#!actic se f!agmenteaza actiunea.
+.; Citesc ca!tea asta 'e can' am venit 4nu stiu 'e cate o!i5
I 1ave been !ea'ing t1is boo> since I came.
'a!
Am citit ca!tea asta 'e & o!i 'e can' am venit.
I 1ave !ea' t1is boo> t3ice since I came. 4am ince#ut/ am te!minat/ ia! am ince#ut/ etc.5
A've!be s#ecifice J sunt 'e continuitate 4since si for5
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul O1aveP
!KE#6!6L
Iim#ul t!ecut a!e 4 fo!me; , sim#lu 4I5
, continuu 4II5
, #e!fect 4III5
, #e!fect continuu 4IV5
;. !recutul simplu
Fo!ma; ve!bul la fo!ma II
$5 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta/ !e#etata/ 'evenita obisnuinta 4in !omana co!es#un'e cu
#e!fectul com#us5
+.; I use' to visit m2 g!an'#a!ents last 2ea!.
&5 'esemneaza o actiune la ca!e momentul inc1eie!ii ei este bine #!ecizat
A've!be s#ecifice J 2este!'a2/ t1e 'a2 befo!e 2este!'a2/ 3 'a2s ago/ last 2ea! A mont1/ t1e ot1e!
'a2/ 31en/ etc.
+.; I visite' t1em 2este!'a2.
35 a!e valoa!e 'e #!ezent la t!ece!ea 'e la vo!bi!ea 'i!ecta la vo!bi!ea in'i!ecta
+.; S1e sai'/ OI 3ant to 3inP.
'evine
S1e tol' me t1at s1e 3ante' to 3in.
4Vi!gula a!e valoa!e 'e & #uncte inainte 'e cuvintele cuiva si nu e.ista linie 'e 'ialog/ ci
g1ilimelele 'e sus5.
Inte!ogativ J -i' E 4S5 E V infinitiv scu!t
+.; -i' 2ou 3atc1 IVW
Negativ J 4S5 E 'i'nQt E V infinitiv scu!t
+.; I 'i'nQt 3atc1 IV.
;;. !recutul continuu
Co!es#un'e im#e!fectului in !omana 4vo!beam/ sc!iam/ citeam5
Fo!ma; 3as A 3e!e E V,ing
$5 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta ce se 'esfasoa!a int!,un anumit moment bine 'efinit sau int!,un
moment t!ecut !a#o!tat momentului vo!bi!ii 4ie!i #e v!emea asta Z t1is time 2este!'a25
+.; I 3as 3!iting t1is time 2este!'a2 A 2este!'a2 at 5 oQcloc>.
&5 se foloseste in 'esc!ie!ile #e t!ecut
+.; I1at 'a2 t1e 3in' 3as blo3ing 1a!'.
% #ent!u na!atiune se foloseste t!ecutul sim#lu.
+.; I1e c1il' got t1e ball an' #ut it into t1e bo..
35 'esemneaza actiunile t!ecute #a!alele in 'esfasu!a!e 4cu O31enP si O31ileP5
+.; L1ile I 3as tal>ing/ 2ou came.
45 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta/ !e#etata/ ca!e ma ene!va
+.; Xe 3as always as>ing me to 1el# 1im=
Inte!ogativul si negativul J #!in au.ilia!ul Oto beP
+.; Las I 'ancing 31en 2ou cameW
;;;. !recutul perfect
Co!es#un'e in !omana cu mai mult ca #e!fectul 4cantasem/ vo!bisem/ citisem5.
Fo!ma; 1a' E ve!b III
$5 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta/ inc1eiata inaintea unei alte actiuni t!ecute
+.; H vazusem inainte sa #lece Z 4inainte am vazut,o si 'u#a aceea a #lecat5
I 1a' seen 1e! befo!e s1e left.
&5 'esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta/ inc1eiata inaintea unui moment t!ecut
+.; H vazusem inainte 'e $")".
I 1a' seen 1e! befo!e $")".
35 este s#ecifica const!uctiilo! cu hardly/ barely/ scarcely/ no sooner/ mai ales in inve!sie.
+.; I 1a' met 1e! befo!e s1e left.
cu inve!sie 'evine
-ardly 1a' I met 1e! 31en s1e left.
A'v s#ecifice J after/ before/ hardly/ barely/ scarcely/ just/ already/ by the time, for, since
+.; I 1a' just invite' 1e! to 'inne! 31en 2ou a!!ive'.
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul O1a'P
;V. !recut perfect continuu
Fo!ma; 1a' E been E V,ing
-esemneaza o actiune t!ecuta 'esfasu!ata necontenit si inc1eiata inaintea unei alte actiuni t!ecute
sau al unui moment t!ecut
+.; I 1a' been 3aiting fo! 2ou & 1ou!s befo!e 2ou came.
A've!be s#ecifice J for/ since/ after si before
% nu se foloseste 'ecat cu ve!be 'u!ative/ a!e ca!acte! subiectiv 'oa! can' actiunea a!e o
s#ecificatie 'e genul
+.; I 1a' been living in this house fo! 5 2ea!s befo!e 3e move'.
% 'aca #!ecizez 'e cate o!i s,a 'esfasu!at o actiune/ nu se mai #oate folosi fo!ma continua
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul O1a'P
V;;!<K6L
Viitorul simplu
Fo!ma; s1all
4I sg/ #l5
A 3ill E V infinitiv scu!t 4in SUA J will la toate #e!soanele5
P!escu!ta!e; Tll
+.; GouQll be 1ome soon.
$5 'esemneaza o actiune viitoa!e ce se va 'esfasu!a int!,un moment bine 'efinit
A've!be s#ecifice J tomorrow/ the day after tomorrow/ next / the following
&5 'esemneaza o actiune viitoa!e 'esfasu!ata in mo' !e#etat/ 'evenita obisnuinta
A've!be s#ecifice J al3a2s/ usuall2/ often
+.; I s1all al3a2s t1in> of 2ou.
% 'aca in #!o#ozitia #!inci#ala am viito!/ in secun'a!a nu #ot avea 'ecat #!ezent. Acest #!ezent
#oate sa fie;
a5 sim#lu J 'aca 'e#in'e 'e un #!og!am
+.; I s1all come 31en t1e t!ain a!!ives.
b5 continuu J 'aca 'e#in'e 'e subiect
+.; I s1all come 31en I am fin'ing t1e tic>et.
c5 #!ezent #e!fect J can' actiunea este ante!ioa!a momentului viito!
+.; I s1all come 31en I 1ave save' enoug1 mone2.
% #!o#ozitiile secun'a!a int!o'use #!in tem#o!ale 4when/ while/ before/ after/ as soon as/ till/
until/ etc.5 si if/ nu #ot sa contina viito! si contin #!ezent.
Inte!ogativul J #!in inve!sia au.ilia!ului s1all A 3ill
+.; Lill 2ou ta>e t1is ca!W
Negativul J s1all E not Z s1anQt
3ill E not Z 3onQt
Viitorul continuu
Fo!ma; s1all A 3ill E be E V,ing
$5 'esemneaza o actiune viitoa!e ce se va 'esfasu!a int!,un moment viito! !a#o!tat momentului
vo!bi!ii sau int!,un moment viito! !a#o!tat momentului #!ecizat 4tomo!!o3 t1is time A tomo!!o3
bet3een 3 an' 55.
&5 actiuni viitoa!e in 'esfasu!a!e 4#a!alele5 J 31en/ 31ile
+.; L1ile IQm 3atc1ing IV 2ou 3ill be slee#ing.
% atentie/ nu #ot avea viito! in ambele 4when si while nu #e!mit viito!5
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul viito! Os1all A 3illP
Viitorul e intentie
Fo!ma; to be going to E V infinitiv scu!t
4se con%uga 'oa! ve!bul Oto beP5
$5 'esemneaza intentia 4am 'e gan' sa/ intentionez sa5/ o actiune viitoa!e ce u!meaza sa aiba loc
int!,un moment viito! a#!o#iat
+.; I t1in> itQs going to !ain.
% nu se #oate folosi cu ve!bul Oto goP si Oto comeP/ ci cu Oto leaveP si Oto !etu!nP
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul Oto beP
Viitorul apropiat
-esemneaza o actiune viitoa!e ce se va 'esfasu!a 'ato!ita unei #o!unci/ o!'in/ !ugaminte/ sau
int!,un moment ime'iat u!mato!.
A!e & fo!me; a5 to be to E V infinitiv scu!t 4folosit #t o!'ine/ comenzi5
+.; Gou a!e to !ea' t1e boo> befo!e mi'nig1t.
b5 to be about to E V infinitiv scu!t 4Z a fi #e #unctul 'e a5
+.; Xe is about to c!2.
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul Oto beP
Viitorul in trecut
Fo!ma; s1oul' A 3oul' E V infinitiv scu!t
+ste un tim# sintetic ca!e nu #oate sa a#a!a in #!o#ozitia #!inci#ala/ ci in secun'a!a atunci can'
in #!o#ozitia #!inci#ala am un ve!b la tim#ul t!ecut si v!eau sa suge!ez o actiune ulte!ioa!a acelui
moment t!ecut.
+.; I,am s#us ca ma voi 'uce la film.
4t!ecut5 viito! 4in !om5
I tol' 1e! t1at I s1oul' go to t1e movie.
% 'aca actiunea ce u!meaza sa se 'esfasoa!e in #!o#ozitia secun'a!a a!e 'u!ata/ voi folosi fo!ma
continua Z[ s1oul' A 3oul' E be E V,ing
+.; I tol' 1im t1at I s1oul' be 3aiting fo! 1im.
Celelalte fo!me 'e viito! in t!ecut 4viito! 'e intentie in t!ecut A viito! a#!o#iat in t!ecut5 a#a! can'
am un ve!b la t!ecut in #!inci#ala/ ia! in secun'a!a t!ebuie sa suge!ez o actiune ulte!ioa!a. In
acest caz ve!bul Oto beP a#a!e la t!ecut.
+.; I,am s#us ca am 'e gan' sa cum#a! masina.
I tol' 1im t1at I 3as going to bu2 t1e ca!.
Viitorul perfect
Fo!ma; s1all A 3ill E 1ave E ve!b III
+ste o actiune viitoa!e 'esfasu!ata int!,un moment viito! ante!io! ince#ut.
+.; Pana la sfa!situl anului voi fi invatat toate ve!bele. 4ince# sa invat mai 'e mult si #ana la
momentul viito! 'e !e#e!/ actiunea va fi te!minata5.
I s1all 1ave lea!ne' all t1e ve!bs b2 t1e en' of t1e 2ea!.
% 'aca e.ista actiune cu 'esfasu!a!e necontenita/ folosesc o fo!ma continua
s1all A 3ill E 1ave E been E V,ing
+.; Ie voi fi aste#tat & o!e #ana la sfa!situl zilei.
I s1all 1ave been 3aiting fo! 2ou & 1ou!s b2 t1e en' of t1e 'a2.
)iitorul perfect si viitorul perfect continuu nu se folosesc decat in vorbire 'nu le intalnim in
+3E<L decat la listening GGG(
Inte!ogativul si negativul J cu au.ilia!ul
#</?;!;</AL6L
A!e 3 fo!me; 7) viitor 4con'itie !eala/ #osibil 'e !ealizat in viito!5
In #!inci#ala J conitional viitor (shall 5 will 1 V inf scurt)
In secun'a!a J prezent simplu 4'aca 'e#in'e 'e un #!og!am5
+.; I s1all come if t1e #lane lan's on time.
J prezent continuu 4'aca actiunea 'e#in'e 'e mine5
+.; I s1all come if I am 'esi!ing t1is.
J prezent perfect 4'aca actiunea este ante!ioa!a5
+.; I s1all come if I 1ave 'one m2 1ome3o!>.
Acest con'itional co!es#un'e !egulii 'e la viito! 4viito! in #!inci#ala J #!ezent in secun'a!a5/
'ife!enta constan' in fa#tul ca am con%unctia OifP.
:) prezent 4actiune i!eala/ 'a! #osibil 'e !ealizat in #!ezent sau viito!5
In #!inci#ala J conitional prezent (shoul 5 woul 1 V inf scurt)
In secun'a!a J sub-onctiv trecut 5 trecut simplu
4'ife!enta sub% J t!ecut este ca Oto beP a!e la sub%. fo!ma i'entica were5
+.; As veni 'aca as avea tim#.
I s1oul' come if I 1a' time.
-aca as fi in locul tau as citi ca!tea.
If I 3e!e 2ou I s1oul' !ea' t1e boo>.
=) trecut 4actiune i!eala si im#osibil 'e !ealizat/ tine 'e un moment t!ecut5
In #!inci#ala J conitional perfect (shoul 5 woul 1 have 1 V ;;;)
In secun'a!a J sub-onctiv trecut perfect 5 trecut perfect
+.; N,as fi 'us acolo 'aca as fi stiut a'!esa.
I s1oul' 1ave gone t1e!e if I 1a' >no3n t1e a''!ess.
% JifK #oate fi omis #ent!u cazu!ile & si 3. Hmisiunea se face #!in a'uce!ea #!o#ozitiei secun'a!e
in fata si inve!sia subiectului cu #!e'icatul.
0entru conitionalul ::
I s1oul' go t1e!e if I 1a' time.
devine
Xa' I time s1oul' I go t1e!e.
0entru conitionalul =:
I s1oul' 1ave gone t1e!e if I 1a' >no3n t1e a''!ess.
devine
Xa' I >no3n t1e a''!ess I s1oul' 1ave gone t1e!e.
% 'aca in con'itionalul & nu am un ve!b au.ilia! sau mo'al ca!e sa #oata face inve!sia cu
subiectul/ ma voi folosi 'e JshouldK.
+.; I s1oul' go t1e!e if I >ne3 t1e a''!ess.
devine
S1oul' I >no3 t1e a''!ess/ I s1oul' go t1e!e.
% 4este singu!a 'ata can' avem & 'e Os1oul'P5
;f #oate fi inlocuit #!in alte e.#!esii ca;
unless
but fo!
in case
so long as
#!ovi'ing t1at
#!ovi'e' t1at
su##osing t1at
su##ose t1at
unless 4Z'aca nu5 , se foloseste #t #!o#ozitii negative
+.; I s1oul'nQt go t1e!e if I 'i'nQt >no3 t1e a''!ess.
I s1oul'nQt go t1e!e unless I >ne3 t1e a''!ess.
but for J se foloseste atunci can' in #!o#ozitia secun'a!a am ve!bul Oto beP cu valoa!e 'e
#!e'icat ve!bal la sensul negativ 4il 2 a5. Mut fo! nu se #oate folosi 'ecat #ent!u con'itionalul & si
3.
+. con'it. &; I s1oul' go fo! a 3al> if it 3e!enQt fo! t1e !ain.
#!e' ve!bal neg
4ut for t1e !ain/ I s1oul' go fo! a 3al>.
+. con'it. 3; I s1oul' 1ave invite' t1em if it 1a'nQt been t1ei! c1oice.
#!e' ve!bal neg
4ut for t1ei! c1ioce/ I s1oul' 1ave invite' t1em.
in case J se foloseste numai cu con'itional viito!
+.; I s1all !etu!n if I fin' t1e tic>et.
*n case I fin' t1e tic>et I s1all !etu!n.
so 5 as long as J se foloseste can' suge!ez i'eea 'e !est!ictiona!e
+.; I s1all give 2ou t1e boo> if 2ou ta>e ca!e of it.
So ,as long as 2ou ta>e ca!e of t1e boo>/ I s1all give it to 2ou.
proviing that 5 provie that J tot #ent!u !est!ictie
supposing that 5 suppose that J 4#!esu#unan' ca5
(6BS</#!;V6L
Sub%onctivul a!e & fo!me; , sintetic 4$5 a5 #!ezent
b5 t!ecut 4sim#lu si #e!fect5
, analitic 4&5
7.a) (ub-onctivul sintetic prezent
I'entic ca fo!ma cu infinitivul scu!t@ foa!te folosit in engleza ame!icana
$5 se foloseste in u!a!i
+.; Na2 all 2ou! '!eams come t!ue.
9ong live t1e _ueen.
&5 la in%u!atu!i
+.; -amn 2ou=
Cu!se t1is !ain=
Ko' bless 2ou=
35 in #!o#ozitii secun'a!e int!o'use #!in Ot1atP 'aca in #!inci#ala am o 'o!inta/ o obligatie/ o
necesitate;
to suggest
to !ecommen'
to o!'e!
to 'eman'
to u!ge
+.; I u!ge' t1at s1e sit 'o3n.
45 in #!o#ozitii ca!e contin u!matoa!e@e e.#!esii im#e!sonale;
it is necessa!2
it is essential
it is im#o!tant
+.; It is im#ossible t1at 1e a!!ive in time.
7.b) (ub-onctivul sintetic trecut
(implu
+ste fo!ma a II,a a ve!bului/ numai ca ve!bul Oto beP a!e me!eu fo!ma O3e!eP.
Utiliza!e;
$5 in #!o#ozitiile con'itionalului &
+.; I s1oul' ta>e it if I 3e!e 2ou.
&5 'u#a ve!bul O3is1P
+.; I wish 2ou 3e!e 1e!e.
35 'u#a const!uctiile
itQs time
itQs 1ig1 time
as if
as t1oug1
even if
even t1oug1
3oul' !at1e!
3oul' soone!
su##ose t1at
+.; *t8s time 2ou 3ent t1e!e.
I would rather 'i'nQt go t1e!e.
I tal> as if I 'i'nQt >no3 2ou.
0erfect
I'entic ca fo!ma cu t!ecutul #e!fect 41a' E ve!b III5
Utiliza!e;
$5 in con'itionalul 3
+.; Gou 3oul' 1ave invite' t1em if 2ou 1a' foun' enoug1 s#ace.
&5 'u#a ve!bul O3is1P atunci can' actiunea este t!ecuta si !eg!etata 4sensul #!o#ozitiei t!ebuie se
fie negativ5
+.; I wish I 1a'nQt sai' t1at.
:. (ub-onctivul analitic
Se fo!meaza 'int!,un ve!b mo'al 4s1oul' A 3oul' A mig1t A coul'5 E V infinitiv scu!t. +l a luat
oa!ecum locul sub%onctivului sintetic #!ezent@ este intalnit atat in #!o#ozitia #!inci#ala/ cat si in
cea secun'a!a.
Fo!ma s1all E V infinitiv scu!t
, se foloseste in #!inci#ala cu sensul 'e Ov!eiWP
+.; S1all I 1el# 2ouW 4sa te a%utW5
, se foloseste in secun'a!a cu sensul 'e Ot!ebuieP
+.; I 1ave 'eci'e' t1at t1e2 s1all 1el# 1e!.
Fo!ma s1oul' E V infinitiv scu!t
, se foloseste in #!inci#ala cu sensul 'e O'aca e necesa!P
+.; L12 s1oul' 2ou come so ea!l2W
, se foloseste in secun'a!a 'u#a;
a) e.#!esiile im#e!sonale;
it is im#o!tant
it is necessa!2
it is essential
+.; *t is necessary t1at 2ou s1oul' un'e!stan' t1e #!oblem.
b) in #!o#ozitiile ca!e contin const!uctiile;
fo! fea! t1at 4'e teama ca5
lest 4ca sa nu5
in case
+.; I got u# ea!l2 lest I s1oul' miss t1e t!ain.
c) cu u!matoa!ele ve!be;
to 'eman'
to comman'
to suggest
to !ecommen'
to !e6uest
to insist
+.; I insisted t1at 2ou s1oul' lea!n t1is lesson.
) atunci can' sunt int!o'use 'e;
alt1oug1
31ateve!
t1oug1
+.; .hatever s1e s1oul' sa2 'onQt inte!!u#t 1e!.
Fo!ma ma2 A mig1t E V infinitiv scu!t
$5 se foloseste can' se e.#!ima o u!a!e
+.; Na2 2ou! '!eams come t!ue=
&5 in sub%onctive int!o'use #!in;
it is li>el2
it is #!obable
it is #ossible
+.; *t is possible t1at t1e2 mig1t invite us to 'inne!.
35 in #!o#ozitii int!o'use #!in;
so t1at
t1at
in o!'e! t1at
+.; I #ut t1e #e!fume in f!ont of 2ou so that 2ou mig1t smell it.
Fo!ma 3oul' E V infinitiv scu!t
, se foloseste 'u#a O3is1P
+.; I wish 2ou 3oul' call on 2ou. 4to call on Z a vizita5
Fo!ma coul' E V infinitiv scu!t
, se foloseste #ent!u a e.#!ima o ce!titu'ine
+.; Le stu'ie' a lot so t1at 3e coul' #ass IH+F9.
0A((;VE V<;#E (?;A!ERA 0A(;VA)
, in 'iateza activa/ subiectul face actiunea
, in 'iateza #asiva/ actiunea facuta 'e subiect se !e#e!cuteaza asu#!a acestuia
Subiectul 'in 'iateza activa 'evine com#lement 'e agent/ ia! C- 'in 'iateza activa 'evine
subiect in #asiva.
+.; $5 I 3!ite t1e lette!.
S C-
&5 I1e lette! is 3!itten b2 me.
S C agent
-iateza #asiva #!esu#une un ve!b Oto beP/ ia! ve!bul 'e baza va fi la fo!ma;
V III E b2 E C agent
% o #!o#ozitie ca!e a!e atat C- cat si CI a!e & fo!me 'e #asiv/ fieca!e com#lement 'evenin' #e
!an' subiect
+.; I give 1im m2 boo>.
CI C-
'evine
I1e boo> is given to 1im b2 me.
S
Xe is given t1e boo> b2 me.
S
As#ectul si tim#ul #!e'icatului 'in activa se mentin in #asiva.
% com#lementul 'e agent #oate sa li#seasca 'aca este un #!onume
+.; I !ea' t1e boo>.
I1e boo> is !ea' 4b2 me5. J #oate sa li#seasca
% 'aca subiectul este im#e!sonal 4somebo'2 A someone5/ el #oate 'e asemenea sa li#seasca
-IAI+`A ACIIVA -IAI+`A PASIVA
$5 I eat an egg. An egg is eaten.
&5 I am eating an egg. An egg is being eaten.
35 I 1ave eaten an egg. An egg 1as been eaten.
45 I 1ave been eating an egg. ,
55 I ate an egg. An egg 3as eaten.
5 I 3as eating an egg. An egg 3as being eaten.
*5 I 1a' eaten an egg. An egg 1a' been eaten.
)5 I 1a' been eating an egg. ,
"5 I s1all eat an egg. An egg 3ill be eaten.
$(5 IQm going to eat an egg. An egg is going to be eaten.
$$5 I am to eat an egg. An egg is to be eaten.
$&5 IQm about to eat an egg. An egg is about to be eaten.
$35 I s1oul' eat an egg. an egg 3oul' be eaten.
$45 I s1all 1ave eaten an egg. An egg 3ill 1ave been eaten.
% atentie la #!e#ozitiile ca!e se aseaza la final 4vo! !ezulta & #!e#ozitii una 'u#a alta5
+.; I1e2 sent fo! t1e 'octo!.
I1e 'octo! 3as sent fo! b2 t1em.
+ve!2bo'2 laug1e' at 1im.
Xe 3as laug1e' at b2 eve!2bo'2.
% anumite ve!be 4to eat/ to feel/ to 3ea!/ to 3as1/ to sell/ to !ea'/ to #e!fo!m5 nu #ot avea fo!ma
#asiva can' v!ei sa s#ui ca sunt 'e foa!te buna calitate A se van' singu!e A se #oa!ta singu!e/ etc.
+.; I1ese boo>s sol' 6uic>l2. 4si nu have been sold5
I1e s1oes 3o!e comfo!tabl2. 4si nu have been worn5
% ve!bul Oto g!o3P nu #oate avea sens 'e 'iateza #asiva #ent!u ca este 'e la sine
#<KE(0</?E/!A !;206K;L<K
$5 'aca in #!inci#ala avem prezent/ in secun'a!a #utem avea orice
+.; I >no3 s1e is A 3ill be A 3as 1e!e.
&5 'aca in #!inci#ala avem viitor/ in secun'a!a avem prezent
a5 sim#lu J 'aca 'e#in'e 'e un #!og!am
b5 continuu J 'aca 'e#in'e 'e subiect
c5 #e!fect J 'aca a ince#ut int!,un moment ante!io!
35 'aca in #!inci#ala avem trecut/ in secun'a!a avem 3 !a#o!tu!i;
a5 simultaneitate 4actiuni #a!alele5 Z[ in secun'a!a avem trecut
+.; L1ile I 3as 'ancing/ 1e too> m2 1an'.
b5 ante!io!itate Z[ in secun'a!a avem past perfect
+.; I tol' 1im I 1a' met 1e! befo!e.
c5 #oste!io!itate Z[ in secun'a!a avem future in the past
+.; I tol' 1im I s1oul' go t1e!e.
% #t a'eva!u!i unive!sal valabile nu se !es#ecta !egula cu t!ecutul
+.; Xe tol' me t1at t1e sun !ises f!om +ast.
Verbe neregulate 4 Lista verbelor
;nfinitiv !recut 0articipiu trecut !raucere
to abi'e abo'e abo'e a aste#ta/ a sta/ a locui
to a!ise a!ose a!isen a se !i'ica
to a3a>e a3o>e a3o>e a se t!ezi
to be 3as/ 3e!e been a fi
to bea! bo!e bo!n a se naste
to beat beat beaten a bate
to become became become a 'eveni
to begin began begun a ice#e
to be1ol' be1el' be1el' a za!i/ a ve'ea
to ben' bent bent a i'oi
to beseec1 besoug1t besoug1t a im#lo!a
to bea! bo!e bo!n a se naste
to bet bet bet a #a!ia
to bi' ba'e bi''en a ofe!i/ a licita
to bin' boun' boun' a lega
to bite bit bitten a musca
to blee' ble' ble' a sange!a
to bless blest blest a binecuvanta
to blo3 ble3 blo3n a sufla
to b!ea> b!o>e b!o>en a s#a!ge
to b!ee' b!e' b!e' a c!este
to b!ing b!oug1t b!oug1t a a'uce
to b!oa'cast b!oa'cast b!oa'cast a t!ansmite #!in !a'io
to bu!n bu!nt 4bu!ne'5 bu!nt 4bu!ne'5 a a!'e
to bu!st bu!st bu!st a izbucni
to bu2 boug1t boug1t a cum#a!a
to can coul' been able to a #utea/ a fi #osibil
to cast cast cast a a!unca
to catc1 caug1t caug1t a #!in'e
to c1oose c1ose c1osen a alege
to cleave cleft cleft a 'es#ica
to cling clung clung a se li#i
to come came come a veni
to cost cost cost a costa
to c!ee# c!e#t c!e#t a se ta!a
to cut cut cut a taia
to 'eal 'ealt 'ealt a se ocu#a/ a t!ata aface!i
to 'ig 'ug 'ug a sa#a
to 'o 'i' 'one a face
to '!a3 '!e3 '!a3n a 'esena
to '!eam '!eamt 4'!eame'5 '!eamt 4'!eame'5 a visa
to '!in> '!an> '!un> a bea
to '!ive '!ove '!iven a con'uce masina
to '3ell '3elt '3elt a locui/ a !amane/ a insista
to eat ate eaten a manca
to fall fell fallen a ca'ea
to fee' fe' fe' a 1!ani
to feel felt felt a simti
to fig1t foug1t foug1t a lu#ta
to fin' foun' foun' a gasi
to fl2 fle3 flo3n a zbu!a
to fo!bi' fo!ba'e fo!bi''en a inte!zice
to fo!ecast fo!ecast fo!ecast a #!eve'ea
to fo!esee fo!esa3 fo!eseen a #!eve'ea
to fo!etell fo!etol' fo!etol' a #!ezice
to fo!get fo!got fo!gotten a uita
to fo!give fo!gave fo!given a ie!ta
to fo!go fo!3ent fo!gone
a !enunta la/
a 'a uita!ii
fo!sa>e fo!soo> fo!sa>en a #a!asi
to f!eeze f!oze f!ozen a ig1eta
to get got got a #!imi
to give gave given a 'a
to go 3ent gone a me!ge
to g!in' g!oun' g!oun' a macina
to g!o3 g!e3 g!o3n a c!este
to 1ang 1ung 41ange'5 1ung 41ange'5 a s#anzu!a
to 1ave 1a' 1a' a avea
to 1ea! 1ea!' 1ea!' a auzi
to 1i'e 1i' 1i''en a ascun'e
to 1it 1it 1it a lovi
to 1ol' 1el' 1el' a tine
to 1u!t 1u!t 1u!t a !ani
to >ee# >e#t >e#t a #ast!a
to >neel >nelt >nelt a igenunc1ia
to >nit >nit >nit a t!icota
to >no3 >ne3 >no3n a sti/ a cunoaste
to la2 lai' lai' a aseza
to lea' le' le' a con'uce
to lean leant leant a se s#!i%ini 'e
to lea!n lea!nt 4lea!ne'5 lea!nt 4lea!ne'5 a ivata
to leave left left a lasa/ a #a!asi
to len' lent lent a Bm#!umuta 4cuiva5
to let let let a #e!mite
to lie la2 lain a fi culcat
to lig1t lit lit a a#!in'e
to lose lost lost a #ie!'e
to ma>e ma'e ma'e a face
to mean meant meant a isemna
to meet met met a italni
to misgive misgave misgiven a ins#i!a neic!e'e!e
to mislea' misle' misle' a in'uce i e!oa!e
to mista>e mistoo> mista>en a itelege g!esit
to out'o out'i' out'one a it!ece
to ove!come ove!came ove!come a ivinge
to ove!'o ove!'i' ove!'one a face e.ces
to #a2 #ai' #ai' a #lati
to #ut #ut #ut a #une
to !ea' !ea' !ea' a citi
to !en' !ent !ent a sfasia/ a !u#e
to !i'e !o'e !i''en a cala!i
to !ing !ang !ung a suna
to !ise !ose !isen a se !i'ica
to !un !an !un a ale!ga
to sa2 sai' sai' a s#une
to see sa3 seen a ve'ea
to see> soug1t soug1t a cauta
to sell sol' sol' a vin'e
to sen' sent sent a t!imite
to set set set a fi.a/ a !egla
to se3 se3e' se3n 4se3e'5 a coase
to s1a>e s1oo> s1a>en
a scutu!a/
a clatina
to s1ave s1ave' s1aven a se ba!bie!i
to s1e' s1e' s1e' a va!sa 4lac!imi5
to s1ine s1one s1one a st!aluci
to s1oe s1o' s1o'
a icalta/
a #otcovi
to s1oot s1ot s1ot a Bm#usca
to s1o3 s1o3e' s1o3n a a!ata
to s1!in> s1!an> s1!un> a se st!ange
to s1ut s1ut s1ut a ic1i'e
to sing sang sung a canta
to sin> san> sun> a se scufun'a
to sit sat sat a sta 4#e scaun5
to sla2 sle3 slain a uci'e
to slee# sle#t sle#t a 'o!mi
to sli'e sli' sli' a aluneca
to sling slung slung a azva!li
to slit slit slit
a c!a#a/
a 'es#ica
to smell smelt 4smelle'5 smelt 4smelle'5 a mi!osi
to smite smote smitten a lovi
to so3 so3e' so3n a semana
to s#ea> s#o>e s#o>en a vo!bi
to s#ee' s#e' s#e'
a accele!a/
a goni
to s#ell s#elt 4s#elle'5 s#elt 4s#elle'5 a #!onunta lite!a cu lite!a
to s#en' s#ent s#ent
a #et!ece/
a c1eltui
to s#ill s#ilt s#ilt a va!sa
to s#in s#un s#un
a toa!ce/
a se !oti
to s#it s#at s#at a scui#a
to s#lit s#lit s#lit a 'es#ica
to s#oil s#oilt s#oilt a st!ica
to s#!ea' s#!ea' s#!ea' a itin'e
to s#!ing s#!ang s#!ung a sa!i/ a tasni
to stan' stoo' sto'' a sta i #icioa!e
to steal stole stolen a fu!a
to stic> stuc> stuc> a ifige/ a se li#i
to sting stung stung a ite#a
to stin> stan> stun> a mi!osi u!at
to st!i>e st!uc> st!uc> a lovi
to st!ing st!ung st!ung
a isi!a/
a ico!'a
to st!ive st!ove st!iven a se st!a'ui
to s3ea! s3o!e s3o!n a %u!a
to s3ee# s3e#t s3e#t a matu!a
to s3im s3am s3um a inota
to s3ing s3ung s3ung a se legana
to ta>e too> ta>en a lua
to teac1 taug1t taug1t a ivata/ a #!e'a
to tea! to!e to!n a !u#e/ a sfasia
to tell tol' tol' a s#une
to t1in> t1oug1t t1oug1t a gan'i/ a c!e'e
to t1!o3 t1!e3 t1!o3n a a!unca
to t1!ust t1!ust t1!ust a Bmb!anci
to t!ea' t!o' t!o''en a calca
to un'e!lie un'e!la2 un'e!lain a sustine
to un'e!stan' un'e!stoo' un'e!stoo' a itelge
to u#set u#set u#set a su#a!a
to 3a>e 3o>e 3o>en a se t!ezi
to 3ea! 3o!e 3o!n a #u!ta
to 3eave 3ove 3oven a tese
to 3et 3et 3et a u'a
to 3in 3on 3on a castiga
to 3in' 3oun' 3oun' a se !asuci
to 3!ing 3!ung 3!ung
a f!ange/
a smulge
to 3!ite 3!ote 3!itten a sc!ie
VEKBE #6 0KE0<R;T;;
Io accuse of,a acuza 'e
Io ag!ee 3it1,a fi 'e aco!' cu
Io ag!ee on,a fi 'e aco!' asu#!a
Io a#ologize fo!,a.Si ce!e ie!ta!e #ent!u
Io a##!ove of somet1ing,a a#!oba ceva
Io a!!ive at,a a%unge la
Io as> fo! somet1ing,a ce!e ceva
Io be accustome' to somet1ing,a fi familia! cu ceva
Io be ac6uainte' 3it1,a cunoaSte/a fi obiSnuit cu
Io be af!ei' of somet1ing,a se teme 'e ceva
Io be af!ei' of somebo'2,a se teme 'e cineva
Io be ang!2 3it1 somebo'2,a fi su#U!at #e cineva
Io be an.ious about somet1ing,a fi Bng!i%o!at 'e ceva
Io be astonis1e' at,a fi uimit4uluit5 'e
Io be a3a!e of J a,Si 'a seama 'e/a fi conStient 'e
Io be c1a!acte!istic of,a fi ca!acte!istic #ent!u
Io be close to,a fi a#!oa#e 'e/a fi alUtu!i 'e
Io be confi'ent of,a fi Bnc!ezUto! Bn
Io be c!au2 about,a fi nebun 'u#U
Io be c!uel to,a fi c!u' cu/a fi !Uu faVU 'e/a fi c!u' faVU 'e
Io be 'e#en'ent on A u#on,a fi 'e#en'ent 'e
Io be 'e#!ive'4'i#!aiv5 of,a fi li#sit 'e/a fi 'e#ose'at 'e
Io be 'iffe!ent4'if!ent5f!om,a fi 'ife!it 'e
Io be fon' of,a fi legat 'e
Io be goo' at,a fi bun la/a se #!ice#e la
Io be goo'4>in'5to,a fi amabil cu
Io be g!ateful to,a fi !ecunoscUto! faVU 'e
Io be in'ignant at,a fi in'ignat 'e
Io be of o#inia on t1at,a fi 'e #U!e!e cU
Io be bent on Au#on,a fi 1otU!Ct sU
Io be on t1e move,a fi Bn miSca!e
Io be im#!esse' b2,a fi im#!esionat 'e
Io be in'e#en'ent of,a fi in'e#en'ent 'e
Io be in'iffe!ent to,a fi in'ife!ent faVU 'e
Io be intent on,a fi absolvit 'e
Io be inte!este' in,a fi inte!esat 'e
Iu be %ealous of,a fi gelos #e
Io be #atient 3it1,a fi !Ub'Uto! cu
Io be #olite to,a fi #oliticos4civilizat5cu
Io be #!eoccu#ie' b2,a fi #!eocu#at 'e
Io be #!ou' of,a fi mCn'!u4U5 'e
Io be satisfie' 3it1,a fi mulVumit cu4'e5
Io be sate' 3it1,a fi sUtul4'ezgustat5'e
Io be seize' 3it1,a fi #!ins 'e
Io be simila! to,a fi asmUnUto! cu
Io be so!!2 fo!,a,I #U!ea !Uu #ent!u/a,Si ce!e scuze
Io be su#e!io! to,a fi su#e!io!
Io be su!#!ise' at,a fi su!#!ins 'e
Io be t2#ical of,a fi ca!acte!istic #ent!u
Io beg fo!,a ce!Si/a im#lo!a
Io begin b2,a Bnce#e #!in
Io belong to,a a#a!Vine
Io be3a!e of,a se fe!i 'e/a se #Uzi
Io boast of,a se lUu'a cu/a se fUli cu
Io bo!!o3 f!om,a Bm#!umuta 'e la
Io call fo!,a ce!e/a necesita
Io call on somebo'2,a vizita #e cineva
Io call at a #lace,a t!ece #!int!,un loc
Io ca!e fo!,a Vine la/a,I #lUcea
Io com#a!e 3it14to5,a com#a!a cu
Io com#lain of,a se #lCnge4vUita5'e
Io conceal f!om,a se ascun'e 'e
Io cong!atulate on,a felicita #ent!u
Io cont!ibute to,a cont!ibui la
Io count A!el2 on u#on,a se bizui Abaza #e
Io cu!e of,a vin'eca 'e
Io 'eal 3it1,a se ocu#a 'e 4cu5
Io 'efen' f!om,a a#U!a 'e
Io 'e#en' on4u#on'5,a 'e#in'e 'e
Io 'ie of,a mu!i 'e
Io 'iffe! f!om,a 'ife!i 'e
Io 'o 3it1aut,a face fU!U/a se li#si 'e
Io 'oubt of Ja se Bn'oi 'e
Io emba!> on Ja #a!tici#a la/a o #o!ni Bnt!,o 'i!ecVie
Io esca#e f!om,a scU#a 'e
Io fee'on,a 1!Uni cu
Io fill 3it1,a um#le cu
Io fo!givefo!,a ie!ta #ent!u
Io glanceat,a a!unca o #!ivi!e la
Io go to,a me!ge la/a se 'uce la
Io go in fo!,a se #!ezenta la
Io 1o#e fo!,a s#e!a la
Io in'ulge in,a se 'e'a la/a se com#lace Bn/a Bn'emna sU
Io insist on,a insista asu#!a
Io inte!fe!e in Ja inte!veni4amesteca5 Bn
Io int!u'eon,a 'e!an%a/atulbu!a
Io >noc> at,a bate la
Io laug1 at,a !C'e 'e
Io laug13it1 %o2,a !C'e 'e bucu!ie
Io leavefo!,a #leca la
Io len' to somebo'2,a 'a Bm#!umut cuiva
Io live on,a t!Ui 'in/a t!Ui cu
Io long fo!,a tCn%i 'u#U
Io loo> at,a #!ivi la
Io loo> afte!,a avea g!i%U 'e/a Bng!i%i 'e
Io loo> fo!,a cUuta
Io loo> into,a e.amina
Io loo> li>e,a semUna cu
Io loo> on,a consi'e!a
Io loo> to,a se Bng!i%i 'e
Io meet 3it1,a BntCm#ina
Io mista>e fo!,a confun'a cu/a lua '!e#t
Io move f!omto,a se muta 'in.la.
Io ob%ect to,a obiecta asu#!a4Bm#ot!iva5
Io #a!t 3it1,a se 'es#U!Vi 'e
Io #a!tici#ate in,a #a!tici#a la
Io #ass fo!,a t!ece '!e#t
Io #ee# at,a #!ivi #e fu!iS la
Io #ine fo!,a tCn%i 'u#U
Io #la2 at,a se %uca 'e,a
Io #!event f!om,a Bm#ie'ica sU/a o#!i sU
Io #!ofit b2 somet1ing,a #!ofita 'e ceva
Io #!otect f!om,a #!ote%a 'e/a a#U!a 'e
Io #!ovi'e 3it1,a Bnzest!a cu
Io #ull at,a t!age la
Io #ut in #!actice,a #une Bn #!acticU
Io !ecove! f!om J a,Si !eveni 'u#U/a se face bine 'u#U
Io !efe! to,a se !efe!i la
Io !ef!ain f!om,a se abVine 'e la
Io !emin' somebo'2 of somet1ing,a aminti cuiva 'e ceva
Io !eso!t to somebo'2,a se a'!esa cuiva/a a#ela la cineva
Io !eti!e f!om,a se !et!age 'in
Io !e#!oac1 somebo'2 of somet1ing,a !e#!oSa cuiva ceva
Io !us1 at somet1ing,a se !e#ezi la ceva
Io see to,a se Bng!i%i 'e/a se ocu#a 'e
Io sen' fo!,a t!imite 'u#U
Io se#a!ate f!om,a se#a!a 'e
Io smell of,a mi!osi a
Io stan' fo! J a !e#!ezenta/a lua a#U!a!ea
Io sta!e at,a se uita fi. la/a #!ivi fi. la
Io sta!t fo!,a #o!ni cUt!e4s#!e5
Io subst!act f!om,a scU'ea 'in
Io succee' in in,a !euSi sU
Io su##l2 3it1,a a#!oviziona cu
Io ta>e into account,a lua Bn seamU
Io ta>e into consi'e!ation,a lua Bn consi'e!aVie
Io taste of,a avea gust 'e
Io tell f!om,a 'eosebi 'e
Io t1in> about4of5,a se gCn'i la
Io t!ansfo!m4c1ange5 into,a t!ansfo!ma4sc1imba5Bn
Io t1!eaten 3it1,a ameninVa cu
Io t!anslate f!ominto,a t!a'uce 'in Bn
Io 3ait fo! somebo'2,a aSte#ta #e cineva
Io 3o!!2 about J a,Si face g!i%i Bn #!ivinVa