Horwath & Schonherr - 2012

5EPTEMBRlE / 5EPTEMBER
Energia eolian i alte

surse regenerabile de energie
n Romnia
Wnd EnerQy aC OlhC
CCwaLlC CC_y OUCC
n ROmana
RAPORT / REPORT
Cuprins Index of contents
Introducere
Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i
n lume
1. Romnia i restul lumii
2. Situaia sectorului energiei eoliene n Europa
3. Situaia sectorului energiei eoliene n Romnia
Prevederi legale
1. Pregtirea proiectului de investiie i construcia
unei centrale electrice
1.1. Drepturile reale necesare pentru construirea
1.2. Sistemul de carte funciar n Romnia
1.3. Situaii care ar putea mpiedica/ntrzia
proiectul de investiie
1.4. Autorizaia de construire
1.5. Planifcare urbanistic i categorii de folosin
1.6. Prevederi cu privire la mediu
1.7. Racordarea la reea
1.8. Autorizaia de nfinare
2. Operarea centralei electrice
2.1. Mediu
2.2. Licena de exploatare
2.3. Vnzarea de energie
3. Sistemul de promovare i tranzacionarea
certifcatelor verzi
3.1. Reglementri legale
3.2. Cadrul general
3.3. Acreditarea
3.4. Emiterea de certifcate verzi
3.5. Tranzacionarea si inregistrarea certifcatelor verzi
3.6. Excesul de certifcate verzi
3.7. Capaciti energetice cu puteri instalate mari
3.8. Supracompensarea
3.9. Cumulul de ajutoare
4. Legislaia Uniunii Europene privind industria
energiei regenerabile
1.
2.
Introduction
Wind energy in Romania, Europe
and Worldwide
1. Romania and the World
2. Wind energy sector situation in Europe
3. Wind energy sector situation in Romania
Legal Regulations
1. Preparation of the investment project and
construction of a renewable energy plant
1.1. Real rights required for developing
a renewable energy plant
1.2. Romanian Land Register system
1.3. Issues that might impede/delay
the investment process
1.4. Building Permit
1.5. Zoning classifcation and land designation
1.6. Environmental regulations
1.7. Grid connection
1.8. Setting-up authorisation
2. Power plant operation
2.1. Environmental
2.2. Operational licence
2.3. Sale of energy
3. Support scheme and green certifcates trading
3.1. Legal provisions
3.2. General framework
3.3. Accreditation
3.4. Green certifcates issuing
3.5. Green certifcates trading and registry
3.6. Excess of green certifcates
3.7. Large energy facilities
3.8. Overcompensation
3.9. Various investment aids and green certifcates
4. European Union legislation as regards the
renewable energy industry
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3.
4.
5.
Surse de fnanare a investiiilor n
energia regenerabil
1. Programe cofnanate de catre EU
2. Granturi SEE i norvegiene
3. Fonduri naionale
4. Alte instituii care ofer fnanri
pentru proiectele de parcuri eoliene
Constrngeri poteniale i perspective
1. Organizare societar
2. Capacitatea reelei i conectarea
3. Modifcri ale specifcaiilor tehnice
4. Protecia mediului
5. Proteste sociale
6. Limitrile infrastructurii
7. Durata procedurii
8. Impedimente n calea investiiilor
Romnia n contextul UE
9. Dispersia surselor
10. Probleme fscale
11. Proftabilitatea energiei eoliene
Alte surse de energie regenerabil
1. Energia solar
2. Energia geotermal
3. Energia hidro
4. Biomasa
Lista abrevierilor
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Sources of fnancing for renewable
energy investment
1. Programmes co-fnanced by the EU
2. EEA and Norway Grants
3. National funds
4. Other institutions which offer fnancing
for wind farm projects
Business limitations and prospects
1. Corporate
2. Grid capacity and connection
3. Amendments to technical specifcations
4. Environmental protection
5. Social protests
6. Infrastructural limitations
7. Length of procedure
8. Obstacles to investments
Romania in the context of the EU
9. Dispersion of sources
10. Tax issues
11. The proftability of wind energy
Other renewable energy sources
1. Solar energy
2. Geothermal energy
3. Hydro energy
4. Biomass
List of Acronyms
Introducere
Introduction
n ultimul deceniu, energia eolian a fost tehnologia
cu cea mai rapid cretere din lume. Ritmul de cretere
cel mai mare a fost n Europa, Romnia stabilindu-i cu
fermitate poziia sa internaional ca o ar atractiv
pentru investitori. n ceea ce privete capacitile
instalate n cursul anului 2011, Romnia cu cei 520
MW de capacitate eolian suplimentar instalat, s-a
poziionat pe locul al aptelea, dup Germania, care a
instalat aproape 2.100 MW, urmat de Marea Britanie,
Spania, Italia, Frana i Suedia. Romnia, mpreun cu
Polonia, rmn printre primele zece cele mai mari piee
din Uniunea European pentru al doilea an consecutiv,
conform raportrilor Asociaiei Europene a Energiei
Eoliene, AEEE.
Potrivit unor surse din industria energiei regenerabile,
Romnia ii va dubla, probabil, capacitatea de energie
eolian n decursul acestui an, ntruct investitorii pot
accesa schema de sprijin pentru investiii n domeniul
industriei energiei regenerabile aprobat de ctre
Uniunea European. Se estimeaz creterea capacitii
eoliene instalate de la aproximativ 1.000 MW instalai
anul trecut pn la 2.000 MW la sfritul anului 2012.
Sursele regenerabile de energie devin din ce n ce mai
populare n ntreaga lume i, prin dezvoltarea sectorului
energiei eoliene, Romnia are anse s genereze energie
electric ecologic i cu emisii reduse, o securitate
energetic mai mare, putnd astfel ndeplini cerinele UE
cu privire la producerea de energie din surse regenerabile.
Romnia poate susine o capacitate instalat de
aproximativ 4.000 MW de energie eolian avnd n
vedere infrastructura actual i capacitatea de rezerv.
Acest nivel poate crete doar dac vor f fcute
investiii suplimentare i noi uniti de producie vor
deveni operaionale.
Wind has been the fastest growing energy technology
in the world for the past decade. The pace of growth
has been greatest in Europe, and Romania has strongly
established its international position as an attractive
country for investors. In terms of annual installations
during 2011, Romania, with its 520 additional MW of
installed wind capacity, positioned itself as the seventh
best regional leader after Germany, which installed
almost 2,100 MW of new capacity, followed by the
United Kingdom, Spain, Italy, France and Sweden.
Together with Poland, Romania remains among the
ten largest European Union markets for the second
year running, according to the European Wind Energy
Association, EWEA.
According to renewable energy industry sources,
Romania will probably double its wind-power capacity
this year, as investors access European Union-approved
incentives for investment in renewable industry.
Installed wind power capacity will probably increase to
almost 2,000 MW by the end of 2012 in Romania, up
from around 1,000 MW at the end of last year.
Renewable energy sources are becoming increasingly
popular worldwide, and through the development
of wind energy, Romania has a chance to achieve
ecological, low-emission electricity generation
and higher energy security, and to meet the EU
requirements with regard to energy generation from
renewable sources.
Romania can support an installed capacity of about
4,000 MW of wind power, based on its current
infrastructure and backup capacity. This may increase
if additional investment is made and new generating
units become operational.
Chiar dac situaia n Romnia se mbuntete
treptat, starea infrastructurii de transport i a
procedurilor administrative de lung durat constituie
impedimente n punerea n funciune de noi parcuri
eoliene. Pe de alt parte, nevoia de dezvoltare intens i
modernizare a infrastructurii energetice creeaz condiii
pentru noi oportuniti de investiii.
Piaa energiei eoliene ofer locuri de munc, nu numai
n domeniul instalrii parcurilor sau al serviciilor. Din
ce n ce mai multe companii i afaceri au nceput s
desfoare operaiuni de cercetare i dezvoltare asociate
energiei regenerabile.
Producia de energie din surse regenerabile nu
reprezint numai electricitate modern, ecologic, cu
emisii poluante sczute, ci constituie, de asemenea, un
factor care contribuie la creterea independenei fa
de combustibilii fosili, care, indiferent de opinia noastr
despre ei, sunt limitai i n cele din urm vor f epuizai.
Aceasta nu este doar o tendin trectoare necesitatea
de a utiliza surse regenerabile de energie a devenit un
imperativ chiar i pentru cele mai mari puteri economice
ale lumii.
Avnd n vedere interesul crescut privind protecia
mediului nconjurtor, reducerea polurii i schema de
sprijin, n ediia anului 2012 am inclus un nou capitol
referitor la alte surse regenerabile de energie (SRE),
cum ar f energia solar, geotermal, biomas, hidro.
Ultimul capitol este dedicat acestor SRE.
Although the situation in Romania is improving, the
condition of the transmission infrastructure and the
increasingly lengthy administrative procedures still
obstruct the commissioning of new wind farms. On
the other hand, the need for intense development and
modernisation of the energy infrastructure is creating
grounds for new investment opportunities.
The wind energy market creates jobs, and not only in
areas related to wind farm installation and servicing:
there are an increasing number of companies and
businesses beginning to conduct research and
development operations related to renewable energy.
Energy generation from renewable sources
not only provides fashionable, ecological, low-
emission electricity, it also contributes to a growing
independence from fossil fuels, which, whatever our
opinion of them, are in limited supply and slowly being
depleted. And this is not just a passing trend: the need
for renewable energy sources has become clear even to
the worlds top economic powers.
In this 2012 edition we have included a new chapter
addressing other renewable energy sources (RES)
such as solar, geothermal, biomass, hydro energies,
provided the great interest of different stakeholders
in environmental protection, reduction of pollution
and the support scheme available. Our fnal chapter is
dedicated to these RES.
Energia eolian n Romnia,
Europa i n lume
Energia eolian n Romnia, Europa i lume / Wind energy in Romania, Europe and Worldwide
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Situaia la nivel mondial
Sectorul energiei eoliene nregistreaz o dezvoltare
dinamic la nivel mondial. n ultimii 1020 de ani, energia
eolian a devenit o surs important de electricitate
n anumite ri, care au intit spre o mbuntire a
independenei energetice i o limitare a emisiilor poluante.
La sfritul anului 2011 capacitatea total la nivel
mondial a parcurilor eoliene a ajuns la 237.669 MW. Chiar
n condiiile crizei, anul curent a nregistrat o cretere de
20% pe piaa global anual, chiar dac acest nivel de
cretere este mai mic dect media ultimilor zece ani, de
aproximativ 28%.
Piaa eolian a crescut cu aproximativ 6% fa de 2010, i
cei 40,5 GW de energie eolian nou instalai anul trecut
reprezint investiii mai mari de 50 de miliarde de euro.
Fiind una din sursele alternative de energie, energia
eolian reprezint un substitut ecologic pentru
combustibilii fosili facilitnd o independen energetic
mai mare a rilor, limitnd importul de combustibili fosili.
Dezastrul nuclear din Japonia i scurgerile de ulei din
Golful Mexic au atras atenia la nivel mondial cu privire la
sigurana utilizrii surselor alternative de energie.
China a devenit cel mai mare productor de energie
eolian la nivel mondial, confrmndu-i astfel implicarea
n utilizarea surselor de energie ecologice. China s-a clasat
pe primul loc n ceea ce privete capacitatea eolian
total instalat, aceasta ajungnd la 62.364 MW. China a
nfinat noi parcuri eoliene, adugnd nc 17.631 MW
numai n decursul anului 2011.
n ceea ce privete capacitatea eolian instalat n Europa,
Germania s-a clasat pe locul nti cu 29.060 MW, urmat
de Spania cu 21.674 MW.
Germania a fost cea mai mare pia din UE n 2011
instalnd un plus de 2.086 MW. Marea Britanie a ocupat
locul al doilea cu 1.293 MW, incluznd 752 MW de
capacitate instalat pe mare, urmat de Spania (1.050
MW), Italia (950 MW), Frana (830 MW), Suedia (763 MW)
i Romnia (520 MW).
ntre pieele centrale i est-europene emergente,
Polonia, care a instalat 436 MW n anul 2011, s-a clasat
n urma Romniei.
Worldwide
The wind energy sector is developing dynamically
worldwide. Over the past 10-20 years, wind energy
has become an important source of electricity for a
number of countries seeking to improve their energy
independence and limit emissions.
By the end of 2011 the aggregate global wind farm
capacity had reached 237,669 MW. Despite the
economic crisis, the current year has seen an increase of
20% in the size of the global annual market, albeit this is
below the average of the last 10 years of around 28%.
The worldwide wind market has grown by some
6% compared with 2010, and the 40.5 GW of new
wind power brought on line last year represents an
investment of more than EUR 50 billion.
As an alternative energy source, wind energy provides
an ecological substitute for fossil fuels and facilitates
higher energy independence for individual countries,
limiting imports of fossil fuels. The nuclear disaster in
Japan and the oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico have drawn
global attention to the safety offered by the use of
alternative energy sources.
China has become the worlds top global wind energy
producer, thereby confrming its commitment in the
use of ecological energy sources. China was ranked frst
in terms of its total installed wind farm capacity with
62,364 MW. It also developed new wind farms with a
capacity of 17,631 MW during 2011 alone.
In terms of installed capacity of wind power plants in
Europe, Germany was ranked frst with 29,060 MW,
ahead of Spain with 21,674 MW.
Germany was the largest European wind energy market
in 2011, installing 2,086 MW of new capacity. The UK
came second with 1,293 MW, including 752 MW of
offshore capacity, followed by Spain (1,050 MW), Italy
(950 MW), France (830 MW), Sweden (763 MW) and
Romania (520 MW).
Among the emerging markets of Central and Eastern
Europe, Poland came second after Romania with
436 MW of new capacity.
Romania and the World
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ANRE NREAP REALITY
2011 2012 2013 2017 2014 2018 2015 2019 2016 2020
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Romnia
Energia eolian a preluat conducerea n rndul surselor
de energie alternativ din Romnia. Potrivit Autoritii
Naionale de Reglementare n domeniul Energiei (ANRE),
capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene n uz se ridica la
1.140 MW n aprilie 2012 fa de 982 MW n decembrie
2011, 469 MW n mai 2011 i 462 MW n decembrie 2010.
Piaa romneasc a energiei eoliene a cunoscut un
ritm rapid de cretere n vederea atingerii obiectivelor
europene, instalndu-se peste 1.000 MW pn la sfritul
celui de-al doilea trimestru al anului 2012, din care 448
MW instalai n 2010 i 520 MW instalai n 2011.
Cu toate acestea, pn la sfritul anului 2011 piaa
energiei eoliene era nc cu puin n urma estimrilor
ANRE i PNAER (Planul Naional de Aciune n Domeniul
Energiei din Surse Regenerabile), dup cum este
reprezentat n diagrama de mai jos:
Romania
Wind energy has taken the lead among alternative
energy sources in Romania. According to the Energy
Regulatory Authority (ANRE), the total capacity of wind
farms in use amounted to 1,140 MW in April 2012,
compared with 982 MW in December 2011, 469 MW in
May 2011 and 462 MW in December 2010.
The Romanian wind energy market has made signifcant
progress towards reaching European targets, with over
1,000 MW of installed wind capacity at the end of the
second quarter of 2012, of which 448 MW was installed
in 2010 and 520 MW in 2011.
However, by the end of 2011 the wind energy market
was still lagging slightly behind the estimates of
ANRE and the National Renewable Energy Action Plan
(NREAP), as depicted in the chart below:
According to renewable energy industry sources,
Romania will probably double its wind power capacity
this year, as investors access European Union-approved
incentives for investment in the renewable industry.
Large international corporations have already invested
in wind farms in Romania, with manufacturers
following in their footsteps. The extremely attractive
production sector in terms of quality and the relatively
low labour costs facilitates the development of new
investment projects.
Romanias potential has been recognised, among other
sources, in the Ernst & Young report on Renewable
energy country attractiveness indices (February 2012).
The report ranked Romania 10th in the world with
regard to wind energy potential, after having previously
been ranked 12th.
Potrivit unor surse din domeniul industriei energiei
regenerabile, Romnia i va dubla, probabil, capacitatea
eolian n decursul acestui an, investitorii ncepnd s
aib acces la schemele de sprijin a industriei energiei
regenerabile aprobate de ctre Uniunea European.
Corporaii internaionale importante au investit deja n
parcurile eoliene din Romnia, productorii pind pe
urmele lor. Atractivitatea foarte mare a sectorului de
producie n contextul att al calitii, ct i al costurilor
relativ sczute ale forei de munc, faciliteaz dezvoltarea
de noi proiecte de investiii.
Potenialul Romniei a fost recunoscut, printre altele, n
raportul Ernst & Young despre indicii de atractivitate
a energiei eoliene pe ri (publicat n februarie 2012).
Studiul a clasat Romnia pe locul al zecelea n lume cu
privire la potenialul energiei eoliene, anterior situndu-
se pe locul al doisprezecelea.
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2010 2011 1996 1997 2001 2006 1998 2002 2007 1999 2003 2008 2000 2005 2004 2009
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100000
250000
150000
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GWEC Global Wind 2011 Report
Global Annual Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011
[ MW ]
0
5,000
10,000
15,000
20,000
25,000
30,000
35,000
40,000
45,000
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
1,280 1,530 2,520 3,440 3,760 6,500 7,270 8,133 8,207 11,531 15,245 19,866 26,560 38,610 38,828 40,564
Source: GWEC
Global Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011
50,000
100,000
150,000
200,000
250,000
0
1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009
[ MW ]
2010 2011
6,100 7,600 10,200 13,600 17,400 23,900 31,100 39,431 47,620 59,091 74,052 93,820 120,291 158,864 197,637 237,669
Source: GWEC
Annual Installed Capacity by Region 1996-2011
[ MW ]
Europe North America Asia Pacic Africa & Middle East Latin America
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
16,000
18,000
20,000
22,000
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
Source: GWEC
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Situaia sectorului energiei
eoliene la nivel mondial
La sfritul anului 2011, capacitatea total instalat
la nivel mondial s-a ridicat la mai mult de 237 GW. n
ciuda crizei, anul curent a cunoscut o cretere de 20%, cu
o cretere a dimensiunii pieei globale anuale de peste
6%. Potrivit CGEE (Consiliul Global al Energiei Eoliene),
aproximativ 75 de ri din ntreaga lume au instalat
capaciti de energie eolian. 21 dintre ele au trecut deja
peste nivelul de 1 GW.
The wind energy sector
situation worldwide
At the end of 2011, the total installed capacity of
wind energy worldwide amounted to more than 237
GW. Despite the economic crisis, the current year has
witnessed an increase of 20% against a change in the
global annual market increase of just over 6%. According
to the GWEC, about 75 countries worldwide have
installed commercial wind power and of these 21 have
already passed the 1 GW threshold.
Chinas total attainable capacity amounts to 62.3 GW,
which constitutes 26.2% of global resources. In second
place after China is the United States with 46.9 GW and
a 19.7% share in global capacity. Germany ranks third
with 29 GW and a 12.2% share.
Capacitatea total a Chinei s-a ridicat la 62,3 GW, ceea
ce nseamn 26,2% din resursele globale. Pe poziia a
doua a clasamentului, dup China, se af Statele Unite,
cu 46,9 GW i o cot de 19,7% din capacitatea pieei la
nivel mondial. Germania se af pe locul al treilea cu
29 GW i o cot de 12,2%.
Capacitatea eolian global cumulat 1996-2011
Capacitatea anual instalat pe regiuni 1996-2011
Global Cumulative Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011
Annual Installed Capacity by Region 1996-2011
197,637
237,669
6,100 7,600
23,900
74,052
10,200
31,100
93,820
13,600
39,431
120,291
17,400
59,091
47,620
158,864
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Capacitatea total a parcurilor eoliene la nivel mondial la
sfritul anului 2011
Global wind farm capacity at the end of 2011
According to the GWEC, in 2011 China recorded
substantial growth, adding a further 17,630.09 MW of
new wind capacity and imposing itself as the worlds
leading wind market with a total of 62,364.2 MW of
installed capacity by the end of the year.
Potrivit CGEE, n 2011 China a nregistrat o cretere
remarcabil adugnd 17.630,09 MW de capacitate
eolian, impunndu-se astfel ca lider pe aceast pia
cu un total de 62.364,2 MW instalai pn la sfritul
anului 2011.
ara
Capacitate eolian
n 2011 (MW)
Procent 2011
Capacitate eolian
n 2010 (MW)
Procent 2010
Country
Wind capacity in
2011 (MW)
Share 2011
Wind capacity in
2010 (MW)
Share 2010
China China 62364 26.24% 44733 22.63%
SUA USA 46919 19.74% 40298 20.39%
Germania Germany 29060 12.23% 27191 13.76%
Spania Spain 21674 9.12% 20623 10.43%
India India 16084 6.77% 13065 6.61%
Frana France 6800 2.86% 5970 3.02%
Italia Italy 6737 2.83% 5797 2.93%
Marea Britanie United Kingdom 6540 2.75% 5248 2.66%
Canada Canada 5265 2.22% 4008 2.03%
Portugalia Portugal 4083 1.72% 3706 1.88%
Alte ri Other countries 32143 13.52% 26998 13.66%
TOTAL GLOBAL TOTAL WORLDWIDE 237669 100.00% 197637 100.00%
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Capacitatea eolian instalat i dat spre folosin n anul 2011
Capacitatea eolian global instalat anual 1996-2011
New wind farm capacity released for use in 2011
Global Annual Installed Wind Capacity 1996-2011
The global annual installed wind capacity
increased by 4.47% in 2011 compared
with 2010, an improvement on the only
0.56% increase in 2010 compared with
2009. However, the global installation of
new wind capacity has slowed over the
last three years, following its largest ever
increase, in 2009, from 26.5 GW to 38.6
GW, representing a rate of growth of just
over 45%.
The fgures in the tables above are
affected by project decommissioning of
approximately 532 MW.
Capacitatea eolian instalat pe plan
mondial a nregistrat o cretere de 4,47%
n anul 2011 fa de 2010, comparativ cu
o cretere de doar 0,56% n 2010 fa de
2009. Cu toate acestea, ritmul punerii n
funciune a capacitilor de energie eolian
s-a redus n ultimii trei ani n comparaie cu
creterea cea mai semnifcativ nregistrat
n 2009 fa de anul precedent, care a fost
puin peste 45%, de la 26,5 GW la 38,6 GW.
Cifrele din tabelele anterioare sunt
infuenate de un numr de proiecte
desfinate nsumnd aproximativ 532 MW.
ara
Capacitate eolian
n 2011 (MW)
Procent 2011
Country
Wind capacity in
2011 (MW)
Share 2011
China China 17631 43.5%
SUA USA 6810 16.8%
India India 3019 7.4%
Germania Germany 2086 5.1%
Marea Britanie UK 1293 3.2%
Canada Canada 1267 3.1%
Spania Spain 1050 2.6%
Italia Italy 950 2.3%
Frana France 830 2.0%
Suedia Sweden 763 1.9%
Alte ri Other countries 4865 12.0%
TOTAL GLOBAL TOTAL WORLDWIDE 40564 100.00%
38,828
40,564
1,280 1,530
6,500
15,245
2,520
7,270
19,866
3,440
8,133
26,560
3,760
11,531
8,207
38,610
2010 2011 1996 1997 2001 2006 1998 2002 2007 1999 2003 2008 2000 2005 2004 2009
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Energia eolian n contextul crizei economice
Wind energy in the context of economic crisis
The global fnancial crisis has contributed to the decline
in economic potential, and consequently investment by
international companies has been severely limited or
even postponed.
However, despite a drop in the gross national products
of most countries, investment in the renewable energy
sector has not fallen. It remained at the same level as
in the previous year, and in 2011 a substantial increase
was observed. Indeed, 2011 has been an advantageous
year for the global wind power market thanks to the
efforts of certain national markets.
According to Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),
global investment in clean energy reached a new high
of USD 260 billion in 2011 (from USD 247 billion in
2010), almost fve times the USD 53.6 billion amount
seen in 2004. The share of this investment moving to
emerging economies and developing countries has
risen dramatically in this period, from 19% in 2004
to 46% in 2011. The main factors that contributed to
this growth in investment are the new wind farms in
China and the installation of household solar panels
throughout Europe. Among the developing countries, by
far the largest share of investment in renewable energy
has occurred in the three large emerging economies
of Brazil, China and India, which together account for
almost US$ 60 billion.
Investment attractiveness is also boosted by the
declining cost of wind farm construction. The average
price of a wind turbine has dropped by 18% per 1 MW
during the last two years and nearly one third since
2008, refecting the growing competition among
manufacturers.
Criza fnanciar global a contribuit la declinul
potenialului economic i investiiile companiilor
internaionale au fost n mod semnifcativ reduse sau
chiar amnate.
Cu toate c produsul intern brut s-a redus n
majoritatea rilor, investiiile n sectorul energiei
regenerabile nu au nregistrat scderi. Au rmas la
acelai nivel ca i n anul anterior. n schimb, n anul
2011 s-a remarcat o cretere substanial n acest tip
de investiii. 2011 a fost un an avantajos pentru piaa
mondial a energiei eoliene ca urmare a eforturilor
unora dintre pieele naionale.
Potrivit Bloomberg New Energy Finance (BNEF),
investiiile globale n energie regenerabil au atins n
2011 un nou record de 260 miliarde USD (de la 247
miliarde USD n 2010), aproape de cinci ori mai mult
dect n 2004 (ca. 53,6 miliarde USD). Procentul din
aceast investiie n cazul economiilor emergente i
rilor n curs de dezvoltare a crescut semnifcativ n
aceast perioad, de la 19% n 2004 la 46% n 2011.
Factorii cheie care au contribuit la creterea investiiilor
au fost parcurile eoliene din China i panourile solare
de uz caznic instalate n ntreaga Europ. Printre rile
n curs de dezvoltare, de departe cea mai mare parte a
investiiilor n domeniul energiei regenerabile au fost
nregistrate n cele mai mari trei economii emergente
din Brazilia, China i India care nsumeaz aproape 60
miliarde USD.
Atractivitatea investiional este de asemenea
favorizat i de costurile n scdere privind construcia
de parcuri eoliene. Preul mediu al unei turbine a sczut
cu 18% pentru un MW n ultimii doi ani i aproape
cu o treime fa de 2008, refectnd intensifcarea
concurenei n rndul productorilor de echipamente.
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The wind energy sector situation
in Europe
During 2011, 10,281 MW of wind power was installed
across Europe, with European Union states accounting
for 9,618 MW of the total, very similar to the 9,648 MW
installed in 2010. Investment in EU wind farms in 2011
amounted to EUR 12.6 billion.
The total wind power capacity to be installed in the EU
by the end of 2011 will, in a normal wind year, produce
204 TWh of electricity, enough to meet 6.3% of overall
EU electricity consumption (up from 5.3% in 2010).
2011 was a record year for new power generation
installations in the EU, with 44.9 GW of new capacity
being added to the grid, a 3.9% increase compared
with 2010. Wind power accounted for 21.4% of the
new power installations, the third largest share after
solar PV panels (46.7%) and gas (21.6%). New coal
installations represented only 4.8% of newly installed
capacity, followed by fuel oil at 1.6%, large hydro, 1.3%,
and CSP, 1.1%. Nuclear, biomass, waste, geothermal and
ocean technologies each accounted for less than 1%
of new installations. 2011 also saw 6.3 GW of nuclear
capacity being decommissioned and over 1 GW of fuel
oil capacity taken offine.

At the same time, more renewable generating capacity
was installed in the EU than ever before, with 32.1
GW of new generating capacity, with renewables
representing 71.3% of all new installations. This is the
fourth year running that renewables have represented
more than 50% of all new installed capacity.
Given the change of direction in German energy policy
i.e. the announced withdrawal from the nuclear energy
industry a further signifcant increase in Germanys
involvement in the renewable energy sector is expected
with a particular focus on wind energy.
n cursul anului 2011, 10.281 MW de energie eolian
au fost instalai n ntreaga Europ, statele Uniunii
Europene realiznd 9.618 MW din totalul nregistrat,
nivel foarte apropiat de cei 9.648 MW instalai n 2010.
Investiiile din UE pe parcursul anului 2011 n industria
parcurilor eoliene s-au ridicat la 12,6 miliarde de euro.
Capacitatea total de energie eolian instalat n UE la
sfritul anului 2011 va produce pe parcursul unui an
obinuit 204 TWh de electricitate, sufcient pentru a
satisface 6,3% din consumul total de energie electric din
UE (de la 5,3% n 2010). 2011 a fost un an record pentru
noile instalaii de producere a energiei electrice din UE,
cu 44,9 GW de capacitate energetic nou adugat la
reea, o cretere de 3,9% comparativ cu 2010. Energia
eolian a reprezentat 21,4% din instalaiile noi, a treia
mare pondere dup instalaiile solare fotovoltaice
(46,7%) i de gaze (21,6%). Instalaiile noi pe baz de
crbune au reprezentat doar 4,8% din capacitatea
adugat, combustibilul pe baz de ulei: 1,6%,
hidrocentrale: 1,3% i energie solar concentrat: 1,1%.
Tehnologiile nucleare, biomas, deeuri, tehnologiile
geotermale i oceanice au reprezentat, fecare n parte,
mai puin de 1% din totalul noilor instalaii. n decursul
anului 2011, 6,3 GW de capacitate nuclear a fost scoas
din funciune i peste 1 GW de capacitate de combustibil
lichid a fost deconectat.
Concomitent, mai mult dect oricnd, capacitatea
de energie regenerabil instalat n UE a nregistrat
o cretere de 32,1 GW, regenerabilele reprezentnd
71,3% din totalul noilor instalaii. Este al patrulea an
consecutiv cnd energia regenerabil a reprezentat mai
mult de 50% din ntreaga capacitate nou instalat.
n contextul modifcrilor direciilor generale ale
politicii energetice germane mai precis privind
anunul de retragere din industria energiei nucleare,
este de ateptat o cretere semnifcativ a interesului
Germaniei pentru domeniul energiei regenerabile, cu
accent deosebit pe energia eolian.
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Puterea eolian instalat n Europa la sfritul lui 2011
Irlanda
Ireland
1,631
Marea Britanie
UK
1,631
Spania
Spain
21,674
Frana
France
6,800
Belgia
Belgium
1,078
Olanda
Netherlands
2,328 Germania
Germany
29,060
Polonia
Poland
1,616
Romnia
Romania
982
Turcia
Turkey
1,799
Ucraina
Ukraine
151
Lituania
Lithuania
179
Letonia
Latvia
31
Norvegia
Norway
520
Suedia
Sweden
2,907
Finlanda
Finland
197
Rusia
Russia
n/a
Estonia
184
Bulgaria
612
Cehia
Czech Republic
217
Austria
1,084
Croaia
Croatia
131
Grecia
Greece
1,629
Slovacia
Slovakia
3
Ungaria
Hungary
329
Danemarca
Denmark
3,871
Elveia
Switzerland
46
Italia
Italy
6,747
Portugalia
Portugal
4,083
Wind power installed in Europe by the end of 2011
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ara Creterea
capacitii (MW)
n 2011
Poziia privind
capacitatea
instalat
Capacitatea
cumulat la fnal
de 2011 (MW)
Procent de
cretere (2010-
2011)
Procent n
capacitatea
UE27
Country Capacity
increase (MW) in
2011
Capacity
increase ranking
position
Aggregate
capacity at the
end of 2011 (MW)
Capacity change
(2010-2011)
Share in capacity
in EU27
Germania Germany 2086 1 29060 7.7% 30.9%
Marea Britanie United Kingdom 1293 2 6540 24.6% 7.0%
Spania Spain 1050 3 21674 5.1% 23.1%
Italia Italy 950 4 6737 16.4% 7.2%
Frana France 830 5 6800 13.9% 7.2%
Suedia Sweden 763 6 2907 35.6% 3.1%
Romnia Romania 520 7 982 112.6% 1.0%
Polonia Poland 436 8 1616 36.9% 1.7%
Portugalia Portugal 377 9 4083 10.2% 4.3%
Grecia Greece 311 10 1629 23.6% 1.7%
Irlanda Ireland 239 11 1631 17.2% 1.7%
Belgia Belgium 192 12 1078 21.7% 1.1%
Danemarca Denmark 178 13 3871 4.8% 4.1%
Bulgaria Bulgaria 112 14 612 22.4% 0.7%
Austria Austria 73 15 1084 7.2% 1.2%
Olanda Netherlands 68 16 2328 3.0% 2.5%
Cipru Cyprus 52 17 134 63.4% 0.1%
Estonia Estonia 35 18 184 23.5% 0.2%
Ungaria Hungary 34 19 329 11.5% 0.4%
Lituania Lithuania 16 20 179 9.8% 0.2%
Republica Ceh Czech Republic 2 21 217 0.9% 0.2%
Letonia Latvia 1 22 31 3.3% 0.0%
Finlanda Finland 0 23 197 0.0% 0.2%
Luxemburg Luxemburg 0 24 44 0.0% 0.0%
Slovacia Slovakia 0 25 3 0.0% 0.0%
Malta Malta 0 26 0 - 0.0%
Slovenia Slovenia 0 27 0 - 0.0%
UE 27 EU 27 9618 - 93950 11.4% 100.0%
Parcurile eoliene din Europa informaii statistice
European wind farm sector statistics
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The wind energy sector situation
in Romania
The pace of development of the wind energy sector
in Romania has accelerated over the last couple of
years. Despite the existing barriers and limitations,
companies investing in wind energy in Romania have
been successful in developing more effective ways
of operating and approaches to market obstructions.
The data released by the Romanian Wind Energy
Association (RWEA) show that by the end of 2011 there
was 982 MW of installed capacity, of which 520 MW
was installed during 2011, out of which 97% of the
total capacity installed in the South-Eastern part of the
country (the Dobrogea area). In 2012 the RWEA offcials
have noted a shift towards the North-East.
It should be noted that these large percentage increases
are the result not only of a low base point but also the
relatively large size of projects released for use.
Ritmul de dezvoltare a sectorului energiei eoliene n
Romnia s-a accelerat pe parcursul ultimilor ani. Cu
toate barierele i limitrile existente, companiile care
investesc n domeniul energiei eoliene din Romnia
au dezvoltat metode operaionale mai efciente n
abordarea obstacolelor pieei. Datele publicate de AREE
arat c pn la sfritul anului 2011 a fost instalat
o capacitate total de 982 MW, din care 520 MW n
cursul anului 2011, 97% din capacitile instalate sunt
amplasate n partea de sud-est a rii (zona Dobrogea).
n 2012, potrivit AREE, experii observ o deplasare spre
nord-estul rii.
Trebuie remarcat faptul c procentul considerabil de
cretere nu rezult numai dintr-o baz de raportare
sczut, ci, de asemenea, din dimensiunea relativ mare
de proiecte care au fost date n folosin.
An Capacitate instalat (MW)
Year Installed capacity (MW)
2009 14
2010 462
2011 982
Aprilie 2012 / April 2012 1140
MW de energie eolian instalai n Romania
MW installed in wind in Romania
n baza unui program de sprijin, Romnia a atras
numeroi investitori n industria energiei din surse
regenerabile, inclusiv Iberdrola SA (IBE), cel mai mare
productor din Portugalia EDP (EDP), EON AG din
Germania i Enel SA din Italia. Intenia este de a atrage
5 miliarde de euro n investiii eoliene pn n anul
2020 n cadrul acestui sistem de sprijin.
Romania has used an incentive programme to attract
investors to its renewable energy industry. Investors
include Iberdrola SA (IBE), Portugals largest utility EDP
(EDP), Germanys largest utility EON AG and Italys
Enel SA. It aims to attract EUR 5 billion in wind-power
investment by 2020 under the incentive programme.
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CEZ, the Czech Republics largest power producer, is
one of the largest investors in wind energy in Romania
thanks to its EUR 1.1 billion Fntnele-Cogealac wind
farm in the Constana region, near the Black Sea.
The wind farm currently has 388 MW of operational
capacity, and CEZ plans to fnish construction of the
entire 600 MW wind farm by the end of this year.
In May 2012, Monsson Group, a Romanian private wind
energy developer with a 2,400 MW portfolio of projects,
announced the sale of its 108 MW Crucea North Wind
Farm Project in Constana County to STEAG GmbH,
one of Germanys largest electricity producers. STEAG
will invest around EUR 200 million in this wind farm,
which will have 36 of 3MW wind turbines supplied by
Vestas. Crucea North will evacuate the electricity to
a new transformer station in nearby Stupina, which
will be connected to the 400kV Transelectrica high
voltage national grid. The new transformer station will
make it easier for further wind farms in the area to be
connected to the national grid. The project is planned
to be operational by the end of 2013, indirectly creating
around 100 new jobs.
In the second quarter of 2012, a Romanian consortium
signed agreements with the Chinese frm Sinovel Wind
Group for the supply and servicing of equipment. The
consortium members C-Tech SRL and Rokura SRL are
planning to develop wind farms with a total capacity of
1,200 MW and their agreement with Sinovel runs until
2016, according to the Romanian Ministry of Economy,
Trade and Business Environment, whose representatives
went on an offcial visit to China in May 2012.
At the beginning of 2011, Austrias largest energy
provider, Verbund, began construction of the frst
phase of a 200 MW wind farm in Casimcea, in the
Dobrogea area, a project estimated at EUR 300 million.
In 2012, there is a plan for the gradual commissioning
of the wind farm, which will ensure the production of
600 GWh of electricity, providing energy for 400,000
households. The investor also plans to install extended
capacities of 700 MW in the Topolog-Casimcea-Daeni-
Dorobanu region, on the border between Tulcea and
Constana counties. This project will be the largest
onshore wind farm in Europe, exceeding the capacity of
the planned CEZ investment in Fntnele-Cogealac.
CEZ, cel mai mare productor de energie din Republica
Ceh, este unul dintre cei mai mari investitori n
domeniul energiei eoliene din Romnia, investind
1,1 miliarde de euro n parcul eolian din regiunea
Constana, n apropierea Mrii Negre. n cadrul
proiectului dezvoltat de CEZ la Fntnele Cogealac,
capacitatea operaional curent este de 388 MW.
Investitorul intenioneaz s fnalizeze construcia
parcului eolian cu capacitate total de 600 MW pn la
fnele anului n curs.
n mai 2012, grupul Monsson, un dezvoltator privat
romn de energie eolian, cu un portofoliu de proiecte
de capacitate total de 2.400 MW, a anunat vnzarea
proiectului parcului eolian Crucea Nord de 108 MW din
judeul Constana ctre STEAG GmbH, unul dintre cei
mai mari productori de electricitate din Germania.
STEAG va investi n jur de 200 milioane de euro n acest
parc eolian, care va avea 36 de turbine a cte 3 MW
fecare, furnizate de Vestas. Crucea Nord va livra energia
electric la o staie de transformare nou n apropiere
de Stupina, care se va conecta la reeaua naional de
nalt tensiune de 400 kV a Transelectrica. Noua staie
de transformare va facilita altor parcuri eoliene din
zon conectarea la reeaua naional. Se preconizeaz
c proiectul va f operaional pn la sfaritul anului
2013 i c va crea, n mod indirect, n jur de 100 de noi
locuri de munc.
n al doilea trimestru al anului 2012, un consoriu
romn a semnat acorduri cu grupul chinez Sinovel Wind
Group pentru furnizarea de servicii i echipamente.
Membrii consoriului C-Tech SRL i Rokura SRL
intenioneaz s dezvolte parcuri eoliene cu o
capacitate total de 1.200 MW i contractul acestora cu
Sinovel se va derula pn n 2016, potrivit Ministerului
Romn al Economiei, Comerului i Mediului de Afaceri,
ai crui reprezentani au fost ntr-o vizit ofcial n
China n mai 2012.
La nceputul anului 2011, cel mai mare furnizor de
energie al Austriei, Verbund, a demarat construcia
primei faze - de 200 MW - a parcului eolian din
Casimcea, Dobrogea, proiect estimat la 300 milioane
de euro. Conform planului, se preconizeaz punerea
treptat n funciune n 2012 a acestui parc eolian,
care va genera 600 GWh, asigurnd energie pentru
400.000 de gospodrii. Investitorul intenioneaz s
construiasc capaciti extinse de 700 MW n regiunea
Topolog Casimcea - Deni- Dorobanu, situat la
grania dintre judeele Tulcea i Constana. Proiectul
va f cel mai mare parc eolian pe uscat din Europa,
depind capacitatea investiiei prognozate de CEZ la
Fntnele- Cogealac.
FantaneIe(Est+Vest) 345MW
Pestera(RED) 90MW
AgighioI (RED) 34MW(EneI GP)+70+70+35(RED)MW
Cernavoda(RED) 69+69+10MW
CogeaIac EoIica 600MW+600MW
Casimcea(Beta Wind) 250MW
Casimcea(Verbund) 98,9+126.1+57MW
Dorobantu (Land Power) 168 MW+54MW(RED)
Targusor 272M+50,6MW+50(RED)+18(RED)
VaIea DaciIor 147MW
VaIea NucariIor 399MW+5+5MW
VaIea NucariIor(RED) 6,95MW
Independenta 432,65 MW
StaIpu 27 MW+400+93MW
Insuratei 126 MW
Ivesti 406 MW
Baia(RED) 2,72+5+10+10+25+9MW
Mihai ViteazuI(RED) 80+3,2+2,4+29,9+0,8+6+8MW
Casimcea(RED) 5,8+10+10+10+27+6MW
Chirnogeni(RED) 76MW
Corbu(RED) 0,09+0,6MW+6,6MW
DeIeni(RED) 9+8+45MW
Corugea(RED) 70MW
Fagarasu Nou(RED)
3+0,6+6,09+10+8MW
GaIbiori(RED) 5MW
Greci(RED) 72,5MW
JuriIovca(RED) 4MW
Limanu(RED) 10+48MW
Lastuni(RED) 7,5MW
AIbesti(RED) 40MW
Baneasa(RED) 10MW
Biruinta(RED) 8MW
Babadag(RED) 33,6+ +31.5MW 8,4
Macin(RED) 0,6+1,14MW
Mahmudia(RED) 4MW
Mireasa(RED) 10MW
MurighioI(RED) 7,5MW
NaIbant(RED) 0,6+0,9+27,5+7,5+1,5MW
N.BaIcescu(RED) 28MW
Nistoresti(RED) 9MW
PanteIimon(RED) 1,6+2,4+4+4,8MW
Pecineaga(RED) 50+5+4+6+4+24+48+77,5MW
Pestera(RED) 204MW
Piatra(RED) 8MW
SaceIe(RED) 7,5+10+3MW+(10+9+9MW)(RED)
Sarichoi(RED)33MW
Saraiu(RED) 32,5MW
SarighioI DeaI(RED) 8MW
Satu Nou(RED)8MW
SiIistea(RED) 25MW+5MW
Stejaru(RED) 34MW
TichiIesti(RED) 27,5MW
TopoIog(RED) 0,66+8,55+15MW
Tortomanu(RED) 8+6+8MW
VuIturu(RED) 5MW+8MW
TuIcea(RED) 10+6,9MW
Cerna(RED) 72+17,5MW
VuIturu 108+110+108MW
DuIgheru 96MW
SaceIe 102MW
Somova 30+33+33+33+33MW+6MW(RED)
Vacareni 99+99+99+76,5+14+36+20MW
DeIeni 282.9MW
Medgidia Sud 296MW
CiocarIia(RED) 49MW + 7.2MW
Limanu(RED) 24MW
Baia 63MW+33MW(RED)
Seimeni (RED) 7,5MW+9MW
MihaiI KogaIniceanu (RED) 69+7,4MW
Mihai Bravu (RED) 1,5+7,8MW+10MW
FoItesti(RED) 9,8+10 MW
Frumusita(RED) 33+15 MW
Corni(RED) 70+10 MW
VarIezi(RED) 6+6MW
CudaIbi(RED) 10MW
Vanatori(RED) 10+10+10+10+10+10+10MW
UrIeasca(RED) 10+10+10+10MW
Cuza Voda(RED) 6MW
ScheIa(RED) 8MW
Ianca(RED) 8MW
Bordei Verde(RED) 8MW
Insuratei(RED) 10+60MW
Podgoria(RED) 45MW
Scanteiesti(RED) 2,5MW
Costi(RED) 0,23MW
SmuIti(RED) 2MW
TopIiceni(RED) 10MW
Com. CaIugareni(RED) 10MW
Viisoara(RED) 10MW
Costis(RED) 10MW
Branistea(RED) 2MW
Jugureni(RED) 10+10MW
Luciu PogoaneIe(RED) 8MW
Victoria(RED) 8MW
Dudesti(RED) 8MW
SurdiIa Gaiseanca(RED) 28MW
SaIcia Tudor(RED) 50MW
Beceni(RED) 30MW
Racoviteni(RED) 40MW
GemeneIe(RED) 47,5MW
BaIeni(RED) 10+10+10+10+10MW
Tecuci(RED) 30MW
Muntenii de jos(RED) 0,23MW
Lipovat I(RED) 6MW
Negresti(RED) 64MW
EmiI Racovita(RED) 4MW
Lipovat II(RED) 2MW
Ghermanesti Dancesti(RED) 10MW
Ruginesti(RED) 1,2MW
VuIcani+AIbesti(RED) 24MW+26MW
Vanatori(RED) 9 MW
Candesti(RED) 0,9MW
Bucecea(RED) 0,03MW
Sat Dienet DeaI(RED) 0,23MW
Auseu Borod(RED) 70,2MW
MoIdova Noua(RED) 50+30MW
Oravita Poieni(RED) 9MW
Oravita(RED) 2,5MW
Vrani(RED) 100MW
Sf.EIena(RED) 48+84MW
Sadova Veche(RED) 0,007MW
JimboIia(RED) 60MW
BaIotesti(RED) 0,005MW
Frumusita 150MW
PIatonesti 136MW+ 15MW(RED)+45MW(RED)
Romanu 90MW
Tudor VIadimirescu
15+15+15+15+18+93MW
Pechea 150MW
Beresti Meria(RED) 30MW
IjiIeni Frumusita(RED) 45MW
Tecuci(RED) 34MW
Cornea 200MW
Tibanesti,Tibana,Mironeasa, Scheia- 224+42,5+311+65 MW
Dumesti 99 MW
TopIet (RED)1,8+48,6MW
Homoraciu(RED) 30MW
Facaeni VIadeni(RED) 52MW
Tataru(RED) 2,5MW
ZapIazi TopIiceni(RED) 2,5MW
VaIea ParuIui Beceni(RED) 8MW
Grebanu(RED) 9,9MW
FaIciu+Berezeni(RED) 39MW
Rosiesti(RED) 46MW
Vetrisoaia(RED) 72MW
Ghermanesti Dranceni(RED) 5,4MW
Dranceni(RED) 3,6MW
Dranceni,Arsura,Duda,Epureni(RED) 67MW
SuIita(RED) 65MW
Dingeni Gorbanesti(RED) 46,9MW
Borca (RED) 50 MW
SireteI(RED) 9 MW SticIaria(RED)40 MW
Racaciuni(RED) 14,4MW
Siret(RED) 90MW
Nigotesti,Vadu MoIdovei,Viisoara (RED) 45 MW
Dersca(RED) 66MW
DeIeni(RED) 33MW
SannicoIau Mare(RED) 36MW
Poieni Oravita (RED) 12,5MW
Agadici (RED) 15MW
Pogara (RED) 0,00891MW
Cornereva (RED) 48MW
Racasdia (RED) 0,007MW
PetriIova (RED) 0,015MW
Marga (RED) 0.0038MW
Rasuceni(RED) 25MW
TOTAL(MW) RET(MW) RED(MW)
CU AVIZE TEHNICE
DE RACORDARE
8721,22 7364,8 1356,42
CU CONTRACTE
DE RACORDARE
14440,224 9405,2 5035,024
TOTAL GENERAL
23161,444 16770 6391,444
CU P.I.F.
1314,304 486,4 827,904
SITUATIA PROIECTELOR CENTRALELOR ELECTRICE EOLIENE
Legenda
eoIiene
CENTRALE ELECTRICE EOLIENE
IN FUNCTIUNE
CU CONTRACT DE RACORDARE
CU AVIZ TEHNIC DE RACORDARE
(RED)
CENTRALE ELECTRICE EOLIENE RACORDATE
LA RETEAUA ELECTRICA DE DISTRIBUTIE
ROMANIA
HARTA RET SI A
CENTRALELOR
ELECTRICE
EOLIENE
LA 20.08.2012
Dorobantu (RED)45MW
Caierac(RED) 6,9MW
DeaIu Redi(RED) 5MW
Crucea(RED) 150MW+9MW
Crucea 97,5+108+100+100+84MW
Baneasa 66MW
Ddobromir 183MW
Saraiu 87+55MW
VaIea TeiIor(RED) 0,6MW
23 August(RED) 48+6MW
Cumpana(RED) 8MW
Remus Opreanu(RED) 62MW
Gurbanesti(RED) 7,4MW
Luica(RED) 7,4MW
OIteni(RED) 10+8,7MW
VaIdeni(RED) 33MW
Smardan 54+42MW
Baicoi(RED) 0,002MW
Jugureni(RED) 50MW
Seaca 44MW
NaIbant 51MW
VaIiug 111MW
Naeni(RED) 2,5MW
FIoresti(RED) 0,02MW
Corbii Mari(RED) 0,02MW
VIadeni(RED) 48MW
Faurei (RED) 48MW
BaIabanesti(RED) 9MW
OItenesti(RED) 51MW
Izvoru BerheciuIui 56MW
Bacau Nord 188MW
Bacau Sud 211MW
Garana 147+102MW
SIatina Timis (RED) 48MW
CicIova (RED) 75MW
Saveni 400MW
CicIova 225MW
Chirnogeni 138MW
CogeaIac 42.5MW+212.5MW
Potarnichea(RED) 7,2MW
Satu Nou (RED) 9MW
Mircea Voda (RED) 9MW
DuIcesti(RED) 5MW
Tataru(RED) 8MW
Ddobromir 99MW
Mereni 65MW
IzvoareIe 75+82,5MW
Casimcea 99MW
Gutinas(RED) 6MW
Bogdana(RED) 9MW
Banca(RED) 30MW
Home Stores Concept(RED) 6MW
FaIciu (RED) 51MW
a
Murgeni (RED) 4+6MW
Budureasa(RED) 42MW
SIobozia Conachi
*RED) 2,05MW
CudaIbi(RED) 60MW
Gropeni(RED) 10MW
Cerchezu 117+117MW
Viroga 117MW
Dumbraveni 117MW
Pechea(RED) 6+2+6,2MW
Sannicoara 0,285+0.285MW
Cutca 0,285MW
Tureni 0,3MW
Piatra FantaneIe 0,25MW
Frecatei 141MW
Marasesti 84MW
Garoafa 79,8MW
Bunesti Averesti 298MW
SuhurIui 57MW
Pechea 66MW
CudaIbi 78MW
TuIcea 11,5+11,5+9MW
FaIciu 88+18MW
Isaccea 105MW
Poarta AIba (RED) 0,2MW+84MW
Bestepe(RED) 4,6MW
Priponestii de Jos(RED) 2,7MW
Beidaud 300+105+54MW
Mitoc 100+40MW
Cristian, Rasinari,PopIaca 87,5MW
DuIcesti(CarIig)(RED) 20MW
Granicesti(RED) 0,6MW
CiocarIia 50MW
MurfatIar 279MW
Independenta 88MW
Baraganu 98MW
TopaIu 84+81MW
Ciprian Porumbescu 27+51MW
Mehadia 400MW
Mehadia
FiIipesti 60 MW
Saucestii 100 MW

Tibanesti
Cornea
Garana
Statie transformare 400/20kV
Stroiesti 60MW
IIisesti 39MW
Dragoiesti 24+15MW
Stroiesti 60MW
Moara 45MW
Horodniceni 51+72MW
Berchisesti 24MW
Capu CampuIui 21MW
Daeni 51+54MW
Atmagea(RED) 4MW
Horia(RED)7,5+27,5+3MW
Lupeni 99+99MW
Adunatii Copaceni(RED) 0,6MW
Ruginoasa 60 MW
ContinentaI Wind Parteners 4MW
Harsova 72MW
Popesti 9 MW
Harsova (40,MW (RED) +0,5MW)
Scanteiesti 249MW
Romanesti 30 MW
Independenta 135MW
Cobadin(RED) 50MW
+26MW
AdamcIisi 278,3MW
Topraisar(RED) 0,02MW
Scortaru Nou(RED) 8MW
Panciu (RED) 10MW
Rasova (RED) 10MW
Viisoara 471MW
Facaeni 300MW
Constana
Cernavod
Tulcea
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Parcurile eoliene operaionale din Romnia sunt
localizate n special n Dobrogea, pe coasta Mrii Negre,
unde viteza medie a vntului poate atinge 7m/s, la o
altitudine de 100 m. Regiunea e plan i slab populat,
ceea ce face posibil instalarea unui numr mai mare
de turbine eoliene. Exist, de asemenea, alte dou
regiuni cu un potenial ridicat de energie eolian
n Romnia, i anume: Moldova i Cara Severin. La
sfritul anului 2011, 97% din capacitatea instalat a
fost n zona Dobrogei, n timp ce n 2012 s-a observat o
deplasare spre nord-estul rii.
n continuare prezentm o hart a proiectelor
operaionale (marcate cu verde), proiecte care au
deja un contract de racordare (marcate cu albastru) i
proiecte care au un aviz tehnic de racordare (marcate
cu rou).
Romanias operational wind farms are mainly located
in Dobrogea, on the Black Sea coast, where average
wind speeds can reach 7 m/s at an altitude of 100 m.
The region is fat and sparsely populated, which makes
it possible to install a large number of wind turbines.
There are also two other regions with a high wind
power potential in Romania: Moldova and Cara Severin.
At the end of 2011, 97% of Romanias installed capacity
was in the Dobrogea area, while in 2012 there has been
a shift towards the North East of the country.
The following map shows operational projects (marked
in green), projects that already have a connection
contract (marked in blue) and projects that have a
connection permit (marked in red).
Zona Moldova
Moldova Area
Zona Banat
Banat Area
Zona Dobrogea
Dobrogea Area
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FantaneIe(Est+Vest) 345MW
Pestera(RED) 90MW
AgighioI (RED) 34MW(EneI GP)+70+70+35(RED)MW
Cernavoda(RED) 69+69+10MW
CogeaIac EoIica 600MW+600MW
Casimcea(Beta Wind) 250MW
Casimcea(Verbund) 98,9+126.1+57MW
Dorobantu (Land Power) 168 MW+54MW(RED)
Targusor 272M+50,6MW+50(RED)+18(RED)
VaIea DaciIor 147MW
VaIea NucariIor 399MW+5+5MW
VaIea NucariIor(RED) 6,95MW
Independenta 432,65 MW
StaIpu 27 MW+400+93MW
Insuratei 126 MW
Ivesti 406 MW
Baia(RED) 2,72+5+10+10+25+9MW
Mihai ViteazuI(RED) 80+3,2+2,4+29,9+0,8+6+8MW
Casimcea(RED) 5,8+10+10+10+27+6MW
Corbu(RED) 0,09+0,6MW+6,6MW
DeIeni(RED) 9+8+45MW
Corugea(RED) 70MW
Fagarasu Nou(RED)
3+0,6+6,09+10+8MW
GaIbiori(RED) 5MW
Greci(RED) 72,5MW
JuriIovca(RED) 4MW
Limanu(RED) 10+48MW
Lastuni(RED) 7,5MW
AIbesti(RED) 40MW
Baneasa(RED) 10MW
Biruinta(RED) 8MW
Babadag(RED) 33,6+ +31.5MW 8,4
Macin(RED) 0,6+1,14MW
Mahmudia(RED) 4MW
Mireasa(RED) 10MW
MurighioI(RED) 7,5MW
NaIbant(RED) 0,6+0,9+27,5+7,5+1,5MW
N.BaIcescu(RED) 28MW
Nistoresti(RED) 9MW
PanteIimon(RED) 1,6+2,4+4+4,8MW
Pecineaga(RED) 50+5+4+6+4+24+48+77,5MW
Pestera(RED) 204MW
Piatra(RED) 8MW
SaceIe(RED) 7,5+10+3MW+(10+9+9MW)(RED)
Sarichoi(RED)33MW
Saraiu(RED) 32,5MW
SarighioI DeaI(RED) 8MW
Satu Nou(RED)8MW
SiIistea(RED) 25MW+5MW
Stejaru(RED) 34MW
TichiIesti(RED) 27,5MW
TopoIog(RED) 0,66+8,55+15MW
Tortomanu(RED) 8+6+8MW
VuIturu(RED) 5MW+8MW
TuIcea(RED) 10+6,9MW
Cerna(RED) 72+17,5MW
VuIturu 108+110+108MW
DuIgheru 96MW
SaceIe 102MW
Somova 30+33+33+33+33MW+6MW(RED)
Vacareni 99+99+99+76,5+14+36+20MW
DeIeni 282.9MW
Medgidia Sud 296MW
CiocarIia(RED) 49MW + 7.2MW
Limanu(RED) 24MW
Baia 63MW+33MW(RED)
Seimeni (RED) 7,5MW+9MW
MihaiI KogaIniceanu (RED) 69+7,4MW
Mihai Bravu (RED) 1,5+7,8MW+10MW
FoItesti(RED) 9,8+10 MW
Frumusita(RED) 33+15 MW
Corni(RED) 70+10 MW
VarIezi(RED) 6+6MW
CudaIbi(RED) 10MW
Vanatori(RED) 10+10+10+10+10+10+10MW
UrIeasca(RED) 10+10+10+10MW
Cuza Voda(RED) 6MW
ScheIa(RED) 8MW
Ianca(RED) 8MW
Bordei Verde(RED) 8MW
Insuratei(RED) 10+60MW
Podgoria(RED) 45MW
Scanteiesti(RED) 2,5MW
Costi(RED) 0,23MW
SmuIti(RED) 2MW
TopIiceni(RED) 10MW
Com. CaIugareni(RED) 10MW
Viisoara(RED) 10MW
Costis(RED) 10MW
Branistea(RED) 2MW
Jugureni(RED) 10+10MW
Luciu PogoaneIe(RED) 8MW
Victoria(RED) 8MW
Dudesti(RED) 8MW
SurdiIa Gaiseanca(RED) 28MW
SaIcia Tudor(RED) 50MW
Beceni(RED) 30MW
Racoviteni(RED) 40MW
GemeneIe(RED) 47,5MW
BaIeni(RED) 10+10+10+10+10MW
Tecuci(RED) 30MW
Muntenii de jos(RED) 0,23MW
Lipovat I(RED) 6MW
Negresti(RED) 64MW
EmiI Racovita(RED) 4MW
Lipovat II(RED) 2MW
Ghermanesti Dancesti(RED) 10MW
Ruginesti(RED) 1,2MW
VuIcani+AIbesti(RED) 24MW+26MW
Vanatori(RED) 9 MW
Candesti(RED) 0,9MW
Bucecea(RED) 0,03MW
Sat Dienet DeaI(RED) 0,23MW
Auseu Borod(RED) 70,2MW
MoIdova Noua(RED) 50+30MW
Oravita Poieni(RED) 9MW
Oravita(RED) 2,5MW
Vrani(RED) 100MW
Sf.EIena(RED) 48+84MW
Sadova Veche(RED) 0,007MW
JimboIia(RED) 60MW
BaIotesti(RED) 0,005MW
Frumusita 150MW
PIatonesti 136MW+ 15MW(RED)+45MW(RED)
Romanu 90MW
Tudor VIadimirescu
15+15+15+15+18+93MW
Pechea 150MW
Beresti Meria(RED) 30MW
IjiIeni Frumusita(RED) 45MW
Tecuci(RED) 34MW
Cornea 200MW
Dumesti 99 MW
TopIet (RED)1,8+48,6MW
Homoraciu(RED) 30MW
Facaeni VIadeni(RED) 52MW
Tataru(RED) 2,5MW
ZapIazi TopIiceni(RED) 2,5MW
VaIea ParuIui Beceni(RED) 8MW
Grebanu(RED) 9,9MW
FaIciu+Berezeni(RED) 39MW
Rosiesti(RED) 46MW
Vetrisoaia(RED) 72MW
Ghermanesti Dranceni(RED) 5,4MW
Dranceni(RED) 3,6MW
Dranceni,Arsura,Duda,Epureni(RED) 67MW
SuIita(RED) 65MW
Dingeni Gorbanesti(RED) 46,9MW
Borca (RED) 50 MW
SireteI(RED) 9 MW SticIaria(RED)40 MW
Racaciuni(RED) 14,4MW
Siret(RED) 90MW
Nigotesti,Vadu MoIdovei,Viisoara (RED) 45 MW
Dersca(RED) 66MW
DeIeni(RED) 33MW
SannicoIau Mare(RED) 36MW
Poieni Oravita (RED) 12,5MW
Agadici (RED) 15MW
Pogara (RED) 0,00891MW
Cornereva (RED) 48MW
Racasdia (RED) 0,007MW
PetriIova (RED) 0,015MW
Marga (RED) 0.0038MW
Rasuceni(RED) 25MW
TOTAL(MW) RET(MW) RED(MW)
CU AVIZE TEHNICE
DE RACORDARE
8721,22 7364,8 1356,42
CU CONTRACTE
DE RACORDARE
14440,224 9405,2 5035,024
TOTAL GENERAL
23161,444 16770 6391,444
CU P.I.F.
1314,304 486,4 827,904
SITUATIA PROIECTELOR CENTRALELOR ELECTRICE EOLIENE
Legenda
eoIiene
IN FUNCTIUNE
CU CONTRACT DE RACORDARE
CU AVIZ TEHNIC DE RACORDARE
(RED)
CENTRALE ELECTRICE EOLIENE RACORDATE
LA RETEAUA ELECTRICA DE DISTRIBUTIE
ROMANIA
HARTA RET SI A
CENTRALELOR
ELECTRICE
EOLIENE
LA 20.08.2012
Dorobantu (RED)45MW
Caierac(RED) 6,9MW
DeaIu Redi(RED) 5MW
Crucea(RED) 150MW+9MW
Crucea 97,5+108+100+100+84MW
Baneasa 66MW
Ddobromir 183MW
Saraiu 87+55MW
VaIea TeiIor(RED) 0,6MW
23 August(RED) 48+6MW
Cumpana(RED) 8MW
Remus Opreanu(RED) 62MW
Gurbanesti(RED) 7,4MW
Luica(RED) 7,4MW
OIteni(RED) 10+8,7MW
VaIdeni(RED) 33MW
Smardan 54+42MW
Baicoi(RED) 0,002MW
Jugureni(RED) 50MW
Seaca 44MW
NaIbant 51MW
VaIiug 111MW
Naeni(RED) 2,5MW
FIoresti(RED) 0,02MW
Corbii Mari(RED) 0,02MW
VIadeni(RED) 48MW
Faurei (RED) 48MW
BaIabanesti(RED) 9MW
OItenesti(RED) 51MW
Izvoru BerheciuIui 56MW
Bacau Nord 188MW
Bacau Sud 211MW
Garana 147+102MW
SIatina Timis (RED) 48MW
CicIova (RED) 75MW
Saveni 400MW
CicIova 225MW
Chirnogeni 138MW
CogeaIac 42.5MW+212.5MW
Potarnichea(RED) 7,2MW
Satu Nou (RED) 9MW
Mircea Voda (RED) 9MW
DuIcesti(RED) 5MW
Tataru(RED) 8MW
Ddobromir 99MW
Mereni 65MW
IzvoareIe 75+82,5MW
Casimcea 99MW
Gutinas(RED) 6MW
Bogdana(RED) 9MW
Banca(RED) 30MW
Home Stores Concept(RED) 6MW
FaIciu (RED) 51MW
a
Murgeni (RED) 4+6MW
Budureasa(RED) 42MW
SIobozia Conachi
*RED) 2,05MW
CudaIbi(RED) 60MW
Gropeni(RED) 10MW
Cerchezu 117+117MW
Viroga 117MW
Dumbraveni 117MW
Pechea(RED) 6+2+6,2MW
Sannicoara 0,285+0.285MW
Cutca 0,285MW
Tureni 0,3MW
Piatra FantaneIe 0,25MW
Frecatei 141MW
Marasesti 84MW
Garoafa 79,8MW
Bunesti Averesti 298MW
SuhurIui 57MW
Pechea 66MW
CudaIbi 78MW
TuIcea 11,5+11,5+9MW
FaIciu 88+18MW
Isaccea 105MW
Poarta AIba (RED) 0,2MW+84MW
Bestepe(RED) 4,6MW
Priponestii de Jos(RED) 2,7MW
Beidaud 300+105+54MW
Mitoc 100+40MW
Cristian, Rasinari,PopIaca 87,5MW
DuIcesti(CarIig)(RED) 20MW
Granicesti(RED) 0,6MW
CiocarIia 50MW
MurfatIar 279MW
Independenta 88MW
Baraganu 98MW
TopaIu 84+81MW
Ciprian Porumbescu 27+51MW
Mehadia 400MW
Mehadia
FiIipesti 60 MW
Saucestii 100 MW

Tibanesti
Cornea
Garana
Statie transformare 400/20kV
Stroiesti 60MW
IIisesti 39MW
Dragoiesti 24+15MW
Stroiesti 60MW
Moara 45MW
Horodniceni 51+72MW
Berchisesti 24MW
Capu CampuIui 21MW
Daeni 51+54MW
Atmagea(RED) 4MW
Horia(RED)7,5+27,5+3MW
Lupeni 99+99MW
Adunatii Copaceni(RED) 0,6MW
Ruginoasa 60 MW
ContinentaI Wind Parteners 4MW
Harsova 72MW
Popesti 9 MW
Harsova (40,MW (RED) +0,5MW)
Scanteiesti 249MW
Romanesti 30 MW
Independenta 135MW
Cobadin(RED) 50MW
+26MW
AdamcIisi 278,3MW
Topraisar(RED) 0,02MW
Scortaru Nou(RED) 8MW
Panciu (RED) 10MW
Rasova (RED) 10MW
Viisoara 471MW
Facaeni 300MW
Constana
Cernavod
Tulcea
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ANRE
2012
1850
2450
1975
2800-3000
2013
RWEA
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Potrivit estimrilor AREE, nivelul previzionat al
capacitilor eoliene instalate este ambiios avnd n
vedere planurile curente de investiii i trebuie susinut
de un plan sntos de mbuntire a reelelor electrice,
un plan clar pentru dezafectarea centralelor vechi i
inefciente pe baz de crbune, dar i un cadru juridic
stabil. Mai jos sunt estimrile AREE pentru 2012 i
2013, n comparaie cu cele ale ANRE.
Romnia are anse mari nu doar s utilizeze parcurile
eoliene pentru a genera electricitate, dar de asemenea
i s profte n calitate de constructor de parcuri
eoliene sau productor de componente pentru
alte ri, sau din oferirea de servicii de transport.
Lund n considerare potenialul su tehnologic i
de dezvoltare, Romnia ar trebui s se atepte la o
cretere n urmtorii ani, n domeniul fabricrii de
componente pentru centrale electrice mai mult dect
din unitile electro-tehnice complexe.
GE 34%
Vestas 31.5%
Gamesa 17.9%
Nordex 2%
Fuhrlander 0.9%
Suzlon 0.8 %
According to RWEA estimates, the forecast for
installed wind capacities is ambitious given the
current investment plans and needs to be backed
up by a signifcant grid improvement plan, a clear
plan for the decommissioning of old, ineffcient coal
power plants and a stable legal framework. The RWEA
estimates for 2012 and 2013 are compared with those
of the ANRE below.
Romania has a real opportunity not only to use
wind farms to generate electricity, but also to reap
the benefts of being a constructor of wind farms
and wind farm components for other countries, as
well as offering transport services. Given its current
technological and development possibilities, Romania
should expect growth over the coming years to
come in the area of manufacturing the construction
components of power plants rather than their complex
electrotechnical systems.
Cotele de pia ale celor mai importani productori de
turbine eoliene i ale furnizorilor din Romnia
Market shares of the leading wind turbines manufacturers
and suppliers in Romania
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Cu o capacitate instalat de 1.200 MW la jumtatea
anului 2012, industria romneasc de energie eolian
este nc n curs de dezvoltare, dnd n acelai timp
semne de maturitate.
De la ultima ediie a acestui raport, AREE s-a ocupat
de modelarea legislaiei relevante, indicnd nevoile
industriei E-SRE i subliniind, n special, necesitatea
unui cadru juridic stabil, previzibil pentru investitorii
din domeniul energiei eoliene.
Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului 88/2011 este
piesa fnal a legislaiei primare pentru ca Legea 220 s
poat f pe deplin aplicabil. Echipa AREE a contribuit
la mbuntirea aceastei ordonane de guvern din
momentul n care a fost emis pentru prima dat n
noiembrie 2011.
AREE salut modifcarile introduse de prezenta lege
i consider c acesta este un prim pas spre crearea
unui mediu favorabil investitorilor. ntotdeauna va f
loc pentru mbuntiri, anumite aspecte rmnnd
a f clarifcate, dar n opinia AREE, perioada 2008-
2012 a demonstrat c n ciuda incertitudinilor, cteva
companii foarte determinate au investit foarte mult
efort i bani n aceast pia n sperana obinerii unui
proft rezonabil. Aceste companii sunt deschiztorii de
drumuri care netezesc Romniei calea spre atingerea
obiectivelor propuse pentru anul 2020. Parcurile eoliene
operaionale din Romnia sunt deinute de ctre CEZ,
Enel Green Power, EDPR, GDF Suez, Monsson, precum i
de o serie de companii locale mai mici.
Acum, cnd piaa este mai experimentat i legislaia
corespunztoare este n vigoare, AREE se ateapt ca
fnanrile s devin mai accesibile dect nainte, n
vedera susinerii dezvoltrii energiilor regenerabile.
AREE i-a propus o serie de proiecte pentru perioada
urmtoare, cum ar f ntiinarea Comisiei Europene
despre noile dispoziii legale din Romnia i asupra
legislaiei secundare n special privind funcionarea
pieei intra-zilnice. n numele sectorului energiei
eoliene, AREE supravegheaz fecare detaliu din
legislaie, cunoscnd din experien ce impact uria
poate avea un concept defectuos pentru o decizie de
investiie. AREE i dorete ca investitorii s decid n
favoarea Romniei, pentru a ne bucura de o surs de
energie curat pe de-o parte i de taxe suplimentare
pentru bugetul de stat, proiecte CSR mai mari i o
cretere a bugetelor comunitilor din zonele rurale, pe
de alt parte.
With an installed capacity of 1,200 MW as of mid-2012,
the Romanian wind energy industry is still emerging
while showing signs of maturity.
Since the last edition of this report, the RWEA has
been working to shape the relevant legislation, stating
the needs of the E-RES industry and in particular
highlighting the need for a stable, predictable legal
framework for wind energy investors.
Emergency Government Ordinance 88/2011 is the fnal
piece of primary legislation needed in order for Law 220
to become fully applicable. The RWEA team has been
working to improve this government ordinance ever
since it was frst issued in November 2011.
The RWEA welcomes the changes introduced by this
law and considers it the frst step towards creating
an investor-friendly environment. There will always
be room for improvement, and some issues remain
to be clarifed, but in the RWEAs opinion the 2008-
2012 period has demonstrated that, despite all the
uncertainties, a handful very determined companies
have invested a lot of effort and money into this market
with the hope of obtaining a reasonable return on
investmen. These companies are the pioneers that are
paving the way for Romania to achieve its 2020 targets.
The operational wind farms in Romania are owned by
CEZ, Enel Green Power, EDPR, GDF Suez, Monsson as
well as a number of smaller local players.
Now that the marked is more experienced and the
corresponding legislation is in place, the RWEA expects
fnancing to become more accessible than before,
supporting the further development of renewables.
The RWEA has set itself a number of objectives for
the coming period, such as notifying the European
Commission of the new legal provisions in Romania
and following up with the secondary legislation and the
market regulations, especially in terms of the intraday
market. On behalf of the wind energy sector, the RWEA
keeps an eye on every comma in a regulation, having
learnt what a huge impact a faulty concept can have
for an investment decision. The RWEA wants investors
to decide in favour of Romania, so that Romania will be
able to enjoy a source of clean energy on the one hand
and additional taxes for the state budget, larger CSR
projects and increased local community budgets in rural
areas, on the other.
President, RWEA
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Prevederi legale
Prevederi legale / Legal Regulations
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Prezenta seciune trateaz o serie de aspecte juridice n
legtur cu investiiile n energie regenerabil din Romnia,
precum i din Uniunea European i cuprinde trei pri.
Primele dou pri expun reglementrile legislaiei
romneti cu privire la regimul juridic al imobilelor, la
autorizaiile necesare i la legislaia de mediu aplicabile
construirii i operrii unei centrale de producere a
energiei electrice din surse regenerabile. Partea a treia
analizeaz dezvoltarea domeniului energiei regenerabile
n contextul mai larg al reglementrilor europene.
This section focuses on several legal aspects of
renewable energy investments in Romania, as well as
within the European Union, and consists of three parts.
The frst two parts deal with Romanian real estate,
regulatory and environmental regulations applicable
to the construction and the operation of a renewable
energy plant. The third part places Romanian
renewable energy development within the larger
context of EU regulations.
1.1 Drepturile reale
necesare pentru construirea
Primul pas n implementarea unui proiect de investiii
pentru o central electric l reprezint obinerea
locaiei necesare amplasrii acesteia. Conform
dreptului romnesc, pentru construcia oricrei
capaciti energetice este necesar obinerea unei
autorizaii de construire. Aceast autorizaie de
construire se acord doar n baza unui drept real asupra
terenului pe care urmeaz a f construit capacitatea
energetic. Astfel, investitorii care doresc s dezvolte
o central electric n Romnia, au n general dou
modaliti principale pentru dobndirea dreptului real
solicitat n vederea emiterii autorizaiei de construire,
respectiv (i) obinerea dreptului de proprietate asupra
terenului sau (ii) obinerea dreptului de superfcie
asupra terenului, precum i alte drepturi reale cu privire
la teren, cum ar f dreptul de uz, dreptul de servitute,
dreptul de uzufruct, etc.
1.1 Real rights required for
developing a renewable
energy plant
The frst stage when implementing an investment
project is obtaining the location for erecting the energy
plant. Under Romanian law, a building permit is needed
to build any facility for the production of energy. The
building permit is granted only if a specifc real right to
the land on which the energy plant is to be erected is
proved. Under Romanian law there are generally two
main ways for investors to hold the specifc in rem right
required for a building permit, namely (i) an ownership
title to the land or (ii) a superfcies right to the land,
as well as other real rights to the land, such as right of
usage, right of easement, usufruct, etc.
1. Preparation of the investment
project and construction of a
renewable energy plant
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1.1.1 Dreptul de proprietate
Conform dreptului romnesc, titularul dreptului de
proprietate dispune de un drept absolut de a folosi
i de a dispune de proprietatea sa, fr limitare n
timp. Acest drept l include i pe acela de a edifca n
subsolul, pe sau deasupra terenului construcii sau
orice alte structuri permanente sau temporare.
Dreptul de proprietate se dobndete de regul n
baza unui contract ncheiat pentru validitate n form
autentic. Cu toate acestea, dup fnalizarea lucrrilor
cadastrale pentru fecare unitate administrativ
teritorial i deschiderea crilor funciare pentru
terenurile respective, dreptul de proprietate asupra
terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se va dobndi
att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin
nscrierea dreptului de proprietate n cartea funciar
n baza contractului prin care s-a agreat transferul
dreptului de proprietate.
Dac n prezent dreptul de proprietate poate f dovedit
prin orice nscris ce atest proprietatea, Codul Civil
prevede c dovada dreptului de proprietate asupra
imobilelor nscrise n cartea funciar, se va face cu
extrasul de carte funciar
1
.
Cu anumite excepii, dobndirea dreptului de
proprietate asupra terenurilor n Romnia este n
prezent limitat persoanelor fzice sau juridice romne.
Cu toate acestea, ncepnd cu 1 ianuarie 2012, cetenii
unui stat membru UE nerezideni n Romnia, apatrizii
nerezideni n Romnia cu domiciliul ntr-un stat
membru UE, precum i persoanele juridice nerezidente
constituite n conformitate cu legislaia unui stat
membru UE, pot dobndi dreptul de proprietate asupra
terenurilor n Romnia pentru reedine secundare,
respectiv sedii secundare. Totui, obinerea dreptului
de proprietate asupra terenurilor agricole, pdurilor
i terenurilor forestiere este restricionat cetenilor
strini i persoanelor juridice strine pn la mplinirea
a 7 ani de la aderarea Romniei, deci pn la 1 ianuarie
2014. n ciuda acestor restricii, strinii pot deine
dreptul de proprietate asupra terenurilor n Romnia
prin intermediul societilor comerciale nregistrate de
acetia n Romnia.
1 Aceast prevedere va f aplicabil doar dup ncheierea lucrrilor
cadastrale pentru fecare unitate administrativ - teritorial.
1.1.1 Ownership right
The ownership right under Romanian law offers the
owner an absolute right to use, encumber and sell
the real property without limitation in time. This also
includes the right to build on the real property any
building or other type of structure, either permanent
or temporary.
The ownership right is usually established by way of
agreement executed in notarised form for validity
purposes. Nevertheless, after completion of cadastral
works for each administrative-territorial unit and
opening of Land Registers for relevant lands, the
ownership right to lands registered with the Land
Register shall be transferred between the parties, as
well as towards third parties, only upon registration
of the ownership right with the Land Register on the
basis of the agreement contemplating the transfer of
ownership right.
While currently an ownership right may be proved by
way of any attesting ownership documents, the Civil
Code provides that the proof of ownership right to real
estate subject to registration with the Land Register
shall be made with the excerpt from the Land Register
1
.
With some exceptions, direct access to ownership
right to lands is currently limited to Romanian
individuals or entities. Nevertheless, starting 1
January 2012, the foreign persons EU members
natural or legal entities non-resident in Romania
may acquire the ownership rights to land in Romania
for secondary residences/ secondary head offces.
However, with respect to the agricultural lands,
forests and forestry lands, the ownership right thereto
may be acquired by foreign citizens or legal entities
provided that a 7 year period has elapsed from the
completion of Romanias accession process, namely on
1 January 2014. Despite all restrictions, foreigners can
hold ownership title to lands in Romania through their
companies registered in Romania.
1 This provision shall be applicable only after completion of the cadas-
tral works for each administrative-territorial unit.
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1.1.2 Dreptul de superfcie
Dreptul de superfcie const n: (i) dreptul de a avea sau
de a edifca o construcie pe, deasupra sau n subsolul
terenului deinut n proprietate de o alt persoan; (ii)
dreptul de proprietate asupra construciei i (iii) dreptul
de folosin asupra terenului pe care se af amplasat
construcia. Dreptul de superfcie permite delimitarea
ntre dreptul de proprietate asupra terenului i dreptul
de proprietate asupra construciei ridicate pe, deasupra
sau n subsolul terenului proprietatea altei persoane.
Codul Civil limiteaz durata dreptului de superfcie la
maximum 99 de ani, cu posibilitatea de prelungire.
Un drept de superfcie se constituie de regul n baza
unui contract ncheiat, pentru validitate n form
autentic. Cu toate acestea, dup fnalizarea lucrrilor
terenurile respective, dreptul de superfcie asupra
terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se va dobndi
att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin nscrierea
dreptului n cartea funciar n baza contractului prin
care s-a constituit dreptul de superfcie.
n ciuda similitudinilor dintre dreptul de superfcie
i dreptul de proprietate, nu exist restricii impuse
strinilor cu privire la dobndirea unui drept de
superfcie asupra terenurilor n Romnia.
1.1.2.1 Dreptul de superfcie vs. dreptul de
folosin (locaiune)
Orice drept de superfcie include dreptul de a folosi
suprafaa de teren ocupat de construcia amplasat
pe teren. Dac proprietarul unui teren acord unui ter
dreptul de folosin n baza unui contract de locaiune
ori n baza altei convenii, terului nu i va f permis, din
punct de vedere legal, s construiasc pe acel teren.
Cu alte cuvinte, autoritile competente nu vor emite
autorizaia de construire n baza unui drept de folosin
obinut n baza unui contract de locaiune.
1.1.3 Uzufructul
Potrivit dreptului romnesc, uzufructul const n
dreptul cuiva de a se folosi de i a culege fructele
bunului ce aparine altei persoane, att timp ct prin
acestea nu se aduce atingere substanei bunului.
Uzufructul este un drept real asupra proprietii altuia,
limitat ca durat. Dreptul de uzufruct constituit n
favoarea unei persoane fzice poate f cel mult viager iar
cel constituit n favoarea unei persoane juridice poate
avea o durat de cel mult 30 de ani.
1.1.2 Superfcies right
A superfcies right consists of: (i) the right to have or to
erect a building on or under the land owned by another
person; (ii) the ownership right over the building; and
(iii) the right to use the land pertaining to the building
(drept de folosinta). The superfcies right allows for
delimitation between the ownership to the land and the
ownership to the building erected on or under the land
owned by somebody else.
The Civil Code limits the duration of a superfcies right
to a maximum of 99 years, with a prolongation option.
A superfcies right may be established by way of agreement
executed in notarised form for validity purposes, under
sanction of nullity. Nevertheless, after completion of
cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit and
opening of Land Registers for relevant lands, the superfcies
right to lands registered with the Land Register shall be
transferred between the parties, as well as towards third
parties, only upon registration of the superfcies right
with the Land Register on the basis of the agreement
contemplating the establishment of the superfcies right.
Despite all legal similarities between the superfcies
right and the ownership right, foreigners are in no way
restricted from directly holding superfcies rights to
lands in Romania.
1.1.2.1 Superfcies right vs. right of use (lease)
Any superfcies right includes a right of use over the plot
of land on which the building has been erected. If the
owner of a land grants to a third party only the right of
use through a letting/lease or other kind of agreement,
the third party will not be allowed from a legal point
of view to build any permanent structure on that land.
A third party whose right of use to the land is based
only on a letting/lease agreement will not be granted
permits to build on that land.
1.1.3 Usufruct
Pursuant to Romanian law, the usufruct is the legal right
to use and derive proft or beneft from property that
belongs to another person, as long as the substance of
the property is preserved. The usufruct is a real right
of limited duration on the property of another. The
usufruct established in favour of a natural person may
have a maximum duration equal with the lifetime of the
usufructuary while the usufruct established in favour of a
legal person may have a duration of maximum 30 years.
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Titularul unui uzufruct, cunoscut i sub denumirea de
uzufructuar, are dreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de
bun i de a obine proft din fructele bunului.
Uzufructul poate f constituit prin convenie ncheiat,
pentru validitate, n form autentic. Cu toate acestea,
dup fnalizarea lucrrilor cadastrale pentru fecare
unitate administrativ teritorial i deschiderea
crilor funciare pentru terenurile respective, dreptul de
uzufruct asupra terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar
se va dobndi att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai
prin nscrierea dreptului de uzufruct n cartea funciar
n baza contractului prin care s-a constituit.
Drepturile de uzufruct constituite nainte de 1
octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp 30 de ani iar
drepturile de uzufruct constituite dup 1 octombrie
2011 odat cu intrarea n vigoare a noului Cod Civil, se
sting prin neuz timp de 10 ani.
1.1.4 Drepturile convenionale i legale
de uz i de servitute
Dreptul de uz este similar celui de uzufruct, astfel cum
este descris la pct. 1.1.3. de mai sus. Titularul dreptului
de uz are dreptul de a folosi i de a se bucura de bunul
afectat, precum i dreptul de a culege fructele bunului
ns doar n limitele necesare lui i familiei sale.
Dreptul de servitute faciliteaz benefciarului dreptul
de acces pe proprietatea altei persoane, pentru
asigurarea utilitii unui teren nvecinat, ce aparine
unui alt proprietar.
Pentru accesul la capacitatea energetic, n timpul i
dup fnalizarea lucrrilor de construcie ori pentru
traseul reelelor electrice care traverseaz proprietatea
terilor, dezvoltatorul trebuie s dein drept de
servitute pe terenurile afectate de cile de acces sau de
reelele electrice.
Constituirea servituilor de trecere este valabil doar
dac benefciarul obine n acest scop un certifcat de
urbanism (pentru detalii a se vedea pct. 1.3.6 de mai
jos). Drepturile de servitute constituite nainte de 1
octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp de 30 de ani,
n timp ce drepturile de servitute constituite dup 1
octombrie 2011 se sting prin neuz timp de 10 ani.
n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltare a centralei eletrice,
dreptul de uz i de servitute pot f constituite (i) prin
ncheierea unui contract n form autentic sau (ii) n
baza legii. Cu toate acestea, dup fnalizarea lucrrilor
The holder of a usufruct, also known as the usufructuary,
has the right to use and enjoy the property, as well as the
right to receive profts from the fruits of the property.
A usufruct may be established by an agreement executed
in notarised form for validity purposes. Nevertheless, after
completion of cadastral works for each administrative-
territorial unit and opening of land registers for relevant
lands, the usufruct to lands registered with the Land
Register shall be transferred between the parties, as well as
towards third parties, only upon registration of the usufruct
right with the Land Register on the basis of the agreement
contemplating the establishment of the usufruct right.
The usufruct rights established before 1 October 2011
extinguish for 30 years of non-use while the usufruct
rights established after 1 October 2011, once with the
entry into force of the new Civil Code, extinguish for 10
years of non-use.
1.1.4 Conventional and statutory right
of usage and easements
The right of usage is quite similar to the usufruct as
described under point 1.1.3 above. The holder of the right of
usage has the right to use and enjoy the affected property,
as well as the right to receive profts from the fruits of the
property within the limits required for himself and his family.
The easement right enables the benefciary to have access
to the property held by another person, aimed to ensure
the utility of a neighbouring land held in ownership by a
different person.
For access to the energy plant during and after the
fnalisation of the construction works or for the route
of the electric cables that cross third parties properties,
the investor must hold rights of easement to the lands
crossed by the access ways or the cables.
The establishment of passage easements is valid only if
the benefciary obtains frst an urbanism certifcate (for
details please see point 1.3.6 below). The easement rights
established prior to 1 October 2011 extinguish for 30
years of non-use while the easement rights established
after 1 October 2011, once with the entry into force of the
new Civil Code, extinguish for 10 years of non-use.
Depending on the stage of development of the renewable
energy plant, the rights of usage or the easements may be
established (i) by executing a private notarised agreement
or (ii) by virtue of law. Nevertheless, after completion of
cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit
and opening of land registers for relevant lands, the
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terenurile respective, drepturile convenionale de uz i de
servitute asupra terenurilor nscrise n cartea funciar se
vor dobndi att ntre pri, ct i fa de teri numai prin
nscrierea dreptului de uz, respectiv de servitute n cartea
funciar n baza contractelor prin care s-au constituit
aceste drepturi.
n funcie de stadiul de dezvoltare al capacitii
energetice, se va face distincie ntre perioada de timp
cuprins pn la obinerea autorizaiei de nfinare i
perioada de timp ulterioar obinerii autorizaiei de
nfinare. nainte de obinerea autorizaiei de nfinare,
dezvoltatorul poate benefcia de drepturile de uz i
servitute doar n baza unui contract n form autentic
ncheiat cu proprietarul terenului afectat. Dezvoltatorul
poate benefcia prin lege de drepturile menionate doar
dup obinerea autorizaiei de nfinare.
Menionm c n funcie de regimul juridic al terenurilor
ce vor f afectate de traseul reelelor electrice, nainte
de obinerea autorizaiei de nfinare trebuie urmrite
anumite proceduri speciale de securizare a terenurilor
afectate de reelele electrice.
Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n baza legii
sunt prevzute n Legea energiei electrice i a gazelor
naturale nr. 123/2012
2
(Legea Energiei), ce acord
dezvoltatorului drepturi de uz i servitute asupra
terenurilor afate n vecintatea capacitilor energetice.
Dreptul de uz acordat n baza Legii Energiei se exercit pe
durata necesar executrii de lucrri n vederea realizrii,
relocrii, desfinrii, sau retehnologizrii capacitii
energetice, ct i pentru intervenii n caz de avarie.
Drepturile de servitute legale pot f de trecere subteran,
de suprafa sau aerian pentru instalarea, respectiv
desfinarea reelelor electrice sau altor echipamente
aferente centralei electrice, precum i pentru acces la
locul de amplasare al acestora.
Drepturile de uz i servitute asupra proprietilor statului
i ale unitilor administrativ-teritoriale afectate de
centrale electrice se realizeaz cu titlu gratuit pe toat
durata existenei acestora, n timp ce pentru exercitarea
drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra terenurilor afate
n proprietate privat, Legea Energiei prevede reguli
speciale, detaliate la pct. 1.1.4.1. de mai jos.
2 Legea energiei electrice i a gazelor naturale nr. 123/2012, publicat
n Monitorul Ofcial, Partea I, nr. 485, din data de 16 iulie 2012 i intrat n
vigoare la 19 iulie 2012
conventional right of usage and easement rights to lands
registered with the Land Register shall be transferred
between the parties, as well as towards third parties, only
upon registration of the rights with the Land Register
on the basis of the agreements contemplating the
establishment of the right of usage and easement right.
Depending on the stage of development of the energy
plant, distinction should be made between the
period prior to obtaining the setting-up authorisation
and the period after obtaining the setting-up
authorisation. Prior to obtaining the setting-up
authorisation, the developer may beneft from the
right of usage or easements only by executing private
notarised agreements. The developer may beneft by
virtue of law from the mentioned rights only after
obtaining the setting-up authorisation.
Depending on the legal status of lands to be affected
by the route of the electric cables, before obtaining
the setting up authorization, certain specifc
authorization procedures for securing said affected
lands should be observed.
The rights of usage and the easements granted by virtue
of law are regulated by Law no. 123/2012 on energy
and natural gas
2
(the Energy Law), which grants the
developer certain rights of usage or easements over
plots of land surrounding the energy plant.
The right of usage granted on the basis of Energy Law
may be exercised during the period required for the
erection, relocation, dismantling or modernization
of the energy capacity, as well as for interventions
in case of damage. The statutory easements may be
underground, terrestrial or aerial passage easements
required for installing and removing electric cables and
other equipments belonging to the energy plant, as well
as for access to their location.
Such rights affecting land owned by the State and local
authorities are granted free-of-charge during the entire
lifespan of the energy plant, while those affecting third
owners properties follow specifc rules stipulated by
Energy Law, as detailed under point 1.1.4.1 below.
2 Law no. 123/2012 on energy and natural gas, published in the Roma-
nian Offcial Gazette no. 485 of 16 July 2012 and entered into force on 19
July 2012.
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1.1.4.1. Exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute
asupra terenurilor afate n proprietatea privat
a terilor, astfel cum este reglementat n Legea
Energiei i n Hotrrea de Guvern nr. 135/ 2011
n vederea stabilirii termenilor i condiiilor n care
dezvoltatorul poate exercita drepturile legale de uz i
servitute, proprietarii terenurilor afectate de aceste
drepturi pot solicita dezvoltatorului s ncheie convenia-
cadru, astfel cum este aprobat n anexa la Hotrrea de
Guvern nr. 135/2011
3
(HG 135). Durata conveniei va
acoperi de principiu, att perioada necesar executrii
centralei electrice, ct i perioada ulterioar de
ntreinere i funcionare a centralei electrice.
n toate cazurile n care se vor ncheia astfel de
convenii, cuantumul maxim al indemnizaiei la care
sunt ndreptii proprietarii n schimbul afectrii
terenurilor se va stabili prin negociere de ctre pri,
cel mult la nivelul chiriei minime pe m
2
stabilite
de ctre administraia public local n a crei raz
teritorial se af terenul pentru folosina unui teren
din aceeai categorie i se calculeaz numai pentru
suprafaa de teren ce urmeaz a f efectiv afectat de
exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute. n situaia n
care la nivelul administraiei publice locale n a crei
raz teritorial se af terenul nu exist stabilit un
nivel al chiriei minime pe m
2
, cuantumul indemnizaiei
va f determinat de ctre un evaluator autorizat n
condiiile legii, ales de comun acord de ctre pri, al
crui onorariu va f acoperit de ctre dezvoltator.
Pe lng indemnizaie, proprietarii terenurilor afectate
de exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute vor f
despgubii pentru prejudiciile cauzate de realizarea
centralei electrice, prejudicii ce vor f evaluate avndu-
se n vedere anumite criterii (e.g. suprafaa de teren
afectat de lucrrile prevzute n convenie; tipurile de
culturi i plantaii existente pe terenul afectat la data
ncheierii conveniei; valoarea produciei afectate de
lucrrile efectuate de dezvoltator; etc.).
Vor benefcia de indemnizaii, respectiv de despgubiri
i proprietarii terenurilor afectate de exercitarea
drepturilor de uz i de servitute care la data intrrii
n vigoare a Legii Energiei aveau n derulare convenii
privind exercitarea acestor drepturi reale ncheiate n
condiiile legii.
3 Hotrrea de Guvern nr 135/2011 pentru aprobarea regulilor
procedurale privind condiiile i termenii referitori la durata, coninutul i
limitele de exercitare a drepturilor de uz i servitute asupra proprietilor
private afectate de capacitile energetice, a conveniei-cadru, precum i
a regulilor procedurale pentru determinarea cuantumului indemnizaiilor
i a despgubirilor si a modului de plat a acestora, publicat n Monitorul
Ofcial al Romniei, partea I, nr. 236, din 05 aprilie2011.
1.1.4.1 Exercise of rights of usage and
easements over third owners properties,
as provided under the Energy Law and
Governmental Decision no. 135/2011
In order to set the terms and conditions under which the
developer may exercise the statutory rights of usage and
easements, the owners of affected lands may request
the developer to execute the framework agreement as
approved in the annex to Governmental Decision No.
135/2011
3
(GD 135). The duration of the agreement will
cover, in principle, the necessary period required to erect
the energy plant, as well as the necessary period required
for the maintenance and operation of the energy plant.
In all cases where agreements will be executed, the
maximum amount of compensation to be paid to the
owners is to be established by the parties, but not higher
than the level of minimum rent established by the local
fscal authority per sqm of land having the same category,
and shall be calculated only for the surface of land
directly affected by the rights of usage and easement
rights. Where no minimum rent is established by the local
fscal authority, the amount of compensation is to be
determined by an authorised expert chosen by the parties
and paid by the developer.
Besides the compensation, the owners of lands
affected will be indemnifed for any damages caused
by the energy plant, damages to be determined with
consideration to a series of criteria (e.g. the surface
of land affected by the works agreed upon under
the agreement; the types of culture and plantation
existing on the affected land at the execution date of
the agreement; the value of production affected by the
works performed by the developer; etc.).
The owners of the lands affected by the rights of usage
and easement rights, that have ongoing agreements
regarding the exercise of these rights upon the entry
into force of Energy Law, shall also beneft from said
indemnities and compensation.
3 Government Decision no. 135/2011 for the approval of the procedural
rules on conditions and terms of duration, content and limits of rights of
usage and easement rights over private properties affected by energy ca-
pacities, the framework agreement, as well as for determining the amount
of compensations and indemnities and the payment method thereof,
published in the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 236 of 5 April 2011.
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In case of an ongoing agreement between the parties,
pursuant to GD 135 and the Energy Law, the owners of
the affected lands have the option to request for a new
contract observing the form and content of the agreement
approved by GD 135 to be executed with the developer.
According to Article 16 (7) of the Energy Law, the developer
is bound to execute the agreement no later than 30 days
after the request addressed by the owners of affected
lands. However, neither GD 135 nor the Energy Law provide
(i) a sanction in case developers do not reply to the land
owners request or do not agree on the amendment of
the already in-force agreement, respectively (ii) if a legal
deadline is to be met by the land owners in order to request
the conclusion of the agreement.
1.2 Romanian land register
system
In relation to the real rights on real property in
Romania, opposability/transfer of said rights is
also important.
Under the current Land Register system any
establishment, transfer or limitation of rights
pertaining to real property is generally effective
between the parties upon signing the underlying
agreement (e.g.the transfer deed). The lack of
registration following execution of a transfer deed
does not prevent ownership transfer or establishment
of other real rights; however, this transfer will not be
opposable towards third parties until registration with
the Land Register.
The statutory easement rights and the rights of usage
granted on the basis of Energy Law are opposable
towards third parties without being required
registration with the Land Register.
The Romanian Land Register system will face some
changes in the future. Pursuant to the Civil Code, the
entries in the Land Register will have a constitutive
effect and real rights will not be transferred prior to
their legal registration with the Land Register. Rights
will rank according to the date, hour and minute of their
registration applications
4
.
4 These provisions of the Civil Code will apply only to those agreements
executed /rights established after the entry into force of the new Civil
Code, namely after 1 October 2011, and only after the completion of the
cadastral works for each administrative-territorial unit and registration of
the lands with the Land Registers.
n cazul existenei un contract deja ncheiat ntre pri,
conform HG 135 i Legii Energiei, proprietarii terenurilor
afectate au opiunea de a solicita ncheierea unui nou
contract, care s aib forma i coninutul conveniei
anexate HG 135. Conform art. 16 alin. 7 din Legea
Energiei, dezvoltatorii sunt obligai s procedeze la
ncheierea conveniei-cadru n termen de maximum
30 de zile de la solicitarea proprietarilor. Cu toate
acestea, att HG 135 ct i Legea Energiei nu prevd (i)
o sanciune n cazul n care dezvoltatorii nu rspund
cererii proprietarilor de terenuri, sau nu sunt de acord
cu modifcrile contractului care este deja n vigoare,
respectiv (ii) un termen legal n cadrul creia proprietarii
de terenuri pot solicita ncheierea contractului.
1.2 Sistemul de carte
funciar n Romnia
Opozabilitatea/ transferul drepturilor reale asupra
imobilelor n Romnia este strns legat de sistemul
crii funciare.
Sub actualul sistem al crii funciare, orice constituire,
transfer sau limitare a drepturilor cu privire la
imobile opereaz ntre pri, ca regul, prin semnarea
contractului, respectiv a actului de transfer. Lipsa
nregistrrii ulterioare a acestor contracte sau acte
de transfer nu mpiedic transferul dreptului de
proprietate sau constituirea altor drepturi reale; cu
toate acestea, cu anumite excepii, un astfel de transfer
sau constituire de drepturi nu va f opozabil terilor
dect n momentul nregistrrii n cartea funciar.
Drepturile de uz i de servitute acordate n baza Legii
Energiei, avnd caracter legal, sunt opozabile terilor
fr necesitatea nscrierii acestora n cartea funciar.
n viitor sistemul crii funciare va suferi o serie de
modifcri. Potrivit Codului Civil, nscrierile n cartea
funciar vor avea efect constitutiv de drepturi, n sensul
n care drepturile reale asupra imobilelor nscrise n
cartea funciar se vor dobndi, att ntre pri ct
i fa de teri, numai prin nscrierea lor n cartea
funciar. nscrierile n cartea funciar i vor produce
efectele de la data nregistrrii cererilor, inndu-se ns
cont de data, ora i minutul nregistrrii acestora
4
.
4 Prevederile Codului Civil se vor aplica doar acelor contracte ncheiate/
drepturi constituite dup intrarea n vigoare a noului Cod Civil, respectiv
dup 1 octombrie 2011, i doar dup ce lucrrile cadastrale vor f ncheiate
pentru fecare unitate administrativ-teritorial i crile funciare vor f fost
deschise pentru terenurile n cauz.
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1.3 Situaii care ar putea
mpiedica/ntrzia proiectul
de investiie
1.3.1 Proprietatea public
Conform dreptului romnesc, imobilele deinute de
stat i unitile administrativ-teritoriale se mpart n
dou categorii: imobile afate n proprietate public,
cele care aparin domeniului public i imobile afate n
proprietate privat, ce aparin domeniului privat.
Importana de a ti n care dintre aceste categorii este
inclus terenul necesar pentru construcia capacitii
energetice determin tipul de contract n baza cruia
terenul poate f asigurat pentru dezvoltarea centralei
electrice, avnd n vedere c terenurile deinute
n proprietate public pot f obinute n vederea
exploatrii ntr-un astfel de scop, n baza unui contract
de concesiune.
ntrebarea cum i pot alege statul i unitile
administrativ-teritoriale partenerii contractuali atunci
cnd acord drepturi asupra terenurilor deinute n
proprietate, este un subiect nelipsit de controverse n
practic. Vnzarea, concesionarea sau nchirierea unor
terenuri din domeniului public sau privat al statului
sau al unitilor administrativ-teritoriale sunt supuse
procedurilor de licitaie public. Detaliile unor astfel
de proceduri nu au fost pn n prezent complet
clarifcate; legea, doctrina sau jurisprudena nu ofer
un set de reguli unitare cu privire la modalitatea n
care autoritile publice trebuie s organizeze astfel
de proceduri de licitaie. Cu toate acestea, dac o
autoritate public acord unui ter drepturi asupra
unui teren deinut n proprietate public sau privat
fr organizarea unei licitaii publice n acest sens,
contractul astfel ncheiat poate f anulat de ctre
instana de judecat. Aceast anulare ar produce o
serie de efecte negative asupra unui proiect n curs de
dezvoltare sau deja dezvoltat pe teren i chiar asupra
autorizaiilor i avizelor emise pentru construirea i
operarea centralei electrice.
1.3 Issues that might
impede/delay the
investment process
1.3.1 Public property
Under Romanian law, real properties held by the State and
local authorities can be of two categories: real properties
held in public ownership that belong to the public domain
and real properties held in private ownership that belong
to the private domain (domeniul public sau privat).
The importance of knowing in which category the land
needed for an energy plant falls into lays with the type of
agreement the land can be secured under for a project, as
land in public domain can be obtained mainly subject to a
concession agreement.
The question of how the local authorities can choose
their contract partners when granting rights over land is
a controversial matter. The sale, concession or leasing of
the plots of land, part of the public or private domain of
the state or administrative units are subject to a public
tender procedure. The details of such procedures are not
yet completely clarifed; neither the statutes nor the legal
writings nor the case law provide a uniform set of rules
as to how the local authorities should conduct such a
public tender procedure. However, if the local authority
grants rights to land to a party without conducting a
public tender, the contract concluded with such a party
may be declared null and void. This would have a series of
adverse effects on the ownership over the project ongoing
or developed on the land and even on the authorisations
and permits issued for the building and operation of the
energy plant.
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1.3.2 Restitution claims/litigations
affecting the lands
Between 6 March 1945 and 22 December 1989, the
Romanian State confscated/ nationalised/ expropriated
real estate property without paying adequate
compensation to the owners, partly on the basis of
enacted laws, partly without any legal basis. In order
to correct such abnormalities and to open up access to
private property over land, the Romanian State enacted
several laws, such as laws Nos. 18/1991
5
, 1/2000
6
and
10/2001
7
, as means to regulate private ownership
over land. Based on these laws, individuals were able
to fle restitution claims requesting the reinstatement
(reconstituire) of ownership titles to land owned
by them or their ancestors prior to expropriation by
the State. At the same time, land was distributed on
request to private individuals or corporations by means
of instatement (constituire) of titles to land (see point
1.3.3 below).
Although the time period for initiating restitution
claims has expired (30 November 2005), former owners
that can prove a stronger (i.e. older) title to a particular
land may challenge currently registered titles.
Since it is impossible to track down all expropriations/
nationalisations made in the period 1945 through
1989 (e.g., due to the lack of proper records,
partitioning and unifcations of concerned plots, etc.),
in order to avoid future risks that might delay the
investment process, offcial inquiries with the relevant
local councils are recommended (with a view to
restitution claims fled/deposited).
The same inquiries are recommended in order to verify
whether the lands are affected by other litigations that
might have a potential impact on the development of
the renewable energy plant.
5 Law No 18/1991 on land resources, published in the Romanian Offcial
Gazette no. 1 of 5 January 1998.
6 Law No. 1/2000 regarding the reinstatement of the ownership right
over the agricultural lands and forest lands, requested as per provisions
of Law No. 18/199 and Law No. 169/1997, published in the Romanian
Offcial Gazette no. 8 of 12 January 2000.
7 Law No. 10/2001 on the legal regime of immovables abusively taken
over in the period between 6 March 1945 and 22 December 1989, repub-
lished in the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 798 of 2 September 2005.
1.3.2 Cereri de restituire/ litigii cu
privire la terenuri
n perioada 6 martie 1945 22 decembrie 1989, parial
n baza unor legi, parial fr vreo baz legal, statul
romn a confscat/ naionalizat/ expropriat anumite
imobile fr a plti respectivilor proprietari despgubiri
(corespunztoare). Pentru a remedia aceste anormaliti
statul romn a adoptat o serie de legi cum ar f Legea nr.
18/1991
5
, Legea nr. 1/2000
6
, Legea nr. 10/2001
7
, pentru
reglementarea proprietii private asupra terenurilor.
Pe baza acestor legi, persoanele fzice au putut prezenta
cereri de restituire solicitnd reconstituirea dreptului de
proprietate asupra terenurilor deinute n proprietate
personal sau de ctre ascendenii acestora nainte de a
f expropriate de ctre statul romn. n acelai timp, la
cererea persoanelor fzice sau societilor/ asociaiilor
private, au fost acordate n proprietate terenuri n baza
constituirii dreptului de proprietate (a se vedea pct. 1.3.3.
de mai jos).
Cu toate c termenul pentru depunerea cererilor
de restituire a expirat (30 noiembrie 2005), fotii
proprietari care pot dovedi un titlu mai puternic (mai
vechi) asupra unui teren pot contesta titlurile de
proprietate nregistrate n prezent.
Avnd n vedere c este imposibil de identifcat toate
exproprierile/naionalizrile fcute n perioada 1945-
1989 (e.g. din lipsa unor nregistrri corespunztoare,
din cauza efecturii unor dezmembrri sau alipiri
ale terenurilor, etc.), pentru a evita riscuri viitoare
care ar putea ntrzia investiia, sunt recomandabile
investigaii ofciale la autoritile locale competente n
cauz (cu privire la cererile de restituire nregistrate/
depuse la aceste autoriti).
Aceleai investigaii sunt recomandate pentru a
verifca dac terenurile sunt afectate de litigii care
ar putea avea un potenial impact asupra dezvoltrii
centralei electrice.
5 Legea nr. 18/1991 asupra fondului funciar, republicat n Monitorul
Ofcial, Partea I, nr. 1, din 5 ianuarie 1998.
6 Legea nr. 1/2000 pentru reconstituirea drepturilor de proprietate asu-
pra terenurilor agricole i forestiere, solicitate potrivit prevederilor Legii
nr. 18/1991 i Legii nr. 169/1997, publicat n Monitorul Ofcial, Partea I,
nr. 8, din 12 ianuarie 2000.
7 Legea nr. 10/2001 privind regimul juridic al unor imobile preluate
abuziv n perioada 6 Martie 1945 22 Decembrie 1989, republicat n
Monitorul Ofcial, Partea I, nr. 798, din 2 septembrie 2005.
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1.3.3 Constituirea dreptului de
proprietate; Interdicii de nstrinare
n urma ndeplinirii anumitor condiii preliminare,
anumitor persoane li s-a acordat dreptul de proprietate
privat asupra terenurilor prin constituirea dreptului
de proprietate, chiar dac nu fuseser expropriai
n perioada comunist. Potrivit art. 32 din Legea nr
18/1991 asupra fondului funciar, persoanelor crora li
s-a constituit dreptul de proprietate asupra terenurilor
le este interzis s vnd sau s transfere dreptul de
proprietate asupra terenurilor respective timp de 10
ani calculai de la nceputul anului urmtor anului
n care s-a nregistrat proprietatea. Dei Codul Civil a
abrogat interdicia de nstrinare menionat anterior,
nerespectarea acesteia nainte de 1 octombrie 2011
poate avea consecine i n prezent.
Astfel, nclcarea acestei interdicii se sancioneaz cu
nulitatea absolut a actelor de nstrinare ncheiate
nainte de 1 octombrie 2011, iar constatarea nulitii
poate f cerut n instan n orice moment de ctre
primrie, prefectur, procuror, precum i de ctre orice
alt persoan interesat.
Pentru a aprecia dac aceast interdicie a fost
respectat, trebuie urmrit momentul de la care
interdicia de nstrinare ncepea s curg. Art. 32 al
Legii nr. 18/1991 prevedea c termenul va ncepe s
curg la nceputul anului urmtor anului n care s-a
fcut nregistrarea proprietii. Doctrina conine ns
numeroase interpretri ale termenului nregistrare
i implicit, ale datei de la care interdicia de nstrinare
ncepe s curg, astfel nct riscul cu privire la acest
aspect trebuie evaluat individual n fecare proiect.
1.3.3 Instatement of ownership title;
Prohibitions to alienate
Subject to certain preconditions, persons were granted
access to private property over land by means of
instatement of titles to land, even if they had not been
expropriated during the Communist era. Pursuant to Article
32 Law No. 18/1991 on land resources, certain persons
whose ownership right to a plot of land has been instated
(constituit as opposed to reinstated, reconstituit) are
not allowed to sell or otherwise transfer their ownership
right to the respective plot for a period of ten years
calculated as of the beginning of the year subsequent to the
year when their ownership was registered. Although the
new Civil Code abolished the aforementioned alienation
prohibition, breach of observing said prohibition prior to
1 October 2011 may still refect in the present.
Thus, breach of such prohibition results in absolutely
null and void transfer documents concluded prior
to 1 October 2011 (e.g. null and void sale purchase
agreement) nullity that may be asserted at any time by
the mayoralty, prefect and prosecutor, as well as by any
interested person.
In order to assess whether the prohibition has been
observed, attention must be paid to the date when
the prohibition term starts to run. As Article 32 of Law
No. 18/1991 stipulated that the term shall run as of
the beginning of the year following registration of
ownership, various interpretations of the meaning of the
term registration and, implicitly, of the date when the
prohibition term starts to run where developed by the
legal scholars. Thus, the risks regarding this term should
be assessed in each project individually.
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1.3.4 Historical monument status
Law No. 422/2001 on protection of historical
monuments
8
defnes a historical monument as
constructions and lands
9
situated in Romania that are
signifcant for Romanian (and universal) history, culture
and civilisation.
In accordance with Article 4, paragraph 4 of
Law No. 422/2001, ownership title to property
listed as a historical monument may only be
transferred by private owners with due observance
of the Romanian States pre-emption right to
purchase such property. Transfer documents
concluded in breach of said pre-emption right are
null and void. The nullity may be brought up in
court at any time, by any interested person.
In order to avoid this risk, requesting an offcial inquiry
from the Direction for Culture, Cults and National
Cultural Patrimony and the Romanian Ministry for
Culture and National Patrimony is recommended.
1.3.5 Archaeological status
The owner of land located within the perimeter
of archaeological sites, as defned by Government
Ordinance No. 43/2000
10
, must observe specifc
regulations concerning restrictions for the purpose of
protecting and recuperating archaeological patrimony.
Should archaeological works be required in a specifc
area, any other activity shall be suspended until
the performance and termination of archaeological
investigations, as evidenced by a certifcate for
archaeological clearance.
Performance of works that may affect the
archaeological sites, in the absence of the certifcate
for archaeological clearance, as well as destruction
or damage done to archaeological sites constitutes
a criminal offence and is punishable by law. In
order to avoid such risks, documents evidencing the
archaeological status of the lands should be obtained.
8 Law No. 422/2001 on protection of historical monuments, republished
in the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 938 of 20 November 2006.
9 Although this provision may well be interpreted as only applying to
land corresponding to constructions designated as historical monuments,
in practice local authorities have also considered empty plots of land
(agricultural) as historical monuments.
10 Government Ordinance no. 43/2000 on protection of archaeological
patrimony and declaring of archaeological sites as areas of national inter-
est, republished in the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 951 of 24 November
2006.
1.3.4 Regimul monumentelor istorice
Legea nr. 422/2001 privind protejarea monumentelor
istorice
8
defnete monumentele istorice drept imobile,
construcii i terenuri
9
situate pe teritoriul Romniei,
importante pentru istoria, cultura i civilizaia naional
i universal.
n conformitate cu art. 4 alin. 4 al Legii nr. 422/2001,
dreptul de proprietate asupra unor proprieti
clasifcate ca monumente istorice poate f transferat
de proprietarii de drept privat doar cu respectarea
dreptului de preemiune al statului romn de a cumpra
astfel de proprieti. Actele de transfer ncheiate cu
nerespectarea acestui drept de preemiune sunt nule
absolut. Constatarea nulitii poate f invocat oricnd n
instan, de ctre orice persoan interesat.
Pentru a evita acest risc, este recomandabil obinerea unei
adrese ofciale cu privire la situaia terenurilor de la Direcia
pentru Cultur, Culte i Patrimoniu Cultural Naional i de
la Ministerul Culturii i Patrimoniului Naional.
1.3.5 Regimul arheologic
Proprietarii terenurilor localizate n perimetrul
unor situri arheologice, astfel cum sunt defnite de
Ordonana de Guvern nr. 43/2000
10
trebuie s respecte
anumite restricii special prevzute, n scopul de a
proteja i recupera patrimoniul arheologic. Dac pe
terenurile respective sunt necesare lucrri arheologice,
orice alt activitate va f suspendat pn la executarea
i ncheierea cercetrilor arheologice, n baza unui
certifcat de descrcare de sarcin arheologic.

Efectuarea oricror lucrri care pot afecta siturile
arheologice, n absena certifcatului de descrcare
de sarcin arheologic, ca i desfinarea, distrugerea
parial sau degradarea siturilor arheologice constituie
infraciune i se pedepsete prin lege. Pentru
evitarea unor astfel de riscuri, este recomandabil
obinerea unor documente ofciale care atest situaia
arheologic a terenurilor.
8 Legea nr. 422/2001 privind protejarea monumentelor istorice,
republicat n Monitorul Ofcial, partea I, nr. 938 din 20 noiembrie 2006
9 Cu toate c aceast dispoziie legal poate f interpretat ca aplicndu-
se doar terenurilor aferente construciilor clasifcate ca monumente
istorice, n practic autoritile locale au considerat i parcele de teren
libere ca find monumente istorice.
10 Ordonana de Guvern 43/2000 privind protecia patrimoniului ar-
heologic i declararea unor situri arheologice ca zone de interes naional,
republicat n Monitorul Ofcial, partea I, nr. 951 din 24 noiembrie 2006.
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1.3.6 Lipsa certifcatului de urbanism
Art. 6 alin. 6 lit. c) al Legii nr. 50/1991 privind
autorizarea executrii lucrrilor de construcii
11
prevede
necesitatea emiterii unui certifcat de urbanism pentru
operaiunile notariale ce au ca obiect (i) dezmembrri
ori comasri de parcele solicitate n scopul realizrii de
lucrri de construcii, precum i (ii) constituirea unei
servitui de trecere cu privire la un imobil. Astfel de
operaiuni juridice executate n lipsa certifcatului de
urbanism sunt lovite de nulitate absolut.
Prevederi similare conine i Legea nr. 350/2001 privind
amenajarea teritoriului i urbanismul
12
care n art.
29 alin. 2 precizeaz ca find obligatorie obinerea
unui certifcat de urbanism (i) pentru ntocmirea
documentaiilor cadastrale de comasare, respectiv
de dezmembrare a bunurilor imobile n cel puin 3
parcele atunci cnd operaiunile respective au ca obiect
mpreli ori comasri de parcele solicitate n scopul
realizrii de lucrri de construcii i de infrastructur,
precum i (ii) pentru constituirea unei servitui de
trecere cu privire la un imobil.
1.4 Autorizaia de construire
Pentru construirea unei centrale electrice este
necesar o autorizaie de construire, indiferent de
capacitatea instalat.
n general, administraia public local are competena
de a emite autorizaii de construire pentru capacitile
energetice construite pe teritoriul su administrativ.
Cu toate acestea, n cazul n care centrala electric
este localizat (i) pe teritoriul mai multor uniti
administrativ-teritoriale (ora/comun); sau (ii) n
extravilanul unei comune care nu are organizat o
structur specializat, autorizaia de construire va f
emis de ctre preedintele Consiliului Judeean, cu
acordul primarului oraului sau al comunei respective.
Autorizaia de construire se emite n 30 de zile de la
data depunerii documentaiei complete la autoritatea
competent. Procesul de obinere a documentaiei
complete necesit diferite alte autorizaii i acorduri
care difer n funcie de amplasament (de exemplu,
certifcat de urbanism, acord de mediu, avizul autoritii
aeronautice, aviz arheologic, avize pentru scoaterea
din circuitul agricol), precum i documentaie tehnic
specifc i drepturi reale asupra terenului aferent
proiectului. Din aceste motive, durata procesului de
autorizare va depinde de caracteristicile proiectului, cum
ar f amplasamentul sau capacitatea instalat.
11 Legii nr. 50/1991 privind autorizarea executrii lucrrilor de
construcii, publicat n Monitorul Ofcial, partea I, nr. 933 din 13 octomb-
rie 2004.
12 Legea nr. 350/2001 privind amenajarea teritoriului i urbanismul,
publicat n Monitorul Ofcial, partea I, nr. 373 din 10 iulie 2001.
1.3.6 Lack of city planning certifcate
Under Article 6 paragraph 6 c) of Law No. 50/1991
on the authorisation of construction works
11
, a city
planning certifcate must be issued for all notarised
deeds related to real estates, whenever these deeds
have as an object (i) the partitioning or unifcation of
plots for the purpose of performing construction works
or (ii) the establishment of easements of passage. The
performance of any such deeds in the absence of a city
planning certifcate triggers their absolute nullity.
Similar provisions are contained in Law no. 350/2001
on land development and urbanism
12
under Article
29 paragraph 2 stipulating as mandatory obtaining a
city planning certifcate (i) for drawing up of cadastral
documentation for unifcation or partitioning of real
properties in at least 3 parcels, when the unifcation or
partitioning is required for performing construction or
infrastructure works as well as (ii) for establishment of
easement of passage.
1.4 Building permit
The construction of a renewable energy plant
always requires a building permit, irrespective of its
installed capacity.
Generally, the local public administration is
competent to issue the building permit for those
plants erected on its administrative territory.
However, in cases where a plant is located (i) on the
territory of more than one administrative unit (town/
commune); or (ii) extra muros of a commune that
does not have a specialised structure, the building
permit shall be issued by the president of the
county council, with the consent of the mayor of the
respective town or commune.
The building permit is issued within 30 days upon
submitting the complete documentation to the
competent authority. The process of obtaining the
complete documentation requires various other permits
and approvals that will vary depending on the location
(e.g., urbanism certifcate, environmental approval,
approval from the aeronautical authority, archaeological
approval, approvals for change of land designation, etc.)
and specifc technical documentation and real rights
over the project land. Therefore, the timeframe will
depend on the features of the project, such as location
or installed capacity.
11 Law No. 50/1991 on the authorisation of construction works, repub-
lished in the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 933 of 13 October 2004
12 Law no. 350/2001 on land development and urbanism, published in
the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 373 of 10 July 2001.
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1.5 Planifcare urbanistic
i categorii de folosin
Autorizaia de construire poate f emis doar atunci
cnd construcia centralei electrice este permis prin
planul urbanistic al municipalitii (Plan Urbanistic
General - PUG). Atunci cnd planifcarea urbanistic
nu permite construirea unei centrale electrice, sunt
posibile modifcri prin pregtirea unui plan urbanistic
pentru suprafaa relevant pentru proiect (Plan
Urbanistic Zonal - PUZ) sau, n anume situaii, a unui
plan urbanistic de detaliu PUD). Similar PUG-ului,
att PUZ-ul, ct i PUD-ul, se aprob prin hotrre a
consiliului local. n anumite cazuri, modifcarea necesit
o evaluare strategic de mediu (SEA).
Modifcarea planului urbanistic trebuie fnalizat
anterior emiterii autorizaiei de construcie.
Scoaterea din circuitul agricol a terenului aferent
proiectului este o condiie pentru obinerea autorizaiei
de construcie. Procedura este diferit n funcie de
suprafaa terenului, precum i n funcie de alte criterii,
cum ar f calitatea solului sau capacitile de irigare,
astfel nct procesul este mai difcil i necesit o
perioad mai ndelungat de timp n cazul terenurilor
cu suprafee mai mari sau n cazul suprafeelor cu
capaciti de irigare, ntruct vor f implicate mai multe
autoriti. Prevederi speciale se aplic scoaterii din
circuitul agricol a pajitilor.
n cazul parcurilor eoliene, este necesar scoaterea din
circuitul agricol numai a acelor suprafee direct afectate
de construcii (cum ar f cele aferente fundaiilor
turbinelor, staiei de transformare, cilor de acces,
liniilor electrice). Pentru parcurile fotovoltaice, n lipsa
unor prevederi legale exprese, practica autoritilor
variaz considerabil: se cere scoaterea din circuitul
agricol a suprafeelor reprezentnd ntreg terenul
proiectului, doar a amprentei la sol a panourilor
fotovoltaice sau chiar doar a picioarelor structurilor
metalice care susin panourile.
1.5 Zoning classifcation
and land designation
A building permit can only be issued if the construction
of a plant is permitted according to the zoning plan of
the municipality (Plan Urbanistic General - PUG). If the
zoning classifcation does not allow for the erection
of an energy facility, it can be amended by preparing
a zoning plan for the specifc area considered for the
project (Plan Urbanistic Zonal - PUZ) or, in certain
situations, a Detailed Urban Plan (Plan Urbanistic de
Detaliu PUD). Similarly to the PUG, both PUZ and
PUD are approved by resolution of the local councils. In
some cases, the amendment requires the execution of a
Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA).
The amendment of the zoning plan has to be completed
prior to issuing the building permit.
Changing the designation of the project land
from agricultural land to non-agricultural land
is a condition for obtaining the building permit.
The procedure differs depending on the surface
of the land and on other criteria (e.g., soil quality,
irrigation capacities, etc.), with the consequence
that the process is more difficult and time
consuming for large surfaces of land or for surfaces
with irrigation capacities, as more authorities get
involved. Special provisions regulate the change of
designation for pastures.
In the case of wind parks, it will be necessary to change
the designation only for those surfaces directly affected
by constructions (such as the surface of the foundations
of the turbines, the transformer station, access roads,
electrical lines, etc.). For solar parks however, given
the lack of express legal provisions, the practice of the
authorities varies considerably: surfaces representing
the entire project land, the footprint of the panels or
just of the pillars of the panels supporting structure are
requested to be re-designated.
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1.6 Prevederi cu privire la
mediu
1.6.1 Evaluarea impactului asupra
mediului (EIA)
Ageniile de mediu locale decid de la caz la caz i
pe baza unor criterii specifce (capacitate instalat,
amplasament, emisii poluante, inclusiv poluare
fonic) dac o central de producere a energiei din
surse regenerabile va avea impact semnifcativ asupra
mediului, urmnd ca n acest caz s fe solicitat o EIA.
n general, EIA este efectuat de ctre agenia de
mediu competent. Durata necesar pentru emiterea
acordului de mediu conform legislaiei EIA este de
45 de zile lucrtoare de la depunerea documentaiei
complete. n funcie de proiect, ntregul proces poate
dura mai mult de 12 luni.
1.6.2 Protecia naturii i conservarea
peisajului
Protecia naturii i conservarea peisajului constituie
parte a procedurii EIA. Pentru proiecte eoliene localizate
n siturile Natura 2000 care nu se califc drept proiecte
cu impact semnifcativ asupra mediului (nsemnnd c
acordul de mediu nu este necesar) este necesar avizul
Natura 2000. Avizul Natura 2000 este emis de agenia
pentru protecia mediului competent.
1.7 Racordarea la reea
n baza Legii 220 (dup cum este defnit mai jos),
energia electric care benefciaz de sistemul de
promovare prin certifcate verzi se bucur de acces
garantat la reea, n msura n care nu este afectat
sigurana Sistemului Electroenergetic Naional.
Accesul garantat este defnit de Legea 220 drept
ansamblul de reguli i condiii tehnice i comerciale n
baza crora pentru energia electric produs din surse
regenerabile de energie care benefciaz de sistemul de
promovare prin certifcate verzi contractat i vndut
pe piaa de energie electric se garanteaz preluarea n
reeaua electric.
n scopul de a racorda o central eolian la reeaua
public, este necesar emiterea unui aviz tehnic de
racordare de ctre operatorul de distribuie sau de
ctre operatorul de transport, dup caz. Avizul tehnic
de racordare este emis pe baza studiilor de conectare
aprobate de ctre operatorii de reea. Accesul poate f
refuzat doar n cazul unei lipse de capacitate a reelei.
1.6.1 Environmental impact assessment
(EIA)
The local environmental agencies decide on a case-by-
case basis and after considering specifc criteria (installed
capacity, location, polluting emissions, including noise)
whether a renewable energy plant will have a signifcant
impact on the environment, with the consequence that in
such cases an EIA shall be required.
Generally, the EIA will be conducted by the competent
environmental agency. The timeframe for the issuance
of the environmental approval (acord de mediu) in
accordance with EIA applicable regulations is 45 working
days upon submission of the complete documentation.
Depending on the project, however, the overall process
may take more than 12 months.
1.6.2 Nature protection and landscape
conservation
Nature protection and landscape conservation are part of
the EIA procedure. For projects located on Natura 2000 sites
that do not qualify as projects with a signifcant impact on
the environment (meaning that an environmental approval
shall not be required) a Natura 2000 permit (aviz natura
2000) is needed. The Natura 2000 permit is issued by the
competent environmental protection agency.
1.7 Grid connection
Pursuant to Law 220 (as defned below), renewable
electricity beneftting from the GCs support scheme
enjoys guaranteed access to the grid, provided that
the safety of the national energetic system is not
affected. Guaranteed access is defned by Law 220
as an ensemble of rules and technical and commercial
conditions on the basis of which renewable electricity
beneftting from the support scheme contracted and
sold on the electricity market is guaranteed the off
take into the network.
With a view to connect a plant to the public grid, a technical
connection permit (aviz tehnic de racordare) should be
issued by the distribution system operator or by the
transmission system operator, as applicable. The technical
connection permit is issued on the basis of connectivity
studies approved by the network operators. Access can only
be denied in the event of lack of grid capacity.
1.6 Environmental regulations
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The technical connection permit is valid for 25 years,
provided that within three or six months (depending on the
voltage of the electrical lines) of the issuance of the permit,
the connection agreement is signed with the competent
network operator and the connection fee is paid. A three
or six-month extension period is available upon request.
The connection fee represents the value of the connection
works; hence the value may be substantial.
Prior to starting construction of the connection installations
and observing the above deadlines, a connection agreement
(contract de racordare) shall be signed with the network
operator. The purpose of the connection agreement is to
determine the terms and conditions of the construction of
the connection installations. The following documents must
be submitted to the operator:
(i) copy of the technical connection permit;
(ii) copy of the registration certifcate with the Trade
Registry;
(iii) building permit for the power plant;
(iv) approvals of the land owners to occupy or cross a
plot of land and for exercise by the operator of the use
and easement rights over the plots of land affected by
the connection installation (originals authenticated by a
notary public).
The operator is obliged to propose a draft connection
agreement to the user within maximum ten calendar days
from the submission of the documents.
The conclusion of the connection agreement is followed
by the conclusion of an agreement for the execution of the
connection installation between the network operator and a
third party that may be designated by the user.
Avizul tehnic de racordare este valabil o perioad de
25 de ani, cu condiia ca n trei sau 6 luni (in functie de
tensiunea retelei electrice) de la emiterea avizului s fe
semnat contractul de racordare cu operatorul de reea
competent i s fe pltit tariful de racordare. La cerere
este posibil prelungirea acestei perioade cu nc 3 sau 6
luni. Tariful de racordare reprezint valoarea lucrrilor de
racordare; prin urmare, valoarea poate f substanial.
nainte de nceperea construciei instalaiei de
racordare i respectnd termenele limit de mai sus,
se va semna un contract de racordare cu operatorul
de reea. Scopul contractului de racordare este
de a determina termenii i condiiile construciei
instalaiei de racordare. Urmtoarele documente
trebuie depuse la operator:
(i) copie a avizului tehnic de racordare;
(ii) copie a certifcatului de nregistrare la Registrul
Comerului;
(iii) autorizaia de construire a parcului eolian;
(iv) acordurile proprietarilor de terenuri cu privire la
trecerea sau ocuparea acestora, precum i cu privire
la exercitarea drepturilor de uz i servitute de ctre
operator asupra suprafeelor de teren afectate de
instalaia de racordare (originale autentifcate de un
notar public).
Operatorul este obligat s propun utilizatorului un
contract de racordare n termen de cel mult zece zile
calendaristice de la depunerea documentelor.
ncheierea contractului de racordare este urmat de
ncheierea unui contract pentru execuia instalaiei de
racordare ntre operatorul de reea i un ter ce poate f
desemnat de ctre utilizator.
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1.8 Autorizaia de nfinare
Autorizaia de nfinare este independent de
autorizaia de construire i este necesar pentru
capaciti energetice cu o capacitate instalat de
peste 1 MW.
Dac puterea electric instalat a capacitii energetice
este ntre 500 kW inclusiv i 1 MW inclusiv, nu este
necesar obinerea unei autorizaii de nfinare, dar
sunt obligatorii notifcarea Autoritii Naionale de
Reglementare n domeniul Energiei (ANRE) privind
proiectul investiional i raportarea periodic a
stadiului realizrii acestuia. Dac puterea electric
instalat a capacitii respective este mai mic de 500
kW, aceste obligaii de notifcare i raportare revin
operatorilor de distribuie a energiei electrice.
Autorizaia de nfinare se emite de ctre ANRE n
termen de 30 de zile calendaristice de la depunerea
documentaiei complete i plata taxei corespunztoare.
Valabilitatea acestei autorizaii se stabilete de ctre
ANRE n conformitate cu durata estimat a lucrrilor de
construire i cu complexitatea proiectului.
Autorizaia de nfinare este necesar ntr-o etap
avansat a procesului de dezvoltare, i anume dup
emiterea acordului de mediu (dac este necesar) i a
avizului tehnic de racordare. Suplimentar, solicitantul
trebuie s pun la dispoziie, printre altele, urmtoarele
documente: (i) titlul asupra terenului ; (ii) notifcrile
ctre terii afectai de drepturile de uz i servitute asupra
proprietii lor; (iii) o list cu drepturile de uz i servitute
solicitate; (iv) studiul de fezabilitate; (v) documentele
care atest asigurarea fnanrii construciei; (vi) planul
de amplasament al proiectului; (vii) limitele zonelor de
protecie i siguran; (viii) o specifcaie cu privire la
etapele lucrrilor de nfinare; i (ix) extrase din caietele
de sarcini aferente selectrii ori de copii ale contractelor
ncheiate cu contractorii angajai.
n urma obinerii autorizaiei de nfinare, centrala
electric va benefcia de diferite drepturi legale asupra
proprietii terilor necesare fazelor de dezvoltare i
construire. Ar putea f menionate dreptul legal de
servitute pentru liniile electrice sau dreptul legal de uz
pentru depozitarea materialelor de construcie.
1.8 Setting-up authorisation
The setting-up authorisation (autorizatie de infintare)
is independent from the building permit and is required
for the construction of energetic capacities with an
installed capacity above 1 MW.
Where the installed capacity of the plant lies between
500 kW inclusively and 1 MW inclusively, a setting-up
authorisation is not necessary, being however necessary
to notify the Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority
(ANRE) data regarding the investment project and to
regularly report its status of development. Where the
installed capacity is below 500 kW, such notifcation
and reporting obligations are incumbent upon the
distribution network operators.
The setting-up authorisation is issued by ANRE within
30 calendar days from the submission of the complete
documentation and payment of the corresponding
fee. The validity term of this permit is set forth by
ANRE in accordance with the expected duration of the
construction works and the complexity of the project.
The setting-up authorisation is required in an advanced
stage of the development process, after the issuance
of the environmental approval (if required) and the
technical connection permit. In addition, the applicant
must provide, among other things, the following
documents: (i) title to the land; (ii) notifcations to third
parties affected by the applicants use and easement
rights on their property; (iii) a list of the requested use
and easement rights; (iv) feasibility study; (v) documents
attesting that the fnancing of the construction is secured;
(vi) the location plan of the project; (vii) the limits of the
protection and safety areas; (viii) a specifcation regarding
the stages of the setting-up works; and (ix) excerpts from
the tender books or copies of the agreements concluded
with the designated contractors.
Upon obtaining the setting-up authorisation, the
plant will enjoy various statutory rights over third-
party property required for the development and
construction of the plant. The statutory easement rights
for the electrical lines or the statutory rights of use for
depositing construction materials should be mentioned.
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Prior to becoming operational, a power plant should be
accredited by ANRE (in order to beneft from the support
scheme - see below for details) and be granted two
main permits: an environmental authorisation and an
operational licence by the energy regulator ANRE.
2.1 Environmental
An environmental authorisation (autorizatie de mediu)
should be obtained from the local environmental
protection agency upon the commissioning into function
of the power plant. The environmental authorisation
determines the environmental conditions and parameters
for the functioning of the plant.
2.2 Operational licence
For the operation of a power plant, an operational licence
(licenta pentru exploatarea comerciala a unor capacitati
de producere a energiei electrice) is required and should be
obtained after the plant is commissioned and prior to the
commencement of commercial operations.
The applicant must submit detailed documentation as
follows: (i) specification of the electricity production
capacities; (ii) the applicants organisational
chart, valid on the application date, indicating the
department in charge of the performance of the
licensed activity; (iii) an organisational chart attesting
the qualification of personnel allocated to the
licensed activity; (iv) the organisation and functioning
regulations or the quality management manual;
(v) a business plan for the licensed activity, for the
respective year and for the next two years; (vi) the
reception protocol upon completion of works; and
(vii) the reception protocol for the commissioning into
function of the energetic capacity.
The operational licence is issued by ANRE within 30
calendar days after the submission of the complete
documentation and payment of the corresponding fee.
The validity term of an operational licence shall not
exceed 25 years.
nainte de a deveni operaional, o central electric
trebuie acreditat de ANRE (pentru a benefcia de
schema de sprijin a se vedea mai jos pentru detalii) i
trebuie s obin dou autorizaii eseniale: autorizaia
de mediu i licena de exploatare a capacitii
energetice emis de ANRE.
2.1 Mediu
O autorizaie de mediu trebuie obinut de la agenia
local de protecie a mediului la punerea n funciune
a centralei electrice. Autorizaia de mediu determin
condiiile i parametrii de funcionare a capacitii
energetice.
2.2 Licena de exploatare
Pentru operarea centralelor electrice este necesar o
licen pentru exploatarea comercial a unei capaciti
de producere a energiei electrice care trebuie obinut
dup punerea n funciune i anterior nceperii
operaiunilor comerciale.
Solicitantul trebuie s depun o documentaie detaliat
dup cum urmeaz: (i) specifcarea capacitilor de
producie; (ii) organigrama solicitantului, valabil
la data solicitrii licenei, indicnd departamentul
responsabil cu desfurarea activitii pentru care
se solicita licena; (iii) structura personalului, pe
specialiti, care atest califcarea personalului
alocat activitii pentru care se solicit licena;
(iv) regulamentul de organizare i funcionare sau
manualul calitii; (v) un plan de afaceri pentru
activitatea care face obiectul licenei, pentru anul
solicitrii acesteia i urmtorii 2 ani; (vi) proces verbal
de recepie la terminarea lucrrilor; i (vii) proces verbal
de punere n funciune a capacitii energetice.
Licena de exploatare este emis de ctre ANRE n 30
de zile calendaristice de la depunerea documentaiei
complete i plata taxei corespunztoare.
Termenul de valabilitate a licenei de exploatare nu
trebuie s depeasc 25 de ani.
Power plant operation
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Titularii de licene trebuie s constituie i s menin o
garanie fnanciar care s reprezinte 1 din valoarea
capitalului social al titularului de licen, dar nu mai
puin de 1,5% din valoarea cifrei de afaceri anuale.
Titularii de licen pltesc ctre ANRE o contribuie
anual reprezentnd 0,08% din cifra de afaceri rezultat
din activitile comerciale desfurate n domeniul
energiei electrice.
2.3 Vnzarea de energie
Odat ce capacitatea energetic a devenit operaional,
productorul trebuie s vnd energia produs
din resurse regenerabile (E-SRE) n mod public i
nediscriminatoriu
13
.
Legea Energiei pare s permit productorilor s vnd
angro disponibilul de energie electric produs doar
pe pieele centralizate operate de OPCOM; astfel, nu ar
mai f permis comercializarea prin contracte bilaterale
direct negociate. La data acestui raport, autoritile
nc nu au clarifcat implementarea acestor prevederi.
13 Conform Legii Energiei.
Licence holders shall constitute and maintain a fnancial
guarantee representing 1 of the value of the share
capital of the licence holder, however, no less than 1.5%
of the annual turnover.
Licence holders pay to ANRE an annual contribution
representing 0.08% of the turnover resulting from the
commercial activities performed in the electricity feld.
2.3 Sale of energy
Once the power plant is operational, the producer
should sell the generated energy from renewable
sources (E-RES) publicly and on a non-discriminatory
basis
13
.
The Energy Law seems to allow producers to wholesale
trade their energy output only on the centralized
markets operated by OPCOM, and no longer also over
the counter (via bilateral agreements). At the date of
this report, clarifcations are still pending from the
authorities on the implementation of these provisions.
13 According to the Energy Law.
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3.1 Legal provisions
The Romanian renewable energy support scheme is
mainly regulated by Law 220/2008 on the promotion
system for the energy generation from renewable
energy sources (Law 220)
14
. Several pieces of
secondary legislation, amongst others published by
ANRE, develop the legal framework set by Law 220.
3.2 General framework
Romania implemented a support scheme for the
renewable energy that entails a quota obligation
combined with a green certificates ("GC") trading
system in 2005. As opposed to the widespread feed-
in tariff system, the GCs support scheme is relatively
new and is currently used in several EU countries,
including Belgium, the UK, Poland, Sweden, Italy
(where feed-in-tariffs are applicable for photovoltaic
energy) and Romania.
The renewable energy support scheme benefts the
producers of renewable electricity generated from
wind, solar energy, geothermal energy, biomass,
bioliquids, biogas, gas from waste, gas from waste
water treatment, and energy produced in hydro power
units with installed power of 10 MW or less, provided
the power units are (i) accredited by ANRE and (ii) either
commissioned or retroftted by the end of 2016. The life
span of the support scheme depends on energy source
and generation capacity.
Under the support scheme a producer of electricity
from RES is granted GCs for the power provided to the
suppliers or supplied directly to the fnal consumers.
At the other end of the chain, the suppliers as well as
certain producers of electricity are obliged to acquire
GCs in order to comply with the mandatory GCs quotas.
14 As published in the Romanian Offcial Gazette no. 743 of 3 November
2008.
3.1 Reglementri legale
Sistemul de promovare a energiei regenerabile n
Romnia este, n principal, reglementat prin Legea
220/2008 pentru stabilirea sistemului de promovare
a producerii energiei din surse regenerabile de energie
(Legea 220)
14
. Parte din legislaia secundar publicat
de ANRE, dezvolt cadrul legal stabilit de Legea 220.
3.2 Cadrul general
n anul 2005 Romnia a implementat sistemul de
promovare pentru energia regenerabil care presupune
o cot obligatorie combinat cu tranzacionarea de
certifcate verzi (CV). Contrar rspnditului sistem de
pre fx, sistemul de promovare prin CV este relativ
nou i utilizat n prezent n cteva ri din Uniunea
European, precum Belgia, Marea Britanie, Polonia,
Suedia, Italia (unde preurile fxe sunt aplicabile
energiei fotovoltaice) i Romnia.
De sistemul de promovare benefciaz productorii de
energie regenerabil din energie eolian, energie solar,
energie geotermal, biomas, biolichide, biogaz, gaz de
fermentare a deeurilor i energie hidraulic utilizat n
centrale cu o putere instalat de cel mult 10 MW, att
timp ct capacitile de producere sunt (i) acreditate
de ANRE i (ii) puse n funciune sau retehnologizate
pn la sfritul anului 2016. Perioada de aplicare a
sistemului de promovare depinde the sursa de energie
folosit i de capacitatea instalat.
Conform sistemului de promovare, un productor de
energie electric din surse regenerabile primete CV
pentru energia electric livrat furnizorilor sau direct
consumatorilor fnali. De cealalt parte, furnizorii de
energie electric - precum i anumii productori sunt
obligai s achiziioneze CV pentru a se conforma unor
cote obligatorii de achiziie.
14 Publicat n Monitorul Ofcial al Romniei nr. 743 din data de 3
noiembrie 2008.
Support scheme and green certifcates
trading
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ANRE monitorizeaz i determin trimestrial i anual
gradul de ndeplinire de ctre furnizori/productori
a cotelor obligatorii de achiziie. Penalitatea anual
pentru nendeplinirea cotelor este de 110 euro (indexat
ulterior) pentru fecare CV lips. Penalitatea pentru
nendeplinirea cotei trimestriale este preul maxim al CV
aprobat i publicat de ctre ANRE pentru anul respectiv,
pentru fecare certifcat verde neachiziionat.
Numai anumite cote de E-SRE benefciaz de sistemul
de promovare (Cote de SRE). Aceste Cote de SRE au
fost fxate pn n anul 2020, ncepnd cu 2010, i sunt
calculate progresiv, de exemplu: pentru 2012 a fost
stabilit o Cot de SRE de 12% din consumul fnal brut
de energie electric, n timp ce pentru 2020 Cota de
SRE trebuie s ating 20% din consumul fnal brut de
energie electric.
3.3 Acreditarea
Productorii de E-SRE benefciaz de sistemul de
promovare prin CV o dat ce sunt acreditai de ANRE,
ncepnd cu luna emiterii acreditrii. Acreditarea se
poate obine i preliminar, nc din perioada de probe.
3.4 Emiterea certifcatelor
verzi
CV sunt emise de operatorul de transport i
sistem Transelectrica S.A. (OTS). Numrul de CV
alocate productorilor depinde de sursa de energie
regenerabil i de puterea instalat a capacitii
energetice, astfel:
a) 3 CV verzi pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat,
dac centralele hidroelectrice sunt noi, sau 2 CV
pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat, dac centralele
hidroelectrice sunt retehnologizate, pentru energia
electric din centrale hidroelectrice cu puteri instalate
de cel mult 10 MW;
b) un CV pentru fecare 2 MWh din centrale
hidroelectrice cu o putere instalat de cel mult 10 MW,
care nu se ncadreaz n condiiile prevzute la lit. a);
c) dou CV, pn n anul 2017, i un CV, ncepnd cu
anul 2018, pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat de
productorii de energie electric din energie eolian;
d) dou CV pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat de
productorii de energie electric din sursele energie
geotermal, biomas, biolichide i biogaz;
ANRE monitors and assesses on a trimester and annual
basis the compliance targets for each supplier/producer.
The annual penalty for not reaching the mandatory
quota is EUR 110 (subsequently indexed) per each
missing GC. The penalty for not reaching the trimester
quota is the cap price set for GCs by ANRE for the
respective year.
Only certain quotas of E-RES beneft from the support
scheme (RES Quotas). These RES Quotas have been
fxed for each year until 2020, starting 2010, and are
calculated progressively, e.g. for 2012 a mandatory RES
Quota of 12% of gross national electricity consumption
was set, while for 2020 the RES Quota should reach
20% of the gross national electricity consumption.
3.3 Accreditation
E-RES producers beneft from the GCs support scheme
upon accreditation by ANRE, starting with the month
when the accreditation decision has been issued.
Accreditation may be applied for already in the testing
period. In this case, a preliminary accreditation is granted.
3.4 Green certifcates
issuing
GCs are issued by the transport and system operator
Transelectrica S.A (TSO). The number of GCs allocated
to producers depends on the type of renewable energy
and the installed power of their generation capacities
as follows:
a) for hydro-power plants with a capacity of up to 10
MW: 3 GCs for each MWh generated and fed into the
grid by new hydro-power plants; and 2 GCs for each
MWh generated and fed into the grid by retroftted
hydro-power plants;
b) one GC for each 2 MWh fed into the grid by hydro-
power plants with an installed power ranging from 1 to
10 MWh, which do not fall within the scope of point a);
c) 2 GCs, until 2017, and one GC, starting with 2018, for
each MWh fed into the grid by wind farms;
d) 2 GCs for each MWh fed into the grid generated from
geothermal energy, biomass, bioliquids, biogas;
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e) one GC for each MWh fed into the grid generated from
gas from waste, gas from waste water treatment;
f) 6 GCs for each MWh fed into the grid generated from
solar sources; and
g) 1 GC for each MWh fed into the grid during the testing
period, regardless of the RES.
A GC is valid for 16 months from the date of issuance of a
GC by the TSO and will either be (i) used/consumed, or (ii)
annulled (if not used by the supplier/producer to fulfll its
mandatory GCs quota).
3.5 Green certifcates trading
and registry
Currently there are two dedicated means of trading GCs:
the bilateral contracts market and the centralized market.
These national markets run in parallel without any
priority order.
The producers can trade the allocated GCs separately from
the E-RES associated with the same GCs.
The trading prices are determined by competitive
mechanisms specifc to each of these markets. However,
they have to lie between a foor and a cap price originally
fxed at EUR 27 and EUR 55, respectively, and indexed on a
yearly base.
GCs can be traded solely on the Romanian market, until
the national targets set forth by Law 220 are reached.
From a practical perspective, however, even if these
national targets are reached, international trading is not
possible due to the lack of a trading platform that would
allow trading GCs with other EU countries. A certain
harmonisation between the EU countries that have
implemented the GCs system would be required in order
to allow international GCs trading. Directive 2009/28
stipulates that Member States may voluntarily decide to
join or partially coordinate their national support schemes.
Romania has implemented this principle in the national
legislation, but has not taken any steps to agree with
another Member State (that has also implemented the
green certifcates system) on a joint support scheme that
would allow for inter-state trading.

The transfer of GCs is recorded in a special registry
dedicated to GCs.
The participants to GCs markets are producers, suppliers
and (potentially) administrators/liquidators for
producers/suppliers.
e) un CV pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat de
productorii de energie electric din sursele gaz
de fermentare a deeurilor i gaz de fermentare a
nmolurilor din instalaiile de epurare a apelor uzate;
f) 6 CV pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat de
productorii de energie electric din surs solar; i
g) un CV pentru fecare 1 MWh produs i livrat n perioada
de probe, indiferent de sursa de energie regenerabil.
Un CV este valabil 16 luni de la data emiterii de ctre OTS,
timp n care poate f (i) utilizat/consumat sau (ii) anulat
(dac nu a fost folosit de ctre un furnizor/productor
pentru ndeplinirea cotei obligatorii de achiziie).
3.5 Tranzacionarea i
nregistrarea certifcatelor
verzi
n prezent exist dou metode de tranzacionare a
CV: piaa contractelor bilaterale i piaa centralizat.
Aceste piee naionale coexist fr ca vreuna dintre
ele s aib prioritate.
Productorii pot tranzaciona CV alocate separat de E-SRE
corespunztoare respectivelor CV.
Preurile sunt deteminate de mecanismele concureniale
specifce fecrei piee, ns trebuie s se ncadreze ntre
limitele legale stabilite iniial ntre 27 euro i 55 euro,
astfel cum sunt indexate anual.
CV pot f tranzacionate doar pe piaa din Romnia,
pn ce intele naionale prevzute de Legea 220 sunt
atinse. Din perspectiv practic, totui, chiar i dac
aceste inte naionale sunt atinse, tranzacionarea pe
plan internaional nu este posibil din cauza lipsei unei
platforme internaionale ce ar permite tranzacionarea
de CV n alte ri din UE. O anumit armonizare ntre
rile UE care au implementat sistemul de CV ar f
necesar pentru a permite tranzacionarea pe plan
internaional. Directiva 2009/28 prevede c statele
membre pot hotr, pe o baz voluntar, s pun n
comun sau s i coordoneze parial schemele naionale
de sprijin. Romnia a implementat acest principiu n
legislaia naional, dar nu a fcut pai pentru a agrea
cu un alt stat membru (care a i implementat sistemul
de certifcate verzi) o schem de sprijin comun care s
permit tranzacionarea ntre state.
Transferul CV (pe oricare dintre piee) este nregistrat ntr-
un registru special al CV.
Participanii la piaa intern de CV sunt productorii de
energie regenerabil, furnizorii de energie i (potenial)
administratorii/lichidatorii productorilor/furnizorilor.
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3.6 Excesul de certifcate
verzi
Intr-o situaie n care oferta de CV depete cererea
de CV va exista un exces. Este de ateptat ca dou
mecanisme s devin aplicabile n acest caz.
Pe de o parte, ANRE ar putea face uz de dreptul de
ajustare ex-post a cotei obligatorii de achiziie, n
luna martie a fecrui an cu referire la cota obligatorie
aferent anului precedent. n urma unei astfel de
ajustri, exist o perioad limitat de tranzacionare,
destinat achiziiei de ctre furnizori a CV n baza cotei
obligatorii ajustate.
Pe de alt parte, penalitile pentru nendeplinirea cotei
de achiziie trimestriale se colecteaz ntr-un fond de
garantare. Acest fond va f constituit i administrat de
ctre operatorul comercial al pieei de energie electric
(OPCOM) i destinat cumprrii de la productori a
CV nevndute datorit nendeplinirii cotei. Fondul
de garantare, prin OPCOM, cumpr CV nevndute
n sistem pro-rata, n raport cu producia de energie
electric, de la toi productorii de E-SRE care le solicit,
la un pre cel puin egal cu preul minim legal al CV.
3.7 Capaciti energetice cu
puteri instalate mari
Legea 220 prevede o obligaie individual aplicabil
productorilor care dezvolt proiecte de energie
regenerabil cu o capacitate instalat de mai mult de
125 MW/central i care sunt eligibili pentru sistemul
de promovare. Obligaia se refer la notifcarea unei
documentaii specifce care s permit Comisiei
Europene o analiz asupra proiectului, conform
prevederilor orientrilor comunitare privind ajutorul
de stat pentru protecia mediului 2008/C82/01. Aceti
productori vor benefcia de sistemul de promovare
numai dup autorizarea de ctre Comisia European.
In a situation in which the offer of GCs exceeds the demand
for GCs, a situation of excess of GCs would appear. Two
mechanisms might then be expected to be used.
On the one hand, ANRE might make use of its right
to adjust the mandatory GCs quota on an ex-post
basis each March for the respective preceding year.
Following such adjustment, a limited trading period is
available for suppliers to adjust their GCs obligation to
the adjusted quota.

On the other hand, the penalties for not acquiring
the suffcient number of GCs on a trimester basis
will be collected in a Guarantee Fund. Such Fund
will be established and managed by OPCOM and
will be destined to the acquisition from producers of
excess GCs. The Guarantee Fund, through OPCOM,
will acquire from all renewable energy producers the
unsold GCs, pro-rata with their electricity output,
against a price equal at least with the foor price set
by law for GCs trading.
3.7 Large energy facilities
Law 220 imposes an individual obligation applicable to
producers that develop renewable electricity projects
with an installed capacity in excess of 125 MW/plant
and that are eligible for the GCs support scheme. In this
case, the European Commission analyzes the respective
project pursuant to the provisions of the Community
Guidelines on state aid for environmental protection
2008/C82/01. The producers will fnally beneft from
the support scheme only upon authorization from the
European Commission.
3.6 Excess of green certifcates
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3.8 Supracompensarea
Supracompensarea este defnit ca find o rat intern
de rentabilitate mai mare cu 10% fa de valoarea
considerat pentru tehnologia respectiv. Rata intern
de rentabilitate este un indicator rezultat dintr-o analiz
cost-benefciu care exprim rentabilitatea unui proiect
de investiie, i anume rata de actualizare pentru
care veniturile actualizate sunt egale cu cheltuielile
actualizate, pe ntreaga durat de via a proiectului.
ANRE monitorizeaz productorii benefciari ai sistemului
de promovare i pregtete rapoarte anuale. n cazul
n care un astfel de proces de monitorizare relev
faptul c sistemul de promovare aplicabil cauzeaz
o supracompensare pentru productorii de energie
regenerabil, ANRE propune msuri pentru a reduce
numrul de CV acordate, care se vor aproba prin hotrre
de Guvern. n orice caz, n cazul unei ajustri n minus,
sistemul modifcat nu se va aplica retroactiv, nsemnnd
c se va aplica doar acelor proiecte care devin operaionale
dup intrarea n vigoare a sistemului modifcat.
Aplicarea mecanismului de ajustare n urma
supracompensrii (n urma primului proces de
monitorizare) a fost amnat pn la 1 ianuarie 2014
pentru sectorul energiei solare i pn la 1 ianuarie
2015 pentru toate celelalte tehnologii.
3.9 Cumulul de ajutoare
n cazul n care un productor benefciaz de mai multe
ajutoare de stat, suplimentar fa de CV, numrul de CV
acordate va f redus, conform unei formule prevzute
de lege. Pe cale de excepie, centralele electrice puse
n funciune nainte de 1 ianuarie 2013, care pn la
13 iulie 2011 (momentul autorizrii schemei de sprijin
de ctre Comisia European) au benefciat sau li s-a
aprobat ajutor de stat, vor primi integral numrul de
certifcate verzi (aa cum este detaliat mai sus la 3.4).
3.8 Overcompensation
Overcompensation is defned as an internal rate
of return 10% higher than the reference internal
rate of return for a specifc technology. The internal
rate of return is the return of an investment project
and calculated by a cost-beneft analysis, which is
performed by using the updating technique applied to
the investment costs, operating costs and the resulting
income throughout the lifespan of the projects.
ANRE monitors the renewable energy producers that
beneft from the support scheme and prepares annual
reports. Should this monitoring process emphasize
that the applicable support scheme triggers an
overcompensation of the renewable energy producers,
ANRE should propose measures to decrease the
number of GCs granted according to the scheme,
which should be further approved by the Romanian
Government. However, in the case of a downward
adjustment of the scheme, the amended scheme shall
not apply retroactively.
The applicability of an adjustment to the scheme
(following the frst monitoring process) is postponed
until 1 January 2014 for the solar sector and until 1
January 2015 for all other renewable technologies.
3.9 Various investment aids
and green certifcates
In case a producer benefts from other investment aids
in addition to GCs, the number of GCs granted will be
then reduced, according to a formula determined by
law. By way of exception, the renewable energy plants
commissioned before 1 January 2013, which beneftted
from or were approved to receive state aid before 13 July
2011 (the date of the authorization of the support scheme
by the European Commission), will continue to receive the
full number of GCs (as detailed above under 3.4).
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Directiva pentru energie regenerabil (Directiva
2009/28/CE de modifcare i ulterior de abrogare
a Directivei 2001/77/CE privind promovarea
electricitii produse din surse de energie regenerabile
pe piaa intern a electricitii) promoveaz obiective
strategice cu scopul de a crete semnifcativ producia
de energie regenerabil la nivel european. Directiva
prevede un obiectiv obligatoriu n conformitate cu o
pondere de 20% a E-SRE din consumul brut la nivel
comunitar care trebuie ndeplinit pn n anul 2020,
precum i un alt obiectiv naional privind o pondere
de 10% a E-SRE n transporturi.
Pentru a ndeplini obiectivele generale, Directiva
impune fecrui stat membru obiective naionale.
Romniei i s-a stabilit un ambiios obiectiv obligatoriu
privind o pondere de 24% a E-SRE din consumul fnal
brut de energie pn n anul 2020.
The Renewable Energy Directive (Directive 2009/28/
EC amending and repealing Directive 2001/77/
EC on the promotion of electricity produced from
renewable energy sources on the internal electricity
market) promotes strategic objectives aimed at
signifcantly increasing the production of renewable
energy at the Community level. The Directive sets
a mandatory target of 20% of the share of E-RES
(energy from renewable sources) in the Communitys
gross consumption to be reached by 2020, including
a further target of 10% for E-RES for each Member
States transport energy consumption.
In order to achieve the overall targets, the Directive
imposes national targets for each Member State.
Romania has been set an ambitious mandatory target
of 24% of E-RES in the fnal gross consumption of energy
by 2020.
European Union legislation as regards
the renewable energy industry
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2011 a nsemnat anul n care Romnia a fost cea mai
activ ar din Centrul i Estul Europei, din punct
de vedere al capacitilor nou-instalate, depind
pentru prima dat Polonia. n cifre, aceasta nseamn
520 MW conectai la reea, comparativ cu 436 MW
instalai n Polonia.
De asemenea, anul trecut a nsemnat o evoluie i fa
de 2010, o cretere cu 16% a capacitilor nou-instalate.
Toate acestea n condiiile n care sistemul legislativ de
suport pentru energia regenerabil a fost defnitivat
abia n iunie 2012. A fost un semn de ncredere din
partea investitorilor, care au mizat pe adoptarea formei
fnale a Legii 220.
n urmtorii ani, factorii pozitivi care vor infuena
capacitile nou-instalate sunt: atractivitatea
mecanismului de suport; cursa contra cronometru de
a avea proiectele eoliene conectate pn la sfaritul lui
2016, pentru a se putea califca pentru schema de suport;
conectarea ct mai rapid, pentru a putea benefcia
pentru o perioad mai lung de cele dou ceritifcate verzi,
care sunt acordate pn la sfritul lui 2017.
Factorii care pot infuena negativ sunt: riscul de
ar; riscurile zonei Euro i instabilitatea fnanciar
la nivelul Uniunii Europene; fnanarea greoaie sau
indisponibilitatea fnanrii; colaborarea cu autoritile i
declaraiile contradictorii din partea acestora; abundena
proiectelor, mai bine sau mai puin bine dezvoltate.
Aadar, anul 2012 ar putea f unul spectaculos din
punct de vedere al capacitilor instalate, mult peste
2011. n concluzie n 2013-2014 se va putea nregistra o
evoluie a capacitilor de energie eolian nou-instalate
n Romnia.
Conform ultimelor informaii publicate de
Transelectrica, n august 2012, erau proiecte cu Aviz
Tehnic de Racordare nsumnd 8.413 MW, iar cu
Contract de Racordare ncheiat nc 14.045 MW. Totalul
ipotetic duce la un galactic 22.458 MW, ceea ce ar
plasa Romnia pe locul doi n Europa, dup Germania i
naintea Spaniei.
2011 was the year in which Romania was the most
active country in Central and Eastern Europe as regards
the newly installed capacities, overcoming Poland
for the frst time. In fgures, this represents 520 MW
connected to the network, as opposed to 436 MW
installed in Poland.
Also, last year was regarded as evolutionary in contrast
to the year 2010, with an increase of 16% of the newly
installed capacities. All of these, considering the fact
that the legal support scheme for renewable energy was
not fnalized until June 2012. This can be considered a
sign of trust on behalf of the investors, who have based
their trust on the enactment of Law 220s fnal version.
In the following years, the positive factors which
will infuence the newly installed capacities are: the
attractiveness of the support scheme; the race against
time to connect the wind projects by the end of 2016,
in order to qualify for the support scheme; the timely
connection in order to beneft from the two green
certifcates for a longer period, given that these will be
issued until the end of 2017.
The potentially negative factors are: the country
risk; the Euro zone risk and the fnancial instability
at the level of the European Union; the strenuous
or unavailable fnancing; the cooperation with the
authorities and their contradictory statements; the
clutter of projects, which are more or less developed.
Therefore, 2012 could be a spectacular year as regards
the installed capacities, well over the year 2011. In
conclusion, in 2013 2014 an increase of the newly
installed wind energy capacities in Romania is likely
to emerge.
According to the latest information issued by
Transelectrica, in August 2012 there were projects with
connection permits in the amount of 8,413 MW, and
projects with concluded connection agreements of
another 14,045 MW. The hypothetical total leads up to
a galactic 22,458 MW, which could place Romania on
the second place in Europe, after Germany and in front
of Spain.
Founding Partner, Kogaion Investments
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Desigur, aceti 22 GW sunt ceea ce se poate numi
proiecte pe hrtie, pentru c, sub nicio form nu vom
vedea asemenea capaciti instalate n Romnia n
urmtorii muli ani.
Trebuie ns luai n calcul mai muli factori care vor
nclina balana realitate vs. hrtie ctre realitate.
Primul factor, cel mai important de altfel, este calitatea
muncii de dezvoltare a proiectelor. Foarte multe dintre
proiectele pe hrtie nu vor ajunge s fe construite,
pentru c nu vor trece niciodat un Due Diligence
legal i tehnic. Fie din cauz c dezvoltatorii au luat-o
pe scurtturi, fe din cauz c nu a fost luat n calcul
accesul pentru transport, fe din cauza unor soluii
de conectare cel puin fanteziste, fr niciun fel de
fezabilitate economic.
Al doilea factor este legat de disponibilitatea
capitalului. innd cont c majoritatea proiectelor pe
hrtie au fost dezvoltate pentru a f vndute i lund
n calcul disponibilitatea fnanrii pentru investitorii n
energie eolian n Romnia, avem de a face cu o noua
barier n a construi.
Cel de-al treilea factor de menionat este limitarea,
de ctre regulatorul pieei, a capacitilor ce vor f
instalate, att datorit unor constrngeri tehnice
(capacitatea reelei de transport i distribuie), precum
i datorit unor constrngeri date de Planul Naional de
Aciune i de suportabilitatea social a depirii intelor
impuse prin acesta.
Lund n calcul punctele analizate mai sus, se poate
concluziona c ntre 2.800 i 3.200 de MW ar putea f
instalai pn la sfritul lui 2014, dac nu vor avea loc
alte rsturnri spectaculoase de situaie, fe datorit
crizei datoriei suverane din zona Euro, fe datorit
modifcrii cadrului legislativ n Romnia.
Of course, these 22 GW are what could be called
projects on paper, because we defnitely wont be
seeing any such capacities installed in Romania for
many years to follow.
One should however take many more factors into
account which will tilt the balance between reality and
paper towards reality.
The first factor, and the most important one, is the
quality of the project development work. Many
of the projects on paper will not get the chance
to be built, because they will never pass a legal
and technical Due Diligence either because the
developers have taken shortcuts, or because the
access for transport has not been considered, or
because of connection solutions which are at least
fanciful, without any economical feasibility.
The second factor is linked to the availability of
funds. Taking into account that most of the projects
on paper were developed in order to be sold, and
considering the availability of funding wind energy
projects in Romania, we are dealing with a new
obstacle in the path of construction.
The third factor is the limitation, by the market
regulator, of the capacities that are to be installed,
which are due either to technical restraints (the capacity
of the transport and distribution network), or to
restraints arising from the National Action Plan and the
social endurance with regards to the exceeding of the
targets that it imposes.
Considering the matters mentioned above, it can be
concluded that between 2,800 and 3,200 MW could
be installed by the end of 2014, provided that no other
extraordinary situations due either to the sovereign
debt crisis in the Euro zone or to changes in the
Romanian legal framework will arise.
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Surse de fnanare a investiiilor
n energia regenerabil
Surse de fnanare a investiiilor n energia regenerabil / Sources of fnancing for renewable energy investment
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Interesul investitorilor n piaa romneasc de energie
eolian este n cretere. Multe companii importante
au nceput deja s dezvolte proiecte de energie eolian, cu
toate c nu exista o legislaie corespunztoare n ceea ce
privete sistemul de sprijin. ntre timp, aceast insufcien
s-a rezolvat i proiectele continu s fe implementate.
Investiiile cu privire la modernizarea i construirea de
noi instalaii de producere a energiei folosind surse
regenerabile pot f fnanate de ctre statul romn i UE
prin urmtoarele dou programe:
ERDF Fondul de Dezvoltare Regional
European Programul Operaional Sectorial
Creterea Competivitii Economice, - Msura
4.2 Investiiile n Energia Regenerabil
EAFRD Fondul European Agricol
pentru Dezvoltare Rural Msura 121-
Modernizarea exploataiilor agricole.
ERDF: n conformitate cu HG 750/2008 cu modifcrile
ulterioare, n cadrul Msurii 4.2, s-au alocat iniial
aproximativ 200 milioane de euro pentru fnanarea
proiectelor de energie regenerabil n perioada 2007-
2013, din care 85% reprezint fonduri UE nerambursabile
oferite de ERDF i 15% reprezint fonduri publice de
cofnanare de la bugetul de stat. HG 750/2008 a fost
ulterior modifcat, cel mai recent de ctre HG 248/2012,
astfel nct bugetul total disponibil pentru aceast
schem de suport a crescut la 463 milioane euro, din
care 88% sunt fonduri UE nerambursabile oferite de
ERDF i 12% sunt cofnanate de Ministerul Economiei,
Comerului i Mediului de Afaceri.
Aplicanii pot primi pn la 18 milioane de euro n fonduri
UE nerambursabile pentru proiecte de energie eolian
potrivit Msurii 4.2. Pn la 70% din costurile proiectelor
eligibile se pot fnana prin aceast modalitate, find
condiionate de dimensiunea societii solicitante.
Cererile de fnanare au putut f depuse ca urmare a
cererilor de ofert din anii 2008 i 2010. Toate proiectele
au concurat ntre ele din punct de vedere al calitii, astfel
nct doar cele mai bune au fost subvenionate.
Investor interest in the Romanian wind energy market
is growing. A number of major companies have
implemented wind farm projects despite the initial lack
of adequate relevant legislation regarding the incentive
scheme. In the meantime, the issue of the support scheme
is resolved and projects are continuing to be implemented.
Investment in the upgrading and construction of new
power production facilities through the use of renewable
energy sources can be fnanced by the Romanian state
together with the European Union through the following
two programmes:
ERDF the European Regional Development
Fund the Sectoral Operational Programme
Increase the Economic Competitiveness
Measure 4.2 Investments in Renewable Energy
EAFRD the European Agricultural Fund
for Rural Development Measure 121
Modernisation of agricultural holdings.
ERDF: according to GD 750/2008 with subsequent
amendments, within the framework of Measure 4.2,
around EUR 200 million have been initially made available
for funding renewable energy projects during the
programming period 2007-2013, of which 85% represents
non-refundable EU funds granted by the European Regional
Development Fund and 15% public co-fnancing funds from
the state budget. The GD 750/2008 has been subsequently
amended, most recently by GD 248/2012, so that the total
budget available for this support scheme increased to EUR
463 million, of which 88% are non-refundable EU funds
granted by ERDF and 12% are co-fnanced by the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Business Environment.
Companies could receive up to EUR 18 million in non-
reimbursable EU-funds for wind energy projects under
Measure 4.2. Up to 70% of the eligible project costs could
be funded, depending on the size of the company applying
for the funds. Financing applications could be submitted
as a result of the calls for proposals in 2008 and 2010. All
the projects submitted competed with each other in terms
of quality, such that only fnancing applications of a high
quality were subsidised.
Programmes co-fnanced by the EU
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Au fost depuse n total 450 proiecte de energie alternativ
(din toate tipurile de surse de energie), din care
aproximativ 60 au fost aprobate pn acum, iar fondurile
aferente acestei msuri au fost iniial epuizate. n iunie
2012, urmare a creterii fondurilor totale alocate acestei
scheme, Organismul Intermediar pentru Energie din
cadrul Ministerului Economiei, Comerului i Mediului de
Afaceri a anunat realocarea ntregului buget disponibil
pentru cofnanarea proiectelor de energie verde care
au fost depuse i nu au fost selectate urmare a cererii de
ofert din 2010 n ordinea descresctoare a punctajului
obinut de ctre fecare proiect.
EAFRD: Condiia de baz pentru a primi fonduri pentru
energia regenerabil conform Msurii 121 a fost
aceea ca toat electricitatea rezultat s fe folosit
exclusiv pentru parcul care aplic la aceste fonduri
electricitatea nu trebuie s fe livrat n reeaua
naional. Valoarea maxim a costurilor eligibile a unor
astfel de proiecte nu trebuie s depeasc 2 milioane
de euro. Componenta public cofnanatoare a fost
limitat la 800.000 de euro pentru perioada 2010-2013
cu sprijin nerambursabil de 40%. Pentru proiectele care
au inclus investiii n producia agricol i utilizarea
energiei regenerabile, costurile eligibile maxime
puteau depi valoarea de 2 milioane de euro, dar au
fost limitate la 3 milioane de euro. Ultima posibilitate
de a depune proiecte a fost la nceputul lui iulie 2012,
viitoarea ans find la nceputul anului 2014.
Surse UE de fnanare n viitor
"Europa 2020" este strategia de cretere economic a UE
pentru perioada 2014-2020. Noua strategie UE "Europa
2020" pentru o cretere durabil i locuri de munc
plaseaz inovarea i creterea economic verde n
centrul planului su pentru competitivitate. Obiectivele
UE de cretere durabil includ creterea ponderii
energiei regenerabile n consumul fnal de energie la
20%. ndeplinirea obiectivului de energie menionat mai
sus ar putea economisi 60 de miliarde de euro la factura
Europei pentru importurile de petrol i de gaze pn n
2020 - esenial att pentru securitatea energetic, ct
i din motive economice; n plus, mai mult de 600.000
de locuri de munc ar putea f create n UE, potrivit
Comisiei Europene.
Investitorii din sectorul energiei regenerabile sunt invitai
s se implice n conceperea de aciuni care urmeaz s
fe implementate n noua perioad de planifcare, care a
nceput n fecare stat membru n 2012.
With a total of around 450 alternative energy projects
(all energy sources) submitted, of which some 60
have been approved so far, the funds set aside for
this measure have been initially exhausted. In June
2012, further to the increase in total funds available
for the scheme, the Intermediary Organism for Energy
within the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Business
Environment announced the reallocation of the entire
budget available to the co-fnancing of green energy
projects that had been submitted and not selected
following the call for proposals in 2010 in descending
order of the scores obtained by each project.
EAFRD: The precondition for receiving funds for
renewable energy under Measure 121 was that all
the electricity produced be used exclusively for the
farm that applies for these funds no electricity
should be fed into the national grid system. The
maximum value of the eligible costs for such projects
could not exceed EUR 2 million. The public co-
financing component was limited to EUR 800,000
for the period 2010-2013 with non-reimbursable
support of 40%. For projects that included
investments in agricultural production and the use
of renewable energy, the projects maximum eligible
costs could exceed EUR 2 million but were limited to
EUR 3 million. The last possibility to submit projects
was in early July 2012, the next chance should be in
early 2014.
Prospective EU fnancing sources
Europe 2020 is the EU's growth strategy for the
programming period 2014-2020. The EU's new
Europe 2020 strategy for sustainable growth and
jobs puts innovation and green growth at the heart
of its blueprint for competitiveness. EUs sustainable
growth targets include increasing the share of
renewable energy in final energy consumption to
20%. Meeting the above-mentioned energy goal
could save EUR 60 billion on Europes bill for oil and
gas imports by 2020 essential for both energy
security and economic reasons; moreover, more than
600,000 jobs could be created in the EU, according to
the European Commission.
Investors in the renewable energy sector are invited to
become involved in the design of actions to be pursued
in the new programming period which started in each
member state in 2012.
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Noi, la Becker Consult nu ne ocupm doar de pregtirea
documentelor necesare n vederea obinerii scrisorilor de
aprobare pentru fonduri europene, ci, de asemenea, de
ntreg procesul de punere n aplicare a unui proiect. Avnd n
vedere c n prezent nu mai este posibil depunerea de noi
cereri la Ministerul Economiei n scopul obinerii de fonduri
europene pentru proiecte de energie eolian, implementarea
proiectelor deja aprobate devine din ce n ce mai important.
Implementarea (lansarea, demararea) unui proiect nu este
n niciun caz mai uoar dect prima faz, aceea de a obine
aprobare pentru acesta. ntr-adevar, este vorba de un proces
complicat i extrem de birocratic, existnd riscul comiterii
multor greeli. Punctele cele mai importante care trebuie
respectate sunt urmtoarele:
Semnarea contractului cu Ministerul: nainte de
semnarea contractului numeroase documente trebuie
pregtite sau actualizate n termen de 70 de zile
lucrtoare de la data eliberrii scrisorii de aprobare.
Aceste documente variaz de la autorizaii de construcii,
contractul pentru conectarea la reea, certifcatul
Natura 2000, confrmarea faptului c societatea nu are
datorii ctre autoritile fscale, la scrisoarea de confort
pentru valoarea proiectului care depete fondurile
aprobate. Dac oricare dintre aceste documente lipsete,
obinerea fondurilor europene nu este posibil.
Achiziionarea: toate activele proiectului trebuie
s fe achiziionate n conformitate cu normele
privind achiziiile publice. Dac se strecoar
vreo greeal n aceste proceduri, fondurile UE
acordate pot f reduse sau retrase n totalitate.
Implementarea: Orice proiect sufer unele modifcri
tehnice sau anumite ntrzieri pe durata fazei de punere
n aplicare. Toate aceste modifcri i ntrzieri trebuie
anunate la Ministerul Economiei n timp util, pentru
ca Ministerul s-i poat exprima punctul de vedere
nainte ca orice alt aciune s fe ntreprins. Din
nou, nclcarea acestei reguli poate duce la o reducere
sau la retragerea total a fondurilor europene.
Vnzarea unui proiect: nu este permis vnzarea
componentelor individuale ale unui proiect (de exemplu
turbinele eoliene individuale sau transformatoarele), dar
este posibil vnzarea de aciuni n cadrul companiei care
deine proiectul. Tranzaciile de acest fel trebuie anunate
la Ministerul Economiei nainte ca ele s aib loc.
At Becker Consult we are not only involved in preparing
the documents required to obtain letters of approval for
EU-funds, but also in the entire process of implementing
a project. Given that it is currently no longer possible
to submit new applications to the Ministry of Economy
with a view to obtaining EU-funds for wind energy
projects, the implementation of projects already
approved becomes increasingly important.
Implementation is by no means easier than the
initial phase of obtaining an approval. Indeed it
is a complicated and highly bureaucratic process
with many opportunities to make mistakes. Let
me explain the most important points that need
to be respected:
Signing of the contract with the Ministry: Before
signing the contract a long list of documents has
to be prepared or updated within 70 working
days from the day the letter of approval is
issued. These documents range from building
permits, the contract for the grid connection,
Natura 2000, confrmation that the company
has no debts to the tax authorities, to the
letter of comfort for the value of the project
exceeding the approved funds. If any of these
documents is missing, the EU-funds will be lost.
Acquisition: All the assets of the project have
to be tendered according to the rules of public
procurement. If there is any mistake in these
procedures the EU-funds awarded can be
either reduced or claimed back entirely.
Implementation: Every project undergoes
some technical changes or delays during the
implementation phase. All of these changes and
delays must be announced to the Ministry of
Economy in good time so that the Ministry can
express its point of view before any action is
taken. Again, violation of this rule can lead to a
reduction or the claiming back of the EU-funds.
Sale of a project: It is not allowed to sell
single components of a project (e.g. individual
wind turbines or the transformer), but it is
possible to sell shares in the company that
owns the project. However, transactions of
this kind must be announced to the Ministry
of Economy before they take place.
Founding Partner, Becker Consult
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Islanda, Liechtenstein i Norvegia coopereaz strns
cu UE prin Acordul privind Spaiul Economic European
(SEE). Prin granturile SEE si norvegiene, cele trei ri
contribuie la reducerea disparitilor n Europa i la
consolidarea relaiilor bilaterale cu 15 ri din Europa
central i de sud.

Norvegia i statele membre ale Asociaiei Europeane a
Liberului Schimb (AELS), care nu sunt membre UE, joac
un rol n dezvoltarea economic i social n Europa. Cu
toate progresele nregistrate n ultimii ani n Europa,
lacunele n dezvoltarea economic i standardele de
via persist. Acordul SEE include ca obiectiv reducerea
disparitilor economice i sociale n Spaiul Economic
European. Statele SEE - AELS au contribuit la eforturile
de coeziune europene nc de cnd Acordul privind SEE
a intrat n vigoare n 1994. Au fost alocate 1,79 miliarde
de euro subveniilor pentru anii 2009-2014, din care
Norvegia ofer 97% din fnanare.
Finanarea este orientat ctre domeniile n care exist
nevoi care pot f demonstrate n rile benefciare, i care
sunt n concordan cu prioritile naionale i obiectivele
europene mai largi. Principalele domenii de sprijin includ
protecia mediului i schimbrile climatice, societatea
civil, copiii i sntatea, patrimoniul cultural, cercetarea
i bursele de studii, munca decent, justiia i afacerile
interne. Granturile sunt disponibile pentru organizaii
non-guvernamentale, instituii de cercetare i academice,
precum i sectoarele public i privat.
ntre 2009 i 2014, Islanda, Liechtenstein i Norvegia vor
furniza 988,5 milioane de euro n granturi SEE pentru cele
12 cele mai noi ri membre ale UE, precum i Grecia,
Portugalia i Spania. Granturile SEE sunt fnanate n
comun de ctre Islanda, Liechtenstein i Norvegia. Statele
donatoare contribuie n funcie de mrimea i bunstarea
lor economic. Statele benefciare ale granturilor SEE
sunt Bulgaria, Republica Ceh, Cipru, Estonia, Grecia,
Ungaria, Letonia, Lituania, Malta, Polonia, Portugalia,
Romnia, Slovacia, Slovenia i Spania. Finanarea este
alocat ntre ri, avnd n vedere dimensiunea populaiei
i PIB-ul pe cap de locuitor. Romnia benefciaz de
190,75 milioane de euro din granturile SEE disponibile
pentru perioada 2009-2014.
n perioada de cinci ani 2004-2009, au fost puse la
dispoziie fonduri de 672 milioane euro. Subveniile
au fost acordate pentru mai mult de 800 de proiecte,
programe i fonduri, din care aproximativ 200 au inclus
fnanare comun granturi SEE i granturi norvegiene.
Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway cooperate closely
with the EU through the Agreement on the European
Economic Area. Through the EEA and Norway Grants,
the three countries contribute to reducing disparities in
Europe and to strengthening bilateral relations with 15
countries in central and southern Europe.
Norway and the European Free Trade Association (EFTA)
member states that are not EU members play a role
in the economic and social development in Europe.
Despite much progress in Europe over recent years, gaps
in economic development and living standards persist.
The EEA Agreement includes a goal to reduce social
and economic disparities in the European Economic
Area. The EEA EFTA States have contributed to European
cohesion efforts ever since the EEA Agreement entered
into force in 1994. EUR 1.79 billion have been set aside
under the Grants for 2009 to 2014 and Norway provides
97% of the funding.
The funding is targeted on areas where there are
demonstrable needs in the benefciary countries,
and that are in line with national priorities and
wider European goals. Key areas of support include
environmental protection and climate change, civil
society, children and health, cultural heritage, research
and scholarships, decent work, and justice and home
affairs. Grants are available for non-governmental
organisations, research and academic institutions, and
the public and private sectors.
Between 2009 and 2014, Iceland, Liechtenstein and
Norway will provide EUR 988.5 million in EEA Grants
to the 12 newest EU member countries, plus Greece,
Portugal and Spain. The EEA Grants are jointly
financed by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway. The
donor states contribute according to their size and
economic wealth. The beneficiary states of the EEA
Grants are Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia,
Greece, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland,
Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia and Spain. The
funding is allocated between the countries based
on their population and GDP per capita. Romania
has EUR 190.75 million of EEA Grants available for
2009-2014.
In the fve-year period 2004-2009, EUR 672 million in
funding was made available. Grants were awarded to
more than 800 projects, programmes and funds, of
which around 200 included joint fnancing by the EEA
Grants and the Norway Grants.
EEA and Norway Grants
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Mai mult de un sfert din subveniile SEE au fost
acordate proiectelor din domeniul proteciei mediului
i al dezvoltrii durabile. Majoritatea acestor fonduri a
fost furnizat pentru creterea efcienei energetice i
utilizarea energiei regenerabile n cldiri publice, cum
ar f coli i spitale, i pentru reducerea emisiilor de gaze
cu efect de ser i a altor poluani.
Subveniile norvegiene reprezint 800 milioane
de euro n fonduri alocate celor mai noi 12 state
membre UE i ale SEE, ntre 2009 i 2014. Norvegia
ofer fnanare pentru proiecte de dezvoltare social
i economic din Europa central i de sud, att prin
subvenii SEE ct i prin subvenii norvegiene. rile
benefciare ale subveniilor norvegiene sunt Bulgaria,
Republica Ceh, Cipru, Estonia, Ungaria, Letonia,
Lituania, Malta, Polonia, Romnia, Slovacia i Slovenia.
Finanarea este alocat ntre aceste ri, pe baza
populaiei i a PIB-ului pe cap de locuitor. Romnia
are 115,2 milioane de euro din granturi Norvegia
disponibile pentru 2009-2014.
Sectoarele prioritare pentru subveniile SEE i
norvegiene includ urmtoarele:
Schimbrile climatice i energia regenerabil
din subveniile SEE. n cadrul acestui sector
prioritar sunt incluse proiecte viznd "energia
regenerabil". Fiecare program iniiat n cadrul
programului "energie regenerabil" va contribui
la obiectivul general de cretere a cotei energiei
regenerabile n consumul de energie. Activitile
care pot f fnanate au n vedere msuri pentru
utilizarea mai intens a energiei regenerabile,
dezvoltarea infrastructurii (de exemplu, reele),
relevant pentru energia regenerabil i de
consolidare a capacitilor, de exemplu, n ceea
ce privete planurile i politicile de dezvoltare;
Inovare n domeniul industriei regenerabile din
subveniile norvegiene. n cadrul acestui sector
prioritar sunt incluse proiecte privind "Inovare
n Industria Verde". Fiecare program iniiat n
cadrul programului "Inovare n Industria Verde"
va contribui la obiectivul general de cretere
a competitivitii ntreprinderilor ecologice,
inclusiv ecologizarea industriilor existente,
inovare ecologic i antreprenoriat ecologic.
Activitile care pot f fnanate n cadrul fecrui
program includ mbuntiri ale tehnologiei i
ale proceselor, gestionarea deeurilor i a apelor
uzate, efciena energetic, certifcri i verifcri,
consolidarea competenelor i consolidarea
capacitilor, precum i proiecte pentru punerea
n aplicare a tehnologiilor i standardelor
necesare pentru a se conforma cu legislaia
UE / SEE n domeniul energetic i de mediu.
More than one fourth of the EEA Grants was awarded to
projects in the felds of environmental protection and
sustainable development. The majority of this funding
was provided to increase energy effciency and the use
of renewable energy in public buildings such as schools
and hospitals, and to reduce emissions of greenhouse
gases and other pollutants.
The Norway Grants represent EUR 800 million in
funding allocated to the 12 newest EU and European
Economic Area (EEA) member states between 2009 and
2014. Norway provides funding for social and economic
development projects in Central and Southern Europe
both through the EEA Grants and the Norway Grants.
The benefciary countries of the Norway Grants are
Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Cyprus, Estonia, Hungary,
Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia and
Slovenia. The funding is allocated between the countries
based on their population and GDP per capita. Romania
has EUR 115.2 million of Norway Grants available for
2009-2014.
Priority sectors for EEA and Norway Grants include
the following:
Climate change and renewable energy for EEA
Grants. Programme areas within this priority sector
include Renewable energy. Each programme set
up within the Renewable energy programme
area will contribute to the overall objective of an
increased share of renewable energy in energy
use. Activities which may be supported include
measures for the increased use of renewable energy,
infrastructure development (e.g. networks) relevant
for renewable energy and capacity building, e.g.
in respect of developing plans and policies;
Green industry innovation for Norway Grants.
Programme areas within this priority sector
include Green Industry Innovation. Each
programme set up within the Green Industry
Innovation programme area will contribute to
the overall objective of increased competitiveness
of green enterprises, including the greening
of existing industries, green innovation and
green entrepreneurship. Activities that may
be supported within each programme include
improvements of technology and processes, waste
and waste water management, energy effciency,
certifcation and verifcations, strengthening
of competences and capacity building, as well
as support projects to implement technologies
and standards necessary to comply with EU/EEA
legislation in the feld of environment and energy.
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Romania has received funding since entering the EU and
EEA in 2007. For the period of 2009-2014 Romania has
been allocated EUR 305.95 million (including EUR 98.5
million for the period covering 2007-2009) consisting of
EEA Grants and Norway Grants. Norway provides 97% of
the funding, with Iceland and Liechtenstein providing
the rest. These funds will co-fnance projects within
23 different programmes. The Ministry of European
Affairs is the national contact point that will co-ordinate
programmes and the management of the fnancial
assistance provided to Romania.
For each of the funded areas there is a public institution
or non-governmental organisation (generically called
Programme Operators) that manages directly the
allocation of funds.
The open calls for project proposals will be organised
nationally by Programme Operators running
individual programmes. Agreements (Memoranda of
Understanding) on the programme areas and priorities
for funding were signed in March 2012 between the
donor states and Romania. Following the signing of the
MoUs, the Programme Operators are now submitting
their detailed programme proposals to the Financial
Mechanism Offce the secretariat for the Grants.
Once these are approved, the call for proposals will be
published. This is likely to take some time, with the frst
calls for proposals probably appearing in the frst half
of 2013.
Key areas of support for Romania include Increasing
competitiveness of green enterprises, boosting green
innovation and entrepreneurship. The programmes to
be implemented in Romania include Energy effciency
and renewable energy funded by grants of EUR 16
million (of which EUR 8 million is for energy effciency
and EUR 8 million for renewable energy ) and Green
industry innovation with grants of EUR 24 million. The
Programme Operators for these funded areas are the
Ministry of Environment and Forests and the Ministry of
Economy, Trade and Business Environment.
Romnia a primit fonduri de la intrarea n UE i SEE n
2007. Pentru perioada 2009-2014, Romniei i-au fost
alocate n total 305,95 milioane de euro (incluznd
98,5 milioane de euro, pentru perioada 2007-2009)
constnd n subvenii SEE i granturi norvegiene.
Norvegia furnizeaz 97% din fnanare, iar Islanda
i Liechtenstein, restul. Aceste fonduri vor cofnana
proiecte n cadrul a 23 de programe diferite. Ministerul
Afacerilor Europene este punctul de contact naional,
care va coordona programele i gestionarea asistenei
fnanciare oferite Romniei.
Pentru fecare dintre domeniile fnanate exist o
instituie public sau non-guvernamental (numit
generic Operator de Program), care gestioneaz n mod
direct alocarea fondurilor.
Licitaiile deschise pentru propuneri de proiecte vor
f organizate la nivel naional de ctre operatorii
de program care desfoar programe individuale.
Acordurile (memorandumuri de nelegere) privind
programele i prioritile de fnanare au fost semnate
n martie 2012 ntre statele donatoare i Romnia.
Dup semnarea acestora, operatorii programului
depun acum propunerile lor detaliate de programe la
Biroul Mecanismului Financiar - Secretariatul pentru
subvenii. Dup ce acestea sunt aprobate, licitaia va
f publicat. Este posibil ca acest lucru s ia ceva timp,
ateptndu-se ca primele licitaii s aib loc abia n
prima jumtate a anului 2013.
Principalele domenii de sprijin pentru Romnia includ
"Creterea competitivitii ntreprinderilor ecologice,
stimularea inovaiei ecologice i a spiritului antreprenorial
ecologic". Programele care urmeaz s fe puse n
aplicare n Romnia includ "Efcien energetic i
energie regenerabil", fnanate din subvenii n valoare
de 16 milioane de euro (din care 8 milioane de euro
pentru efcien energetic i 8 milioane de euro pentru
energie regenerabil) i " Inovare n Industria Verde ", cu
subvenii de 24 milioane de euro. Operatorii programului
pentru aceste zone fnanate sunt Ministerul Mediului i
Pdurilor i Ministerul Economiei, Comerului i Mediului
de Afaceri.
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O alternativ la programele UE, fondurile pentru
investiii n energie alternativ ar putea f, de
asemenea, accesate prin intermediul Fondului Romn
de Mediu din cadrul Ministerului Mediului i Pdurilor
(aprobat prin Ordinul nr 714/21.05.2010). Finanarea
a fost acordat pentru pn la 50% din valoarea
total a costurilor eligibile aferente proiectelor pentru
societile care dezvolt parcuri eoliene n Romnia, cu
excepia proiectelor din Bucureti i judeul Ilfov, unde
fnanarea maxim era de 40%. Valoarea maxim a
fondurilor pe care un benefciar putea s o primeasc a
fost de 30 milioane de lei.
Acest program a fost fnalizat din iunie-iulie 2010,
atunci cnd proiectele au fost depuse pentru ultima
dat, cu un fond de 440 milioane de lei alocat pentru
acest program. n cadrul acestui program au fost
aprobate un numr de 50 de proiecte de energie
regenerabil. Dei n februarie 2011 suma total
alocat programului a crescut la 900 milioane de lei,
este incert dac va f posibil s se depun proiecte n
2012 sau 2013, deciziile necesare nefind nc adoptate.
Toate programele de fnanare - UE, precum i
programele naionale - cer ca societatea care aplic
pentru fonduri s pregteasc un studiu de fezabilitate
detaliat al aspectelor tehnice i economice ale
proiectului. Pentru a avea o ans real de a primi
fnanare, proiectul ar trebui s f dobndit deja
autorizaia de construire la depunerea documentelor.
As an alternative to the EU-programme, funds for
investments in alternative energy could also be
accessed through the Romanian Environmental
Fund of the Ministry of the Environment and Forest
(approved by Order No.714/21.05.2010). Financing
was granted for up to 50% of the total eligible
costs of the project for companies developing wind
farms in Romania, with the exception of projects
in the Bucharest and Ilfov county region, where
the maximum financing was 40%. The maximum
amount of funds a beneficiary could receive was RON
30 million.
This programme has been closed since June-July 2010,
when projects were submitted for the last time with
a total of RON 440 million allocated to this call. A
number of 50 renewable energy projects have been
approved under this programme. Although in February
2011 the total amount allocated to the programme
increased to RON 900 million, it is uncertain whether
it will be possible to submit projects in 2012 or 2013;
the necessary decisions have not yet been taken.
All funding programmes EU as well as national
programmes require that the company applying
for funds prepare a detailed feasibility study of the
technical and economic aspects of the project. To have
a realistic chance of receiving funding, the project
should already have acquired a building permit on
submission of the documents.
National funds
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Banca European pentru Reconstrucie i Dezvoltare
(BERD) fnaneaz proiecte de energie regenerabil
i sprijinul su pentru acest sector a crescut n mod
semnifcativ n ultimii ani. n 2011, BERD i-a depit
sprijinul anterior pentru sectorul energetic prin
fnanarea a 26 de proiecte n 14 ri, cu un total de
peste 1,2 miliarde de euro.
BERD i IFC, membr a Grupului Bncii Mondiale, sprijin
strategia din Romnia de cretere a produciei de energie
din surse regenerabile prin acordarea de mprumuturi n
valoare de 114,8 milioane de euro pentru cofnanarea
construciei i exploatrii parcurilor eoliene de 138 MW,
Cernavod I i II. n iunie 2011, BERD i IFC au acordat
mprumuturi n valoare de 57,4 milioane de euro fecare
ctre Cernavoda Power deinut n majoritate de EDP
Renovaveis, a treia cea mai mare companie de energie
eolian din lume pentru a fnana construcia i
exploatarea acestor parcuri eoliene. Ambele instalaii vor
pstra 42,2 milioane de euro pentru conturile lor proprii,
urmnd s distribuie 15,2 milioane de euro fecare la un
grup de bnci comerciale. Aceasta a fost prima investiie
i proiect fnanat de ctre BERD i IFC n sectorul
energiei regenerabile din Romnia. IFC este cea mai
mare instituie global de dezvoltare axat pe sectorul
privat din rile n curs de dezvoltare.
Mai mult dect att, n iulie 2011, BERD i IFC au
mprumutat 73,3 milioane de euro pentru cofnanarea
funcionrii parcului eolian de 90 MW de la Petera,
care este de asemenea deinut de EDP Renovaveis
(EDPR). Ambele instituii au pstrat 26,9 milioane
de euro pentru conturile lor proprii, distribuind 9,7
milioane de euro fecare pentru un grup de bnci
comerciale. Aceasta a fost a doua investiie i proiect
fnanat de ctre BERD i IFC n sectorul energiei
regenerabile n Romnia, n urma investiiilor lor n
comun n parcul de 138 MW de la Cernavod.
Parcurile eoliene Petera i Cernavod din regiunea
Dobrogea din Romnia vor forma mpreun unul dintre
cele mai mari parcuri eoliene din ar, cu o capacitate
total de 228 MW.
The European Bank for Reconstruction and
Development (EBRD) fnances renewable energy
projects and its support for this sector has grown
signifcantly in recent years. In 2011 the EBRD
surpassed its previous highest-ever support to the
power sector by funding 26 projects across 14 countries
for a total of over EUR 1.2 billion.
The EBRD and IFC, a member of the World Bank Group,
are supporting Romanias strategy to increase its
renewable energy production by lending EUR 114.8
million to co-fnance the construction and operation
of the 138 MW Cernavoda I & II wind farms. In
June 2011, the EBRD and IFC lent EUR 57.4 million
each to Cernavoda Power majority owned by EDP
Renovveis, the worlds third largest wind energy
company to fnance the construction and operation
of the wind farms. Both will retain EUR 42.2 million for
their own accounts, syndicating EUR 15.2 million each
to a group of commercial banks. This was the frst
investment and project fnancing by the EBRD and IFC
in the renewable energy sector in Romania. The IFC, a
member of the World Bank Group, is the largest global
development institution focused on the private sector
in developing countries.
Moreover, in July 2011, the EBRD and IFC lent EUR
73.3 million to co-fnance the operation of the 90
MW Pestera wind farm, which is also owned by EDP
Renovveis (EDPR). Both institutions retained EUR 26.9
million for their own accounts, syndicating EUR 9.7
million each to a group of commercial banks. This was
the second investment and project fnancing by EBRD
and IFC in the renewable energy sector in Romania,
following their joint investment in the 138 MW
Cernavoda wind farm.
The Pestera and Cernavoda wind farms in the Dobrogea
region of Romania will together comprise one of the
largest wind farms in the country with a total capacity
of 228 MW.
Other institutions which offer
fnancing for wind farm projects
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n plus, n ianuarie 2011, BERD a acordat ctre Raiffeisen
Bank Romnia un nou mprumut de 10 milioane de euro
pentru fnanarea proiectelor de efcien energetic
care urmeaz s fe puse n aplicare de ctre dezvoltatori
locali. Creditul acordat n baza facilitii de fnanare a
efcienei energetice UE / BERD va f utilizat pentru a oferi
fnanare pentru proiectele de investiii implementate de
companiile romneti n acest domeniu, prin mprumuturi
pe termen lung de pn la 2,5 milioane de euro fecare.
Programul de fnanare comun al EC i BERD permite
sectorului industrial local privat s maximizeze economia
de energie i s-i mbunteasc competitivitatea.
Banca European de Investiii (BEI), joac de asemenea
un rol important i n fnanarea sectorului energiei
regenerabile. n ultimii cinci ani valoarea anual
a mprumuturilor acordate a crescut de mai mult
de zece ori atingnd 6,2 miliarde de euro n 2010.
mprumuturile BEI pentru energie regenerabil au
crescut dramatic n ultimii ani atingnd 5,5 miliarde
de euro n 2011. Cea mai mare parte a acestor
mprumuturi este direcionat ctre generarea de
energie electric eolian i solar. Banca a devenit o
surs esenial de fnanare pentru piaa din aceste
sectoare. A crescut, de asemenea, considerabil
mprumutul acordat pentru efciena energetic, care
s-a ridicat la 1,3 miliarde de euro n 2011.
Energia eolian, att de pe uscat ct i din larg, este cel
mai important sector de energie regenerabil pentru BEI.
La sfritul anului 2010, BEI a acordat un mprumut de
200 milioane de euro, n scopul de a fnana dezvoltarea
unui parc eolian situat la Fntnele n regiunea
Dobrogea. Fondurile de la BEI au fost folosite pentru a
cofnana proiectarea, construcia, punerea n funciune
i exploatarea lucrrilor aferente parcului eolian,
precum i pentru construcia de transformatoare
de putere i conexiuni de reea. Proiectul a fost
dezvoltat de grupul CEZ AS, un productor de energie
avnd guvernul ceh drept acionar majoritar, care a
implementat proiectul prin intermediul flialelor sale
din Romnia, Tomis Team i MW Team Invest.
BRD Socit Gnrale, UniCredit i CaixaBank au oferit
fnanare n valoare total de 50 de milioane de euro
pentru parcurile eoliene Petera i Cernavod din
regiunea Dobrogea dezvoltate de ctre EDP Renovaveis.
mprumuturile au fost acordate suplimentar fa de
fnanarea mai sus-menionat primit de la BERD i
IFC pentru aceste proiecte.
Una dintre cele mai importante instituii fnanciare
din Romnia, UniCredit Leasing Corporation (UCL), a
acordat ctre Holrom i Energy Rose Grup 19 milioane
de euro pentru dou proiecte de energie eolian cu o
capacitate total instalat de 23 MW, situate n judeul
Moreover, in January 2011, the EBRD granted
Raiffeisen Bank Romania a new loan of EUR 10 million
for the fnancing of energy effciency projects to be
implemented by local companies. The loan granted
under the EU/EBRD energy effciency fnancing facility
will be used to provide fnance to investment projects
implemented by Romanian companies in this feld
through long-term loans of up to EUR 2.5 million each.
The joint fnancing programme of the EC and EBRD
allows the local industrial private sector to maximise
energy savings and improve its competitiveness.
The European Investment Bank (EIB) plays a major and
growing role in providing fnance to the renewable
energy sector. Over the past fve years its annual
lending increased more than tenfold to reach EUR 6.2
billion in 2010. EIB lending for renewable energy has
grown dramatically over the last few years to reach
EUR 5.5 billion in 2011. The majority of this lending is
directed to wind and solar power generation. The Bank
has become a key source of fnance for the market
in these sectors. It has also considerably boosted its
lending for energy effciency, which amounted to EUR
1.3 billion in 2011.
Wind energy, both onshore and offshore, is the most
important renewable energy sector for the EIB.
At the end of 2010, the EIB granted a loan of EUR 200
million in order to fnance development of a wind
farm located in Fntnele in the Dobrogea region. The
funds from the EIB were used to co-fnance the design,
construction, commissioning and operation works
related to the wind farm as well as the construction of
power transformers and grid connections. The project
was developed by the CEZ AS group, an energy producer
with the Czech government as majority shareholder
that implemented the project through its Romanian
subsidiaries, Tomis Team and MW Team Invest.
BRD Socit Gnrale, UniCredit and CaixaBank
provided fnancing worth a total of EUR 50 million for
the Pestera and Cernavoda wind farms developed by
EDP Renovveis in the Dobrogea region. The loans were
granted in addition to the above-mentioned fnancing
received from the EBRD and IFC for these projects.
One of the most important fnancial institutions in
Romania, UniCredit Leasing Corporation (UCL), granted
Holrom and Energy Rose Group EUR 19 million for two
wind energy projects with a total installed capacity of
23 MW located in Tulcea county.
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Tulcea. Potrivit Raportului UniCredit de Dezvoltare
Durabil, n 2011, aceast instituie a fnanat cu 394,8
milioane de euro proiecte legate de protecia mediului
i durabilitate. n 2012, UniCredit a acordat mai mult
de 1,5 miliarde de euro pentru fnanarea de proiecte
eoliene i solare, crescnd, astfel, suma investit anul
trecut cu 52%, potrivit Bloomberg.
n aprilie 2011, BCR, cea mai mare banc din Romnia, a
ncheiat un acord de fnanare n valoare de 23 milioane
de euro cu Martifer, un grup industrial multinaional,
pentru dezvoltarea unui parc eolian 42 MW n sud-estul
Romniei (Tulcea).
BCR a acordat un mprumut de 17 milioane de
euro pentru Espe Energy Ltd pentru a construi
o microhidrocentral pe rul Spna, judeul
Maramure. Microhidrocentrala Spna va furniza
energie pentru mai mult de 10.000 de familii, cu
ajutorul a patru turbine cu o capacitate instalat de
9,88 MW. Microhidrocentrala necesit o investiie de
peste 23 de milioane de euro, care va f fnanat n
comun de ctre societate i BCR.
n 2012, Enel Green Power International, care este parte
a grupului italian Enel, a semnat un acord cu Agenia
de Credit pentru Export (ACE) a guvernului danez i
Citigroup pentru 180 de milioane de euro fnanarea
necesar pentru dezvoltarea de parcuri eoliene n
Romnia (Zephyr I, 120 MW), Statele Unite ale Americii
(Caney River, 200 MW) i Brazilia (Cristal, 90 MW).
Citigroup a fost numit agent i aranjor al fnanrii,
care se va desfura pe o perioad de 12 ani. Finanarea
va f, de asemenea, utilizat pentru a acoperi o parte
din investiiile necesare pentru a construi i pentru a
extinde centralele eoliene din Moldova Nou i Corugea,
n scopul de a obine o capacitate total instalat
de 118 MW, potrivit Mediafax. Rolul instituional al
ACE presupune sprijin pentru productorii danezi de
componente furnizate ctre Enel Green Power pentru
construirea celor trei parcuri eoliene.
Alte bnci, cum ar f Alpha Bank, ING i Banca
Romneasc i-au exprimat interesul n fnanarea
proiectelor de energie eolian, iar unele dintre aceste
instituii negociaz mprumuturi pentru dezvoltarea de
astfel de proiecte, conform ofcialilor AREE.
n general, fnanarea acordat de bncile din Romnia
este extrem de supus riscurilor n ceea ce privete
mediul juridic i construirea de parcuri eoliene i de
conectare a acestora la reeaua de alimentare. n ceea
ce privete implicarea limitat a bncilor n fnanarea
proiectelor n domeniul energiei eoliene, un rol
important este jucat aici de ctre instituiile fnanciare
internaionale i programele UE.
According to the UniCredit Sustainability Report, in
2011 the institution fnanced EUR 394.8 million in
projects related to environmental protection and
sustainability. In 2012, UniCredit granted more than
EUR 1.5 billion for the fnancing of wind and solar
projects, thus increasing the amount invested last year
by 52%, according to Bloomberg.
In April 2011, the Romanian Commercial Bank (BCR),
the largest bank in Romania, concluded a fnancing
agreement amounting to EUR 23 million with Martifer, an
industrial multinational group, for the development of a
42 MW wind farm in the south-east of Romania (Tulcea).
BCR granted a loan of EUR 17 million to Espe Energy
Ltd to build a micro-hydropower plant on the river
Sapanta in Maramures County. The Sapanta micro-
hydropower plant will supply energy for more than
10,000 families, based on four turbines with an
installed capacity of 9.88 MW. The micro-hydropower
plant requires an investment of over EUR 23 million,
which will be funded jointly by the company and the
BCR loan.
In 2012, Enel Green Power International, which is
part of the Italian group Enel, signed an agreement
with the Export Credit Agency (EKF) of the Danish
government and Citigroup for the EUR 180-million
fnancing required for the development of wind farms
in Romania (Zephyr I, 120 MW), USA (Caney River,
200 MW) and Brazil (Cristal, 90 MW). Citigroup was
appointed the agent and arranger of the fnancing,
which is for a period of 12 years. The fnancing
will also be used to cover part of the investments
necessary to build and expand the wind power plants
of Moldova Noua and Corugea in order to obtain
a total installed capacity of 118 MW, according to
Mediafax. The institutional role of the EKF implies
support for the Danish manufacturers of components
supplied to Enel Green Power for construction of the
three wind farms.
Other banks such as Alpha Bank, ING and Banca
Romneasc have expressed an interest in providing
fnance for wind energy projects and some of these
institutions are negotiating loans for the development
of such projects, according to RWEA offcials.
In general, the fnancing provided by banks in Romania
is highly subject to the perceived risks in respect of the
legal environment and the construction of wind farms
and their connection to the power grid. In terms of the
banks limited involvement in the fnancing of wind
energy projects, an important role is played here by the
international fnancial institutions and EU programmes.
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Fiind cea mai mare banc din Romnia, BCR este interesat
n mod direct de fnanarea dezvoltrii economiei locale,
inclusiv de sectorul energiei regenerabile, ca find unul dintre
sectoarele cele mai active n sensul noilor investiii. BCR i-a
demonstrat astfel interesul, devenind un juctor activ pe
aceast pia, reuind s realizeze un portofoliu de proiecte
aprobate n domeniul energiei eoliene cu o capacitate de
aproximativ 100 MW, n cea mai mare parte find vorba
despre proiecte eoliene i microhidrocentrale.
Factorii inceri de natur juridic care pn de curnd au vizat
schema de sprijin au reprezentat obstacole suplimentare
n furnizarea de fnanare pentru proiecte de energie
regenerabil. Acestea find spuse, n urma aprobrii de ctre
Comisia European la 13 iulie 2011 a Schemei de Sprijin
prin Certifcate Verzi pentru Energia Regenerabil, i avnd
n vedere Ordonana de Urgen a Guvernului 88/2011
aprobat de curnd de ctre Parlamentul Romniei, cadrul
legislativ ofer acum o mai mare claritate. Cu toate acestea,
aceast schem de sprijin trebuie s fe, de asemenea,
analizat n contextul schimbrilor din cadrul pieei energiei
electrice pe care noua lege a energiei i a gazelor naturale
le-ar putea genera.
BCR este interesat n mod particular de fnanarea proiectelor
de energie regenerabil care ndeplinesc criteriile de
bancabilitate stabilite. Cele mai importante criterii luate n
considerare la evaluarea caracterului bancabil al proiectelor
de energie regenerabil sunt: experiena investitorului/
management-ului, deinerea tuturor autorizaiilor necesare
(proiectul trebuie s fe curatdin punct de vedere legal);
realizarea due dilligence-urilor tehnice de ctre un consultant
independent la un nivel satisfctor pentru banc; vnzarea
energiei i a certifcatelor verzi pe baza unui acord pe termen
lung de cumprare de energie ct i un angajament clar
din partea investitorilor, sub forma unei alocri sufciente a
capitalului propriu.
n ceea ce privete cerina minim de capital propriu, aceasta
depinde de previziunile fnanciare corespunztoare i trebuie
verifcate de la caz la caz. Ca valoare de referin, BCR indic
un prag minim de aproximativ 30% din costurile proiectului.
Schema certifcatelor verzi din Romnia care se bazeaz pe
un mecanism de pia, este deja n vigoare, iar acest lucru
nseamn c preul pentru certifcatele verzi ct i preul
pieei pentru fecare MWh variaz n funcie de nivelul
cererii i al ofertei. Prin urmare, exist un grad ridicat de
incertitudine n ceea ce privete calcularea fuxului de
numerar preconizat n comparaie cu alte ri unde este n
vigoare mecanismul preurilor fxe. Avnd n vedere acest
aspect, condiiile de acordare a creditelor sunt n general mai
stricte n Romnia n comparaie cu alte ri.
As the largest bank in Romania, BCR is interested
in fnancing the development of the local economy,
including the renewable energy sector, as one of
the most active sectors in terms of new investment.
BCR has demonstrated this interest by becoming an
active player in this sector, resulting in a portfolio
of approved renewable projects of around 100 MW
capacity, mostly in wind and micro-hydro projects.
The legal uncertainties that until recently surrounded
the incentive scheme have posed additional hurdles
to the provision of fnancing for renewable energy
projects. That said, following the approval by the
EU Commission on 13th July 2011 of the Romanian
Green Certifcates Renewable Energy Support Scheme,
and given the very recent approval by the Romanian
Parliament of Emergency Government Ordinance
88/2011, the legislative framework now provides more
clarity. However, the renewable energy incentive scheme
must also be analysed in the context of the changes to
the general energy market the new energy and gas law
might introduce.
BCR is particularly interested in fnancing renewable
energy projects that meet established bankability
criteria. The main criteria taken into account when
assessing the bankability of renewable energy projects
include: the experience of the investor/management;
possession of all the required permits (the project should
be legally clean); completion of technical due diligence
by an independent consultant at a level of satisfactory
to the bank; the sale of energy and green certifcates
based on a long-term power purchase agreement; and
a clear commitment from the investors in the form of a
suffcient allocation of equity.
As to what constitutes the minimum equity
requirement, this depends on the corresponding
fnancial forecasts and must be verifed on a case by
case basis. As a benchmark, BCR indicates a minimum
threshold of around 30% of the project costs.
The green certifcate scheme in Romania, which is a
market based mechanism, is already in place, and this
means the price for both Green Certifcates and the
market price for each MWh varies depending on the
level of demand and supply. Consequently, there is a
higher degree of uncertainty regarding the calculation of
expected cash fow in comparison with other countries,
where fxed price mechanisms are in place. Based on this
fact alone, the conditions for granting loans are generally
tighter in Romania when compared with other countries.
Executive Director Project Finance, Banca Comercial Romn
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Noile condiii de pia au schimbat modul de operare al
bncilor i nevoile clienilor. n calitate de lider european
pe acest segment, UniCredit nelege pe deplin aceste
noi provocri i subliniaz c pentru bnci este deosebit
de important s devin consultani de ncredere pentru
clienii lor i nu doar simpli furnizori de produse bancare.
Astzi, analiza de fnanare extern implic de
asemenea o nevoie important de a mprti opinii
privind fezabilitatea proiectelor n scopul de a evalua
n mod corespunztor domeniul de aplicare al deciziei
de investiie.
Pn acum, cea mai mare parte a fnanrilor
din domeniul energiei regenerabile s-a bazat pe
posibilitile sponsorului: de exemplu, proiectele
eoliene iniiate de CEZ i EDP n acest caz UniCredit
a acionat n calitate de creditor. Alte cteva proiecte
au reuit de asemenea s atrag fnanare printr-o
atent gestionare a riscului (un numr mare de parcuri
operaionale i n curs de dezvoltare au fost fnanate
de ctre UniCredit Leasing).
Pe viitor, UniCredit preconizeaz o cretere substanial
a fnanrilor din acest sector, bazat n principal pe
dezvoltarea acestei piee i o clarifcare a cadrului
juridic. Grupul UniCredit este unul dintre susintorii
principali ai acestei tendine.
Instituiile fnanciare se concentreaz n special pe
stabilitatea i claritatea cadrului juridic, ntruct
schema de sprijin este stimulat de ctre stat. Multe
mbuntiri s-au nregistrat anul trecut (spre exemplu,
aprobarea de ctre Comisia Europeana cu privire la
cadrul general i la acordarea mai multor certifcate
ncepnd cu noiembrie 2011); cu toate acestea, cadrul
legal nu este uor de interpretat.
La sfritul lunii iunie, Parlamentul Romniei a modifcat
din nou legislaia primar i a votat noua lege a energiei.
Cu toate acestea, legislaia secundar este necesar
pentru a clarifca problemele legate de supracompensare,
de posibilitatea de a diminua numrul certifcatelor
pentru anumite tehnologii, infuena fondurilor UE ca
surs de fnanare versus un numr redus de certifcate,
funcionarea fondului de garantare nou reglementat i
posibilitatea de a negocia liber acordurile de cumprare
de energie cu clienii eligibili. Acestea sunt aspecte de real
interes n orice decizie de fnanare.
The new market environment has changed the way of
doing banking and the customers needs. As a leading
European bank, UniCredit fully understands these new
challenges and underlines that is very important for
banks to position themselves as trusted advisers to their
clients, not solely providers of fnancial products.
Today, the analysis for external fnancing also implies
an important necessity to share and sample views on
the feasibility of projects in order to properly evaluate
the scope of the investment decision.
Until now, most fnancing in the local renewable
energy sector has been fundamented on the sponsor
capabilities: e.g. the wind projects by CEZ and EDP
(in the latter case UniCredit also acted as a lender).
Several other projects also managed to attract fnancing
through careful risk management (several operational
and under development parks were fnanced by
UniCredit Leasing).
In the future UniCredit foresees a substantial increase
in the amount fnancing in this sector, mainly based on
the development of the market and a clarifcation of the
legal framework. UniCredit Group is one of the leading
supporters of this trend.
One of the main focuses of fnancial institutions is
the stability and clarity of the legal framework, as the
support scheme is state-incentivised. Many positive
developments were seen last year (e.g. EU Commission
approval on the general framework and the granting of
multiple certifcates as of Nov 2011); however, the legal
framework is not easy to interpret.
At the end of June, the Romanian Parliament again
amended the primary legislation and voted in the new
energy law. However, secondary legislation is needed
to clarify over-compensation issues, the potential
to decrease the number of certifcates for certain
technologies, the infuence of EU Funds as a source of
fnancing versus a decreased number of certifcates,
functioning of the newly regulated guarantee fund
and the ability to negotiate freely power purchase
agreements with eligible clients. These are issues of real
interest to any fnancing decision.
Head of Structured Finance, UniCredit iriac Bank
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Avnd avantajul experienei grupului, UniCredit a
nceput s dezvolte legturi cu consilieri tehnici strini
reputai pentru a putea s-i contacteze imediat ce
un proiect rentabil a fost identifcat, care s-au artat
interesai n a lucra pe piaa local, mai ales de cnd
Romnia a devenit o pia int pentru implementarea
de expertiz acumulat n rile dezvoltate unde
programele de sprijin au fost semnifcativ accesate n
ultimii ani.
Referitor la punctele mai sus menionate, UniCredit
poate spune c pe baza experienei din alte ri din
ECE- furnizorii din industria de servicii (de ex, consilieri
tehnici i de mediu, societi de inginerie) s-au
dezvoltat n paralel cu dezvoltarea general a industriei.
De la nceput, sistemul certifcatelor verzi necesit o
analiz mai atent a investiiilor (att pentru sponsori
ct i pentru bnci) dect sistemul de preuri fxe.
Programul aplicat n Romnia find pe deplin expus
riscurilor de pia n termeni de volum i pre, este
mai puin favorabil dect n alte ri cu acelai tip de
stimulente: n Polonia, spre exemplu, furnizorii de ultim
instan sunt obligai s achiziioneze toat cantitatea
de energie electric oferit care este generat din surse
regenerabile de energie.
Ca o concluzie pozitiv, este clar c paii fcui att de
autoriti ct i de industria acestui sector ajut lucrurile
spre a se concretiza ntr-un obiectiv comun: dezvoltarea
surselor alternative de energie i punerea n funciune a
investiiilor semnifcative n acest domeniu. Benefciind
de condiii relativ favorabile i de un program de sprijin
apreciat de ctre investitori, Romnia are anse puternice
de a deveni urmtorul centru de putere din Europa de
est n industria energiei regenerabile.
UniCredit Tiriac Bank face parte din grupul UniCredit,
primul pe piaa ECE n domeniul bancar, deinnd cea
mai mare reea n toate rile din regiune, cu peste
3.900 de sucursale.
n Romnia, UniCredit Tiriac Bank este una din
principalele instituii fnanciare, o banc comercial
cu adevrat universal, oferind produse i servicii de
calitate pentru toate segmentele de clieni de pe pia.
With the beneft of its group expertise, UniCredit has
begun developing connections with reputable foreign
technical advisors in order to be able to be able to
approach them quickly once local bankable project have
been found. All have displayed an interest in working
on the local market, as Romania has become a target
market for the deployment of the expertise accumulated
in developed markets where the support schemes have
contracted signifcantly in recent years.
In reference to the other points raised above, UniCredit is
able to say that based on their experience of other CEE
countries the industry service providers (i.e. technical
and environmental advisors, engineering companies)
have developed in parallel with the general development
of the industry.
From the outset, the green-certifcates scheme
necessitates a more careful analysis of the investment
(for both sponsors and banks) than the feed-in tariffs.
The scheme applied in Romania, being fully exposed
to market risks both in terms of volume and price, is
also less favourable than in other few countries with
the same type of incentives: in Poland, for example,
suppliers of last resort are obliged to purchase all
the electricity offered to them that is generated from
renewable energy sources.
As a positive conclusion, it is clear that the steps already
taken by both the authorities and the industry are
helping things move towards a common objective: the
development of alternative sources of energy and the
commissioning of signifcant investments in this sector.
Benefting from relatively favourable climatic conditions
and a support scheme appreciated by investors, Romania
has strong chances to become the next Eastern Europe
renewable energy powerhouse.
UniCredit Tiriac Bank is part of UniCredit, easily the
number one group on the CEE banking market, which
operates by far the leading network throughout the
countries of the region, with over 3,900 branches.
In Romania, UniCredit Tiriac Bank is one of the
main fnancial institutions, a truly universal commercial
bank, providing high quality products and services for all
the customer segments in the market.
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Constrngeri poteniale i
perspective
Constrngeri poteniale i perspective / Business limitations and prospects
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1. Organizare societar
n cazul n care se are n vedere achiziia/vnzarea unui
proiect pe calea vnzrii de aciuni, istoricul societii
de proiect devine relevant. O societate cu un istoric
bogat de la nfinare presupune i anumite riscuri
societare i fscale. Mai mult, este destul de comun ca
dezvoltatorii s foloseasc o singur societate proiect
pentru dezvoltarea mai multor parcuri. n cazul n
care se dorete achiziia unui singur parc, societatea
deintoare va trebui divizat. Procesul de divizare are
implicaii importante asupra avizelor obinute, precum
i implicaii i limitri de drept administrativ care
trebuie analizate n fecare caz n parte.
2. Capacitatea reelei i
conectarea
Numeroase parcuri eoliene au fost deja dezvoltate, iar
altele au fost anunate, mai ales n zone cu potenial
eolian, precum Dobrogea, n sud-estul Romniei. Acest
fapt a condus la o saturaie a capacitii reelei, care
ar putea s nu mai suporte alte capaciti instalate,
dac operatorii de reea nu vor efectua mbuntiri
substaniale i lucrri de ntrire.
Pe lng capacitatea reelei, racordarea la reea n
sine constituie o alt problem delicat. Racordarea
se obine numai dup emiterea avizului tehnic de
racordare (ATR), ncheierea contractului i plata
tarifului de conectare ntr-un interval de timp
stabilit de la emiterea ATR-ului. ncadrarea n timp
este crucial. Anumii pai (de exemplu obinerea
autorizaiei de construire) trebuie s fe anteriori
semnrii contractului de racordare. Tariful de
racordare, care este n general destul de mare, impune
ca fnanarea s fe deja asigurat.
Condiiile tehnice necesare pentru conectarea unui
productor la reeaua public sunt deseori denumite
Coduri de Reea. Pot exista i condiii tehnice
adiionale ce nu sunt incluse n codurile de reea,
dar care se aplic proiectului n urma contractului de
racordare, contractului de furnizare a energiei sau ntr-o
alt modalitate. Scopul acestor condiii este de a defni
caracteristicile tehnice i obligaiile productorilor,
precum i pe cele ale operatorului de sistem, adic:
Operatorii sistemului energetic pot avea
ncredere c sistemul lor va f unul sigur
independent de proiectele de generare a
energiei i de tehnologiile aplicate;
Minimizeaz timpul afectat negocierii
tehnice specifce proiectului i planului;
1. Corporate
In case it is contemplated to acquire/sell a project by
way of a share deal, the history of the company that
owns the project is relevant. A company with a rather
long history since incorporation carries certain corporate
and fscal risks. Moreover, it is common for developers
to use one single corporate vehicle for the development
of several different projects. If only one of these projects
would make the object of a prospective transaction, it
would need to be spun-off from the corporate vehicle.
This spun-off process commonly triggers regulatory
issues and other administrative law constraints that
would need to be assessed on a case by case basis.
2. Grid capacity and
connection
Numerous wind farms have already been developed and
others have been announced, especially in areas with
high wind potential, such as Dobrogea, in south east
Romania. This has led to a certain saturation of the
grid, which might not be able to cope with any further
installed capacity unless substantial improvements are
made by the network operators.
In addition to grid capacity, grid connection itself is also
a highly sensitive issue. A connection is not obtained
unless, after the technical connection permit (ATR) is
issued, a connection agreement is concluded and the
connection fee paid within a given timeframe from the
date of issuance of the ATR. Timing is crucial. Certain
steps (e.g. obtaining the building permit) should be
completed prior to the signing of the connection
agreement. The payment of the connection fee, which
is generally substantial, means that the fnancing must
already be secured.
The technical requirements for connecting a generator
to the public grid are often termed Grid Codes.
There may also be additional technical requirements
not referred to in the Grid Code, but which apply to
the project through the connection agreement, the
power purchase agreement or in some other way. The
purpose of these technical requirements is to defne the
technical characteristics and obligations of generators
and the system operator, meaning that:
Electricity system operators can be confdent
that their system will be safe irrespective of the
generation projects and technologies applied;
The amount of project-specifc technical
negotiation and design is minimised;
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Productorii de echipament i pot crea
echipamentul n condiii bine defnite
anterior i crora nu li se vor aduce modifcri
fr avertisment sau consultare;
Dezvoltatorii de proiecte au o gam mai larg de
furnizori de echipamente din care s aleag;
Proiectele echivalente sunt abordate obiectiv;
Tehnologiile diferite de producere
sunt abordate n mod egal.
n trecut, cu companiile de utiliti integrate vertical,
aceeai organizaie rspundea de planifcarea i
operarea reelelor i a productorilor, ceea ce nsemna
c nu era nevoie ca cerinele tehnice s fe clar defnite
sau obiective. n prezent, pentru a evita distorsiunea
c concurenei i pentru a corespunde unei piee
energetice liberalizate n Europa, exist o direcie
spre separarea legal a productorilor i operatorilor
de sistem. n consecin, condiiile tehnice ce stau
la baza legturii dintre productori i operatorii de
sisteme trebuie s fe mai clar defnite. Introducerea
produciei regenerabile a complicat de multe ori n mod
semnifcativ acest proces, deoarece aceti productori
au anumite caracteristici fzice diferite de capacitile
de producere sincron conectate direct, utilizate n
cadrul centralelor energetice convenionale. n unele
ri, aceast problem a cauzat ntrzieri majore n
dezvoltarea unor cerine obiective ale Codului de Reea
pentru producerea energiei eoliene.
n Romnia, un cod de reea a fost redactat de
operatorul de transport i de sistem, Transelectrica,
i autorizat de ANRE n 2004, scopul find de a defni
cerinele ntr-un mod care este ct se poate de
independent de tehnologia centralelor energetice.
Exist benefcii n a avea cerine care sunt ct se
poate de generale i n a trata toate proiectele n mod
egal. Totui, ar putea rezulta c proiectele mici s
aib aceleai cerine ca cele mari, lucru care nu ar f
justifcabil din punct de vedere tehnic.
Cerinele sunt de obicei stabilite de operatorul
de sistem i deseori supervizate de instituia de
reglementare n domeniul energiei sau de guvern.
Procesul de a modifca cerinele ar trebui s fe
transparent i s includ consultarea productorilor,
utilizatorilor de sistem, furnizorilor de echipamente i a
altor pri afectate.
Equipment manufacturers can design
their equipment in the knowledge that the
requirements are clearly defned and will not
change without warning or consultation;
Project developers have a wider range of
equipment suppliers to choose from;
Equivalent projects are treated fairly;
Different generator technologies are treated equally.

In the past, with vertically-integrated utilities, the same
organisation was responsible for the planning and
operation of networks and generators, which meant the
technical requirements did not need to be particularly
clearly defned or fair. Today, in order to avoid distortions
of competition and to comply with a liberalised energy
market in Europe, there is a trend towards the legal
separation of generators and system owners/operators.
As a result, the technical requirements governing the
relationship between generators and system operators
need to be more clearly defned. The introduction
of renewable generation has often complicated
this process signifcantly, as these generators have
physical characteristics that are different from the
directly connected synchronous generators used in
large conventional power plants. In some countries,
this problem has caused signifcant delays in the
development of fair grid code requirements for wind
generation.
In Romania, a grid code has been produced by
the national system operator, Transelectrica, and
authorised by ANRE in 2004, the aim being to defne
the requirements in a way that is as independent as
possible from the power plant technology. There are
benefts to having requirements that are as general
as possible and treat all projects equally. However,
this can result in small projects facing the same
requirements as the largest projects, which may not
be technically justifable.
Requirements are usually established by the
system operator and often overseen by the energy
regulatory body or government. The process to modify
requirements should be transparent and include
consultation with generators, system users, equipment
suppliers and other affected parties.
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3. Modifcri ale
specifcaiilor tehnice
O alt problem apare n momentul n care investitorii
preiau proiecte deja n curs de dezvoltare i doresc
s implementeze anumite amendamente tehnice
proiectului. Orice amendament al diverselor specifcaii
tehnice din cadrul unui proiect poate genera nevoia
unui nou aviz sau a unuia modifcat, deoarece fecare
aviz emis pentru nfinarea unei uniti de energie
regenerabil ine cont de specifcaiile tehnice
ale proiectului n ansamblu, ct i de prile sale
componente, de exemplu turbine/panouri, cabluri,
staie de transformare.
De exemplu, schimbarea amplasamentului
componentelor centralei electrice infueneaz direct
mai multe avize, cum ar f avizele privind scoaterea
din circuitul agricol, deoarece numai anumite poriuni
afectate de construcii ar trebui scoase din circuitul
agricol. Pentru cazul specifc al parcurilor eoliene, i
avizul emis de Autoritatea Aeronautic Civil va f
afectat, ntruct ine cont de coordonatele geografce
exacte ale fecrei turbine. Acest aviz este de asemenea
infuenat de schimbarea nlimii turbinei, care poate
rezulta din alegerea unui tip diferit de turbin.
4. Protecia mediului
Obligaia de a obine o decizie favorabil de mediu
reprezint una din cele mai difcile faze ale proiectului
de execuie. Orice plan sau proiect care poate avea
un impact semnifcativ asupra unui amplasament
(fe el localizat n limita amplasamentului sau nu),
fe individual sau n combinaie cu alte planuri sau
proiecte, va f subiectul unei evaluri corespunztoare
a implicaiilor n vederea conservrii obiectivelor
amplasamentului. Autoritile avizate vor f de
acord cu un plan sau un proiect dac integritatea
amplasamentului este garantat.
Natura 2000 este o reea european de zone naturale
protejate, care sunt habitate naturale de plante i de
specii de animale rare i pe cale de dispariie. Scopul
reelei este de a proteja biodiversitatea continentului
european. Includerea unui sit printre regiunile
protejate Natura 2000 nseamn recunoaterea sa
ca find de interes european. n ultimii 25 de ani, UE
a construit o vast reea de 26.000 de zone protejate
n toate statele membre, precum i o suprafa de
mai mult de 750.000 km, care reprezint 18% din
suprafaa UE. Natura 2000 este cea mai mare reea
de arii protejate n lume i o dovad a importanei pe
care cetenii UE o acord biodiversitii.
3. Amendments to technical
specifcations
Another issue arises when investors acquire projects
already under development and wish to implement
certain technical amendments to the project. Any
amendment to various technical specifcations of
a project can trigger the need for a new permit or
an amended one, as every permit issued for the
establishment of a renewable energy unit takes into
consideration the technical specifcations of the project
as a whole, as well as its components, e.g., turbines/
panels, cabling, transformer station, etc.
For example, changing the projects layout directly
infuences several permits, such as permits pertaining
to the change of land designation, as only plots of land
affected by construction works should be re-designated.
For the specifc case of wind parks, the permit issued by
the Romanian Civil Aeronautical Authority is affected,
as it relates to the exact geographical location of each
turbine. The latter permit is also affected by a change
of turbine height, which may result from the choice of a
different type of turbine.
4. Environmental protection
The obligation to obtain a favourable environmental
decision constitutes one of the most diffcult phases
of project execution. Any plan or project likely to have
a signifcant effect on a site (whether located within
the site boundary or not), either individually or in
combination with other plans or projects, shall be
subject to appropriate assessment of its implications for
the site in view of the sites conservation objectives. The
competent authorities will agree to the plan or project if
the integrity of the site is guaranteed.
Natura 2000 is a European network of protected
natural areas that are the natural habitats of rare and
endangered plant and animal species. The purpose
of the network is to protect the biodiversity of the
European continent. Inclusion of a site among the
Natura 2000 protected regions means its recognition
as being of European interest. Over the last 25 years
the EU has built up a vast network of 26,000 protected
areas in all the Member States and an area of more than
750,000 km, which is 18% of the EUs land area. Natura
2000 is the largest network of protected areas in the
world and a testament to the importance EU citizens
attach to biodiversity.
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Temeiul juridic pentru Natura 2000 vine din Directiva
Psri i Directiva Habitate, care formeaz coloana
vertebral a politicii interne UE privind biodiversitatea
i care au fost transpuse n legislaia local, prin
Ordonana de Guvern nr. 57/2007. n conformitate cu
Directiva Psri, statele membre selecteaz siturile
cele mai potrivite i le desemneaz direct, ca arii de
protecie special (SPAs). Aceste situri devin apoi
automat parte din reeaua Natura 2000. Uniunea
European are nou regiuni biogeografce, fecare
cu propria sa combinaie caracteristic de vegetaie,
clim i geologie. n conformitate cu Directiva
Habitate, siturile Natura 2000 sunt selectate pe baza
listelor naionale, propuse de ctre statele membre.
Pentru fecare regiune biogeografc Comisia adopt
o list a siturilor de importan comunitar (SCI),
care devin apoi parte din reea. n cele din urm, SCI
sunt desemnate la nivel naional, ca arii speciale de
conservare (SAC). Regiuni biogeografce relevante
pentru Romnia sunt:
Regiunea biogeografc alpin: n ianuarie 2012
n Jurnalul Ofcial al Uniunii Europene s-a publicat
o list actualizat a SCI pentru aceast regiune
Regiunea biogeografc a Mrii Negre: o list a
SCI pentru regiunea biogeografc a Mrii Negre,
inclusiv Delta Dunarii, Eforie Nord, Vama Veche i
alte zone marine a fost adoptat n decembrie 2008
Regiunea biogeografc continental: o list
actualizat a SCI pentru aceast regiune, publicat
n ianuarie 2012 include un numr mare de
dealuri, pduri i zone de ap n Romnia
Regiunea biogeografc stepic: lista acestor situri,
adoptat n decembrie 2008, include podiul
Dobrogei de Nord, rul Prut, zone din Delta Dunarii,
pduri, cmpii i alte situri din Sud-Estul Romniei.
Iniiativa Natura 2000 ntreprins de ctre statele
membre UE formeaz o reea la nivel european, care
lupt pentru studiul i conservarea biodiversitii i a
ecosistemelor mpotriva abuzului i a polurii.
Activitile duntoare care ar putea s deranjeze
considerabil speciile i/sau habitatele din zonele
respective trebuie evitate n toate amplasamentele
Natura 2000. Acolo unde este cazul, sunt luate msuri
pozitive necesare pentru meninerea i restaurarea
acestor habitate i specii la un statut de conservare
favorabil n limita lor natural. Existena i expansiunea
constant a suprafeelor acoperite de programul Natura
2000 constituie un obstacol serios n amplasarea
parcurilor eoliene. Dup datele furnizate de Natura
2000, Ariile de Protecie Special Avifaunistic (SPA)
acoper deja 11,89% din solul rii din care 13,21%
aparine categoriei Poteniale Situri de Importan
Comunitar (pSCI).
The legal basis for Natura 2000 comes from the Birds
Directive and the Habitats Directive, which form
the backbone of the EU's internal biodiversity policy
and have been transposed into the local legislation
through Government Ordinance no 57/2007. Under
the Birds Directive, Member States select the most
suitable sites and designate them directly as Special
Protection Areas (SPAs). These sites then automatically
become part of the Natura 2000 network. The European
Union has nine biogeographical regions, each with its
own characteristic blend of vegetation, climate and
geology. Under the Habitats Directive, Natura 2000
sites are selected on the basis of national lists proposed
by the Member States. For each biogeographical
region the Commission adopts a list of Sites of
Community Importance (SCI) which then become part
of the network. Finally, the SCI are designated at the
national level as Special Areas of Conservation (SAC).
Biogeographical regions relevant to Romania are:
Alpine biogeographical region: in January 2012
the Offcial Journal of the European Union
published an updated list of SCI for this region
Black Sea biogeographical region: a list of SCI for
the Black Sea biogeographical region including the
Danube Delta, Eforie Nord, Vama Veche and other
marine areas was adopted in December 2008
Continental biogeographical region: an
updated list of SCI for this region, published
in January 2012 includes a large number of
hills, forest and water areas in Romania
Steppic biogeographical region: the list of these
sites, adopted in December 2008, includes
the North Dobrogea plateau, the Prut river,
areas in the Danube Delta, forests, planes
and other sites in South East Romania.
The Natura 2000 initiative undertaken by the EU
member states forms a Europe-wide network
that strives to study and preserve biodiversity and
ecosystems against abuse and pollution.
Damaging activities that could signifcantly disturb
the species and/or habitats for which the site has
been designated must be avoided on all Natura 2000
sites. Where necessary positive measures are taken
to maintain and restore these habitats and species to
a favourable conservation status within their natural
range. The existence and consistent expansion of
the areas covered by the Natura 2000 programme
constitutes a serious obstacle to the establishment
of wind farms. According to the Natura 2000 data,
the Special Protection Area (SPA) covers as much
as 11.89% of the countrys landmass and 13.21%
falls under Potential Areas of Signifcance for the
Community (pSCI).
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Romnia are n acest moment 108 de Arii de Protecie
Special i 273 de Poteniale Situri de Importan
Comunitar.
Suprafaa total a siturilor Natura 2000 (att SPA ct i
pSCI) reprezint 17,84% din suprafaa rii, multe din
aceste situri se suprapun cu zone naionale protejate din
Romnia (parcuri naionale, parcuri naturale, rezervaii).
Lucrri de construcii i infrastructur, care afecteaz
habitatele sau speciile pentru care o zon a fost
declarat sit Natura 2000 nu sunt permise, cu excepia
lucrrilor care sunt importante pentru sigurana
oamenilor i securitatea naional. Conform legislaiei
locale, activitile din cadrul siturilor Natura 2000 sunt
supuse procedurilor de evaluare a impactului de mediu,
n cazul n care aceste activiti afecteaz habitatele i/
sau speciile protejate prin Natura 2000.
Dobrogea, una dintre zonele cu cele mai puternice
vnturi din ar, face parte din principala rut de
migraie a psrilor i gzduiete Rezervaia Biosferei
Delta Dunrii, recunoscut n cadrul programelor
UNESCO. Mai mult de 80% din suprafaa judeului
Tulcea este inclus n siturile protejate Natura 2000.
Investitorii care i-au nceput investiia n zone
destinate s fe declarate ca zone protejate n viitor vor
ntlni obstacole legale sau, n cazuri extreme, vor f
lipsii de posibilitatea dezvoltrii investiiei. De aceea
au existat cereri ca lista fnal de arii Natura 2000
s fe adoptat ct mai repede cu putin. Comisia
European a stabilit ca termen limit data de 1
octombrie 2011 pentru suplimentarea ariilor acoperite
de program.
ase din cele nou regiuni biogeografce - Alpin,
Atlantic, Boreal, Continental, Mediteranean i
Panonian au fost actualizate n noiembrie 2011.
Aceast actualizare a listelor Natura 2000 se refer
la aisprezece state membre: Austria, Belgia, Cipru,
Frana, Germania, Grecia, Ungaria, Irlanda, Italia,
Lituania, Luxemburg, Olanda, Polonia, Spania, Suedia
i Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii. Numrul de "Situri de
importan comunitar", a crescut cu 166, reeaua de
SCI-uri extinzndu-se cu aproape 18.800 km.
Aceast actualizare adaug o zon semnifcativ
a habitatelor marine ale UE reelei Natura 2000,
n principal n regiunea biogeografc atlantic
(Regatul Unit al Marii Britanii, Frana i Belgia), dar,
de asemenea, n Marea Mediteran (Grecia i Cipru).
Partea terestr a reelei Natura 2000 a fost n principal
mrit n Lituania, Ungaria, Cipru i Italia.
Romania currently has 108 Special Protection Areas and
273 Potential Areas of Signifcance for the Community.
The total area of Natura 2000 sites (both SPA and pSCI)
currently represents 17.84% of the countrys landmass,
many of these sites overlapping with national protected
areas in Romania (national parks, natural parks,
reserves).
Construction and infrastructure works that affect the
habitats or species for which an area has been declared
a Natura 2000 site are not allowed, except for works
that are important to peoples safety and national
security. According to local legislation, activities within
Natura 2000 sites are subject to environmental impact
assessment procedures, if such activities affect the
habitats and/or species protected by Natura 2000.
Dobrogea, one of the countrys windiest areas, is part
of the main migration route for birds and the host of
the Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, recognised under
UNESCOs programmes. More than 80% of Tulcea county
is included in Natura 2000 protected sites.
Investors who began their investment in areas destined
to be covered by the programme in the future may
face formal and legal obstacles or, in extreme cases, be
deprived of the possibility to develop their investment.
There have therefore been demands that the fnal valid
list of Natura 2000 areas be adopted as soon as possible.
The European Commission set 1 October 2011 as the
deadline for supplementation of the areas covered by
the programme.
Six out of nine biogeographical regions the Alpine,
Atlantic, Boreal, Continental, Mediterranean and
Pannonian regions were updated in November 2011.
This update of the Natura 2000 lists affects sixteen
Member States: Austria, Belgium, Cyprus, France,
Germany, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Lithuania,
Luxemburg, the Netherlands, Poland, Spain, Sweden
and the UK. The number of "Sites of Community
Importance" has increased by 166, expanding the SCI
network by nearly 18,800 km.
This round of updating adds a signifcant area of the
EUs marine habitats to the Natura 2000 network,
primarily in the Atlantic biogeographic region (the UK,
France and Belgium), but also in the Mediterranean
(Greece and Cyprus). The terrestrial part of the Natura
2000 network has primarily been increased in Lithuania,
Hungary, Cyprus and Italy.
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5. Social protests
The level of activity of organisations opposing the
construction of wind farms in the proximity of
residential or protected areas increases every year.
Wind farm opponents stage protests at which they
demonstrate their opposition to the destruction of the
natural environment and the building of power facilities
too close to residential buildings. The key arguments
against wind farms include: vibroacoustic disease, the
risk of a turbine propeller falling off, icicles falling from
propellers during winter, bird slaughter, a decrease in
property values following announcement of a plan to
build a wind farm and landscape deformation.
These protests take place in a number of countries
where wind energy is being developed, and Romania
is no different in this respect. This phenomenon
is currently very dynamic and explicitly harmful
to the development of the industry. Spreading a
negative image of wind investment, whether based
on verifable arguments or not, increasingly places
pressure on the state administration in terms of both
national legislation and the procedural methods
applied in administrative proceedings by local
governments, something that will only increase in
future. The occurrence of social resistance should
therefore be seen, frstly, as an increasing trend and,
secondly, as a phenomenon that could delay or even
suspend the preparation and implementation of a
wind power investment.
Numerous protests have been initiated by
environmental organisations against wind farms
located within or in the proximity of Natura 2000 sites
in Dobrogea. Certain NGOs and writers have suggested
that a map of areas where construction of wind
farms is not allowed be drawn up by the Ministry of
Environment and Forests in order to clarify the situation
from a legal perspective. In addition, other themes
have recently been brought into public discussion in
Romania, such as the following:
The connection of new wind farms to the
national power grid will most probably
lead to an increase in electricity prices;
The profts generated by wind farm projects are
not reinvested in Romania but rather repatriated;
The land relating to wind farms is permanently
removed from agricultural use and plant cultivation
and pastures may disappear in the respective areas;
The number of new jobs created
by wind farms is very small.
5. Proteste sociale
Nivelul de activitate a organizaiilor care se opun
construirii de parcuri eoliene n apropierea zonelor
rezideniale sau protejate crete n fecare an.
Oponenii parcurilor eoliene pun la cale proteste n care
ii demonstreaz opoziia fa de distrugerea mediului
natural i construirea instalaiilor energetice n
proximitatea cldirilor rezideniale. Argumentele cheie
mpotriva parcurilor eoliene includ: boli vibroacustice,
riscul ca o elice a turbinei s cad, ururi care pot
cdea de pe elice pe timpul iernii, omorrea psrilor,
scderea valorilor proprietilor n urma anunului de a
construi o ferm eolian i deformarea peisajului.
Asemenea proteste au loc n multe ri n care energia
eolian este n curs de dezvoltare, iar Romnia nu este
diferit n aceast privin. Acest fenomen este n
prezent foarte dinamic i foarte nociv pentru dezvoltarea
industriei. Rspndirea unei imagini negative
asupra investiiilor eoliene, fe bazate pe argumente
verifcabile sau nu, pune din ce n ce mai mult presiune
pe administraia de stat, n ceea ce privete att
legislaia naional, precum i metodele procedurale
aplicate n cadrul procedurilor administrative de ctre
administraiile locale, lucru care se va intensifca n viitor.
ntmpinarea rezistenei sociale, prin urmare, ar trebui
s fe vzut, n primul rnd, ca o tendin n cretere i
n al doilea rnd, ca un fenomen care ar putea ntrzia
sau chiar suspenda pregtirea i punerea n aplicare a
unei investiii n energia eolian.
Au fost iniiate numeroase proteste de ctre
organizaiile de mediu mpotriva parcurilor eoliene
situate n cadrul sau n imediata apropiere a siturilor
Natura 2000 n Dobrogea. Anumite ONG-uri i
formatori de opinie au sugerat s fe ntocmit de ctre
Ministerul Mediului i Pdurilor o hart a zonelor n
care construcia de parcuri eoliene nu este permis, n
scopul de a clarifca situaia din punct de vedere juridic.
n plus, au fost recent aduse n discuie public n
Romnia alte teme, cum ar f urmtoarele:
Cele mai noi parcuri eoliene conectate la reeaua
de alimentare vor determina cel mai probabil
creterea preurilor la energie electric;
Profturile generate din proiectele de
ferme eoliene nu sunt reinvestite n
Romnia, ci mai degrab repatriate;
Terenul care aparine parcurilor eoliene
este eliminat defnitiv din domeniul
agricol i cultivarea plantelor i punatul
pot s dispar n zonele respective;
Numrul de noi locuri de munc create
de parcurile eoliene este foarte mic.
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6. Limitrile infrastructurii
Operatorul de sistem i transport, Transelectrica, a
calculat c sistemul energetic romnesc actual ar putea
face fa fr nicio restricie la aproximativ 4.000 MW
putere eolian instalat.
n ciuda acestui fapt, operatorii de reea au ncheiat
contracte pentru racordarea la reeaua electric de peste
12.000 MW i a emis avize tehnice de racordare pentru
peste 8.000 MW. Se estimeaz c doar un numr mic din
aceste proiecte va deveni vreodat operaional. Multe
din aceste contracte i ATR-uri i vor pierde cu siguran
valabilitatea, pentru c sunt eliberate numai pentru un an,
la sfritul cruia sunt terse automat din lista furnizat de
ctre OTS. Planul de mbuntire a reelei include lucrrile
n curs privind inelul de 400kV n jurul rii i unul mai
mic n jurul Bucuretiului (N.B. Exist imense difculti
de ordin fnanciar i juridic n legtur cu acest plan). Cu
toate acestea, lucrrile necesare pentru proiectele eoliene
sunt mult mai complexe dect att. Acestea necesit
construirea de staii noi i de linii electrice, n special n
zona Dobrogei, pentru a putea distribui energia spre restul
rii i a se ocupa de problemele de congestie i echilibrare.
Avnd n vedere resursele foarte limitate fnanciare ale
OTS, productorii trebuie s furnizeze cele mai multe
dintre mbuntirile reelei achitnd 100% din costuri,
chiar dac legea prevede mprirea costurilor cu OTS.
Exist deja o staie de 400kV la Fntnele, construit de
CEZ, i alte trei la Topolog, Deleni i Tariverde (toate sunt
n Dobrogea). Aceste staii sunt vitale n ceea ce privete
alimentarea cu energie n reea i vor f n cele din urm
transferate n proprietatea OTS pentru exploatare.
Centrala de gaz cu ciclu combinat de 800 MW
construit de OMV Petrom n Brazi va putea furniza o
important rezerv de energie n a doua parte a anului
2012; hidrocentralele planifcate de la Tarnia, de pe
rul Olt, i n alte locaii, vor produce mpreun peste
1.000 MW, dar acestea sunt n stadii foarte timpurii
i vor trece ani pn cnd vor deveni operaionale,
oricum, nu mai devreme de 2019.
n principiu, producerea energiei eoliene are prioritate,
dar n practic aceast prioritate nu este clar defnit.
6. Infrastructural limitations
The transport and system operator Transelectrica has
calculated that the Romanian power system could cope
without any restrictions with around 4,000 MW of installed
wind power.
Despite this, grid operators have concluded contracts
for grid connections for over 12,000 MW and has issued
technical connection permits (ATRs) for over 8,000 MW. It
is estimated that only a small number of these projects
will ever become operational. Many of these contracts
and ATRs will naturally lose their validity, as they are only
issued for one year, at the end of which period they are
automatically erased from the list provided by the TSO.
The plan to improve the grid includes the ongoing work
on the 400 kV ring around the country and a smaller one
around Bucharest. (N.b. There are huge fnancial and legal
issues relating to this plan.) However, the works required
for wind projects are far more complex than this. They
require the building of new stations and electrical power
lines, especially in the Dobrogea area, to evacuate the
energy to the rest of the country and deal with congestion
issues and back-up power.
Given the very limited fnancial resources of the TSO, the
producers must provide most of the improvements to
the grid themselves by paying 100% of the costs. There is
already one 400 kv station at Fntnele, built by CEZ, and
another three existing or under construction at Topolog,
Deleni and Tariverde (all of which are in Dobrogea). These
stations are vital in terms of injecting energy into the grid
and were already or will be transferred to the property of
the TSO for exploitation.
The 800 MW combined cycle gas-fred plant built by OMV
Petrom in Brazi will be able to provide an important back-
up supply in the second part of 2012; the plans for the
pump storage hydropower plants in Tarnia, on the river
Olt, as well as in other locations, will together produce
over 1000 MW, but these are in their very early stages and
it will be years before they become operational 2019 at
the earliest.
In principle wind generation takes priority, but in practice
this priority is not clearly defned.
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7. Length of procedure
Currently, wind energy investors in Romania are required
to obtain some 85 permits and authorisations in order
to initiate and implement a project. This excessive
bureaucracy, as well as the long response times of the
local authorities, means it takes 2-3 years to pass from the
initiation phase of a project to implementation. The typical
stages in developing and implementing a wind energy
investment in Romania are:
Identifcation of the wind farm location; 1.
Performance of the geotechnical study; 2.
Performance of the pre-feasibility study; 3.
Obtaining the required real estate rights; 4.
Cadastral works and registration with the land register; 5.
Execution of the expropriation procedure 6.
(where applicable);
Performance of the feasibility study 7.
(recovery, return on investment, etc);
Performance of the study on the electrical solution 8.
(choice for the location of the grid connection,
investment either stays in the ownership of the
investor or becomes public property);
Development of the wind farm drafting the 9.
building plans;
Obtaining the project permits and authorisations 10.
Urban Planning Certifcate a.
PUZ approved by the local council b.
Building permit c.
Environmental impact report required in order to d.
obtain the permit from the local environmental
authorities concerning the environmental
considerations of the investment. This stage
includes public consultations with respect to
neighbouring areas if these are protected areas
(biosphere reserves, national parks, Natura 2000
protected areas, etc.)
Certifcate stating the turbines are not located in e.
the areas that overlap with bird migration corridors;

Obtaining the civil aviation permit; 11.
Obtaining the setting-up authorisation 12.
Connection to the national system operator: 13.
Study of the grid connections solutions a.
Approval of location b.
Technical connection permit c.
Execution of grid connection agreement; d.
Acquisition of equipment: 14.
Performance of construction works a.
Assembly; b.
Concluding the agreement for the energy produced 15.
and service agreement;
Commissioning; 16.
Obtaining the operation license issued by the ANRE; 17.
7. Durata procedurii
n prezent, investitorii n energie eolian din Romnia
sunt obligai s obin circa 85 avize i autorizaii, n
scopul de a iniia i implementa un proiect. Aceast
birocraie excesiv, precum i perioadele lungi de
rspuns ale autoritailor locale, implic un interval
de 2-3 ani pentru a trece de la faza de iniiere a unui
proiect la implementare. Etapele tipice n dezvoltarea i
implementarea investiiei n energia eolian sunt:
Identifcarea locaiei parcului eolian; 1.
Realizarea studiului geotehnic; 2.
Realizarea studiului de pre-fezabilitate; 3.
Obinerea drepturilor imobiliare necesare; 4.
Lucrri cadastrale i nscrierea n cartea funciar ; 5.
Executarea procedurii de expropriere 6.
(acolo unde este cazul);
Realizarea studiului de fezabilitate 7.
(recuperare, randament al investiiilor, etc);
Realizarea studiului cu privire la soluia tehnic de 8.
racordare (alegere amplasament punct de racordare la
reeaua electric, investiia fe rmne n proprietatea
investitorului sau devine proprietate public);
Proiectarea parcului eolian - elaborarea planurilor 9.
de construcie;
Obinerea avizelor de proiect i a autorizaiilor 10.
Certifcat de urbanism a.
PUZ aprobat de consiliul local b.
Autorizaie de construire c.
Raport de impact asupra mediului necesar pentru d.
a obine acordul de mediu de la autoritile locale
de mediu cu privire la consideraiile de mediu
ale investiiei. Aceast etap include consultri
publice n raport cu zonele nvecinate, dac
acestea sunt arii protejate (rezervaii ale biosferei,
parcuri naionale, zonele protejate Natura 2000,
etc.)
Certifcat care s ateste c turbinele nu sunt e.
instalate n zone care se suprapun cu coridoare de
migraie a psrilor;
Obinerea avizului Autoritii Aeronautice Civile Romne; 11.
Autorizaie de nfinare eliberat de ANRE 12.
Conectarea la reeaua de interes public: 13.
Studiul de soluie de racordare a.
Avizul de amplasament b.
Aviz tehnic de racordare c.
ncheierea contractului de racordare d.
Achiziia echipamentului: 14.
Desfurarea lucrrilor de construcii a.
Asamblare b.
ncheierea contractului pentru energia produs i a 15.
contractului de service;
Punerea n funciune; 16.
Licena de exploatare eliberat de ANRE; 17.
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Stabilirea termenilor i semnarea acordului cu 18.
compania care distribuie i furnizeaz energie electric;
Obinerea garaniilor de origine pentru energia 19.
electric generat din surse regenerabile de energie
i obinerea certifcatelor verzi.
8. Impedimente n calea
investiiilor Romnia, n
contextul UE

Impedimente administrative
n ceea ce privete impedimentele administrative,
Romnia nu difer de celelalte state membre ale
Uniunii Europene. Procesul, care ncepe cu decizia de
a construi un parc eolian i se fnalizeaz cu punerea
in funciune a parcului, este similar pe ntreg teritoriul
Uniunii Europene i se bazeaz pe dou permise de
baz care trebuie obinute. Primul este autorizaia de
construire i al doilea se refer la conectarea parcului
la reeaua electric. Exist diferene ntre ri n ceea
ce privete documentele i analiza necesare pentru
obinerea acestor autorizaii, precum i termenele
n care autoritile sunt obligate s evalueze o
cerere. Conform Asociaiei Europene pentru Energie
Eolian, n ceea ce privete durata medie total ntre
depunerea unei cereri pentru autorizaie de construire
i conectarea la reea, Romnia pare s fe frunta cu
un timp mediu de procesare n jurul valorii a 31,7 luni,
n comparaie cu media UE de 54,8 luni. n consecin,
Romnia este unul din liderii n acest domeniu, alturi
de Belgia, Marea Britanie, Italia, Frana i Danemarca.
rile clasate pe ultimele dou locuri sunt Spania i
Portugalia, care depesc media UE cu 16 i respectiv
21 de luni.
Un alt criteriu de comparaie este numrul de
funcionari publici a cror implicare este necesar pentru
a pune n aplicare o investiie. n medie, n cele 27 de
state membre ale UE sunt implicai 18 funcionari, ceea
ce indic faptul ca metoda un singur ghieu nu este
extrem de popular n sectorul energiei regenerabile.
Chiar i n rile cele mai prietenoase industriei energiei
eoliene, precum Danemarca, Olanda i Spania, care ofer
cele mai mici valori n acest sens, (respectiv 5, 6 i 10
funcionari), sunt nc departe de acest concept. n acest
sens, Romnia se af ntr-o situaie mai bun decat
media UE, cu un investitor avnd contact direct sau
indirect cu o media de 13 funcionari.
Establishing the terms and signing the agreement with 18.
the company that distributes and supplies the electricity;
Obtaining guarantees of origin for the electric energy 19.
generated from renewable energy sources and
obtaining green certifcates.
8. Obstacles to investments
Romania in the context
of the EU

Administrative obstacles
As far as administrative barriers are concerned, Romania
does not differ from other European Union Member
States. The process, which begins with the decision to
build a wind farm and ends with the commissioning
of the farm, is similar throughout the entire European
Union and is based on two main permits that must be
obtained. The frst is the construction permit and the
second concerns the farms connection to the power grid.
There are differences between individual countries in
terms of the documents and analysis required to obtain
these permits and the deadlines by which the authorities
are obliged to evaluate an application. According to the
European Wind Energy Association, as far as the total
average time between submission of an application for
the construction permit and connection to the grid is
concerned, Romania appears to be ahead of the game
with an average process time of around 31.7 months,
compared with the EU average of 54.8 months. As a
consequence, Romania is one of the leaders in this feld,
alongside Belgium, the United Kingdom, Italy, France
and Denmark. The two lowest ranked countries are Spain
and Portugal, which exceed the EU average by 16 and 21
months, respectively.
Another comparison criterion is the number of offcials
whose involvement is required to implement an
investment. The average of the 27 EU Member States
is 18 offcials, which indicates that the single counter
model is not excessively popular in the renewable energy
sector. Even the most wind industry-friendly countries,
such as Denmark, the Netherlands and Spain, which boast
the lowest values in this respect (5, 6 and 10 offcials,
respectively), are still nowhere near this concept. In this
respect, Romania is better than the EU average, with an
investor having direct or indirect contact with an average
of only 13 offcials.
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Cele mai frecvent menionate obstacole de investiii
n UE cuprind, de asemenea, procedurile de obinere a
unei evaluri a impactului investiiei asupra mediului
i a planului de dezvoltare a terenurilor. Un numr
mare de investiii au fost de asemenea ngreunate
din cauza proceselor i a aciunilor ONG-urilor. La
momentul actual, impedimentele pe care le ntmpin
investitorii de pe piaa romneasc urmeaz
tendinele la nivel european.
Piaa de energie regenerabil
n ceea ce privete energia eolian, statele UE pot f
mprite n patru grupe: pieele dezvoltate, pieele
n cretere, pieele n curs de dezvoltare i pieele
neexploatate. Romnia este n grupul pieelor n
curs de dezvoltare, i anume grupul de piee n care
sectorul energiei eoliene este ntr-o faz preliminar
de dezvoltare, dar se fac progrese semnifcative innd
cont de ritmul schimbrilor de pe pia. Diferenele n
nivelul de dezvoltare a sectorului energiei eoliene sunt
refectate n diferitele probleme cu care se confrunt
investitorii. Pe pieele dezvoltate, ntrzierile i o lips
de promptitudine din partea autoritilor n eliberarea
permiselor par a f o problem major. n cazul pieelor
n curs de dezvoltare, absena unor reglementri
transparente i stabile din punct de vedere juridic
constituie un obstacol aparte. n cazul Romniei, exist
o perioad de ateptare de 19 luni pentru autorizaia de
construire, ceea ce plaseaz Romnia mai bine dect
media UE de 42 de luni pentru proiectele continentale.
n UE media timpului necesar pentru conectarea la
reea este n jurul valorii de 26 de luni (semnifcativ
mai mic dect timpul de ateptare administrativ) i
Romnia face parte din grupul de ri cu performane
semnifcativ mai bune dect media, cu o perioad de
aproximativ 18 luni. Cu toate acestea, n general, cifrele
nu sunt reprezentative din cauza numrului foarte
redus de proiecte luate n considerare i instalate n
momentul la care s-a realizat studiul.
The most frequently mentioned investment barriers
in the EU also comprise the procedures for obtaining
an assessment of the investments environmental
impact and land development plan. A large number
of investments have also been hindered because of
lawsuits and the actions of NGOs. The investment
obstacles in Romania that market players currently
perceive as being the most important are following
the European trend.
Renewable energy market
In terms of wind energy EU states can be divided
into four groups: developed markets, growing
markets, emerging markets and unexploited
markets. Romania is in the emerging markets group,
i.e. the group of markets where the wind energy
sector is in a preliminary phase of development,
but where significant progress is being made with
regard to the pace of market change. Differences in
the level of development of the wind energy sector
are reflected in the different problems encountered
by investors. In developed markets, delays and a
lack of timeliness on behalf of the authorities in
issuing permits seem to be a major problem. In the
case of emerging markets, however, the absence of
transparent and stable legal regulations constitutes
a specific barrier. In the case of Romania, there is a
19-month wait for the construction permit, making
Romania much better than the EU average of 42
months for onshore projects.
In the EU the average grid connection lead time
is around 26 months (signifcantly lower than the
administrative lead time) and Romania is part of a
group of countries performing signifcantly better
than average, with a period of approximately 18
months. However, generally the fgures are not
representative owing to the very low number of
projects taken into consideration and installed at the
time the survey was conducted.
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9. Dispersia surselor
Romnia este caracterizat printr-o dispersie mare de
surse de energie. Romnia continu s fe alimentat
n principal de combustibili fosili, care au reprezentat
54% din producia generat n 2011, urmat de energia
hidroelectric cu 25% i cea nuclear cu 19%. Ponderea
energiei hidroelectrice a fost mai mic dect de obicei
din cauza unui an secetos, n 2011.
Cu toate acestea, chiar dac energia eolian a crescut
n mod semnifcativ n ultimii doi ani (2010 i 2011), ea
genereaz doar 2% din energia electric din Romnia.
Clima rii i poziia sa geografc cu Marea Neagr la
est, Carpaii n centru i Dunrea trecnd prin partea
de sud ofer o posibilitate ampl de a exploata
sursele de energie regenerabile. De peste 30 de ani, cea
mai important surs de energie curat din Romnia
a fost reprezentat de marile centrale hidroelectrice.
Pan la i inclusiv n anul 2009, alte surse regenerabile
au reprezentat doar o foarte mic parte din producia
de energie electric n Romnia. n 2010, situaia a
nceput s se schimbe semnifcativ n favoarea surselor
de energie regenerabile (altele dect centralele
hidroelectrice de mare putere), n special vntul.
Prima turbin eolian a fost instalat n Romnia n
anul 2004. A fost o turbin la mna a doua i a produs
sub 1 MW. n 2007 i 2008, sute de anemometre au
fost instalate n Romnia pentru a colecta date privind
modelele de vnt. n plus, condiiile create de Legea 220
au stimulat interesul investitorilor.
Rezultatul a fost c 2010 i 2011 au fost ani
spectaculoi din punct de vedere al pieei energiei
eoliene. O capacitate total de 462 MW a fost instalat
n 2010 i 520 MW n 2011. Prin urmare, la sfritul
anului 2011, 982 MW erau instalai si pn la sfritul
primului semestru al anului 2012, 1.400 MW au fost
operaionali, capacitatea total putnd ajunge la
2.000 MW la sfritul anului. Se estimeaz c pn
la sfritul anului 2013 vor f pn la 3.000 MW de
energie eolian instalat, n Romnia, n funcie de
modul n care legislaia va f pus n aplicare.
Planul Naional de Aciune pentru Energie Regenerabil
elaborat de Ministerul Economiei, Comerului i
Mediului de Afaceri i prezentat Comisiei Europene
prevede 4.000 MW pn n 2020. Aceeai cifr este
pstrat n strategia energetic revizuit.
n ceea ce privete productorii de turbine, GE i
Vestas dein fecare circa 33% din cota de pia.
Gamesa, Nordex, Fuhrlander, si Suzlon urmeaz n
aceast ordine.
9. Dispersion of sources
Romania is characterised by a high dispersion of
energy sources. Romania continues to be powered
predominantly by fossil fuels, which accounted
for 54% of generation in 2011, followed by large
hydropower at 25%, and nuclear at 19%. The
share of hydro was lower than usual due to a dry
year in 2011.
However, although wind power has grown dramatically
in the past two years (2010 and 2011), it still generates
only 2% of the electricity in Romania.
The countrys climate and geographical position
with the Black Sea to the east, the Carpathians in
the centre and the Danube crossing the territory in
the south provides ample opportunity to exploit its
renewable energy sources. For over 30 years, Romanias
most important source of clean energy has been large
hydro power plants. Up to and including 2009, other
renewable sources accounted for only a very small
share of electricity production in Romania. In 2010
the situation began to change dramatically in favour
of renewable energy sources (other than large hydro
power plants) and especially wind.
The frst wind turbine was installed in Romania in 2004.
It was a second-hand turbine and was under 1 MW.
In 2007 and 2008 hundreds of masts were installed
around Romania to collect data on wind patterns.
Additionally, conditions created by Law no. 220
stimulated the interest of investors.
The result was that 2010 and 2011 were spectacular
years in terms of the wind energy market. A total
capacity of 462 MW was installed in 2010 and
520 MW in 2011. Hence, at the end of 2011, 982
MW were installed and by the end of the frst
semester of 2012, 1,400 MW were operational and
the capacity could reach 2,000 MW the end of the
year. It is forecast that by the end of 2013 there
will be up to 3,000 MW of installed wind energy
production in Romania, depending on how the
legislation is implemented.
The National Action Plan for Renewable Energy
drawn up by the Ministry of the Economy and
presented to the European Commission forecasts
4,000 MW by 2020. The same figure is retained in the
revised energy strategy.
In terms of the turbine manufacturers, GE and Vestas
each hold about 33% of the market, followed by
Gamesa, Nordex, Fuhrlander and Suzlon with smaller
shares.
1000
6000
4000
2000
7000
5000
3000
S
u
r
s
a
:

A
R
E
E

/

S
o
u
r
c
e
:

R
W
E
A
[MW}
560
3200
4000
4500
4800
5000
148
260
365
400
490
160
465
520
565
585
560
3688
4715
5345
5765
6075
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Ali productori devin operaionali i alii sunt ateptai
s intre pe pia, de exemplu, RePower i, posibil, ali
productori de echipamente din China.

Pn n 2015 se ateapt ca n Romnia s se ating
cota stabilit de legea privind E-SRE, adic 16% din
consumul brut de electricitate. Energia eolian,
estimat la 80-90% din E-SRE, va juca un rol important
n realizarea acestei inte.
Eolian
Wind
Solar
Solar
Biomasa
Biomass
As other producers become operational other
manufacturers are also expected to enter the
market, i.e. RePower, and possibly other equipment
manufacturers from China.
By 2015 Romania is expected to achieve the target
quota set by the law on E-RES, i.e. 16% of gross
electricity consumption. Wind energy, estimated at
80-90% of the E-RES, will play a major role in achieving
this target.
2030 2035 2010 2015 2020 2025
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Romnia continu s joace un rol central n strategiile de
investiii Stream Invest Holding att pe termen scurt ct
i pe termen lung. Compania a dezvoltat patru parcuri
eoliene n Dobrogea ncepnd cu anul 2009. Continum s
gestionm parcurile eoliene deja existente i dezvoltm sau
continum noi proiecte, preponderent n zona Dobrogei,
iar n paralel diversifcm afacerile cu energiile regenerabile
n domeniul altor surse dect sectorul energiei eoliene.
Compania Stream Invest Holding a acumulat deja know-
how i experien n domeniul afacerilor cu energie eolian
i din alte surse regenerabile de energie prin investiiile deja
realizate n afara Romniei. Aceasta experien va f de mare
ajutor n procesul/demersul de investiii din Romnia.
Cele mai nsemnate provocri i riscuri cu care se confrunt
n prezent Stream Invest Holding n investiiile sale, sunt
legate de piaa certifcatelor verzi. n ultimele luni certifcate
verzi nu au mai fost achiziionate la pretul maxim, cum se
obinuia nainte. Este difcil s prevezi dac aceast practic va
continua sau nu. Astfel, bncile care ofer fnanare i cei mai
muli investitori sunt ngrijorai cu privire la aceast evoluie
a preurilor, avnd n vedere faptul c certifcatele verzi
constituie cea mai mare parte de remuneraie din afacerile
cu energie eolian. n plus, Guvernul Romniei nu reuete
s asigure n prezent o atmosfer de ncredere n sistemul
juridic romnesc, lucru att de important pentru deciziile n
cadrul investiiilor pe termen lung n Romnia. Exist chiar i
un risc de reducere a cantitii de certifcate verzi ca urmare
a reducerilor continue n domeniul cheltuielilor publice.
Pentru unele proiecte de energie eolian, imposibilitatea
unei conectri libere la reea devine un obstacol semnifcativ
datorit numrului excesiv de proiecte inactive de pe pia
care blocheaz proiectele active. Cunoatem c instituiile
implicate se ocup de aceasta problem, dar exist un risc ca
eforturile lor s nu se concretizeze dect cnd va f poate prea
trziu, tinnd cont de perioada scurt de timp necesar pentru
ca reducerea certifcatelor verzi sa devin efectiv, aceasta
nsemnnd c doar acele proiecte care vor putea f dezvoltate
n acest scurt interval de timp vor continua sa atrag investiii.
Evoluii similare au loc i n alte ri europene. n general,
sistemele fxe de remunerare reglementate de stat ofer o
mai mare certitudine n investiii, chiar i n cazurile n care,
prin comparaie cel puin de la primele analize acestea
nu pot oferi acele randamente atractive care sunt asociate
cu sistemele de remunerare care implic certifcatele verzi.
Incertitudinile remarcate n Romnia, sunt, de asemenea
o caracteristic a multor alte state europene cu sisteme de
remunerare bazate pe certifcate verzi. Situaia din Italia
trebuie n special menionat datorit instabilitilor sale
fr precedent.
Romania continues to play a central role in Stream Invest
Holding's investment strategies in the short and long term.
The company has developed four wind farms in the Dobrogea
area since 2009. We continue to operate our existing wind
farms and are developing or continuing new projects,
primarily in the Dobrogea area, while at the same time also
diversifying into the renewable energy business outside of
the wind energy sector. Stream Invest Holding has already
acquired a signifcant amount of know-how and experience
in the wind energy business and other renewable energy
applications from its investments outside of Romania. This in-
house expertise will help us continue on our challenging but
ultimately successful path of investment in Romania.
The greatest constraints and risks affecting our current
investments are related to the green certifcate (GC)
market: in recent months GCs have ceased being
purchased at the maximum certifcate price, as was the
case previously. It is diffcult to foresee whether or not this
practice will continue. However, the banks providing the
fnancing and most of the investors are worried about this
price development, given that GCs constitute the largest
share of the remuneration from wind energy. Furthermore,
the Romanian Government is currently failing to provide
the right atmosphere or confdence in the Romanian
legal system crucial to long term investment decisions in
Romania. There is even a risk of a reduction in the overall
amount of GCs due to the ongoing cuts in public spending.
For some wind energy projects the lack of free grid
connection capacities is becoming a signifcant obstacle
owing to the excessive number of non-active projects on
the market blocking the active projects. We know that
the institutions involved are working on this problem, but
there is a risk their efforts will only take effect after it is
too late, given the short time it will take for the reduction
in certifcates to become effective, meaning only the few
projects that can be developed in this short period of time
will continue to attract investment.

There are similar developments in other European countries.
In general, fxed state regulated remuneration systems
provide higher investment certainty, even where by
comparison at least from the initial reviews they may
not provide the attractive returns on investment typically
associated with remuneration systems involving green
certifcates. The uncertainties seen in Romania are also
a feature of many other European states with GC-based
remuneration systems. The situation in Italy warrants special
mention due to its unprecedented unevenness.
Member of the Board, Stream Invest Holding
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10. Probleme fscale
Impozitul pe proprietate
n cadrul fscal existent, reglementarea i aplicarea
impozitului pe proprietate pentru parcurile eoliene
prezint incertitudini, prin urmare tratamentul fscal
este neclar i interpretabil. Codul Fiscal romn nu
defnete n mod clar dac elementele de construcie a
unei turbine eoliene sau fundaia pe care o turbin este
construit sunt supuse impozitului pe proprietate.
n legislaia fscal proprietatea imobiliar este defnit
ca find orice teren, cldire sau alt construcie ridicat
ori ncorporat ntr-un teren.
Pe lng aceasta, din punct de vedere al taxelor locale,
cldire este orice construcie situat deasupra solului
i/sau sub nivelul acestuia, indiferent de denumirea
ori de folosina sa, i care are una sau mai multe
ncperi ce pot servi la adpostirea de oameni, animale,
obiecte, produse, materiale, instalaii, echipamente i
altele asemenea, iar elementele structurale de baz
ale acesteia sunt pereii i acoperiul, indiferent de
materialele din care sunt construite.
n timp ce defniia de cldire n cadrul Codului
Fiscal romn nu las loc pentru ndoieli semnifcative,
rspunsul la ntrebarea dac elementele unei turbine
eoliene constituie o construcie impozabil rmne
neclar. n consecin, n februarie 2011, consultanii TPA
Horwath au adresat o scrisoare ctre Departamentul
de Impozite Directe din cadrul Ministerului Finanelor
Publice. Rspunsul din partea autoritilor fscale a fost
clar i concis: Nu intr sub incidena impozitului pe
cldiri construciile care nu au elementele constitutive
ale unei cldiri, considerm c turbina eolian nu poate
f supus impozitului pe cldiri.
Pe de alt parte, trebuie analizat dac turbinele eoliene
reprezint cldiri sau echipamente. Avnd n vedere
c turbina eolian are nevoie de o fundaie pentru a f
construit i implicit de autorizaie de construire, nu
excludem riscul ca autoritile fscale s califce turbina
eolian drept cldire i s o impoziteze n consecin.
n continuare, avnd n vedere i prevederile contabile
i, mai precis, defniia i tratamentul activelor, turbina
eolian n ansamblul ei poate f vzut ca un activ,
deoarece componentele unei turbine eoliene nu pot
funciona independent i doar utilizarea unei turbine
eoliene complete poate aduce benefcii economice.

10. Tax issues
Property Tax
In the existing fscal framework the regulation and
application of property tax to wind farms represents a
grey area, and the tax treatment is therefore unclear
and debatable. The Romanian Tax Code does not clearly
defne whether the construction elements of a wind
turbine, or the foundation on which a turbine is built,
are subject to property tax.
As per the current tax legislation immovable property
means any land, building or other construction built or
incorporated on land.
In addition, for local tax purposes a building is any
construction located above or below the ground,
regardless of its name or use, which has one or more
rooms that can be used to shelter people, animals,
objects, products, materials, facilities, equipment
and other similar items, and whose basic structural
elements comprise walls and roofs, regardless of the
materials they are made of.
While the defnition of building under the Romanian
Tax Code leaves no room for material doubts, the
answer to the question as to whether the elements
of a wind turbine constitute a taxable construction
remains unclear. Consequently, in February 2011, TPA
Horwath consultants addressed a letter to the Direct Tax
Department within the Ministry of Public Finance. The
answer from the tax authorities was clear and concise:
Constructions without the constitutive elements of a
building are not subject to local taxes; we therefore do
not consider wind turbines as buildings, and as such
they cannot be subject to property tax.
On the other hand, it needs to be determined whether
a wind turbine is a building or equipment. As a wind
turbine requires a foundation on which to be built, and
a building permit is required to begin, there is a risk that
the tax authorities would deem that the wind turbine is
to be taxed as a building.
Further, in light of the accounting rules and, more
specifcally, the defnition and treatment of assets, a
wind turbine ensemble can be viewed as an asset, as
the components of a wind turbine cannot function
independently and only the use of an assembled wind
turbine can produce economic benefts.
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Totui, din cauza faptului c n Romnia catalogul
mijloacelor fixe a fost adoptat n 2004, acesta nu
este actualizat cu activele folosite de ctre noile
tehnologii, astfel turbinele eoliene nu sunt curpinse
n acest catalog.
Cu toate acestea, n practic, problema devine i mai
subiectiv, deoarece autoritile locale (de exemplu,
reprezentani ai anumitor consilii locale/ administraiei
publice locale aparinnd anumitor municipii/comune)
nu mprtesc o abordare comun a tratamentului
fscal al turbinelor eoliene din perspectivele taxei
pe proprietate. Unii sunt de prere c impozitul pe
proprietate ar trebui s se aplice pentru o turbin
eolian ntreag, n timp ce alii solicit ca impozitele i
taxele locale s fe pltite numai pentru fundaie.

Mai mult dect att, n fecare an consiliile locale
decid asupra nivelului impozitelor i taxelor locale
i au autonomia de a introduce anumite taxe locale
suplimentare care nu sunt menionate n mod specifc
n Codul Fiscal. n contextul defcitelor bugetare locale,
autoritile locale pot f nclinate sa gseasc noi
modaliti de a aduce mai multe venituri la bugetele
pe care le administreaz i, proftnd de lipsa unor
dispoziii fscale specifce, este posibil s impun
impozit pe cldiri pentru turbinele eoliene, chiar i n
absena unui temei legal.
n ipoteza n care se va percepe impozit pe cldiri
pentru turbinele eoliene, modalitatea de calcul al
impozitului va f o provocare. Conform Codului Fiscal
impozitul pe cldiri se calculeaz prin aplicarea unei
cote de impozit, stabilite de ctre consiliile locale ntre
0,25% i 1,50%, la valoarea de inventar a cldirii, care
este greu de determinat n cazul turbinelor eoliene.
Pe de alt parte, Codul Fiscal romn conine
reglementri referitoare la scutirea de impozite locale
a cldirilor utilizate n scopuri hidroelectrice, termice i
nucleare, fr a face nicio trimitere la parcurile eoliene.
Chiar dac energia eolian nu este inclus n aceast
enumerare, prevederea de mai sus exist n Codul Fiscal
de aproape 10 ani. De aceea se poate afrma c astfel
de construcii ar trebui s se regseasc de asemenea
printre cldirile scutite.
Se impune aducerea nentrziat a unor clarifcri la
Codul Fiscal romn, care vor permite investitorilor din
sectorul energiei eoliene s estimeze corect valoarea
taxelor, evitnd n acelai timp orice sarcini fscale
suplimentare.
However, the catalogue containing the Romanian
classifcation of fxed assets was enacted in 2004 and
has not been updated with the assets used by new
technologies, with the consequence that it does not
include wind turbines.
Nevertheless, in practice, the issue is even
more subjective, as local authorities (i.e. the
representatives of certain local councils/the local
public administration of certain municipalities/
communes) do not share a common approach to the
fscal treatment of wind turbines from a property tax
perspective. Some believe property tax should be due
for the entire wind turbine, while others request local
taxes be paid only for the foundation.

Moreover, each year Local Councils decide on
the level of taxes and have the autonomy to
introduce additional local taxes not mentioned
specifically by the Fiscal Code. Given the situation
of local budget deficits, local authorities are
inclined to seek ways to attract additional
revenue to their budgets and, by taking
advantage of the lack of specific tax provisions, it
is likely they will impose local taxes in the form
of building taxes for wind turbines, even where
there are no legal grounds for doing so.
However, where building tax is levied on wind
turbines, the calculation of this tax will also represent
a challenge. According to the Fiscal Code, the tax on
buildings is calculated by applying a tax rate, set by
the Local Council at between 0.25% and 1.50%, to the
inventory value of the building something diffcult to
determine in the case of wind turbines.
On the other hand, the Romanian Tax Code contains
regulations regarding the exemption from local
taxation of buildings used for hydroelectric, thermal
and nuclear power uses, without making any
references to wind farms. Even if wind energy is not
included, given that this provision of the Fiscal Code
is almost 10 years old. It may be argued that wind
power constructions should also count among the
exempted buildings.
We see it as of the utmost importance that fscal
clarifcation that place in terms of amendments to the
Romanian Tax Code that will allow investors in the wind
energy sector to properly assess the value of taxes,
while avoiding any additional tax burdens.
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Amortizarea parcurilor eoliene
Un alt aspect important care necesit clarifcri n ceea
ce privete expunerea fscal a activitaii parcurilor
eoliene este recunoaterea n contabilitate a activelor
i a amortizrii asociate acestora. Cheltuielile efectuate
pentru turbinele eoliene sunt deductibile fscal sub
forma amortizrii (alocarea costurilor activelor pentru
perioadele n care activele sunt utilizate).
Deseori este discutabil dac, n sensul amortizrii,
turbina eolian ar trebui s fe abordat ca un ntreg
sau mprit n seciuni separate (de exemplu
fundaie, turn, generator, elice, nacel, etc), cu rate
de amortizare diferite aplicate n mod corespunztor.
Acest aspect nu este reglementat, iar cnd apare
poate f considerat ca o cerere neautorizat a
autoritii fscale de a aplica conceptul de divizare
structural a proprietii n scopuri fscale. Potrivit
Ordinului Ministrului Finanelor nr. 3055/2009 i
Catalogului de Clasifcare a Activelor Fixe (FACC), care
reprezint o extensie sistematic la legislaia fscal
ce reglementeaz termenii de amortizare, o turbin
eolian constituie fe un singur activ fx care cuprinde
ntreaga confguraie eolian mpreun cu fundaia,
sau poate f mprit n mai multe elemente care sunt
amortizate individual. Potrivit catalogului FACC, exist
mai multe elemente care pot f considerate ca fundaii
n contabilitate, i anume Alte cldiri industriale,
Piste de beton i platforme; i Construcii speciale
din beton toate find incluse n Grupa 1 din FACC, cu o
depreciere contabil liniar pe o perioad cuprins ntre
24 i 36 de ani, n timp ce alte componente structurale,
electrice i tehnice ale turbinelor eoliene nu sunt foarte
clar defnite (de exemplu turn, nacel i elice). n analiza
noastr am identifcat mai multe elemente care ar
putea f utilizate n scopul amortizrii componentelor
turbinelor eoliene (incluse n grupa 2 din FACC):
Generator de energie 12-18 ani;
Motoare eoliene 16-24 ani;
Transformatoare 16-24 ani;
Alte echipamente specifce centralei
energetice 8-12 ani.
Noi reglementri ar trebui s fe adoptate n legislaia
naional, astfel nct s se actualizeze FACC cu
componentele unui parc eolian, pentru ca investitorii
din acest domeniu s fe n msur s se conformeze
cu cerinele locale i s evite n continuare riscurile
fnanciare ce ar putea rezulta din neaplicarea corect a
reglementrilor fscale.
Wind farm depreciation
Another important aspect that requires clarifcation
in terms of the tax exposure of wind farm activities
is the recognition in the accounting of assets and
their associated depreciation. Expenditure incurred in
relation to wind turbines is tax deductible in the form
of depreciation write-offs (the allocation of the cost of
assets to periods in which the assets are used).
It is often debatable whether for the purposes of
depreciation a wind turbine should be treated as a
whole or divided into separate sections (i.e. foundation,
tower, generator, propeller, nacelle, etc.), with different
depreciation rates applied correspondingly. This
actually has no legal basis and where it occurs it can
be considered as an unauthorised application by the
tax authorities of the concept of structure division for
the purposes of property taxation. According to the
Order to the Ministry of Finance no. 3055/2009 and
Fixed Assets Classifcation Catalogue (FACC), which
represents a systematic extension to the tax law
governing terms of depreciation, a wind turbine either
constitutes a single fxed asset comprising the entire
wind power set together with the foundation, or
may be split into several elements that are individually
depreciated. According to the FACC document, there
are several items that can be considered as foundations
in the accounting, i.e. Other industrial buildings,
Concrete runways an platforms and Special concrete
constructions, all of which are included in Group 1 of
the FACC, with a linear accounting depreciation over
a period of between 24 and 36 years, while the other
structural, electrical and technical components of the
wind turbine are not very clearly defned (i.e. tower,
nacelle and blade). In our analysis we identifed several
elements that could be used for the purposes of the
depreciation of wind turbine components (included in
Group 2 of the FACC):
Power generators 12-18 years;
Wind engines 16-24 years;
Transformers 16-24 years;
Other equipment for the power plant 8-12 years.
New regulations need to be incorporated into
national legislation so as to update the FACC with the
components of a wind farm, so that investors in this
feld are able to comply with the local requirements and
avoid further fnancial risks.
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ncadrarea din punct de vedere fscal
a elementelor componente din cadrul
centralei electrice
(Clauza proprieti imobiliare)
Investiia ntr-un parc eolian ridic, de asemenea, o
alt ntrebare important: o turbin eolian poate f
clasifcat ca un bun imobiliar? Rspunsul la aceast
ntrebare ajut la determinarea locului i cotei
de impozitare pe ctigurile de capital aplicabile
profturilor obinute de nerezideni din vnzarea de
aciuni deinute n societi formate n totalitate sau n
principal din proprieti imobiliare situate n Romnia.
Nici Comentariile Organizaiei pentru Cooperare i
Dezvoltare Economic (OCDE) cu privire la modelul
de convenie de evitare a dublei impuneri, nici Codul
Fiscal romn nu prevd clarifcri sufciente n acest
sens. n timp ce Comentariile OCDE trimit la defnirea
conceptului de proprietate imobiliar prin raportarea
la cadrul legal al statului n care este situat imobilul
(adic Romnia), va ajuta la evitarea difcultilor de
interpretare pentru a stabili dac un activ sau un drept
trebuie s fe considerat ca bun imobiliar, Codul defnete
un bun imobiliar ca find orice teren, cldiri sau alte
construcii ridicate sau incorporate pe teren. Nu exist
prevederi suplimentare cu privire la defniia expresiei
alte construcii ridicate sau ncorporate pe teren.
n opinia noastr, n scopul impozitrii pe ctigurile de
capital, turbinele eoliene (sau cel puin componentele
structurale, fundaia i turnul) ar trebui s fe tratate ca
proprieti imobiliare. n ceea ce privete generatorul de
energie, motorul eolian i alte componente considerate
a f echipamente de FACC, acestea nu ar trebui s se
ncadreze n categoria proprieti imobiliare. Pentru a
putea refecta acest tratament n evidentele contabile,
ar f necesar ca investitorul s pastreze o eviden clar
i detaliat a costurilor pentru fecare component a
unei turbine eoliene.
Aspecte privind TVA

Instalarea de turbine eoliene necesit o livrare de
bunuri pe teritoriul romnesc, astfel aspectele legate de
tratamentul din punct de vedere al TVA-ului ar trebui
avut n vedere.
O problem veche a sistemului fscal romnesc,
procesul de rambursare a TVA-ului, devine i mai
problematic lund n considerare noile modifcri
legislative anunate: ncepnd cu 2013 TVA-ul se va
datora la ncasarea facturii, i nu la emiterea ei pentru
societile cu o cifr de afaceri care nu depete
500.000 de euro.
Fiscal treatment of structural
components of renewable energy plant
(Real estate clause)

Investing in a wind farm also raises another important
question: can a wind turbine be classifed as an
immovable asset? The answer to this question
helps to determine the place and rate of capital
gains taxation applicable to gains derived by non-
residents from the sale of shares held in company
assets consisting entirely or principally of immovable
property located in Romania.
Neither the Organisation for Economic Cooperation
and Development (OECD) Commentaries on the Model
Convention nor the Romanian Tax Code provides
enough clarifcation in this respect. While the OECD
Commentaries say that defning the concept of
immovable property by reference to the law of the state
in which the property is situated (i.e. Romania) will
help avoid diffculties of interpretation as to whether
an asset or a right is to be regarded as immovable
property, the Code defnes immovable property as
any land, building or other construction built upon or
incorporated on land. There are no other provisions
regarding the defnition of the expression other
constructions built upon or incorporated on land.
In our opinion, for the purposes of capital gains
taxation, a wind turbine (or at least its structural
components, the foundation and tower) should be
treated as immovable property. As to the power
generator, the wind engine and the other components
considered being equipment by the FACC, these should
fall outside the immovable property category. In order
to be able to refect such treatment in the accounting
books, it is necessary that the investor keep detailed
and clear evidence of the cost of each component of the
wind farm.
VAT aspects

As the installation of wind turbines requires the supply
of goods to Romanian territory, issues relating to VAT
treatment should also be taken into consideration.

One older problematic aspect of the Romanian tax
system, the VAT reimbursement process, has been
rendered even more problematic in light of the new
legislative changes. As of 2013, for companies with
a turnover below EUR 500,000, VAT payment will be
made upon the cashing in of invoices as opposed to
receipt of invoices.

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Aceast msur va genera un fux de numerar, un
avantaj de care vor benefcia n special companiile
mici i mijlocii. Mai mult dect att, n cazul in care
implementarea se va face intr-o manier structurat,
statul va avea de ctigat de asemenea (n ciuda
impactului negativ iniial asupra veniturilor bugetare),
n ceea ce privete colectarea efcient a taxelor i
impozitelor, reducnd posibilitatea de a face rambursri
necuvenite, ntruct dac TVA-ul colectat trebuie pltit
doar la ncasarea contravalorii facturii, TVA-ul deductibil
devine exigibil din momentul achitrii facturilor.
n plus, aceast msur va necesita ajustri ale
procedurilor interne ale contribuabililor, deoarece
va f necesar o eviden separat a facturilor emise
vs facturi ncasate, date care vor trebui comparate i
corelate lunar.
Este bine cunoscut faptul c, n practic, procesul
de rambursare a TVA este de foarte lung durat i
poate dura ntre ase luni i doi ani, chiar dac legea
prevede 45 de zile. Acest aspect se adaug la costurile
suplimentare generate de inspecia fscal declanat
de cererea de rambursare de TVA, costurile legate de
resursele implicate n timpul inspeciei fscale, dar i de
eventualele ajustri efectuate de inspectori.

Astfel, n lumina noilor prevederi privind colectarea
TVA-ului, procesul de rambursare ar putea deveni i mai
difcil i mpovrtor pentru contribuabili.
11. Proftabilitatea
energiei eoliene
Romnia se af n prezent n topul celor mai atractive 15
ri din lume in domeniul energiei eoliene, nregistrnd
creteri semnifcative n 2012 comparativ cu 2011.
Popularitatea tot mai mare a parcurilor eoliene n
Romnia vine, printre altele, ca urmare a percepiei
unei investiii efciente cu proft garantat pe un
numr de ani. Este bine cunoscut faptul c Romnia
are un potenial mare pentru producerea de energie
regenerabil, find considerat ara cu cel mai mare
potenial eolian din sud-estul Europei. Cu toate
acestea, rentabilitatea efectiv a unui proiect eolian
depinde de o serie de factori care pot infuena n mod
semnifcativ decizia fnal cu privire la executarea
sau nu a unui proiect. Ar trebui remarcat c numrul
mare de variabile (att n etapa de investiii ct i n
timpul exploatrii unui parc eolian) ar putea duce la o
diversifcare semnifcativ n analiz.
This measure will generate a cash flow advantage
that will benefit small and medium-sized companies
in particular. Moreover, if implemented carefully
this will also benefit the state (despite the initial
negative impact on budget revenue) in terms of more
efficient tax collection and the reduced possibility
of making incorrect reimbursements, as output
VAT should be collected only when invoices are
paid, meaning input VAT becomes deductible at the
moment of invoice payment.

Furthermore, this measure will require changes to
taxpayers internal procedures, because separate
records will be needed for invoices issued vs. invoices
cashed in, and this data will have to be compared and
settled monthly.
It is well known that, in practice, the VAT reimbursement
process is extremely lengthy and can take from between
six months and two years, even if the law promises
45 days. This adds to the additional costs generated
by the tax inspection process triggered by the VAT
reimbursement request, costs relating to the resources
necessary during the tax inspection, as well as potential
adjustments made by the inspectors.
Therefore, under the new provisions regarding VAT
collection, the reimbursement process may become
more diffcult and burdensome for taxpayers.
11. The Proftability of
wind energy
Romania is now in the top 15 most attractive countries
in the world for renewable energy, increasing
signifcantly in 2012 comparing to 2011.
The growing popularity of wind farms in Romania
comes, among other things, as a result of their
perception as a high return rate investment with
guaranteed profts for a number of years. It is well
known that Romania has great potential for renewable
energy production, being considered the country with
largest technical wind potential in south-east Europe.
However, the actual proftability of a wind project
depends on a number of factors that can signifcantly
infuence the fnal decision as to whether or not to
execute a given project. It should be noted that the
large number of variables (both at the investment stage
and during exploitation of a wind farm) could lead to
signifcant diversifcation in the analysis.
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Cheltuieli de investiii
Investiiile ntr-un parc eolian implic o serie de
cheltuieli tangibile i intangibile. Tabelul urmtor ofer
un exemplu pentru structura de cost a investiiilor
aferente unui parc eolian cu o capacitate instalat de 1
MW, bazat pe analiza datelor din pia pentru parcurile
eoliene operaionale.
Structura de cost a investiiilor
Investment expenditure
Investment in a wind farm involves a number of
tangible and intangible expenses. The table below
provides an example of the investment cost structure
for a wind farm per 1 MW of installed capacity, based on
analysis of the market data for operating wind farms.
Investment cost structure
Categorie de cost a investiiei
Cheltuieli n
mii euro/1MW
Proporia cheltuielii
totale
Investment cost category
Expenditure in
K EUR/1 MW
Proportion of total
expenditure
Turbine eoliene / Wind turbines 1200 67%
Reele electrice/ Electrifcation costs 202 14%
Drumuri i fundaii / Roads and foundations 141 9%
Costuri de proiectare / Design costs 68 4%
Costuri de conectare la reea / Grid connection costs 81 5%
Asigurri i alte costuri / Insurance and other costs 17 1%
Total / Total 1709 100%
Densitatea de putere a vntului, precum i locaia parcului
eolian reprezint factori eseniali n determinarea preului
de pia a unui parc eolian, precum i pentru analiza
randamentului unui proiect la momentul achiziiei
(variaia densitii medii cu o unitate poate avea un
impact major asupra proftabilitii). De asemenea, este
de menionat faptul c evaluarea potenialului eolian este
hotrtoare pentru stabilirea densitii medii a energiei
eoliene, iar acest proces este unul de lung durat, ce
poate ajunge chiar la 1 an.
O alt component important n estimarea
costului unui proiect eolian o constituie accesul la
infrastructur, respectiv, cu ct turbinele se af mai
departate de racordarea la reea, cu att costurile
de dezvoltare ale investiiei vor f mai ridicate, i n
consecin, proftabilitatea va f mai scazut.
The market price of wind farms per MW depends
signifcantly on the location of the turbines and on the
wind power density of the wind farm, which is a very
sensitive variable (e.g. a variation in the wind power
factor by 1 unit could have a large impact on the
proftability of the project). The wind study is crucial
to establishing the wind power density and can take
up to 1 year.
Access to infrastructure is another important element
to be taken into consideration when determining the
price of the wind project. The further away the wind
turbine is located from the grid connection, the higher
the investment cost will be and, consequently, the lower
the proftability.
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Costurile de pregtire a investiiei
Orice analiz a cheltuielilor de investiii trebuie
s prevad costurile de pregtire i de proiectare
efectuate n faza iniial a unui proiect (primii 1-4
ani). n prezent, aceasta cheltuial variaz ntre 55 de
mii de euro i 70 de mii de euro pe MW de capacitate
a parcului eolian proiectat (ceea ce constituie circa
3%-4% din valoarea investiiei). Aceste costuri includ,
dar nu sunt limitate la:
Dezvoltarea proiectului tehnic;
Elaborarea studiului de fezabilitate;
Montarea anemometrelor i efectuarea
msurtorilor pentru densitatea vntului;
Efectuarea studiului privind impactul parcului eolian
asupra mediului natural i comunitatea local;
Cercetarea geologic;
Procedee administrative.
Costurile turbinelor i a construciei
Achiziia turbinei reprezint partea cea mai important
din structura costului de investiie, ajungnd pn la
67% din cheltuielile de investiii. Preurile turbinelor
depind de o serie de factori, inclusiv, dar nu limitat la,
capacitatea instalat, productorul, proflul turbinei
i decizia cu privire la dac s se cumpere turbine noi
sau la mna a doua. Valoarea medie de generare a
energiei eoliene la 1 MW de capacitate variaz de la 1,3
la 2 milioane euro. n cazul proiectelor care presupun
utilizarea de tehnologii de vrf care fac posibil
mbuntirea efcienei de producie, costurile pentru
fecare MW instalat pot f chiar mai mari. Trebuie
remarcat c, din cauza duratei prelungite a procesului de
investiii, investitorul se confrunt cu riscul schimbului
valutar n situaia n care contractul cu furnizorul de
turbine a fost ncheiat ntr-un stadiu timpuriu. Acest
lucru ar trebui, de asemenea, luat n considerare atunci
cnd se analizeaz viabilitatea proiectului.
n afar de achiziionarea de echipamente, investitorul
trebuie s suporte, de asemenea, costurile aferente
reelei electrice (staie de transformare, substaii,
aparat de compensare) care pot ajunge la 14% din
totalul investiiei.
Costurile legate de dezvoltarea infrastructurii interne
(drumuri, fundaii, racordarea la reeaua de energie),
care constituie n medie 9% din valoarea proiectului
i, n funcie de complexitatea parcului, pot varia
ntre 5% i 10% (n funcie de condiiile terenului i
ale apei, distribuia intern a turbinelor n incinta
parcului eolian, lungimea sistemului electric i de
telecomunicaii, etc).
Investment preparation costs
Any investment expenditure analysis must account for
the preparation and design costs incurred during the
initial stage of a project (the frst 1-4 years). Currently
this expenditure ranges between EUR 55 thousand up
to as much as EUR 70 thousand per MW of capacity
of the designed wind farm (which constitutes about
3%-4% of the investment value). These costs include,
but are not limited to:
Developing the technical design;
Drafting the feasibility study;
Erecting measuring masts and wind
density measurements;
Performing the study on the wind farm impact on
the natural environment and local community;
Geological research;
Administrative proceedings.
Wind turbines and building cost
The purchasing of the turbine accounts for the largest
portion of the investment cost structure, representing
up to 67% of the investment expenditure. Turbine
prices depend on a number of factors, including, but
not limited to, the installed capacity, manufacturer,
turbine profle and the decision as to whether to
purchase new or secondhand turbines. The average
value of wind energy generation per 1 MW of capacity
ranges from EUR 1.3 to 2 million. In the case of projects
that presume the use of cutting-edge technologies
that make it possible to improve generation effciency,
the costs of each installed MW may be even higher. It
should be noted that because of the prolonged duration
of the investment process, the investor faces a foreign
exchange risk in terms of having signed the contract
with the turbine supplier at an early stage; this should
also be taken into consideration when analysing the
viability of the project.
Apart from the purchase of the equipment,
the investor must also incur costs relating to
the electrifcation system (transformer station,
substations, compensation device) at an average of
14% of the total investment.
The development of internal infrastructure
expenditures (roads, foundations, power connections),
which on average constitute 9% of the project value
and, depending on the complexity of the farm, can
range between 5% and 10% (depen ding on land and
water conditions, internal turbine distribution over the
premises of the wind farm, length of the electric and
telecommunications system, etc.).
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Costurile de racordare la reeaua
electric
Costul de racordare la reeaua electric se bazeaz pe
dispoziiile Legii Energiei i depinde n primul rnd de
cheltuielile de investiie alocate pentru dezvoltarea
reelei, precum i de capacitatea de racordare
solicitat. Valoarea exact a tarifului devine cunoscut
atunci cnd condiiile tehnice de racordare la reea
sunt transmise. Costul de conectare reprezint o
component major a cheltuielilor de investiii i se
poate ridica pn la 8,8 milioane de euro n cazul unui
parc eolian cu o capacitate planifcat de circa 110 MW
(ntre 50 mii euro i 80 mii euro/MW). Avizul tehnic de
racordare la reea este valabil pentru minim 25 de ani.
Dobndirea drepturilor imobiliare cu
privire la terenuri
Securizarea terenului necesar unui parc eolian
reprezint o component substanial a cheltuielilor
de investiii. Se presupune c pentru un regim optim,
ntr-un parc eolian este nevoie de 2.0002.500 m
2

pentru o turbin, n timp ce staia de alimentare
necesit o suprafa de aproximativ 3.000 m
2
. De
asemenea, trebuie securizate i cile de acces i alte
terenuri nvecinate parcului eolian, cum ar f: terenul
pe care se proiecteaz elicea i terenul afectat de
traseul cablului subteran/aerian.
De obicei, nc din faza de pregtire a investiiei
dezvoltatorii vor suporta costurile legate de
indemnizaii de despgubire datorate proprietarilor de
terenuri pentru recolta pierdut.
Costurile legate de dobndirea drepturilor imobiliare
cu privire la terenuri pot ajunge la 11,5% din
valoarea investiiei.
De regul, perioada de utilizare caracteristic unui
parc eolian este de 20-25 de ani, n condiiile folosirii
unor echipamente noi i efecturii operaiunilor de
ntreinere i reparaii standard.
Venituri
Un parc eolian genereaz dou tipuri de venituri:
Vnzri de energie electric, i
Vnzri de certifcate verzi.
Cu privire la informaiile disponibile pe pia despre
estimarea preului de vnzare a energiei eoliene,
previziunile devin foarte difcile, n condiiile n care nu
exist o baz de date public.
Power grid connection costs
The cost of connection to the power grid is based
on the provisions of the Energy Law and depends
primarily on the investment expenditure allocated to
grid development as well as the requested connection
capacity. The exact value of the fee becomes known
when the technical conditions of connection to the
grid are issued. The connection cost represents a
major component of investment expenditure and may
amount to as much as EUR 8.8 million in the case of a
wind farm with a planned capacity of around 110 MW
(between EUR 50 thousand and EUR 80 thousand per
MW). The grid connection permit is valid for a minimum
of 25 years.
Obtaining real estate rights to the land

Securing the required land for a future wind farm also
constitutes a substantial component of investment
expenditure. It is assumed that the optimum
arrangement of turbines in a wind park requires some
2,0002,500 m
2
per turbine, while the power station
requires a land area of around 3,000 m
2
. It should also be
noted that the access ways and other land plots situated
in the vicinity of the wind farm must be secured: the
land on which the propeller is projected and the land
affected by the underground/aerial cable route.
Investors will incur costs related to compensation
for damages payable to land owners in respect of
harvest losses.

The costs pertaining to securing the real estate rights
for securing the land may reach to 11.5% of the
investment value.
The typical expected use period of a wind farm is of
20-25 years, assuming that new equipment is used,
and provided the standard repairs and maintenance
is performed.
Revenues
A wind farm generates two types of income:
Sales of electricity, and
Sales of green certifcates.
In terms of the information available relating to the
forecast of electricity prices, it is becoming very diffcult
to predict the price of electricity considering there is no
public information in this respect.
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From the analysis of the historical reports published
by OPCOM - the regulatory authority responsible for
both Day-Ahead Market (DAM) and Green Certificate
market, presenting the hourly average price
throughout 2012, it can be observed a considerable
disparity between prices transacted during the
off peak period (from 11:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m.) as
compared to a peak demand period ranging from
7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m. Peak prices ranged from
monthly highs of EUR 67 up to EUR 77 per MWh in
February 2012, and decreased to average of EUR 52-
57 / MWh in April and May 2012.
On a related note, Hidroelectrica, a national leader
in energy production, is currently facing fnancial
diffculties and its future remains uncertain for the
time being. This generates even more diffculties in
terms of forecasting the price of electricity. In the event
Hidroelectrica goes bankrupt, the energy supply will be
much lower than demand, requiring additional energy
to be imported and, therefore, a signifcant rise in the
price of energy.

The proftability of wind projects is substantially affected
by the renewable energy source support system based
on green certifcates. The price of certifcates depends
mainly on the value of the substitution fee and the
economic conditions. According to the Law 220 as
subsequently amended, the value of green certifcates
ranges between EUR 27 and EUR 55 per certifcate. The
certifcate market liquidity results from the obligation of
the companies that sell electricity to end customers to
purchase and redeem green certifcates in line with the
prescribed minimum quotas of energy from renewable
sources as part of total energy sales.
In Europe, the green certificate system is gradually
being replaced by the feed-in tariff system, as
individual EU Member States are free to choose
their respective aid instruments. In the case of
the feed-in tariff system, the price paid by power
companies to energy manufacturers is set by
the regulatory authority, and the market decides
the volume of the energy to be generated from
renewable sources.
As opposed to Romania, countries such as Austria,
Germany, Croatia and Hungary have chosen a feed-in
tariff system. The green certifcate aid system faces
growing criticism, and organisations representing power
sector companies are demanding that the aid system be
changed into a tariff-based one. The argument given in
support of this request is the need for higher stability
of the aid system so as to ensure better foundations for
investment decision-making in a long-term perspective.
Din analiza rapoartelor istorice publicate de OPCOM
Operatorul pieei de energie electric din Romnia
responsabil cu reglamentarea Pieei pentru ziua
urmtoare (PZU) i a pieei certifcatelor verzi,
prezentnd preul mediu orar in cursul anului 2012,
se poate observa o disproporie considerabil ntre
preurile de tranzacionare din afara orelor de vrf
(11:00 p.m. 6:00 a.m.) comparativ cu perioada orelor
de vrf (7:00 a.m. to 10:00 p.m.). Astfel, preul energiei
a nregistrat cote maxime de 67 euro pn la 77 euro/
MWh n februarie 2012, diminundu-se ulterior pn la
o medie de 52-57 euro/ MWh n aprilie i mai 2012.
Mai mult dect att, este cunoscut faptul c societatea
Hidroelectrica, care este un lider naional n producerea
de energie, se confrunt cu difculti fnanciare n
prezent, avnd un viitor incert n acest moment.
Acest aspect ingreuneaz i mai mult estimarea unui
pre corect de vnzare a energiei. n cazul n care,
Hidroelectrica va intra n faliment, capacitatea ofertei
de energie produs se va diminua consideralbil, ceea ce
va duce la importul de energie, prin urmare la o cretere
insemnat a preului de vnzare.
Rentabilitatea proiectelor eoliene este substanial afectat
de schema de sprijin pentru surse de energie regenerabile
bazate pe certifcate verzi. Preul certifcatelor depinde n
principal de valoarea taxei de substituie i a condiiilor
economice. Conform Legii 220, modifcat ulterior,
valoarea certifcatelor verzi variaz ntre 27 de euro i
55 de euro/certifcat. Lichiditile din piaa certifcatelor
rezult din obligaia companiilor, care vnd energie
electric clienilor fnali, s achiziioneze i s rscumpere
certifcatele, n conformitate cu cotele de energie minime
prevzute din surse regenerabile, ca parte din vnzrile
totale de energie.
n Europa, sistemul certifcatelor verzi, se nlocuiete
treptat cu sistemul de tarifare preuri fxe,
deoarece statele membre ale UE sunt libere s aleag
instrumentele respective de ajutor. n cazul sistemului
de tarifare pre fx, preul pltit de ctre companiile
de electricitate ctre productorii de energie este
stabilit de ctre autoritatea de reglementare, iar piaa
decide volumul de energie care urmeaz s fe generat
din surse regenerabile.
Spre deosebire de Romnia, ri precum Austria,
Germania, Croaia i Ungaria au ales sistemul de tarifare
pre fx. Sistemul de sprijin prin certifcate verzi se
confrunt, de asemenea, cu critici majore, iar organizaiile
care reprezint companiile din sectorul de energie solicit
ca sistemul de ajutor s fe schimbat ntr-unul bazat pe
tarif fx. Argumentul dat n susinerea acestei cereri este
nevoia sporit de stabilitate a regimului de suport, astfel
nct s se asigure o mai bun fundamentare pentru
deciziile de investiii pe termen lung.
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Trebuie remarcat faptul c producerea i vnzarea
energiei sunt produsul unui numr de variabile, inclusiv
condiiile reale de vnt, numrul de zile fr activitate,
termenii contractului de racordare i ai contractului
de vnzare, precum i preurile la energia electric.
Conform datelor obinute din studiile de energie
eolian efectuate n Romnia, productivitatea minim
a unui parc eolian, care permite o rentabilitate pozitiv
este de 2.000-2.200 MWh pe an pentru fecare 1 MW de
capacitate instalat. n condiiile actuale, proftul anual
la 40 MW de capacitate instalat ar trebui s fe, prin
urmare, nu mai puin de 8 milioane euro.
Costurile de exploatare ale
parcurilor eoliene
Dup ce un parc eolian devine operaional, investitorul
este obligat s suporte o serie de costuri de exploatare.
Tabelul de mai jos conine elementele cheie privind
costurile pentru un MW angajate n cursul fecrui an
de funcionare pentru un parc eolian.
Structura costului anual de exploatare pentru un parc
eolian pentru 1 MW:
It should be noted that energy generation and sale is the
product of a number of variables, including actual wind
conditions, the number of stoppage days, the terms
of the connection agreement and sales agreement, as
well as electricity prices. According to the data obtained
from wind power studies conducted in Romania, the
minimum productivity of a wind farm that allows for
positive proftability is 2,000-2,500 MWh per year per
1MW of installed capacity. Under current conditions,
the annual proceeds from 40 MW of installed capacity
should therefore be no less than EUR 8 million.
Wind farm exploitation costs

After a wind farm becomes operational, the investor
is obliged to incur a number of exploitation costs. The
table below contains the key cost items incurred during
each year of operation per 1 MW wind farm:

Annual exploitation cost structure per 1 MW:
Tipul de cost
Costurile estimate anual
[ euro]
Proporia costurilor
totale [%]
Cost type
Annual estimated costs
[ EUR]
Proportion of total costs
[%]
Administrativ, ntreinere i exploatare / Operational,
maintenance and exploitation
38614 67%
Costuri cu echilibrarea / Energy balancing 5 575 10%
Asigurri / Insurance 5621 10%
Diverse / Other 3924 6%
Cheltuieli de regie / Overheads 1931 3%
Energia pentru necesitile interne / Energy for internal needs 925 2%
Impozitul pe teren / Various taxes 937 2%
Total / Total 57527 100%
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According to the review performed on a sample of wind
farm projects, average annual operating expenses could
reach EUR 57,500 per MW, which is within the markets
annual range of EUR 50,000-60,000.

The highest proportion of exploitation costs comes
from the farms operational, maintenance and
exploitation costs. These depend on the scope of
the performed works and the size of the wind farm
itself, and are very often divided into fixed and
variable portions determined by the actual project
profitability. Energy balancing costs are linked to
the reliability of the forecast of wind power density
conditions for the 24-hour period directly following
the forecast. This cost item is therefore extremely
difficult to determine, whereas the distribution
of the balancing obligation between the investor
and the power plant is regulated in different ways
in individual energy sales contracts. Generally, the
balancing cost constitutes a substantial share of the
total costs and may amount to as much as 8%-10% of
the annual income from energy sales.
Insurance represents another cost component that is
closely correlated with the size and value of the wind
farm as well as its age. It should be noted that the value
of the annual premium will depend on the selected
insurance coverage (property all-risk insurance, proft
loss insurance, machinery failure insurance, insurance
against loss of profts due to machinery failure, civil
liability, etc.). It is estimated that depending on the
choice of insurance cover, this annual fee will range
between EUR 1,500 and as much as EUR 6,000 per 1
MW of installed capacity.
Another substantial cost item is given by fnancial costs
in the form of interest on loans obtained to fnance
the construction of a wind farm. The value of such
costs depends, among other things, on the fnancing
structure, interest rates and the share of preferential
equity sources. Assuming fnancing of 70% of the
project value for a 110 MW farm with a value of EUR
108 million and a 6% interest rate, the annual interest
cost during the frst years of the investment will on
average amount to EUR 54,000 per month. Moreover, as
already mentioned, in case of foreign currency loans the
investor faces the additional risk of foreign exchange
fuctuations; on the other hand, the investor may
beneft from lower interest rates.
Ca urmare a unui studiu realizat asupra unui eantion
de proiecte energetice, costurile medii de exploatare
nregistrate anual de companii pot ajunge la aproximativ
57.500 de euro pentru 1 MW, find situate la un pre de
pia afat n intervalul 50.000 de euro i 60.000 de euro.
Cea mai mare parte a costurilor de operare provine
din costuri administrative de ntreinere i exploatare.
Acestea depind de domeniul de aplicare al lucrrilor
efectuate i de mrimea parcului eolian n sine, i sunt
adesea mprite n trane fxe i variabile determinate
de rentabilitatea proiectelor propriu-zise. Costurile cu
echilibrarea sunt legate de certitudinea previziunilor
asupra condiiilor de densitate a energiei eoliene pentru
o perioad de 24 de ore urmnd n mod direct prognoza.
Prin urmare, acest element de cost este extrem de
difcil de determinat, cu toate c distribuia costurilor cu
echilibrarea dintre investitor i centrala energetic este
reglementat n mod diferit n contractele individuale
de vnzare a energiei. n general, costul cu echilibrarea
constituie o parte substanial din costurile totale i
se poate ridica i pn la 8% -10% din venitul anual al
vnzrilor de energie.
Asigurarea reprezint o alt component de cost care
este n strns corelaie cu dimensiunea i valoarea
parcului eolian, precum i cu vechimea acestuia. Trebuie
remarcat faptul c valoarea primei anuale va depinde
de acoperirea asigurrii selectate (toate riscurile de
proprieti, pierderile de proft, instalaii, pierderile
de proft cauzate de defeciuni de utilaje, asigurare de
rspundere civil, etc). Se estimeaz c, n funcie de
alegerea tipului de asigurare, aceast cost anual va f
cuprins ntre 1.500 i 6.000 de euro pentru 1 MW de
capacitate instalat.
Un alt element de cost substanial l reprezint
cheltuielile fnanciare sub form de dobnzi la
mprumuturile obinute pentru a fnana construirea
unui parc eolian. Valoarea unor astfel de costuri
depinde, printre altele, de structura de fnanare,
ratele dobnzilor i a ponderii surselor de capital.
Presupunnd c fnanarea este de 108 milioane de
euro, cu o rat a dobnzii de 6%, reprezentnd 70%
din valoarea necesarului pentru un parc de 110 MW,
costul dobnzii anuale n primii ani de investiii se va
ridica la o valoare medie de 54.000 de euro pe lun. Mai
mult dect att, dup cum am menionat deja, n cazul
creditelor n valut investitorul se confrunt cu un risc
suplimentar al fuctuaiei cursului de schimb valutar;
pe de alt parte, investitorul poate benefcia de dobnzi
mai mici la creditele acordate in euro.
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Analiza proftabilitii
Analiza asupra a cinci investiii eoliene fnalizate i n
curs de dezvoltare confrm existena unor discrepane
semnifcative n ceea ce privete nivelul de cheltuieli n
dezvoltarea proiectelor cu capaciti similare. Costurile
pe 1 MW au variat de la 1,3 milioane de euro / MW, la
2 milioane de euro / MW, media ponderat a valorii
cheltuielilor pe 1 MW de capacitate instalat find de
1,5 milioane euro.
Conform analizelor efectuate, rata intern de
rentabilitate (IRR) poate nregistra n medie 12%, iar
printre factorii cu infuen major, se numr efectul
fuctuaiei cursului valutar, precum i alte riscuri
fnanciare sau legislative cu privire la certifcatele verzi.
Viitorul parcurilor eoliene va f afectat nu numai de
factori, precum alegerea corect a locaiei caracterizat
prin densitatea adecvat a energiei eoliene, sau accesul
la infrastructur, dar i de alegerea optim a turbinelor,
ridicarea lor pe stlpi i o mentenan efcient. n
Romnia, perioada medie de rentabilitate a capitalului
investit (RCI) este de aproximativ 13 ani. Cu toate
acestea, perioadele de recuperare a investiiei pot diferi
n mod semnifcativ, n funcie de amploarea proiectului,
tehnologia aplicat, locaia proiectului i de ali factori.
Este de menionat faptul c durata de via a
proiectului (care n medie este de 20 de ani) i costurile
legate de modernizarea sau de lichidarea centralei
electrice de la sfritul perioadei de funcionare trebuie,
de asemenea, s fe luate n considerare atunci cnd se
analizeaz proftabilitatea investiiei.
Proftability analysis
Analysis of fve selected in-progress and completed
wind farm investments confrms the existence of
substantial discrepancies with regard to the level of
expenditure in the development of projects of similar
capacities. The costs per 1 MW ranged from EUR
1.3 million/MW to EUR 2 million/MW, whereas the
weighted average of expenditure value per 1 MW of
installed capacity amounted to EUR 1.5 million.
For the time being, the average internal rate of return
(IRR) could reach 12%, and depends signifcantly on
factors like foreign exchange fuctuations, fnancing
risks and local legislation changes regarding green
certifcates.
The future wind farm productivity will be affected
not only by such factors as the right choice of location
as characterised by appropriate wind power density,
and access to infrastructure, but also by the optimal
selection of turbines, their elevation on the mast and
effcient maintenance. In Romania, the average period
of return on equity (ROE) is about 13 years. However,
periods of return on investment may differ signifcantly,
depending on the scale of the project, the applied
technology, project location and other factors.
It should be noted that the project lifespan (which
on average is 20 years) and costs pertaining to the
modernisation or liquidation of the power plant at the
end of the operating period also need to be taken into
consideration when analysing investment proftability.
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Potrivit Ageniei Federale de Mediu din Austria
(Ministerul Mediului) consumul naional brut de
energie din Austria a crescut cu 39% fa de anul 1990,
ajungnd pn la 1458 PJ n 2010. Principalul motiv
care st la baza creterii consumului de energie n
aceast perioad este nivelul mai ridicat al cererii fnale
de energie, n special n sectoarele de transport (+76%),
producie (+47%), uz casnic (+18%) i servicii publice
i private (+66%). 71% din consumul naional brut de
energie este acoperit de combustibilii fosili: petrolul i
produsele petroliere dein o pondere de 38% , n timp
ce gazele naturale si cele pe baz de crbune reprezint
24%, respectiv 10%. Din 2001 volumul de energie
electric importat n scopul satisfacerii consumului
intern a depit n Austria volumul de energie electric
exportat. n consecin, creterea ponderii n sectorul
energiei regenerabile nu impacteaz favorabil doar
mediul nconjurator, ci contribuie, de asemenea, la
producia de energie naional n Austria i, n plus,
diminueaz dependena Austriei n raport cu preurile
de pe piaa mondial a combustibililor fosili precum i
fa de importurile de energie electric, n general.
Potrivit ultimului raport emis de Agenia Federal de
Mediu din Austria, ponderea energiei regenerabile a
crescut continuu, pentru a ajunge la 31% din consumul
fnal brut de energie n 2010. n conformitate cu
Directiva UE 2009/28/EC privind promovarea utilizrii
energiei din surse regenerabile, Austria i-a propus s
ating obiectivul de 34% pn n anul 2020. Ca parte
a Pachetului de Energie i Climat European (care a fost
aprobat de catre Parlamentul i Consiliul European
n decembrie 2008 i a devenit lege n iunie 2009),
Austria s-a angajat, de asemenea, s reduc emisiile
din gazele cu efect de ser, care nu fac obiectul schemei
de comercializare a certifcatelor privind emisii de
gaze cu efect de ser, cu cel puin 16% precum i s-i
mbunteasc efciena energetic cu 20%. Pentru
atingerea obiectivelor stabilite de Pachetul de Energie i
Climat European, Austria a elaborat o strategie intern
privind energia. Unul dintre obiectivele principale ale
acestei strategii este stabilizarea consumului de energie
fnal bazat pe nivelurile din 2005.
According to the Austrian Federal Environment
Agency (Bundesumweltamt) the gross national
consumption of energy in Austria has increased
by 39% since 1990 to reach 1,458 PJ in 2010.
The main reason for the increase in energy
consumption in this period is the higher level
of final demand for energy, especially in the
sectors of transport (+76%), production (+47%),
household (+18%) and public and private
services (+66%). 71% of the total gross national
consumption of energy is met by fossil fuels: oil
and oil products accounted for a share of 38%,
while gas and coal accounted for 24% and 10%,
respectively. Since 2001 the volume of imported
electricity used to meet domestic consumption
has exceeded the volume of exported electricity in
Austria. Accordingly, the increase in the share of
renewable energy not only has an environmental
impact it also increases national energy
production in Austria and, moreover, reduces
Austrias dependence on world market prices for
fossil fuels and imports of electricity in general.
According to the latest environmental report issued by
the Austrian Federal Environment Agency, the share
of renewable energy in Austria grew continuously
to reach 31% of gross fnal energy consumption in
2010. According to EU Directive 2009/28/EC on the
promotion of the use of energy from renewable sources,
Austria has committed to reach the target of 34% by
the year 2020. As part of the European Climate and
Energy Package (which was agreed by the European
Parliament and Council in December 2008 and became
law in June 2009), Austria has also committed to
reducing its greenhouse gas emissions not subject to
emissions trading by at least 16% as well as improving
energy effciency by 20%. To achieve the objectives
of the European Climate and Energy Package, Austria
established a domestic Energy Strategy. One of the main
goals of the Strategy is the stabilisation of fnal energy
consumption based on 2005 levels.
Commercial Counselor, Austrian Embassy in Bucharest
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Austria are o vast experien n planifcarea,
construirea i utilizarea instalaiilor de energie
regenerabil. n special, n utilizarea sistemelor
termice solare, utilizarea biomasei ca i combustibil i
contractarea energiei ca instrument de fnanare, toate
reprezentnd exemple de transfer de cunotine la
nivel instituional n cadrul parteneriatului de energie
ntre Austria i Romnia. Pe baza acestor principii,
Austria poate demonstra c o cooperare ntre sectorul
public i cel privat, sub forma modelelor PPP, ar putea
servi ca baz pentru o industrie energetic efcient
n care considerentele de mediu, de securitate a
aprovizionarii i de protecie att a consumatorului ct
i a producatorului de energie sunt toate compatibile.
Companiile austriece de energie au fost primele care
au investit n domeniul energiei regenerabile din
Romnia. Investitorii austrieci au creat primele centrale
termice pe baz de biomas din Romnia, n special
n contextul fabricilor din industria de prelucrare a
lemnului. Companiile austriece au fost de asemenea
primele care s-au implicat n industria eolian din
Romnia, construind primele mari centrale eoliene
n Dobrogea, n zona Mrii Negre. La mijlocul anului
2012, investitorii austrieci creaser mai mult de 100
MW de capacitate eolian operaional n Romnia.
nsa, investitorii trebuie s i asume riscuri mari, o
planifcare pe termen lung find extrem de difcil din
cauza cadrului legal instabil din Romnia. n concluzie,
achiziionarea contractelor de racordare la reeaua
de energie pentru noi proiecte n sectorul energiei
regenerabile devine din ce n ce mai problematic
deoarece reeaua naional de transmisie a energiei ii
atinge treptat capacitatea.
Austria has extensive experience in the planning,
construction and operation of renewable energy
plants. In particular, the use of thermal solar
systems, the use of biomass as a fuel and energy
contracting as a fnancing tool are all examples of
knowledge transfer on an institutional level within
the framework of the Energy Partnership between
Austria and Romania. Based on these principles,
Austria is able to help demonstrate that cooperation
between the public and the private sector, also in
the form of PPP models, could serve as the basis for
an effcient energy industry in which environmental
considerations, security of supply and consumer and
energy producer protection are all compatible.
Austrian Energy Companies count as pioneers in
the feld of renewable energy in Romania. Austrian
investors have established the frst biomass plants in
Romania, especially in terms of factories in the wood
processing industry. Austrian companies were also the
frst to become involved in the Romanian wind industry,
building the frst large wind plants in the Dobrogea
region in the Black Sea area. As of mid 2012, Austrian
investors have been responsible for more than 100 MW
of operational wind farm capacity in Romania. However,
investors must take great risks, with long term planning
being extremely diffcult owing to the unstable legal
framework in Romania. In conclusion, procuring
contracts for energy grid access for new projects in
the renewable energy sector is becoming increasingly
problematic as the national power transmission
network in Romania reaches its capacity.
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Alte surse de energie regenerabil / Other renewable energy sources
90
Alte surse de energie
regenerabil
Energia din surse regenerabile este energia obinut
din resurse naturale, care se rentregesc n mod natural.
Fr a reprezenta o list exhaustiv, acestea se refer
la: vnt, ploaie, maree, surse geotermale. Avnd n
vedere avantajele reprezentate de aceste energii din
surse regenerabile (E-SRE) i anume poluare mai redus,
utilizarea de ctre milioane de gospodrii, rspndirea
geografc mare comparativ cu surse tradiionale
de energie, schimbrile climatice, creterea preului
oelului, criza fnanciar global, guvernele au adoptat
reglementri i politici n scopul susinerii acestei industrii.
Conform Raportului Anual de Activitate al IHA
(Asociaia Internaional de Hidroenergie), proiectele
E-SRE n derulare n luna martie 2012 aveau
urmtoarele ponderi:
Energie hidro
Hydropower
40%
39%
5%
16%
Energie eolian
Wind energy
Biomas
Biomass
Energie solar
Solar energy
Acest capitol este dedicat E-SRE, excluznd energia
eolian:
energia solar, provenit din radiaia solar,
din care se obine energia electric pe baza
technologiei fotovoltaice sau energie termal
prin metode de conversie termo-solar;
energia hidro este energia produs n centrale cu
o capacitate instalat de cel mult 10 MW ("micro
hidro energie"), i hidrocentrale cu o capacitate
instalat de peste 10 MW ("hidro energie" mare);
biomasa reprezint fraciunea biodegradabil
a produselor, deeurilor i reziduurilor
agricultur, silvicultur sau industrii conexe,
inclusiv substane vegetale i animale, dar
i deeuri industriale i municipale;
energia geotermal este energia stocat sub
form de cldur sub stratul solid al suprafeei
terestre, exploatat n condiii de efcien.
Other renewable energy
sources
Renewable energy is energy derived from natural
resources, which are naturally replenished. Without
limitation, these natural resources refer to: sunlight,
wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat. Considering the
advantages brought by these E-RES in terms of lower
polluting effects and use by million households, wide
geographical dispersion as compared to traditional
energy, and the climate change concerns, increasing oil
prices, the global fnancial crisis, many governments
adopted regulations and policies aimed to help the
industry weather.
According to the Annual Activity Report issued by IHA
(International Hydropower Association), the E-RES
projects in progress in March 2012 had the following
weights:
This chapter addresses the other E-RES, excluding wind
energy, such as:
solar energy, coming from solar radiation, out
of which electric energy is obtained based on
photovoltaic technology or thermal energy
by thermo-solar conversion methods;
hydro energy is the energy produced by hydro
power with an installed capacity of 10 MW
or less ("small hydro energy" category), and
hydro power with an installed capacity above
10 MW ("big hydro energy " category);
biomass represents the biodegradable
fraction of products, wastes from agriculture,
forestry or interfacing industrial sectors,
including vegetable and animal stuff,
and industrial and urban waste too;
geothermal energy results out of the energy
stored in underground hydrogeothermal deposits
and layers, exploited in an effcient manner.
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n contextul aderrii Romniei la Uniunea European au
fost adoptate hotrri pentru ncurajarea exploatrii E-SRE
interne n scopul reducerii importurilor i mbuntirii
siguranei alimentrii cu energie n condiiile respectrii
normelor de protecie a mediului. Strategia de valorifcare
a surselor regenerabile de energie adoptat prin HG
1535/2003 defnete tipurile de surse i prezint
potenialul energetic al E-SRE din Romnia:
Cadrul legislativ naional aplicabil altor E-SRE este
acelai ca i pentru energia eolian i anume Legea 220.
Validitatea unui CV este tot de 16 luni. Acest act normativ
stabilete intele naionale privind ponderea energiei
electrice produs din E-SRE n consumul fnal brut de
electricitate pentru anii 2010, 2015 i 2020: 33%, 35%
i respectiv 38%, inclusiv energie electric obinut n
hidrocentrale avnd capaciti instalate care depaesc
10MW. Cotele anuale obligatorii de E-SRE care benefciaz
de sistemul de promovare prin certifcate verzi pentru
perioada 2010 - 2020 sunt prezentate n tabelul urmtor:
In the context of the accession of Romania to EU,
decisions have been taken to encourage the exploitation
of internal E-RES in order to reduce imports and
improving security of energy supply in compliance
with environmental rules. The strategy to exploit E-RES
adopted through GD 1535/2003 defnes the types of
energy sources and the potential of RES in Romania:
The legislation applicable to other E-RES is the same as
for the wind energy, namely Law 220. The validity of the
GCs is 16 months too. This law sets national targets for
the share of electricity produced from E-RES in the gross
fnal consumption of electricity for the years 2010, 2015
and 2020 are 33%, 35% and 38%, respectively, including
electricity produced in hydropower plants with installed
capacity of more than 10MW. The mandatory national
quotas of E-RES benefting from the support scheme
through GCs for the period between 2010 and 2020 are
presented in the table below:
Sursa regenerabil de energie
Potenialul
energetic
anual
Echivalent
economic energie
(mii tep)
Aplicaie
Renewable energy source
Annual
energy
potential
Energy economic
equivalent
Application
Energie solar / Solar energy:
termic / thermal 60x10^6 GJ 1433 Energie termic / Thermal energy
fotovoltaic / photovoltaic 1200 GWh 103 Energie electric / Electricity
Energie eolian / Wind energy 23000 GWh 1978 Energie electric / Electricity
Energie hidro, din care / Hydro energy, out of which: 40000 GWh 3440 Energie electric / Electricity
sub / under 10 MW 6000 GWh 516 Energie electric / Electricity
Biomas / Biomass 318x10^6 GJ 7597 Energie termic / Thermal energy
Energie geotermal / Geothermal energy 7x10^6 GJ 167 Energie termic / Thermal energy
An/Year 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020
Cota/Quota 8,30% 10,00% 12,00% 14,00% 15,00% 16,00% 17,00% 18,00% 19,00% 19,50% 20,00%
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Sursa: Legea 220 / Source: Law 220
1
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Autoriti Publice
Locale
Local Authorities
1 Certifcat Urbanism
City Planning
Certifcate
2.1 Aviz amplasament /
Site approval
2.2 Studiu de soluie /
Feasibility study
2.3 Aviz tehnic de
racordare / Technical
connection permit
6.1 ncheiere contract
racordare / Connection
Agreement
6.2 Punere sub
tensiune capaciti de
producie / Power-up
the production line
7. Autorizaie de mediu
/ Environmental permit
8. Licen producer /
Operational licence
5 Autorizaie de
construire / Building
permit
3. Acord mediu
/ Environmental
approval
4. Autorizaie de
nfinare / Setting-up
authorization
Operatorii de reea
Network Operators
Autoriti de protecie
a mediului
Environmental
Authorities
ANRE
92
Etapele realizrii si punerii n funciune a unei capaciti
de producere utiliznd E-SRE conform Planului Naional de
Aciune n Domeniul Energiei din Resurse Regenerabile
15

(PNAER) sunt urmtoarele:
Acelai act normativ stabilete perioada de aplicare a
sistemului de promovare a energiei electrice produse
din E-SRE, inclusiv pentru energia electric produs
pe perioada de prob, n baza deciziei de acreditare
emise de ANRE, dac punerile n funciune, respectiv
retehnologizrile se realizeaz pn la sfritul anului
2016, astfel:
15 ani, pentru energia electric produs n grupuri
sau centrale electrice noi, din energie hidraulic
utilizat n centralele cu o putere instalat
de cel mult 10 MW, energie eolian, energie
solar, energie geotermal, biomas, biolichide,
biogaz i din gaz de fermentare a deeurilor;
10 ani, pentru energia electric produs n
grupuri din centrale hidroelectrice cu putere
instalat de cel mult 10 MW, retehnologizate;
3 ani, pentru energia electric produs n
grupuri din centrale hidroelectrice cu putere
instalat de cel mult 10 MW, retehnologizate.
15 Legea 220/2008 defnete Planul naional de aciune planul prin
care se stabilesc intele naionale privind ponderea energiei din surse
regenerabile consumat n transporturi, energie electric, nclzire i
rcire n anul 2020, innd seama de efectele msurilor altor politici
privind efciena energetic asupra consumului fnal de energie i msurile
care trebuie adoptate pentru atingerea respectivelor obiective naionale
globale.
The phases of a production facility using RES according
to the National Renewable Energy Action Plan (Planul
Naional de Aciune n Domeniul Energiei din Surse
Regenerabile
15
- PNAER) are as follows:
Law 220 also sets the duration while the support
scheme shall apply, including trial periods, upon
accreditation by ANRE, provided that RES technologies
are commissioned, respectively the refurbishments are
made by the end of 2016, as follows:
15 years, for E-RES out of wind, solar, geothermal
energy, biomass, bioliquids biogas, gas
from waste, hydro energy produced in units
with installed power of 10 MW or less;
10 years, for E-RES produced in hydro
power units with installed capacity
of 10 MW or less, refurbished;
3 years, for E-RES produced in hydro
power units with installed capacity of
10 MW or less, not refurbished.
15 Law nr.220 defnes the National Renewable Energy Action Plan
(Planul naional de aciune) plan through which the national targets are
set regarding the share of E-RES used in transportations, electric power,
heating and cooling in 2020, taking into account the effects of other poli-
cies regarding the energetic effciency on fnal energy consumption and
measures that must be adopted to fullfl the respective global national
objectives.
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Totodata Legea 220 prevede c acest sistem de promovare
nu se aplic pentru:
energia electric produs din combustibil care
provine din biomas, deeuri industriale i/sau
municipale achiziionate din import, indiferent
de puterea instalat a centralei electrice;
energia electric produs n centrale cu acumulare prin
pompaj din ap pompat anterior n bazinul superior;
energia electric produs n centrale electrice care
utilizeaz surse regenerabile i convenionale de
energie n aceeai instalaie de ardere dac coninutul
energetic al combustibilului convenional utilizat
depete 10% din coninutul energetic total;
energia electric aferent consumului
propriu tehnologic al centralei.
Numrul de CV pentru 1 MWh produs, precum i nivelul de
rentabilitate prevzute de Legea 220 sunt prezentate, pe
fecare categorie de E-SRE n tabelul urmtor:
Further, Law 220 stipulates that this support scheme
does not apply for:
electricity out of fuel out of biomass, imported
industrial and/or urban waste, regardless
the installed power of that plant;
electricity produced in power plants by pumping
water priorly pumped in the upper basin;
electricity produced in power plants using
renewable or conventional energy sources
in the same combustion installation if the
energy substance of the conventional fuel used
exceeds 10% of the total energy content;
electricity for the own consumption.
The number of GCs for 1 MWh produced, as well as the
level of proftability stipulated by Law 220 are presented
for each E-RES category in the table below:
SRE Numar CV / RIR (%) Supracompensare (%)
RES GC number IRR (%) Overcompensation level (%)
Hidraulic / Hydraulic (cu
o capacitate instalat de
cel mult 10MW / with an
installed capacity of 10 MW
or less)
3, pentru centrale noi
puse n funciune dup 1
ianuarie 2004 / for new
plants commissioned
after 1 January 2004;
2, pentru centrale
retehnologizate / for
refurbished plants:
0,5, pentru centrale
puse n funciune
nainte de 1 ianuarie
2004 / commissioned
before 1 January 2004
10.2, pentru centrale noi
/ 10,2 for new plants;
10,3, pentru centrale
retehnologizate / for
refurbished plants
17.7, altele / 17,7 other
11.22, pentru centrale noi
/ 11,22 for new plants;
11.33, pentru centrale
retehnologizate / 11,33
for refurbished plants;
Eolian / Wind 2, pn n / until 2017;
1, dup / after 2017
noi / 10,9 new plants;
noi / 11,99 new plants;
10.109, altele /
10,109 other
Solar / Solar 6 11.5 / 11,5 12.65 / 12,65
Geotermal / Geothermal 2 no indication no indication
Biomas / Biomass 2 -11.8 / 11,8 12.98 / 12,98
Biolichide / Bioliquids 2 no indication no indication
Biogay / Biogas 2 no indication no indication
Gaz de fermentare a
deeurilor / Gas from waste
1 no indication no indication
Gaz de fermentare a
nmolurilor din instalaiile de
epurare a apelor uzate / Gas
from waste water treatment
1 -11.8 / 11,8 12.98 / 12,98
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Cota estimat de achiziie de CV stabilit pentru anul
2012, recalculat de ctre ANRE dup trimestrul I al
anului 2012 este de 0,126 CV/MWh, corespunztor
unui consum fnal estimat la 47.500 GWh (n ipoteza
unei creteri de 1,5% fa de valoarea consumului
fnal de energie electric realizat n 2011). Numrul
prognozat de CV a f emise n 2012 este de 6.000.000.
Conform prevederilor HG 750, capacitile noi de E-SRE
care urmeaz s fe puse n funciune n perioada
2011 - 2015, cu o capacitate total instalat de 798
MW pentru energia electric i respectiv 3.527,8 mii
tep (energie termic). E-RES n 2011 a reprezentat doar
2,5% din consumul fnal brut de energie electric, sub
nivelul de 10% valoare stabilit legal pentru acest an.
Capacitatea electric instalat n unitile de producie
E-SRE n 2011 a fost de 597,6 MW. La sfritul anului
2011, capacitatea electric cumulate instalat n
unitile de producie E-SRE a fost de 1.134,302 MW,
astfel:
Conform Raportului de Monitorizare a sistemului de
promovare a E-SRE n anul 2011, ntocmit de ANRE n
iunie 2012, din totalul de 90 de productori de E-SRE
titulari de licen, 82 au benefciat de sistemul de
promovare prin CV, astfel: 42 utilizeaz energie eolian,
32 utilizeaz energie hidro, 4 utilizeaz biomasa i 4
utilizeaz energie fotovoltaic. Totodat, producia
de E-SRE n 2011 a fost de 16.142 MWh, reprezentnd
31,72% din consumul brut de energie electric, din care
1.509 MWh au benefciat de sistemul de promovare
prin CV. Tabelul urmtor prezint evoluia gradului de
realizare al intei naionale de E-RES n consumul brut
de energie electric:
The 2012 GC quota to be acquired that has been
revised by ANRE after the frst quarter of 2012 and is
of 0.126 GC/MWh, corresponding to an estimated fnal
consumption of 47,500 GWh (an increase of 1.5% has
been considered as compared to the 2011 fnal E-RES
consumption). The forecasted number of GCs to be
issued in 2012 is of 6,000,000.
As per the provisions of GD 750, new E-RES production
facilities are to be commissioned in the period 2011
through 2015, with a total installed capacity of 798 MW
for the electricity and 3,527.8 tep thousand (heating
power plants), respectively. The 2011 E-RES represented
only 2.5% in the fnal gross energy consumption,
below the 10% level set for this year. The installed
E-RES capacity in 2011 was of 597.6 MW. By the end of
2011, the total E-RES installed capacity amounted to
1,134.302 MW, as follows:
According to the Monitoring Report of E-RES for the year
2011, issued by ANRE in June 2012, out of the 90 E-RES
producers, 82 benefted from GCs support scheme,
as follows: 42 used wind, 32 hydro, 4 biomass and 4
photovoltaic energy. Further, the 2011 E-RES production
was of 16,142 MWh, representing 31.72% of the gross
consumption and of which 1,509 MWh benefted from
the GCs support scheme. The table below presents
the share of E-RES in the fnal gross consumption as
compared to the national targets:
60%
38%
2%
Energie hidro
Hydropower
Energie eolian
Wind energy
Biomas
Biomass
Energie solar
Solar energy
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0%
0%
5%
5%
45%
10%
10%
50%
15%
15%
55%
20%
20%
60%
25%
25%
65%
85%
30%
30%
70%
90%
35%
35%
75%
95%
40%
40%
80%
100%
2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
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3
2
4
5
3
5
,
8
%
3
1
,
6
%
2
7
,
3
%
2
8
,
3
%
2
8
,
2
%
3
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,
8
%
3
1
,
7
%
86,6%
84,8% 85,5% 86,2% 85,5%
93,39%
94,97%
95
La sfritul lunii mai 2012, situaia avizelor i a
contractelor de racordare era urmtoarea:
ponderea E-SRE n consumul brut de energie electric (%)
E-RES share in gross electricitz consumption (%)
gradul de ndeplinire al intei naionale propuse pentru anul 2010, respectiv 2011
achievement rate of national target proposed for years 2010 and 2011
Sursa Aviz tehnic de racordare Contract de racordare
Source Technical connection permits (MW) Connection agreements (MW)
Eolian / Wind 8923 12072
Fotovoltaic / Photovoltaic 471 335
Micro-hidro / Micro hydro 252 157
Biogaz / Biogas 18 3.6
Biomasa / Biomass 53 29
By the end of May 2012, the total capacity approved
under technical connection permits and connection
agreements was as follows:
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Biomasa / Biomass 53 29

Sursa: Transelectrica SA

ENERGIA SOLAR
Energia solar este energia provenit de la soare sub forma radiaiei solare. Generarea energiei electrice
solare se bazeaz pe metode fotovoltaice i termo solare. Technologiile corespunztoare sunt n linii mari
caracterizate ca activ sau pasiv utilizatoare de energie solar, funcie de modul de captare, conversie i
distribuie a energiei solare. Technicile activ solare includ folosirea panourilor fotovoltaice i a captatorilor solar
termali pentru exploatarea energiei. Technicile pasiv solare includ orientarea unei cldiri ctre soare,
selectarea materialelor cu potenial termal favorabil sau proprietile de dispersie ale luminii i desemnarea
ariilor care circul aerul n mod natural.
Conform datelor EUROSTAT pentru 2010, energia solar n rile UE a fost urmtoarea:
Solar energy 2010 (toe)
0
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1.400
1.600
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Sursa: EUROSTAT

Conform studiului ntocmit de ICEMENERG, n privina radiaiei solare, ecartul lunar al valorilor de pe teritoriul
Romniei atinge valori maxime n luna iunie (1.49 kWh/m2/zi) i valori minime n luna februarie (0.34/kWh
m2/zi). Conform aceleiai surse, avnd n vedere distribuia fluxurilor medii anuale ale energiei solare
incidente pe suprafaa orizontal pe teritoriul Romniei, au fost identificate cinci zone. Cel mai ridicat potenial
acoper Dobrogea i o mare parte din Cmpia Romn, unde intensitatea radiaiei solare depete 1350
kWh/m2/an), urmat de nordul Cmpiei Romne, Podiul Getic, Subcarpaii Olteniei i Munteniei i o bun
parte din Lunca Dunrii, sudul i centrul Podiului Moldovenesc, Cmpia i Dealurile Vestice i vestul
Podiului Transilvaniei, unde intensitatea radiaiei solare se situeaz ntre 1.300 and 1.400 MJ/m2. n general,
mai mult de 50% din teritoriul Romniei beneficiaz de un flux de energie mediu anual de 1.275 kWh/ m2.
96
1. Energia solar
Energia solar este energia provenit de la soare sub
forma radiaiei solare. Generarea energiei electrice
solare se bazeaz pe metode fotovoltaice i termo
solare. Technologiile corespunztoare sunt n linii
mari caracterizate ca activ sau pasiv utilizatoare de
energie solar, funcie de modul de captare, conversie
i distribuie a energiei solare. Technicile activ solare
includ folosirea panourilor fotovoltaice i a captatorilor
solar termali pentru exploatarea energiei. Technicile
pasiv solare includ orientarea unei cldiri ctre soare,
selectarea materialelor cu potenial termal favorabil
sau proprietile de dispersie ale luminii i desemnarea
ariilor care circul aerul n mod natural.
Conform datelor EUROSTAT pentru 2010, energia solar
n rile UE a fost urmtoarea:
1. Solar energy
Solar energy is the energy derived from the sun
through the form of solar radiation. Solar powered
electrical generation relies on photovoltaics and heat
engines. Solar technologies are broadly characterized
as either passive solar or active solar depending on
the way they capture, convert and distribute solar
energy. Active solar techniques include the use of
photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to
harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include
orienting a building to the sun, selecting materials
with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing
properties, and designing spaces that naturally
circulate air.
As per the EUROSTAT data for 2010, the energy derived
from solar sources by the EU countries was as follows:
Conform studiului ntocmit de ICEMENERG, n
privina radiaiei solare, ecartul lunar al valorilor de pe
teritoriul Romniei atinge valori maxime n luna iunie
(1.49 kWh/m2/zi) i valori minime n luna februarie
(0.34/kWh m2/zi). Conform aceleiai surse, avnd n
vedere distribuia fuxurilor medii anuale ale energiei
solare incidente pe suprafaa orizontal pe teritoriul
Romniei, au fost identifcate cinci zone. Cel mai ridicat
potenial acoper Dobrogea i o mare parte din Cmpia
Romn, unde intensitatea radiaiei solare depete
1350 kWh/m2/an), urmat de nordul Cmpiei Romne,
Podiul Getic, Subcarpaii Olteniei i Munteniei i o
bun parte din Lunca Dunrii, sudul i centrul Podiului
Moldovenesc, Cmpia i Dealurile Vestice i vestul
Podiului Transilvaniei, unde intensitatea radiaiei
solare se situeaz ntre 1.300 and 1.400 MJ/m2. n
general, mai mult de 50% din teritoriul Romniei
benefciaz de un fux de energie mediu anual de 1.275
kWh/ m2.
According to the study made by ICEMENERG, the
current RES regarding solar radiation, the monthly
gap in Romania is maximum in June (1,49 kWh/sqm/
day) and minimum in February (0,34 kWh/sqm/day).
As per the same source, considering the distribution
of the annual average solar fuxes on the Romanian
territory, fve areas have been identifed. Of utmost
interest for the solar energy is the area of Dobrogea
and the majority part of Romanian Plane, where the
solar radiation intensity exceeds 1350 kWh/sqm/year),
followed by the northern part of the Romanian Plane,
Piedmont Plateau (Podiul Getic), Subcarpathians in
Oltenia and Muntenia regions, the majority part of the
Danube meadow, southern and central parts of the
Moldavian Plateau, western plane and hills and western
part of the Transylvanian Plateau, where the solar
radiation intensity is in between 1,300 and 1,400 MJ/
sqm. Overall, more than 50% of the Romanian territory
benefts from an annual average solar energy of 1,275
kWh/sqm.
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ENERGIA GEOTERMAL

Studiile geotermale prin msurtori ale temperaturii au permis elaborarea de hri geotermice pentru pentru
ntregul teritoriu al Romniei, evideniind distribuia temperaturii la adncimi de 1, 2, 3 i 5 km, conform
studiului ICEMENERG. Aceeai surs indic drept zone favorabile pentru concentrarea resurselor geotermale
suprafeelele circumscrise de 60 - 120 grade C (pentru exploatarea apelor geotermale n vederea producerii
de energie termic) i suprafee n care temperatura la 3 km adncime depete 140 grade C (zone
poteniale pentru exploatarea energiei geotermice n vederea producerii de energie electric).

Conform ICEMENERG, zonele unde apele geotermale subterane sunt utilizate n scopul nclzirii (cu o
temperatur la emergen de 60 - 120 grade Celsius) sunt n marea lor majoritate localizate n nord-vestul rii.

ENERGIA HIDRO
Conform datelor EUROSTAT pentru 2010, energia hidro n rile UE a fost urmtoarea:

Hydro power 2010 (toe)
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2.000
3.000
4.000
5.000
6.000
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Sursa: EUROSTAT
Energia hidro reprezint sursa cea mai important de energie regenerabil din Romnia (n conformitate cu
cerinele UE). Conform Studiului privind evaluarea potenialului energetic actual al surselor regenerabile de
energie n Romania realizat de ICEMENERG, rurile cu cel mai mare potenial microhidroenergetic ale
Romniei sunt Olt, Mure i Tisa-Some.
BIOMASA
Biomasa reprezint o resurs regenerabil de energie care provine de la soare i din deeuri urbane,
substane materiale i deeuri animale. Biomasa se poate regenera ntr-o perioad relativ scurt de timp.
Principalele metode de folosire a plantelor pentru obinerea energiei sunt: cultivarea plantelor pentru uzul
specific energetic i utilizarea deeurilor din plante care sunt folosite n alte scopuri.
Conform datelor EUROSTAT pentru 2010, biomasa n rile UE a fost urmtoarea:
97
Energia hidro reprezint sursa cea mai important de
energie regenerabil din Romnia (n conformitate cu
cerinele UE). Conform Studiului privind evaluarea
potenialului energetic actual al surselor regenerabile
de energie n Romania realizat de ICEMENERG, rurile
cu cel mai mare potenial microhidroenergetic ale
Romniei sunt Olt, Mure i Tisa-Some.
2. Energia geotermal
Studiile geotermale prin msurtori ale temperaturii au
permis elaborarea de hri geotermice pentru pentru
ntregul teritoriu al Romniei, evideniind distribuia
temperaturii la adncimi de 1, 2, 3 i 5 km, conform
studiului ICEMENERG. Aceeai surs indic drept zone
favorabile pentru concentrarea resurselor geotermale
suprafeelele circumscrise de 60 - 120 grade C (pentru
exploatarea apelor geotermale n vederea producerii de
energie termic) i suprafee n care temperatura la 3
km adncime depete 140 grade C (zone poteniale
pentru exploatarea energiei geotermice n vederea
producerii de energie electric).
Conform ICEMENERG, zonele unde apele geotermale
subterane sunt utilizate n scopul nclzirii (cu o
temperatur la emergen de 60 - 120 grade Celsius) sunt
n marea lor majoritate localizate n nord-vestul rii.
3. Energia hidro
Conform datelor EUROSTAT pentru 2010, energia hidro
n rile UE a fost urmtoarea:
Hydro energy represents the most signifcant E-RES in
Romania (as per the UE requirements). According to the
study performed by ICENEMERG, the greatest micro
hydro energy potential is represented by the rivers Olt,
Mure and Tisa- Some.
2. Geothermal energy
The geothermal studies by measuring the temperature
enabled the drafting of geothermal maps for Romania,
marking out the distribution of the temperature
at deeps of 1, 2, 3 and 5 km, according to a study
performed by ICEMENERG. Further, the same source
indicates as advantageous zones where geothermal
resources are concentrated in described areas of 60 to
120 Celsius degrees (for exploiting geothermal waters
for producing thermal energy) and areas in which the
temperature at 3 km deep exceeds 140 Celsius degrees
(potential areas for exploiting geothermal energy in
view of producing electricity).
As per ICEMENERG, the zones where the underground
geothermal waters are used for heating purposes (with a
temperature at emergence of 60 to 120 Celsius degrees) are
mostly located in the north-western part of the country.
3. Hydro energy
As per the EUROSTAT data for 2010, the hydro energy by
the EU countries was as follows:
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Biomass and renewable wastes 2010
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Sursa: EUROSTAT
Biomasa constituie pentru Romnia, o surs regenerabil de energie, promitoare, att din punct de vedere al
potenialului, ct i din punct de vedere al posibilitilor de utilizare. Conform Ministerului al Agriculturii si
Dezvoltrii Rurale, Romnia are un potenial agricol foarte bun, deorece se cultiv pe scar larg materiile
prime folosite n producia de biogaze i biolichide (floarea soarelui, rapi, soia, porumb, sfecl de zahr si
sorg zaharat, salcie energetic, Miscanthus, Cynara). Conform aceleiai surse, ara noastr are un potenial
extraordinar de biomas (n jur de 7,6 million tep/an, aproximativ 318 PJ):

Sursa: INCDA Fundulea
98
4. Biomasa
Biomasa reprezint o resurs regenerabil de energie
care provine de la soare i din deeuri urbane,
substane materiale i deeuri animale. Biomasa se
poate regenera ntr-o perioad relativ scurt de timp.
Principalele metode de folosire a plantelor pentru
obinerea energiei sunt: cultivarea plantelor pentru
uzul specifc energetic i utilizarea deeurilor din plante
care sunt folosite n alte scopuri.
Conform datelor EUROSTAT pentru 2010, biomasa n
rile UE a fost urmtoarea:
Biomasa constituie pentru Romnia, o surs
regenerabil de energie, promitoare, att din punct
de vedere al potenialului, ct i din punct de vedere
al posibilitilor de utilizare. Conform Ministerului
al Agriculturii si Dezvoltrii Rurale, Romnia are un
potenial agricol foarte bun, deorece se cultiv pe scar
larg materiile prime folosite n producia de biogaze i
biolichide (foarea soarelui, rapi, soia, porumb, sfecl
de zahr si sorg zaharat, salcie energetic, Miscanthus,
Cynara). Conform aceleiai surse, ara noastr are un
potenial extraordinar de biomas (n jur de 7,6 million
tep/an, aproximativ 318 PJ):
4. Biomass
Biomass is a renewable energy source derived from the
sun and urban waste, plant material and animal waste.
Biomass can re-grow over a relatively short period of
time. The main approaches to using plants for energy
production are: growing plants specifcally for energy
use; and using the residues from plants that are used for
other things.
As per the EUROSTAT data for 2010, the biomass energy
by the EU countries was as follows:
For Romania, biomass represents an important RES,
both in terms of potential and utilization possibilities.
As per the Romanian Ministry of Agriculture and Rural
Development, Romania has a signifcant agricultural
potential as raw materials used in the production of
biofuels and bioliquids are widely cultivated (sunfower,
rape, soya, corn, sugar cane or sorghum, energetic
willow, Miscanthus, Cynara). As per the same source,
Romania has a high biomass potential (around 7.6
million tep/year, which approximates 318 PJ):
63%
16%
8%
6'%
7%
deeuri agricole (cereale, resturi vegetale .a.)
agricultural waste (cereal, vegetable scraps etc.)
reziduuri din exploatri forestiere i lemn de foc
forestry waste and frewood
deeuri de lemn-rumegu i alte resturi de lemn
wood dust waste and other wood waste
deeuri i reziduuri menajere urbane
urban waste and household waste
reziduuri din fermele zootehnice
waste from livestock farms
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Lista Abrevierilor / List of Acronyms
Lista Abrevierilor
ATR Avizul Tehnic de Racordare
AEEE Asociaia European a Energiei Eoliene
AELS Asociaia European a Liberului Schimb
AREE Asociaia Romn pentru Energie Eolian
ANRE Autoritatea Naional de Reglementare n domeniul Energiei
BCR Banca Comercial Romn
BEI Banca European de Investiii
BERD Banca Romn de Reconstrucie i Dezvoltare
CAE Contracte de Achiziie a Energiei
CE Comisia European
CGEE Consiliul Global al Energiei Eoliene
CSP Energie Solar Concentrat
CV Certifcate verzi
EAFRD Fondul European Agricol pentru Dez voltare Rural
ECE Europa Central i de Est
EIA Evaluarea impactului asupra mediului
ERDF Fondul de Dezvoltare Regional European
E-SRE Energia din resurse regenerabile
EUR Euro
FACC Catalog de Clasifcare a Activelor Fixe
IFC Corporaia Financiar Internaional
IHA Asociaia Internaional de Hidroenergie
GW Gigawatt
HG Hotrre de Guvern
M - Metru
m/s Metri/secund
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt or
NCC Noul Cod Civil al Romniei
OCDE Organizaia pentru Cooperare i Dezvoltare Economic
ONG Asociaie Non-Guvernamental
OPCOM SA Operatorul pieei de energie electric din Romnia
OTS Transelectrica SA, operatorul de transport i de sistem
PIB Produsul Intern Brut
PIE Productorii Independeni de Energie
PNAER Planul Naional de Aciune n Domeniul Energiei din Surse Regenerabile
SAC Arii speciale de conservare
SCI Situri de importan Comunitar
pSCI Poteniale Situri de Importan Comunitar
SEA Evaluare Strategic de Mediu
SEE Spaiul Economic European
SPA Arii de Protecie Special Avifaunistice
PUD Plan Urbanistic de Detaliu
PUG Plan Urbanistic General
PUZ Plan Urbanistic Zonal
PZU Piaa pentru ziua urmtoare
RIR Rata intern de rentabilitate
ROE Rentabilitatea Capitalului Propriu
RON - Lei romneti
TVA Taxa pe valoarea adugat
TWh Tera-watt or
UCL Unicredit Leasing Corporation
UE Uniunea European
USD Dolari americani
ATR Technical Connection Permit
EWEA European Wind Energy Association
EFTA European Free Trade Association
RWEA Romanian Wind Energy Association
ANRE Romanian Energy Regulatory Authority
BCR Romanian Commercial Bank
EIB European Investment Bank
EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development
PPA Power Purchase Agreements
EC European Commission
RTC Romanian Tax Code
GWEC Global Wind Energy Council
CSP Concentrated Solar Power
GC Green certifcates
EAFRD the European Agricultural Fund for Rural Development
CEE Central and Eastern Europe
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
ERDF The European Regional Development Fund
E-RES Energy from renewable energy sources
EUR Euro
FACC Fixed Assets Classifcation Catalogue
IFC International Finance Corporation
IHA International Hydropower Association
GW Gigawatt
GD Governmental Decision
M - Meter
m/s Meters/second
MW Megawatt
MWh Megawatt hour
OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development
NGO Non-governmental Organization
OPCOM SA Romanian power market operator
TSO Transelectrica SA, transport and system operator
GDP Gross Domestic Product
IPP Independent Power Producers
NREAP National Renewable Energy Action Plan
SAC Special Area of Conservation
SCI Sites of Community Importance
pSCI Potential Areas of Signifcance for the Community
SEA Strategic Environmental Assessment
EEA European Economic Area
SPA Special Protection Areas
PUD Detailed Urban Plan
PUG General Urban Plan
PUZ Local Urban Plan
DAM Day-ahead market
IRR Internal Rate of Return
ROE Return on Equity
RON - Romanian Lei
VAT Value added tax
TWh - Tera-watt hour
UCL Unicredit Leasing Corporation
EU European Union
USD United States Dollars
List of Acronyms
TPA Horwath is an international consultancy, accounting
and audit frm. Our core services include accounting,
payroll, auditing, fnancial and tax consulting, legal
consulting, all of which are provided by a young and
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The Romanian office of TPA Horwath was set up to
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International, a worldwide association of legally
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consultants. This network has 150 members with over
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one of the Top Ten consultancy networks worldwide.
Asociaia Romn pentru Energie Eolian este o
organizaie non-guvernamental ce sprijin i
promoveaz dezvoltarea energiei eoliene. Scopul
su este acela de a crea condiii favorabile
pentru investiiile n domeniul energiei eoliene
din Romnia i pentru extinderea durabilitii
n ceea ce privete utilizarea energiei eoliene
ca surs regenerabil a electricitii. Bazele
Asociaiei au fost puse de un grup de persoane
interesate de implementarea tehnologiei
eoliene n Romnia i este una dintre cele mai
efciente organizaii cu putere de infuen
asupra conturrii unui cadru legislativ adecvat
pentru a permite dezvoltarea i exploatarea
surselor de energie regenerabil din Romnia,
n special a energiei eoliene. Printre cei 128
de membri ai Asociaiei, se numr companii
de top active pe piaa romneasc a energiei
eoliene: investitori, dezvoltatori, productori de
turbine i componente, att din Romnia ct i
din strintate.
TPA Horwath este o frm internaional de
consultan, contabilitate i audit. Serviciile oferite de
ctre o echip tnr i dinamic de 85 de consultani,
includ contabilitate, servicii privind resurse umane i
salarizare, audit fnanciar, consultan fscal i juridic.
TPA Horwath Romnia ofer o abordare integrat a
nevoilor investitorilor strini, specifc mediului de afaceri
din Romnia, pentru o mai bun calitate a consultanei,
dar i pentru o practic multidisciplinar de calitate, n
scopul optimizrii accesului investitorilor strini pe piaa
romneasc. TPA Horwath, cu sediul central la Viena, n
Austria, este un grup ce si desfoar activitatea de la
nivel local la nivel global. Cele 11 birouri regionale din
Austria sunt completate de 9 birouri naionale din rile
Europei Centrale i de Est: Bulgaria, Croaia, Republica
Ceh, Ungaria, Polonia, Serbia, Slovacia, Slovenia i
Romnia. Aceast reea regional a TPA Horwath,
asist clienii n planurile lor de dezvoltare i rspunde
cerinelor regionale i globale. Cu mai mult de 1.000 de
profesioniti n cele 10 ri, TPA Horwath este un lider al
consultanei n regiune.
TPA Horwath este membru al reelei Crowe Horwath
International, o asociere global de frme independente
de consultan fscal, audit i consultan n afaceri.
Asocierea cuprinde 150 de membri, 650 de birouri i n
jur de 28.000 de anagajai, clasndu-se printre cele mai
importante zece reele de consultan din lume.
Fondat n 1950 n Viena, Schoenherr a devenit una
dintre cele mai importante case de avocatur din
Austria i Europa Central i de Est i este una dintre
puinele case de avocatur din Europa care a dezvoltat
o reea de birouri n Europa Central i de Est. Astzi,
jumtate din cei 310 avocai ai Schoenherr lucreaz
n birourile din afara Austriei. Schoenherr a debutat
n Bucureti (actualmente Schoenherr i Asociaii
SCA) n 1996, find la acea vreme una dintre primele
case de avocatur care a implementat n Romnia
standarde calitative occidentale de consultan
juridic. De-a lungul anilor, Schoenherr i Asociaii SCA
a fost implicat n numeroase proiecte de anvergur
i a acordat asisten n probleme de natur juridic
din cele mai variate. Se impune a f menionate
achiziiile unor mari companii din industria grea sau
industria alimentar, precum i proiecte de anvergur
n domeniul consultanei juridice i al litigiilor n
dezvoltarea unor importante reele de staii de
distribuie de carburani ori de supermarketuri de ctre
corporaii multinaionale. Schoenherr este una din
primele 10 case de avocatur de afaceri din Romania
(conform cotidianului Ziarul Financiar, martie 2012).
Schoenherr was founded in 1950 in Vienna and has
grown to become a leading corporate law frm in Austria
and Central and Eastern Europe. Operating through
offces in Belgrade, Bratislava, Brussels, Bucharest,
Budapest, Kyiv, Ljubljana, Prague, Sofa, Vienna, Warsaw
and Zagreb (cooperation offce), Schoenherr is a truly
European frm. Today, about half of the frms 310
lawyers are based in offces outside Austria. In Romania,
Schoenherr started its operations in 1996, being at the
time among the frst law frms offering legal services
at Western quality standards. Throughout the years,
Schoenherr i Asociaii has been involved in projects of
the biggest magnitude and offered legal solutions to
problems of the most diverse types. The frm assisted
the acquisitions of important companies in the heavy
industry or food and beverage. Also, its team of lawyers
advised multinational corporations on the development
of supermarket chains or fuel distribution stations.
Today, Schoenherr is among the top 10 law frms in
Romania (according to the Romanian business daily
newspaper Ziarul Financiar, March 2012).
The Romanian Wind Energy Association is a non-
governmental organization supporting and promoting
wind power development. Its aim is to create favourable
conditions for investing in wind power in Romania and
for sustainable increase in use of wind energy as clean
source for generation of electricity. The Association
has been established by a group of people interested
in implementation of wind power technologies in
Romania. It is one of the most effective organizations
lobbying for creation of a suitable legal framework
allowing for development and operation of renewable
energy sources in Romania, in particular of wind power.
Among 128 members of the Association there are
leading companies active on the wind power market in
Romania: investors, developers, turbine and components
manufacturers, both from Romania and abroad.
Cristina Petrescu
Partner
cristina.petrescu@tpa-horwath.ro
Monica Cojocaru
Attorney at law
m.cojocaru@schoenherr.eu
Klaus Krammer
Partner
klaus.krammer@tpa-horwath.ro
Simona Chirica ph.d.
Attorney at law
s.chirica@schoenherr.eu
Claudia Stanciu-Stnciulescu
Partner
claudia.stanciu@tpa-horwath.ro
Anca Velicu
Attorney at law
a.velicu@schoenherr.eu
TPA Horwath

46 Grigore Cobalcescu street,
Sector 1, 010196 Bucharest
ROMANIA
Tel: +40 21 310 06 69
Fax: +40 21 310 06 68
E-Mail : info@tpa-horwath.ro
www.tpa-horwath.ro
schoenherr si asociatii sca /
schoenherr attorneys at law
30 Dacia Blvd.
Sector 1, 010413 Bucharest
ROMANIA
Tel: +40 21 319 67 90
Fax: +40 21 319 67 91
E-Mail : offce.romania@schoenherr.eu
www.schoenherr.eu

Horwath & Schonherr - 2012

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Horwath & Schonherr - 2012

Horwath & Schonherr - 2012