WAYS WITH WORDS

(curs practic de limba englez pentru nvmntul la distan)

Anul I











Autor: Asist. univ. drd. Daniela LINGURARU




















C U P R I N S

Introducere. Obiective

Partea I - Ways and Means
Lectia 1. Cuvnt si sunet. Transcrierea Ionetic
Lectia 2. Articolul
Lectia 3. Substantivul: gen, numr, caz
Lectia 4. Adjectivul si gradele de comparatie
Lectia 5. Adverbul
Lectia 6. Demonstrativele
Lectia 7. De la pronume la verb
Lectia 8. Retur: de la verb la pronume
Lectia 9. Pronumele si adjectivele posesive
Lectia 10. Pronumele reIlexive
Lectia 11. Pronumele reciproce
Lectia 12. Pronumele relative
Lectia 13. Pronumele nehotrte
Lectia. 14. Pronumele interogative
Recapitulare
Test autoevaluare

Partea a doua - Up and Down the Way
Lectia 15. Numeralul
Lectia 16. Prepozitia
Lectia 17. Prezentul simplu
Lectia 18. Prezentul simplu / prezentul continuu
Lectia 19. Trecutul simplu / trecutul continuu
Lectia 20. Prezentul perIect simplu / prezentul perIect continuu
Lectia 21. Mai mult ca perIectul
Lectia 22. Exprimarea viitorului (A. Viitorul simplu / viitorul continuu)
Lectia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (B. Viitorul n trecut, viitorul perIect-simplu si
continuu)
Lectia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (C. Be Going To / Be To / Be About To)
Lectia 25. Verbe si expresii modale (A. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MAY, MIGHT,
MUST, HAVE TO, NEED, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO)
Lectia 26. Verbe si expresii modale (B. WILL, WOULD, WOULD RATHER /
SOONER, USED TO, BE TO, DARE)
Lectia 27. Tipuri de conditionale
Lectia 28. Diateza pasiv
Recapitulare
Test autoevaluare

Cheia exerciiilor

Anexa 1 Texte
Anexa 2 Activitti comunicative
Anexa 3 - Functions Bank
Anexa 4 Spelling
Anexa 5 Verbe Neregulate
Anexa 6 Glosar Romn-Englez de termeni silvici

Bibliografie
- 2 -




INTRODUCERE



SCOPUL CURSULUI: Prezentul curs este destinat studentilor de anul I de la
Facultatea de Silvicultur, Specializarea Silvicultur, regim
la distant. Att partea de teorie ct si cea aplicativ au Iost
concepute n asa Iel nct s Iaciliteze Iamiliarizarea
studentilor cu structuri elementare ale limbii engleze sau
reactualizarea cunostintelor Iundamentale deja dobndite. O
atentie special s-a acordat acelor registre lingvistice care
permit comunicarea n limba englez, ct si termenilor
speciIici specializrii.
OBIECTIVELE
PRINCIPALE:

1. Iamiliarizarea studentilor cu diIeritele aspecte ale limbii
engleze
2. dezvoltarea abilittii studentilor de a comunica n limba
englez
3. nsusirea de ctre studenti a termenilor speciIici
specializrii
4. nsusirea si Iolosirea limbajului adecvat pentru a descrie
activitti, situatii etc.

MODUL DE
EVALUARE:
La sIrsitul Iiecrui semestru, studentii vor Ii examinati n
cadrul unui colocviu; stabilirea notei Iinale se va Iace si n
Iunctie de veriIicrile partiale de la cursurile de pe
parcursul semestrului.
















- 3 -


PARTEA I - WAYS AND MEANS

Prima parte cuprinde notiuni introductive, elementare, care privesc att
vocabularul, ct si gramatica sau pronuntia. Structura compozit a acestei prime prti
are drept scop construirea unui corpus de cunostinte Iundamentale care s constituie o
baz pentru inIormatia ulterioar.
Pentru nceput se va insista asupra diIerentelor de pronuntie ntre romn si
englez, mai precis asupra sunetelor si grupurilor de sunete speciIice limbii engleze.
Vor urma particularittile esentiale ale substantivului si articolului, o descriere a
pronumelui personal cu Iunctia de subiect si o serie de alte notiuni cu privire la verbe,
adjective etc. necesare construirii unor enunturi simple.

Lecia 1. CUVANT I SUNET. TRANSCRIEREA FONETIC (Words
and Sounds)

n nvtarea oricrei limbi strine, pronuntia este esential. Chiar dac n cazul
limbii engleze nu exist reguli de pronuntie att de stricte sau de general valabile ca n
limba Irancez, de exemplu, cel putin cteva simboluri si caracteristici trebuie avute n
vedere.
n orice dictionar englez-romn, transcrierea Ionetic va contine si un apostroI
care ne arat accentuarea. n englez, diIeritele silabe ale unui cuvnt nu se pronunt la
Iel; drept urmare, n transcrierea Ionetic, silaba accentuat este precedat de un
apostroI.

Ex. FOREST |Iorist| OFFENCE |c'Iens|
pdure oIens, delict

Un alt simbol particular care poate aprea n interiorul parantezelor este |:|, care
se plaseaz de obicei dup reprezentarea Ionetic a unei vocale si noteaz lungirea
vocalei de care a Iost atasat.

Ex. PLANT |pla:nt| - |a:| A lung
plant, uzin

CLEAN |kli:n| - |i:| I lung
curat

LAW |lo:| - |o:| O lung
lege

MOON |mu:n| - |u:| U lung

Vocala A poate avea trei reprezentri Ionetice: A normal |a|, pronuntat
obisnuit, ca n cuvntul bas din romn (englezescul BUS |bas|); A lung |a:|, ca n
cuvintele: PLANT |pla:nt| sau CAR |ka:|) si A scurt |A|, ca n CUT |kAt| sau
BUT |bAt|). Celelalte vocale vor avea doar reprezentri scurte - normale ( e; o; u) si
lungi (e:;o:; u:).
- 4 -
Semnul || nu are corespondent n limba romn. Este o vocal situat ntre E si
A; se rosteste E cu deschiderea gurii ca pentru A.

Ex. TRAFFIC |trIik| traIic

Sunetul |i| se pronunt similar cu I din limba romn.

Ex. IN |in| n

n unele transcrieri poate aprea semnul Ionetic |w| care desemneaz sunetul
semivocalic U, ca n cuvntul romnesc CUART. Acest sunet corespunde de regul
literei W, care se pronunt doar cnd este urmat de o vocal sau cnd nu este urmat de
nici un alt sunet.

Ex. RAILWAY |reilwei| cale Ierat

Semnul |c| corespunde sunetului romnesc .

Ex. BIRD |bc:d| pasre


Anumite asocieri de vocale cosilabice, cum ar Ii OO se pot
pronunta n diIerite moduri, n Iunctie de contextul consonantic.

Ex. OO cel mai adesea |u:|, ca n: FOOD |Iu:d| hran,
mncare
MOON |mu:n| luna
sau |u|, ca n: BOOK |buk| carte
GOOD |gud| bun, bun
Dar se va pronunta |o:| n cuvinte ca: DOOR |do:| us
FLOOR |Ilo:| podea,
dusumea, etaj
|A| n cuvinte precum: FLOOD |IlAd|
inundatie, potop
BLOOD |blAd|
snge
|uc| n cuvintele: MOOR |muc| brgan,
ierburi, step
BOOR |buc| toprlan

Grupul EE se pronunt cel mai adesea |i:|:
Ex: BEEN |bi:n| Iorma a treia a verbului BE
TREE |tri:| copac, arbore, pom

De asemenea, grupul EA se va pronunta |i:|, cu exceptia cazului
n care este urmat de consoana R sau n cuvinte ca BREAD.

Ex. DREAM |dri:m| vis
TREAT |tri:t| tratatie
Dar: BEAR |bec| urs; a suporta, a duce
DEAR |dic| drag(), scump()
BREAD |bred| pine
- 5 -
DEAF |deI| surd

Grupul AY se citeste de obicei |ei| (ca diItongul romnesc).
Ex. SAY |sei| a spune
PAY |pei| a plti
MAY |mei| (luna) mai sau verbul modal
May
DAY |dei| zi

Consoana R are mai multe reprezentri Ionetice n limba englez. Atunci cnd se
pronunt Ioarte slab, ea corespunde unui sunet precedat de obicei de o vocal lung si
este sau nu marcat graIic.

Ex. FLOOR |Ilo:| sau |Ilo:r| podea; etaj
CAR |ka:| sau |ka:r| masin

Consoana C va avea drept corespondent graIic semnul |K|.

Ex. CROP |krop| arboret; recolt

Consoanele B, D, G, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, Z sunt pronuntate asemntor sunetelor
din limba romn si au semne graIice corespunztoare: |b|, |d|, |g|, |l|, |m|, |n|, |p|, |s|,
|t|, |v|, |z|.
Sunetul S (rom. SCOAL) este notat Ionetic |}|:

Ex. SHOP |}op| magazin

Cu ajutorul lui |t}| se marcheaz grupurile CE, CI:

Ex. CHAIR |t}ec| scaun
CHIN |t}in| brbie
CHAMBER |t}eimbc| camer
CHURN |t}c:n| bidon, recipient

De obicei, grupul graIic CH n pozitie initial se pronunt |t}|, cu exceptia
cuvintelor care provin din limba Irancez sau, uneori, a cuvintelor care l contin pe O
dup CH:

Ex. CHALET |}lei| caban
CHOIR |kwaic| cor
CHOLERA |kolcrc| holer

Sunetul J (rom. JOC) se noteaz |3|, iar grupurile GE, GI |d3|.

Ex. MEASURE |me3c| msur
JUNIPER |d3u:nipc| ienupr
JOY |d3oi| bucurie

T romnesc este marcat n englez prin |ts|.

Ex. BITS |bits| bucti; biti
Notatia Ionetic a grupului GHE, GHI este |ge|, respectiv |gi|.

- 6 -
Ex. GET |get| a lua; a obtine
GUITAR |gita:| chitar

Semnul |j| este, de obicei, corespondentul lui Y. Ex. YES |jes|. Pronuntia este
ca al unui |i| mai slab (ex. romnescul IES).

Ex. NEW YORK |nju jo:k|

H initial nu se pronunt dect n cuvinte precum:

Ex: HOUR |auc| or
HONOUR |onc| onoare

Grupul ING se pronunt ca n limba romn, dar G se aude mai slab: ||.

Ex. SHOPPING |}opi| cumprturi

Z pronuntat cu limba ntre dinti este un sunet care nu are echivalent n limba
romn si care se noteaz ||. El apare n articolul hotrt THE si n
pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative:

THIS |is| acesta, aceasta
THAT |ct| sau |t| acela, aceea
THESE |i:z| acestia, acestea
THOSE |cus| aceia, acelea

Perechea surd a acestui sunet, care de asemenea nu are echivalent romnesc,
este |0| si se pronunt ca un S cu limba ntre dinti.

Ex. THREE |0ri:| trei
THISTLE |0isl| scai, ciulin

NOT: Cu privire la accentuarea silabelor este util de retinut c:
majoritatea substantivelor si adjectivelor Iormate din dou silabe au ceea ce
se numeste FRONT STRESS (prima silab este accentuat) Ex. FLOWer;
LITTle; VILLage; BOdy; FOrest etc.
majoritatea verbelor Iormate din dou silabe au END STRESS (se
accentueaz a doua silab) Ex. IorGIVE; aLLOW; coMMIT etc.
n cuvintele Iormate din trei silabe sau mai multe, putem deosebi dou
accente: primar () si secundar (!) Ex. Japanese |!d3pc`ni:z|


APLICAII

1. Folosindu-v de sistemul de transcriere Ionetic descris anterior, Iamiliarizati-v cu
pronuntia urmtoarelor cuvinte:

YEAR |jc| an
MONTH |mAn0| lun ( a anului)
JANUARY |d3njucri| ianuarie
FEBRUARY |Iebrucri| Iebruarie
MARCH |mart}| martie
- 7 -
APRIL |eiprl| aprilie
MAY |mei| mai
JUNE |d3u:n| iunie
JULY |d3ulai| iulie
AUGUST |o:gcst| august
SEPTEMBER |sep`tembc| septembrie
OCTOBER |ok`toubc| octombrie
NOVEMBER |no`vembc| noiembrie
DECEMBER |di`sembc| decembrie
WEEK |wi:k| sptmn
MONDAY |mAndei| luni
TUESDAY |t}ju:zdei| marti
WEDNESDAY |wenzdei| miercuri
THURSDAY |0c:zdei| joi
FRIDAY |Iraidei| vineri
SATURDAY |stcdei| smbt
SUNDAY |sAndei| duminic

NOTE:
a) n limba englez, zilele sptmnii se scriu ntotdeauna cu majuscul;
b) naintea zilelor sptmnii (Iolosite adverbial) se Ioloseste prepozitia ON
Ex. On Sundav I go to church. (Duminica merg la biseric.)
c) dac naintea zilelor sptmnii se aIl cuvntul EVERY, nu Iolosim
prepozitia ON Ex. Everv Sundav I go to church. (n Iiecare duminic merg
la biseric.)






















- 8 -
Lecia 2. ARTICOLUL (The Article)
n limba englez exist trei tipuri de articole: articolul hotrt (definite article),
articolul nehotrt (indefinite article), articolul zero (:ero article) (substantivul nu este
nsotit de nici un articol).
Pentru nceput retineti care sunt Iormele articolului nehotrt: A si/sau AN.
A se pronunt |c| (Iorm slab, atunci cnd este neaccentuat) sau |ei|
(Iorm tare, cnd este accentuat) si se Ioloseste naintea cuvintelor
care ncep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic
Ex: A DOG un cine
A TREE un arbore
A HOUSE o cas
A EUROPEAN |jucrcpicn| - un european
A UNIVERSITY |jn:nivc:sti| - o universitate
A WINDOW |`windou| - o Iereastr
A YEAR |jc:| - un an

Cuvintele care ncep cu W sau Y si, uneori, cele care ncep cu
U sau E (U) (pronuntat ju:) vor primi articolul A, deoarece
sunetelor |J| si |W|, numite semiconsoane, li se aplic
aceleasi reguli ca si consoanelor.

AN se pronunt |cn| (Iorm slab) sau |n| (Iorm tare) si se
Ioloseste naintea cuvintelor care ncep cu un sunet vocalic sau H mut
(nepronuntat):
Ex: AN APPLE un mr
AN ORANGE o portocal
AN HOUR |`auc| - o or
AN HEIR |c| - un mostenitor

Articolul hotrt are Iorma THE att pentru singular ct si pentru plural:
Ex: THE BOOK cartea
THE BOOKS crtile
Pronuntia sa va Ii ns deIinit n Iunctie de sunetul care urmeaz. AstIel, THE
se va pronunta |c|:
naintea sunetelor consonantice
Ex: THE STUDENT studentul
THE CONSEQUENCES consecintele
naintea sunetelor semiconsonantice (reprezentate de obicei prin
literele E, U, Y, W).
Ex: THE EUCALYPTUS eucaliptul
THE USE Iolosirea
THE YEW tisa
THE WIND vntul
THE se va pronunta |i(:)| pentru sublinere, dup cum si naintea sunetelor
vocalice:
Ex: THE ENGINEER inginerul
THE ARTIST artistul
naintea lui H mut:
Ex: THE HONOUR onoarea
THE HONESTY cinstea, sinceritatea
NOT: Vom Iolosi AN si THE si naintea abrevierilor de genul : MP (Member oI
Parliament) an MP; the |i:| MP.
- 9 -

APLICAII

2. Cititi urmtoarele cuvinte cu articol hotrt |c| sau |i(:)|, apoi cu articolul nehotrt
|c| sau |cn|:
ANKLE, ARM, BELLY, BODY, HAIR, HAND, HEAD, HEEL, HIP,
KNEE, LEG, LIP, MOUTH, NECK, NOSE, NOSTRIL, PALM, SHOULDER,
THUMB, TOE, WAIST.

Lecia 3. SUBSTANTIVUL: GEN, NUMR, CAZ (Nouns: Gender,
Number, Case)
n linii mari, n limba englez, substantivul se clasiIic n patru categorii:
1. substantive comune (common nouns): student, teacher, countrv,
flower, desk
2. substantive proprii (proper nouns): John, London, Mr. Jones
3. substantive abstracte (abstract nouns): love, window, beautv,
friendship
4. substantive colective (collective nouns): team, crowd, group.

GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

Patru vor Ii si genurile substantivelor din limba englez:
1. masculin (masculine gender): man, bov, father, housband, king, cock etc.
2. Ieminin (Ieminine gender): woman, girl, mother, wife, queen, hen etc.
3. comun (common gender): teacher (proIesor/proIesoar), neighbour
(vecin/vecin)
4. neutru (neuter gender): dog, babv, summer, pride

Exist mai multe modalitti de Iormare a genului Ieminin sau masculin. Printre
cele mai des utilizate sunt:
utilizarea unor substantive diIerite la masculin si, respectiv, Ieminin
Ex: man woman
bov girl
father mother
king queen
cock hen
dog bitch
utilizarea unor preIixe speciale Iiecrui gen (MALE/FEMALE, HE/SHE,
COCK/HEN, DOG/BITCH pentru animale si BOY/GIRL, MAN/WOMAN
sau MALE/FEMALE pentru persoane; uneori, MAN si WOMAN sunt
postpuse, tot pentru a indica genul Ex. POLICEMAN/POLICEWOMAN)
Ex: male camel - female camel
he elephant - she elephant
cock bird - hen bird
dog fox - bich fox
bov-friend girl friend
manservant maidservant
male candidate female candidate
adugarea unor terminatii substantivelor masculine (-ESS, -INE etc)
Ex: actor actress
- 10 -
lion lioness
prince princess
god Goddess
hero heroine

Mai rar, terminatia se adaug substantivelor Ieminine, astIel nct Iormeaz
masculinul de la Ieminin si invers.
Ex: widow (vduv) widower (vduv)
bride (mireas) bridegroom (mire)


PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

n limba englez, pluralul se realizeaz cel mai adesea prin adugarea terminatiei
S Iormei de singular substantivului:
Ex: girl girls
tree trees
school schools
Exceptie de la aceast regul Iac urmtoarele categorii:
1. substantivele terminate n F sau FE; n acest caz terminatia la
plural devine invariabil VES,
ex: DWARF DWARVES
LEAF LEAVES
WOLF WOLVES
WIFE WIVES
KNIFE KNIVES
HALF HALVES
LIFE LIVES
2. substantive ce au terminatia O precedat de o consoan; acestea vor
primi la plural ES.
Ex: HERO HEROES
NEGRO NEGROES
POTATO POTATOES
TOMATO TOMATOES
ECHO ECHOES
NOT: Substantivele ce au terminatia O precedat de o vocal au plural regulat:
Ex: EMBRYO EMBRYOS
RADIO RADIOS
KANGAROO KANGAROOS
De asemenea, cuvintele mai putin Irecvente sau provenite relativ recent din
limbile strine (n special din limba italian) vor primi S la plural, chiar dac sunt
substantive n O precedate de consoan:
Ex: CASINO CASINOS
PHOTO PHOTOS
PIANO PIANOS
KILO KILOS
3. substantivelor ce se termin n S, -CH, -Z, -X sau SH li se adaug
vocala E de legtur, naintea lui S:
Ex: BUS BUSES
CLASS CLASSES
WATCH WATCHES
BOX BOXES
- 11 -
BRUSH BRUSHES
4. substantivele care se termin n Y: dac naintea sunetului Y se aIl la
singular o consoan, atunci la plural terminatia Y se schimb n I si va
Ii urmat de terminatia ES; dac terminatia Y a unui substantiv la
singular este precedat de o vocal, atunci cuvntul primeste la plural
doar terminatia S:
Ex: BABY BABIES
COUNTRY COUNTRIES
FACTORY FACTORIES
Dar: BOY BOYS
DAY DAYS
WAY WAYS
5. substantivelor terminate n TH li se adaug direct S:
Ex: BATH BATHS
MOUTH MOUTHS
PATH PATHS
6. Iormele neregulate la plural pstrate din anglo-saxon:
Ex: MAN MEN
WOMAN WOMEN
CHILD CHILDREN
OX - OXEN
TOOTH TEETH
FOOT FEET
MOUSE MICE
7. substantivele de origine strin (greac, latin)
Ex: DATUM DATA
PHENOMENON PHENOMENA
ANALYSIS ANALYSES
BASIS BASES

CAZURI SPECIALE:

1) Unele substantive au aceeasi Iorm la singular si plural
Ex: SHEEP SHEEP
TROUT TROUT
DEER DEER
SALMON - SALMON
SPECIES SPECIES
2) Unele substantive (de obicei, colective) se acord cu verbul Iie la singular,
Iie la plural
Ex: Mv familv is large. (Familia mea este numeroas)
Mv familv are in danger. (Membri Iamiliei mele sunt n pericol.)
3) Unele substantive au Iorm numai de plural dar se acord cu verbul numai la
singular.
Ex: NEWS (stire, stiri). The news is good. (Stirea/stirile/vestile sunt
bune).
4) Unele substantive au Iorm numai de plural si se acord numai la plural:
Ex: TROUSERS
JEANS
SCISSORS
5) Unele substantive au Iorm numai la singular si se acord cu verbul numai la
singular
- 12 -
a) nume de materii b) substantive abstracte
MONEY FRIENDSHIP
IRON KINDNESS
BREAD LOVE
SUGAR
MEAT
6) Exist o categorie de substantive care, desi nu au dect Iorm de singular n
limba englez, pot Ii individualizate cu ajutorul unor cuantiIicatori.

Ex: AN ITEM OF - INFORMATION (o inIormatie)
- KNOWLEDGE (o cunostint/inIormatie)


A PIECE OF - NEWS (o stire, o noutate)
- INFORMATION (o inIormatie)
- ADVICE (un sIat)
- NONSENSE (o prostie, un lucru Ir logic)

A LOAF OF BREAD - o pine, o Iranzel
TWO LOAVES OF BREAD - dou pini

7) Substantivele compuse adaug de obicei un S la ultimul element:
Ex: CLASSROOM CLASSROOMS
HORSE RACE HORSE RACES
Unele substantive compuse, de obicei cele alctuite dintr-un substantiv si
o constructie prepozitional, adaug S la primul element:
Ex: MOTHER-IN-LAW MOTHERS-IN-LAW
PASSER-BY PASSERS-BY
n sIrsit, substantivele compuse n care primul element este MAN sau
WOMAN transIorm la plural ambele elemente:
Ex: MAN SINGER MEN SINGERS
WOMAN DOCTOR WOMEN DOCTORS.

SUBSTANTIVELE N CAZUL GENITIV

Dintre cazurile substantivului, cel care prezint particularitti n ceea ce priveste
Iorma si care are si cea mai mare utilitate este GENITIVUL.
Deosebim dou tipuri de genitiv n limba englez: Genitivul sintetic/saxon (The
Svnthetic/Saxon Genitive) si Genitivul Analitic/Prepozitional (The Analvtic/Of
Genitive).

Genitivul sintetic (the Svnthetic Genitive)

Genitivul sintetic se Iormeaz prin adugarea particulei S precedate de un
apostroI la sIrsitul unui substantiv considerat posesorul unuia sau a mai multor obiecte.
ApostroI S (s) este asadar o marc a posesiei.
Ex: the mavors house (casa primarului)
the childs tov (jucria copilului)
Shakespeares plavs (piesele lui Shakespeare)
ApostroI Ir S se utilizeaz n urmtoarele situatii:
a) dup substantive nume de Iiinte, la plural:
ex: the students books (crtile studentilor)
the engineers wages (salariul inginerilor)
- 13 -
Dar: the childrens tovs (jucriile copiilor)
the womens partv (petrecerea/partidul Iemeilor)
b) dup nume proprii ce se termin n S, X, SH, TH:
ex: Dickens novels
Marx capital

Categoriile de substantive care preIer genitivul sintetic sunt:
1) Nume de persoane: Ex. the students book
2) Substantive ce denumesc animale de cas (pets): Ex. the dogs tail
3) Substantive ce denumesc nave, vase, vapoare, brci: Ex. the ships crew
4) Substantive proprii: Ex. Mr. Johnsons flat
5) Substantive nume de tri (nu din punct de vedere geograIic, ci politic, economic,
cultural): Ex. Americas industrv, Finlands forestrv
6) Substantive ce denumesc stele, planete, etc. Ex. the Moons face;
the Suns ravs
7)Substantive ce exprim diviziuni temporale sau spatiale:
Ex: vesterdavs newspaper (ziarul de ieri)
a months holidav (o vacant de o lun)
at a stones throw (la o arunctur de bt)
8)DiIerite expresii: for Gods sake' - pentru numele lui Dumnezeu!
for mercvs sake Fie-ti / Iie-v mil.
for pitvs sake

Genitivul analitic (The Analvtic Gerund)

Esential pentru Genitivul Analitic este particula OF. Spre deosebire de genitivul
sintetic n a crui structur posesorul precede ,obiectul posedat, aici ordinea este
urmtoarea:
THE OBIECT POSEDAT OF THE POSESOR (atunci cnd posesorul
este un obiect)
Ex: the wheel of the car (roata masinii)
the colour of the tie (culoarea cravatei)
the trees of the forest (copacii din pdure/pdurii)
Si: THE OBIECT POSEDAT OF SUBSTANTIV PROPRIU (atunci cnd
posesorul este o persoan)
Ex: the tie of John (cravata lui John)


RECAPITULARE SUBSTANTIV

GEN
a) 4 genuri masculin: brother
- Ieminin : sister
- comun: student
- neutru: happines.
b) modalitti de Iormare a genului cuvinte diIerite man/woman
- aIixe: - he goat/she goat.
- prince princess.
NUMR
Modalitti de Iormare a pluralului:
S: Ilower Ilowers; photo photos
ES: echo - echoes; bush - bushes
- 14 -
VES: leaI leaves; wolI wolves
Man/men
Phenomenon/phenomena

CAZ
a) Genitivul sintetic Posesor(sg.)apostroISobiect
d t
Posesor(pl.)apostroIobiect posedat



b) Genitivul analitic THE obiect posedat OF THE POSESOR
(cnd posesorul este un obiect)
THE OBIECT POSEDAT OF substantiv
propriu (cnd posesorul este o persoan)

APLICATII

3. Gsiti Iorma de Ieminin a urmtoarelor substantive:
BACHELOR, BARMAN, BROTHER, GENTLEMAN, GRANDFATHER,
HERO, HUSBAND, NEIGHBOUR, UNCLE, WAITER.

4. Scrieti Iorma Ieminin sau, dup caz, masculin, a urmtoarelor substantive nume de
animale:
BULL, DOG, DUCK, FOX, GOOSE, HEN, LION, RAM, STAG, STALLION.

5. Adugati S sau ES urmtoarelor substantive pentru a Iorma pluralul:
BENCH, BUSH, CLIFF, FOX, HANDKERCHIEF, MATCH, MONTH,
POTATO, THIEF.

6. Scrieti urmtoarele substantive la plural:
AFTERNOON, CHILD, FLOWER, GLASS, PEACH, PHENOMENON,
SANATORIUM, SISTER-IN-LAW, TOOTH, WOMAN.

7. Numerotate de la 1 la 16 sunt nume de grupuri de animale. Aceste substantive
colective se potrivesc cu unul sau mai multe din substantivele nume de animale din
dreapta. Descoperiti care sunt acestea:
a) brood bees, ants, chickens, wolves
b) colony birds
c) Ilight cattle
d) Ilock deer
e) herd OF dogs
I) litter Iish
h) pack geese
i) shoal monkey
j) swarm sheep
k) troop whales

Ex: A FLIGHT OF BIRDS (un stol de psri)
8. Traduceti:
a) stiloul proIesorului
b) geanta contabilului
c) coperta cartii
- 15 -
d) prietenul lui Charles
e) batistele copiilor
I) ochii Ietei
g) biroul Iunctionarului
h) piciorul mesei


Lecia 4. AD1ECTIVUL I GRADELE DE COMPARAIE (The
Adjective and the degrees of comparison)

Adjectivele se mpart n sase tipuri: caliIicative, posesive, interogative,
cantitative, demonstrative, si distributive. Deocamdat ne vom reIeri la adjectivul
caliIicativ, urmnd ca celelalte tipuri s Iie abordate mpreun cu pronumele
corespondente.

Adjectivul caliIicativ este invariabil n gen si numr si este asezat aproape
ntotdeauna N FATA substantivului pe care l caliIic.
Ex: A FAST CAR (o masin rapid)
A GOOD STUDENT (un student bun)
postpunerea adjectivului reprezint un artiIiciu emIatic (ex: mother dear,
n loc de dear mother), n aIara cazurilor cnd aceast ordine s-a stabilit
n limb cu titlul de regul (Ex: Court Martial, sum total, ambassador
extraordinarv, Asia Minor) sau n expresii care arat dimensiunile,
timpul, sau atunci cnd e urmat de un complement prepozitional (Ex.
two meters long, eight vears old, a man difficult to please)

Unele adjective se Iormeaz din substantive crora li se adaug un suIix:
Ex: USEFUL (USEFULL) Iolositoare
USELESS (USELESS) neIolositoare, inutile
CHILDISH (CHILDISH) copilrie, copilresc
HAIRY (HAIRY) pros.

Uneori, participiile prezente (Iormele n -ING) si participiile trecute
(Iormele de tipul -ED) sunt Iolosite ca adjective caliIicative. Participiile
prezente au sens activ, iar cele trecute sens pasiv.
Ex: BORING plictisitor BORED plictisit
AMUSING - amuzant AMUSED amuzat
INTERESTING interesant INTERESTED interesat
TIRING obositor TIRED obosit
FRIGHTENING nIricostor FRIGHTENED nIricostor

Alt categorie de adjective se compune din 2 elemente care pot Ii: adjective,
adverbe, substantive, participii.
Ex: GOOD-LOOKING (Irumos, chipes)
SHORT-SIGHTED (miop)
WELL-BRED (bine-crescut)
READY-MADE (de gata)

Adjectivele care indic nationalitatea se scriu totdeauna cu majuscule:
English, French, Romanian, Swiss, Finnish, American, Japanese etc.
- 16 -
Aceleasi adjective care indic nationalitatea pot Ii Iolosite ca
substantive, dac sunt precedate de articolul hotrt. Ele sunt
invariabile (nu primesc S la plural), dac se termin n:
- ch: The French Irancezii
- sh: the Irish irlandezii
- ss: the Swiss elvetienii
- ese: the Chinese chinezii
Primesc S la plural cele care se termin n:
- an: The Romanians romnii
Unele adjective pot Ii utilizate ca substantive pentru a reprezenta o
categorie:
Ex: the poor sracii/cei sracii
the voung tinerii/cei tineri
the blind orbii/cei orbi
the dead mortii/cei morti.

ATENTIE! Adjectivele substantivizate nu primesc niciodat S.

TOPICA

Cnd dou sau mai multe adjective sunt Iolosite mpreun:
1) adjectivele subiectives sau de opinie (BORING, LOVELY, UGLY) sunt
asezate naintea adjectivelor concrete (OLD, RED, SQUARE)
Ex: A GORGEOUS NEW DRESS
AN ACTIVE YOUNG LADY
2) adjectivele obiective sau concrete stau n urmtoarea ordine:
SIZE AGE SHAPE COLOUR ORIGIN MATERIAL
PURPOSE
DIMENSIUNE VRST FORM CULOARE ORIGINE
MATERIE SCOP
Ex: A SMALL OVAL PLATE
A BLACK METAL WALKING STICK
De obicei nu se Iolosesc mai mult de trei adjective naintea unui substantiv.

COMPARATIA ADJECTIVELOR

Adjectivele caliIicative Iormeaz n mod diIerit comparativul si superlativul (de
superioritate) n Iunctie de categoria din care Iac parte: adjective scurte, adjective lungi
sau adjective . neregulate. AstIel:
Dac adjectivul se termin n E mut, acesta se elimin la adugarea
terminatiei ER si EST.
Ex: FINE FINER THE FINEST
LARGE LARGER THE LARGEST
Pentru adjectivele terminate ntr-o consoan precedat de o vocal se
dubleaz consoana Iinal:
Ex: BIG BIGGER THE BIGGEST
Adjectivele Iormate din dou silabe si terminate n Y Iormeaz
comparativul si superlativul schimbnd Y n I si adugnd ER, respectiv
-EST.
Ex: FRIENDLY FRIENDLIER THE FRIENDLIEST
TINY TINIER THE TINIEST.
Adjectivele Iormate din dou silabe si terminate n OW sau ER Iormeaz
comparativul si superlativul tot cu ajutorul terminatiilor ER si EST.
- 17 -
Ex: NARROW NARROWER THE NARROWEST
CLEVER CLEVERER THE CLEVEREST.
Obiectivul de reIerint al comparatiei este introdus prin THAN.
Ex: Jane is taller than Marv.(Jane este mai nalt dect Mary.)
Adjectivele lungi (cele care au de obicei mai mult de la 2 silabe) Iormeaz
comparativul cu ajutorul lui MORE si superlativul cu THE MOST.
Ex: IMPORTANT MORE IMPORTANT THE MOST
IMPORTANT
Cele mai Irecvente adjective neregulate sunt:
GOOD BETTER THE BEST
Bun mai bun cel mai bun.
BAD WORSE THE WORST
Ru mai ru cel mai ru.
OLD OLDER(mai vechi) - THE OLDEST(cel mai vechi)
- ELDER (mai btrn) THE ELDEST (cel mai btrn)
FAR FARTHER(mai ndeprtat) THE FARTHEST(cel mai ndeprtat)
(deprtat) - THE FURTHEST (cel mai trziu)
- FURTHER (urmtor, n plus)
Comparativul de egalitate se Iormeaz (indiIerent de Ielul adjectivului: scurt,
lung sau neregulat) astIel:
a) la aIirmativ: AS ADJECTIVAS
Jane is as tall as Marv. (Jane e la Iel de nalt ca Mary.)
b) la negativ: NOT AS ADJECTIVE AS
NOT SO ADJECTIV AS
Jane is not as (so) tall as Marv. (Jane nu e tot att de nalt ca Mary)

Comparatia a trei sau mai multe persoane sau lucruri se exprim la superlativ
prin urmtoarele constructii:
SUPERLATIV OF (pentru persoane)
Ex: the finest of the three girls
SUPERLATIV IN (pentru substantive ce indic locul)
Ex: the finest in the class
Cresterea paralel este exprimat prin urmtoarea structur:
THE COMPARATIV THE COMPARATIV (cu ct . cu att)
Ex: the cleverer, the better
Cresterea sau descresterea gradat este exprimat prin: COMPARATIV
AND COMPARATIV
Ex: (fatter and fatter, more and more expensive)
Comparativul de inIerioritate se Iormeaz (indiIerent de Ielul adjectivului)
prin LESS Iorma pozitiv a adjectivului
Ex: less tall
less good
less important
Superlativul de inIerioritate se Iormeaz dup urmtoarea structur:
THE LEAST ADJECTIVE OF/IN/etc.
Ex: the least expensive of all cameras .

RECAPITULARE AD1ECTIV

FORM substantiv suIix: CHILDISH
participiu n ING/ED : boring, bored
- 18 -
compuse din (adjective, adverbe, participiu etc.): GOOD-
LOOKING

TOPICA invariabil n gen si numr, adjectivul este (aproape) ntotdeauna
plasat n Iata substantivului determinat
- opinie dimensiune vrst Iorm culoare origine
material scop

COMPARAIE: adjectiv ER: CLEVERER (mai destept)
THE adjectiv EST : THE CLEVEREST (cel mai
destept)

MORE adjectiv: MORE INTERESTING (mai
interesant)
THE MOST adjectiv: THE MOST INTERESTING
(cel mai interesant)

LESS adjectiv: LESS IMPORTANT (mai putin
important)
THE LEAST adjectiv: OF/IN : THE LEAST
IMPORTANT OF/IN (cel mai putin important din/n)

GOOD BETTER THE BEST
BAD WORSE THE WORST

APLICATII

9. Cele mai Irecvente suIixe adjectivale sunt: -AL, -OUS, -ABLE, -FUL, -Y, -ISH.
Formati adjectivele corespunztoare urmtoarelor substantive si verbe.
BLOOD, CHILD, COLOUR, COURAGE, DANGER, DELIGHT, ENJOY,
HUMOUR, MILK, MONUMENT, NATION, PAIN, PARDON, PEACE, PREDICT,
RED, TRADITION, TREND, VARY, WEALTH.

10. Formati adjectivele de la urmtoarele substantive:
ACCIDENT, AFFECTION, BOY, CHARITY, CUSTOM, DANGER,
ECONOMY, EXPRESSION, FAITH, FIRE, HERO, INFLUENCE, MAN, MELODY,
PASSION, SKILL, WINTER.

11. SuIixele adjectivelor negative din limba englez sunt:
UN (UNFORGETTABLE) de neiertat
DIS (DISCOURAGED) descurajat

IM (IMPOSSIBLE) imposibil
IN (INEXPLICABLE) inexplicabil.
I (ILLEGAL) ilegal.
Cu ajutorul suIixelor Iormati antonimele adjectivelor de mai jos:
COMMON, CREDIBLE, GRATEFUL, HONOURABLE, PAINFUL,
PARTIAL, POLITE, OBEDIENT, VALUABLE.
12. Traduceti n limba romn:
AGELESS FACE
FLAWLESS TECHNIQUE
FRIENDLESS MAN
- 19 -
HOMELESS MEN
HOPELESS SITUATION
HEARTLESS WOMAN
MOTHERLESS CHILD
ODOURLESS SUBSTANCE
STAINLESS STEEL
TIMELESS VALUE
TUNELESS SONG

13. Cititi urmtoarele adjective compuse. Pe care le-ati Iolosi pentru a v descrie pe voi
nsiv?
EASY-GOING comod, indolent
GOOD-LOOKING Irumos, artos, chipes
GREY-HAIRED grizonat
HARD-WORKING harnic, muncitor
LEFTHANDED stngaci
MIDDLE-AGED ntre dou vrste
OLD-FASHIONED demodat, depsit
SHORT-SIGHTED miop, mrginit
SHORT-TEMPERED iute la mnie irascibil, artgos
STRONG-MINDED hotrt, care stie ce vrea.
WARM-HEARTED binevoitor, sritor, prietenos, inimos
WELL-BEHAVED bine-crescut, manierat.
WELL-KNOWN bine cunoscut, vestit, renumit
WELL-OFF nstrit, bogat, cu dare de mn.
WORLD-FAMOUS cunoscut n ntreaga lume.

14. Puneti adjectivele n ordinea corect:
1. a brand-new/plastic/shopping/green bag
2. an English/young/interesting teacher
3. a brown/50-years-old/leather/beautiIul wallet
4. a 25-year-old/Opera/tall singer
5. a Greek/beautiIul/gold/ancient bracelet

15. Completati tabelul:

ADJECTIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV
1. hard harder the hardest
2. lazy
3. happy
4. interesting
5. good
6. small
7. beautiIul
8. old
9. captivating
10. cold
11. tall
12. clever
13. clumsy
14. bad
- 20 -
Lecia 5. ADVERBUL, PE SCURT (The adverb, in short)

Adverbul este partea de vorbire care exprim o caracteristic a unui eveniment
sau a unei stri, nuantnd sensul unui verb, adjective, adverb, substantiv etc.
n general adverbele sunt clasiIicate dup 2 criterii: Iorm si sens.
Din punct de vedere al Iormei, deosebim: adverbe simple (simple adverbs),
adverbele derivate (derived adverbs), adverbele compuse (compound adverbs), si
expresiile adverbiale (adverbial phrases).
Adverbele simple sunt cuvintele Iolosite adverbial, Ir nici un Iel de aIixe
(preIixe sau suIixe): IN, OUT, UP, DOWN, HERE, THERE, THEN, WELL, FAR,
FAST, NOW etc.
Ex: Come here! Vino aici!
Adverbele derivate provin din diIerite categorii (cel mai adesea din adjective)
,convertite cu ajutorul preIixelor si suIixelor: CLOCKWISE (n sensul acelor unui
ceasornic) CLOCK WISE; AJAR (A JAR) (ntredeschis), REPEATEDLY (n
mod repetat), MONTHLY (lunar) etc.
Adverbele compuse sunt prin deIinitie combinatii de dou sau mai multe prti
de vorbire.
Ex: OUTDOORS (aIar), TOMORROW (mine), SOMEWHERE
(undeva), TODAY (azi) etc.
Expresiile adverbiale sunt combinatii de cuvinte care, mpreun, au Iunctie
adverbial: AT LEAST (cel putin), AT FIRST (la nceput), AT PRESENT (n prezent),
AT ONCE (imediat), IN ALL PROBABILITY (dup toate probabilittile) etc.
Din punct de vedere al sensului, adverbele sunt: de mod, de loc, de timp,
interogative, negative etc.
Locul adverbului este, de obicei, la nceputul sau la sIrsitul enuntului, uneori
poate sta naintea adjectivului sau adverbului, niciodat ns ntre verb si complementul
su. Adverbul de timp (ALWAYS mereu, OFTEN adesea, etc.) se asaz naintea
verbului sau dup auxiliar. Adverbul care indic mai precis momentul
(IMMEDIATELY imediat, SUDDENLY brusc, TODAY - azi) se plaseaz de regul
la nceputul sau la sIrsitul propozitiei. THERE (acolo), HERE (aici) si adverbele de loc
se asaz la sIrsitul propozitiei. ENOUGH (destul de) se pune dup adjective sau
adverb, nainte sau dup substantiv.
Ex: SURE ENOUGH destul de sigur
ENOUGH BUTTER destul unt
TOO MUCH/ TOO MANY prea mult/prea multi
TOO MUCH MONEY prea multi bani
TOO MANY CARS prea multe masini


APLICATII

16. Formati adverbe de la urmtoarele adjective:
ANXIOUS, EARLY, COMFORTABLE, FAST, FEARLESS, GOOD, HARD,
IMMEDIATE, KIND, LATE, LUCKY, NEAR, SUDDEN, TERRIBLE.

17. Asezati adverbele de mai jos n coloana corespunztoare:
ALWAYS, ALMOST, ANGRILY, CAREFULLY, FAIRLY, FIERCELY,
FOOLISHLY, INSISTENTLY, NEVER, OUTSIDE, OVERSEAS, SOON, SELDOM,
VERY, YESTERDAY.

Adverbe de mod Loc Timp Frecvent Opinie Intensitate
Ex. INSISTENTLY . . . . .
- 21 -
. . . . . .
. . . . . .

18. TransIormati urmtoarele adverbe n adjective si apoi n substantive:
BEAUTIFULLY, CAREFULLY, CHEMICALLY, CURIOUSLY,
DECENTLY, ENIGMATICALLY, ILLEGALLY, INVITINGLY.


Lecia 6. DEMONSTRATIVELE (Demonstratives)

n limba englez pronumele si adjectivele demonstrative au aceleasi Iorme.
Pentru obiectele sau Iiintele aIlate n apropierea noastr vom Iolosi THIS (acesta,
aceasta) sau THESE (acestia, acestea), iar pentru cele aIlate nu chiar n imediata noastr
vecintate: THAT (acesta, aceea) sau THOSE (aceia, acelea).

Sg. THIS THAT
Pl. THESE THOSE

Ex: this house (aceast cas) (this, that adjective)
that house (casa aceea)

This is mv house. (Aceasta este casa mea.)
That is his house. (Aceea este casa lui.) (this, that pronume)

APLICATII

19. Treceti la plural:
a) this tree
b) that curtain
c) this Ilower
d) that hat
e) this carpet

20. Treceti la singular:
a) those old men
b) these maps
c) those big boys
d) these blue balls
e) these nice pictures


Lecia 7. DE LA PRONUME LA VERB (Pronouns verbs)
Pronumele personale cu Iunctia de subiect din limba englez sunt:
I eu
You tu, dumneavoastr, d-voastr, voi
He el (Iolosit pentru persoane)
She ea (Iolosit pentru persoane)
el/ea (pentru un obiect, un animal, un copil mic, o plant)
We noi
They ei/ele

- 22 -
Formele literare ale verbului A FI (TO BE) la timpul prezent simplu:


AIirmativ Interogativ Negativ Interogativ Negativ
I am
You are
He is
She is
It is
We are
They are
Am I?
Are you?
Is he?
Is she?
Is it?
Are we?
Are they?
I am not
You are not
He is not
She is not
It is not
We are not
They are not
Am I not .?
Are you not .?
Is he not .?
Is she not .?
Is it not .?
Are we not .?
Are they not .?

Dup cum se poate observa n tabel, interogativul n cazul verbului TO BE se
realizeaz prin inversiunea Iormelor (verbul ia locul pronumelui subiect), iar negatia
prin adugarea lui NOT imediat dup verbe. n englez colocvial ntlnim adesea
Iorme contrase, dup cum urmeaz:


AIirmativ Interogativ Interogativ Negativ
I`m
You`re
He`s
She`s
It`s
We`re
They`re
I`m not
You`re not/ you aren`t
He`s not/ he isn`t
She`s not/ she isn`t
It`s not/ it isn`t
We`re not/ we aren`t
They`re not/ they aren`t
-
Aren`t you .?
Isn`t he .?
Isn`t she .?
Isn`t it .?
Aren`t we .?
Aren`t they .?

Structura THERE BE substantiv ne serveste pentru a indica existenta
unei Iiinte sau a unui lucru:
Ex: There is someone at the door.
(Este cineva la us.)
There are 2 apples on the table.
(Sunt dou mere pe mas.)
Structura IT BE introduce:
Adjective: It is important. (E important.)
Date, distante, temperatura, ora, starea vremii: It is April 1
st
. (E 1
aprilie) It is ten oclock.(E ora 10)
Identitatea: It is me.(Eu sunt.)
It is Alice. (E Alice.)
Verbul PLAY (a juca un joc, a se juca, a cnta la un instrument) are
urmtoarele Iorme la prezentul simplu:


AIirmativ Interogativ Negativ
- 23 -
I play
You play
He plays
She plays
It plays
We play
They play
Do I play?
Do you play?
Does he play?
Does she play?
Does it play?
Do we play?
Do they play?
I do not play
You do not play
He does not play
She does not play
It does not play
We do not play
They do not play

Observaii:
1. Verbele din limba englez (cu exceptia verbului TO BE) au la
prezentul simplu aceeasi Iorm (inIinitivul) pentru toate persoanele, n
aIar de persoana a treia singular (he, she, it) unde se adaug un S sau ES
(SAY SAYS, GO GOES, DO DOES etc.)
2. Interogatia si negatia se Iormeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO care la
persoana a III-a ,preia S-ul de la verbul de conjugat.
Forme contrase:
I dont plav Eu nu (m) joc / cnt.
He doesnt plav.
Verbul DO (ca verb propriu-zis, cu nteles deplin - a face) are urmtoarele
Iorme la prezentul simplu:


AIirmativ Interogativ Negativ
I do
You do
He does
She does
It does
We do
They do

Do I do?
Do you do?
Does he do?
Does she do
Does it do?
Do we do?
Do they do?
I do not do
You do not do
He does not do
She does not do
It does not do
We do not do
They do not do


Verbul HAVE (ca verb propriu-zis) cu ntelesul A AVEA are Iormele:


AIirmativ Interogativ Negativ
I have
You have
He has
She has
It has
We have
They have
I do not have
You do not have
He does not have
She does not have
It does not have
We do not have
They do not have
Do I have?
Do you have?
Does he have?
Does she have?
Does it have?
Do we have?
Do they have?

Forme contrase : Ive, vouve, hes, shes, its, weve, thevve.
I dont have, he doesnt have.

- 24 -
HAVE poate Iorma negativul si interogativul dup regula verbului TO BE (NOT
dup verb, respectiv inversiunea): Ex: I have not/ I havent, He has not/ He hasnt i
Have I? Has he?)
Aceste Iorme apartin registrului Iormal si sunt, prin urmare, mai putin Iolosite.
Uneori, HAVE se Ioloseste mpreun cu GOT pentru a arta posesia:
Ex: I have a house.
I have got /Ive got a house.
Negatia si interogatia se vor Iorma n acest caz dup modelul BE:
Ex. I have not got / havent got a house.
Have I got a house?

Rspunsuri scurte
DA (ves) si NU (no) sunt n general urmate de un rspuns: subiect si verb
auxiliar (sau modal).
Ex: Do you play the piano? - Yes, I do
- No, I don`t.

Have you got a house? - Yes, I have.
- No, I haven`t.

Are you a student? - Yes, I am.
- No, I`m not.

De reinut:
Expresii uzuale cu BE:
To be aIraid Im afraid of the dark. (M tem de ntuneric.)
To be ashamed oI Im ashamed of mv behaviour. (Mi-e rusine de Ielul
cum m-am comportat.)
To be against Im against the death penaltv. (Sunt mpotriva pedepsei cu
moartea.)
To be cold Im cold. (Mi-e Irig.)
To be home Janet is home. (Janet e acas.)
To be late Hes late again. (Iar a ntrziat.)
To be asleep The babv is asleep. (Copilul a adormit.)
To be over The war is over. (Rzboiul s-a terminat.)
To be hungry He is hungrv. (i e Ioame.)
To be thirsty The children are thirstv. (Copiilor le e sete.)
To be right The President is alwavs right.
To be wrong He is never wrong.
To be busy I like being busv.
To be tired Are vou tired?
To be good oI He is good at Mathematics.
To be in a hurry This student is alwavs in a hurrv.
To be sick The voung woman is sick.
To be ill Grandpa is ill.

Expresii uzuale cu HAVE:
To have guests a avea musaIiri
To have a headache She has a headache.
To have a cigarette a Iuma, a lua o tigar
To have a cold a Ii rcit/
To have a Ilu a avea grip
- 25 -
To have a both a Iace baie
To have time a avea timp
To have a toothache He has a toothache.
To have trouble a avea necazuri
To have a drink/meal a bea/mnca a se servi cu .
To have a look a privi, a arunca o privire
To have a walk a (se) plimba
To have a sore throat He has a sore throat.

Expresii uzuale cu DO:
To do the shopping a Iace cumprturi
To do one`s homework He alwavs does his homework.
To do the housework a Iace treburi prin cas
To do the cooking a gti
To do the ironing a clca (ruIele)
To do the gardening a se ocupa de grdinrit
To do a crossword puzzle a dezlega cuvinte ncrucisate
To do one`s duty a-si Iace datoria

ATENTIE!
| HOW DO YOU DO? - este un salut Iormal si nseamn: M bucur s v cunosc.
HOW ARE YOU? este un salut Iamiliar si nseamn: Ce mai faci?/Ce mai facei?, iar
HOW ARE YOU DOING? este tot un salut Iamiliar si nseamn: Cum te
descurci?/Cum ii mai merge?

ATENTIE!!
Nu conIundati DO cu MAKE. Verbul MAKE (a face) are sensul general de A
CREA, A PRODUCE, A CONSTRUI, A CAUZA, A FACE S FIE sau A PREPARA.

Expresii uzuale cu MAKE:
To make a Iriend a-si Iace un prieten
To make the bed a-si Iace patul
To make a speech a tine un discurs
To make a mistake a Iace o greseal
To make an oIIer a Iace o oIert
To make plans a Iace planuri

NOT: Folosim imperativul (inIinitivul Ir particula TO) pentru a da instructiuni sau
sIaturi).
Ex. Check the weather Iorecast! (VeriIic/veriIicati prognoza meteo!)
Vom Iorma negativul cu ajutorul lui DO NOT/DON`T INFINITIVUL
SCURT.
Ex. Don`t do that! (Nu I/Iaceti asta!)


REZUMAT - DE LA PRONUME LA VERB
PREZENTUL SIMPLU AL VERBELOR BE, HAVE, HAVE GOT, DO, MAKE

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I am right I am not right Am I right?
You are right You are not right Are you right?
He is right He is not right Is he right?
She is right She is not right Is she right?
It is right It is not right Is it right?
- 26 -
We are right We are not right Are we right?
They are right They are not right Are they right?

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I have a cold. I do not have a cold. Do I have a cold?
You have a cold. You do not have a cold. Do you have a cold?
He has a cold He does not have a cold Does he have a cold?
She has a cold She does not have a cold Does she have a cold?
It has a cold It does not have a cold Does it have a cold?
We have a cold We do not have a cold Do we have a cold?
They have a cold They do not have a cold Do they have a cold?

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I/you/we/they have got it. I/you/we/they have not got it. Have I/you/we/they
got it?
He/she/it has got it. He/she/it has not got it. Has he/she/it got it?

AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they do the gardening.
He/she does the gardening.

NEGATIV
I/you/we/they do not do the gardening.
He/she does not do the gardening.

INTEROGATIV
Do I/you/we/they do the gardening?
Does he/she do the gardening?

AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they make the beds.
He/she makes the beds.

NEGATIV
I/you/we/they do not make the beds.
He/she does not make the beds.

INTEROGATIV
Do I/you/we/they make the beds?
Does he/she make the beds?
APLICATII

21. Completati spatiile libere cu Iormele corespunztoare ale verbului TO BE, respectiv
TO HAVE:
a) He ... a hard-working type oI person.
b) They ... in the seminar room now.
c) He ... ten.
d) That man ... a doctor`s degree.
e) These girls ... Law students.
I) The colour oI my pen ... blue.

22. Scrieti Iormele verbale contrase corespunztoare exemplelor de mai jos:
Ex: He is not my colleague.
He`s not/He isn`t my colleague.
- 27 -

a) She is my Iriend.
b) They are not interpreters, they are translators.
c) The teacher is not nervous at all.
d) They are the new neighbours.
e) Their grandparents are not at home.

23. TransIormati urmtoarele propozitii la Iorma interogativ si negativ:
a) He is a taxi-driver.
b) They are American tourists visiting Romania.
c) There is a Ilower-pot on the window-sill.
d) This coniIerous tree has red wood.
e) It grows in hot climate.
I) She wants a bigger house.
g) They want to be Iree.
h) He has a younger sister in Connecticut.
i) He has got the Ilu.
j) Paul plays the piano beautiIully.
k) The minister`s wiIe has got the prize.
l) He makes Iun oI other people.
m) Wild roses grow here.


Lecia 8. RETUR: DE LA VERB LA PRONUME (From verbs to
pronouns)

n subcapitolul anterior am prezentat Iormele pronumelui personal n cazul
Nominativ (cu Iunctia de subiect). Cnd ndeplineste Iunctia de obiect direct sau
indirect (cazul Acuzativ, respectiv Dativ), pronumele personal are urmtoarele Iorme:
I ME mie, mi, mi, pe mine, m
Ex. Ask me! ntreab-m (pe mine)!
Grandpa alwavs gives me monev. (Bunicul mi d ntotdeauna bani.)
Thev call me Angel. (Mi se spune Angel.)
It reminds me of mv childhood. (mi aminteste de copilrie.)
YOU YOU tie, ti, ti, pe tine, te sau vou, v, vi, pe voi
HE HIM lui, i, pe el, l
SHE HER ei , i, pe ea, o
IT IT lui, ei, i, pe el, pe ea, l o
WE US nou, ne, ni, pe noi
THEY THEM lor, le , li, pe ei

APLICAII

24. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Ia-m cu tine!
2. M Iace mincinos.
3. Spune-i c totul e n regul.
4. Vorbeste tu cu ei!
5. ntotdeauna o ajutm s-si care bagajele.


- 28 -
Lecia 9. PRONUMELE I A1ECTIVELE POSESIVE (The Possessive
Pronouns and Adjectives)

ADJECTIVUL POSESIV PRONUMELE POSESIV
I MY meu, mea, mei, mele - MINE al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele
YOU YOUR tu, ta, ti, tale, - YOURS al tu, a ta, ai ti, ale tale, al
vostru, voastr, vostri, voastre vostru, a voastr, ai vostri, ale voastre
HE HIS lui, su, sa , si, sale - HIS al (a, ai, ale) lui, su, sa, si, sale
SHE HER ei, su, sa, si, sale - HERS al (a, ai, ale) ei, su, sa, si, sale
IT ITS lui, ei, su (exc. - ITS OWN al (a, ai ale) lui, ei, su, sa,
persoane) si, sale (exc. persoane)
WE OUR nostru, noastr, - OURS al nostru, a noastr, ai nostri,
nostri, noastre ale noastre
THEY THEIR lor - THEIRS al (a, ai, ale) lor

ntruct ndeplinesc aceleasi Iunctii morIosintactice, pronumele si adjectivul
posesiv au aceleasi caracteristici ca si n limba romn. AstIel, adjectivul posesiv
nsoteste substantivul pe care l determin, n timp ce pronumele posesiv nlocuieste un
substantiv:
Ex. I have a house. This is mv house. This (house) is mine.
(Eu am o cas. Aceasta este casa mea. Aceasta (aceast cas) este a mea.)
Mv parents are from Suceava. His are from Bucharest.
(Printii mei sunt din Suceava. Ai lui sunt din Bucuresti.)
Spre deosebire de limba romn ns, adjectivul posesiv are Iorm unic, neIiind
necesar acordul adjectivului posesiv cu substantivul pe care l determin. De asemenea,
n limba englez adjectivul posesiv preced ntotdeauna substantivul pe care l
determin (ex. his map, their companv, our future, her desire etc.).

APLICAII

25. Cititi lista de mai jos si alctuiti apoi propozitii utiliznd adjectivul si pronumele
posesiv.

ME MY PARENTS MY SISTER
a Ilat a one-storeyed house boat home
a dining room a drawing room study
a bedroom three bedrooms sitting room
a bathroom a gym-room
a kitchen a nursery
a garage
a cortyard
a penthouse
a barn
a cellar
a garden

Model: I have got a Ilat. It is my Ilat. It is mine.
My parents have got a one-storeyed house. It is their house. It is theirs.
My sister has got a boat home. It is her boat. It is hers.



- 29 -
Lecia 10. PRONUMELE REFLEXIVE (The Self Pronouns)

I MY - MYSELF m, mie, mi, mi
YOU YOUR YOURSELF te, tie, ti, ti
HE HIM - HIMSELF se, lui, si, si
SHE HER - HERSELF se, ei, si, si
IT IT - ITSELF se, lui, ei etc. (neutru)
WE OUR OURSELVES ne, nou, ni
YOU YOUR YOURSELVES v, vou, vi
THEY THEM THEMSELVES se, lor, le, li, si, si

Sub denumirea de SELF PRONOUN sunt de Iapt reunite dou categorii distincte
de pronume care coincid ca Iorm:
a) Pronumele de ntrire (Emphatic Pronoun), care are rolul de a
sublinia substantivul pe care l nsoteste:
Ex. John did it himself. (John nsusi/singur/Ir ajutorul nimnui
a Icut-o).
The President himself attends the meeting. (Presedintele
nsusi/n persoan ia parte la ntrunire).
b) Pronumele reIlexiv (Reflexive Pronoun), care indic Iaptul c
actiunea verbului este ndreptat asupra subiectului acestuia.
Cu alte cuvinte, Iolosim pronumele reIlexiv atunci cnd, ntr-o
propozitie, subiectul si obiectul coincid.
Ex. I make mvself a coffee. (mi Iac o caIea.)
Hes got himself a new car. (Si-a cumprat o masin nou.)
He simplv loves himself! (Pur si simplu se iubeste pe sine. )

ATENTIE!
Multe verbe sunt reIlexive n romn si intranzitive n englez, unde constructia
este Ioarte rar.
Ex. a se brbieri to shave
a se grbi to hurry
a se supra to get angry
a se culca to go to bed
a se ntlni to meet
a se mbrca to dress/to get dressed
a se pieptna to comb
Cele mai Iecvente verbe reIlexive sunt: TO AMUSE ONESELF, TO CUT
ONESELF, TO ENJOY ONESELF, TO HELP ONESELF, TO HURT ONESELF, TO
INTRODUCE ONESELF, TO WASH ONESELF etc.
NOT: BY PRONUME REFLEXIV are ntelesul de SINGUR.
Ex. I live bv mvself. (I live alone.)

APLICAII

26. Completati cu pronume reIlexive:
1. She doesn`t live by . . She lives with Iriends.
2. He usually buys one Ior me and one Ior . .
3. Please dress . . It`s very late!
4. Help . to cake and tea!
5. Please make . at home!
6. I don`t need any help. I want to do it . .
- 30 -
7. She cut . while peeling potatoes.
8. She looks at . in the mirror.
9. My sons preIer to do their homework by . .
10. We hurt .. while climbing that rocky mountain.


Lecia 11. PRONUMELE RECIPROCE (The Reciprocal Pronouns)

Pronumele reciproce sunt: EACH OTHER (unul pe altul/cellalt; una pe
alta/cealalt) si ONE ANOTHER (unii pe altii; unele pe altele).
n general, este comun acceptat c EACH OTHER se reIer la dou persoane, n
timp ce ONE ANOTHER la mai mult de dou. De multe ori ns, ele se nlocuiesc
reciproc.
Ex. The twins look verv much like each other. (Gemenii seamn mult).
The members of this familv alwavs help one another. (Cei din Iamilia lor se
ajut reciproc/unii pe altii).

APLICAII

27. Subliniati si traduceti pronumele reciproce din enunturile urmtoare:
1. We are not aIraid oI each other.
2. The two Iriends count on each other.
3. They like speaking oI one another.
4. They look at each other and start laughing.
5. They consider each other very intelligent.
6. My cousin says that he and his brother are helping each other a lot.
7. They write to each other quite oIten.


Lecia 12. PRONUMELE RELATIVE (The Relative Pronouns)

Pronumele relative sunt invariabile n gen si numr si introduc o subordonat
relativ, putnd avea Iunctia de subiect sau complement. Pronumele relative cu Iunctia
de subiect sunt: WHO (pentru persoane), WHICH (pentru lucruri) si THAT (pentru
persoane sau lucruri).
Ex. the man who/that speaks English (brbatul care vorbeste englezeste)
the woman who/that understands Chinese (Iemeia care ntelege chineza)
the people who/that pav on the spot (oamenii/cei care pltesc pe loc)
the car which/that is parked (masina care e parcat)
the cars which/that are parked (masinile care sunt parcate)
Pronumele relativ cu Iunctia de complement sau atribut are aproximativ aceleasi
Iorme: WHO (sau WHOM PREPOZITIE) pentru persoane si WHICH pentru lucruri.
Ex. the girl whom I saw (Iata pe care am vzut-o)
the girl to whom I spoke (Iata cu care am vorbit)
the house which he built (casa pe care a construit-o)
Uneori, pronumele cu Iunctie de complement se omite:
Ex. the girl I saw
the girl I spoke to
the house he built
Pentru exprimarea posesiei se Ioloseste WHOSE pentru persoane si WHOSE
sau WHICH PREPOZITIE pentru lucruri.
- 31 -
Ex. the people whose names appear on the list (oamenii/persoanele/cei ale cror
nume apar pe list)
the tree whose bark/the bark of which is diseased (arborele a crui scoart e
aIectat de boal)

NOT: CEEA CE are ca echivalent n limba englez WHAT (atunci cnd
anunt ceea ce urmeaz) si WHICH (atunci cnd CEEA CE reia ceva
ce l-a precedat).
Ex. what I want to sav is that . (ceea ce vreau s spun este c .)
He denied it, which doesnt surprise me. (A negat, ceea ce nu m
surprinde.)

APLICAII

28. Completati urmtoarele propozitii cu WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH sau THAT:
1. He . makes no mistakes makes nothing.
2. The man to . I speak is my brother.
3. The girl . mother is ill has got a day oII.
4. I like to help those . I love and . I know love me.
5. The aspen is a poplar tree . has especially tremulous leaves.
6. Any plant . produces some sort oI Ilower is a Ilowering plant.
7. Do you know . Catherine works Ior?
8. The Iorest probationer, . seems very young, has a very good reputation.


Lecia 13. PRONUMELE NEHOTRATE I AD1ECTIVELE
CORESPONDENTE (Indefinite Pronouns and Their Adjectival
Counterparts)

Din categoria 'nehotrtelor Iac parte: pronumele cantitative si adjectivele
partitive (SOME, ANY, NO), adjectivele si pronumele distributive (EACH, EVERY,
ALL, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER) etc. n general, ele exprim cantitatea, numrul
nedeIinit, varietatea etc.
Pronumele (cantitative) SOME, ANY si NONE nlocuiesc substantive la plural
sau nenumrabile la singular. SOME se Ioloseste n propozitii aIirmative, n ntrebri
(atunci cnd se asteapt ca rspunsul s Iie aIirmativ) si n oIerte, invitatii sau cereri.
Ex. There are deer in the park. We saw some todav. (Sunt cerbi n parc. Am
vzut ctiva astzi)
The coffee is readv. Would vou like some? (CaIeaua e gata.
Vrei/vreti(putin)?)

NOT: SOME ca pronume se Ioloseste si cu sensul de UNII sau ALTII.
Ex. Some sav ves, some sav no. (Unii spun da, altii spun nu).

Cuvinte compuse cu SOME:
SOMEBODY, SOMEONE cineva
SOMETHING ceva
SOMEHOW, SOMEWHAT cumva
SOMEWHERE undeva

ANY se Ioloseste n propozitii negative si interogative.
Ex. I painfullv need monev but I dont have anv.
- 32 -
Arent there anv in the fridge?
NOT: ANY ntr-o propozitie aIirmativ are sensul de ORICARE.
Ex. Anv of us is available on Mondav. (Oricare dintre noi e disponibil lunea.)

Cuvinte compuse cu ANY:
ANYBODY, ANYONE oricine, oricare
ANYTHING orice
ANYHOW oricum
ANYWHERE - oriunde

NONE se Ioloseste n propozitii aIirmative pentru a exprima negatia.
Ex. If these are the kinds of fruit vou want to give me, Id rather have none.
(Dac acestea sunt Iructele pe care vrei s mi le dai, as preIera s nu iau nici unul)

NOT: Alt ntrebuintare: None of us care about the matter. (Nici dintre noi nu-i pas
de aceast chestiune)

Din categoria pronumelor cantitative mai Iac parte: MUCH, MANY, LITTLE si FEW.
Dintre acestea, MANY si FEW nlocuiesc substantive numrabile, iar MUCH si
LITTLE nlocuiesc substantive nenumrabile.
Ex. Manv are called but few are chosen. (Multi (sunt) chemati, (dar) putini
(sunt) alesi.)
He doesnt spend much. In fact, he spends little. (Nu cheltuieste mult. De
Iapt, chiar Ioarte putin)

NOTE: 1. MUCH si MANY se Iolosesc n mod normal n propozitii negative
si interogative. n propozitii aIirmative se Ioloseste mai ales A
LOT/LOTS sau A GREAT DEAL.
Ex. Her husband usuallv earns a great deal.
Do vou have anv grammar books? Yes, I buv lots.
2. MUCH si MANY se pot combina cu HOW.
Ex. How much does it cost? (Ct cost?)
How manv have vou got? (Cti/cte ai?)

Pronumele distributive sunt: EACH, ALL, EVERYTHING,
EVERYONE/EVERYBODY, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER.
EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) este Iolosit cu verbe la singular.
Ex. Each (of them/us/vou) chooses the colour he prefers. (Fiecare dintre
ei/noi/voi alege ce culoare vrea).

ALL (toi, toate) este urmat de verbe la plural.
Ex. All (of vou) are welcome. (Toti/toate sunteti bineveniti/binevenite.)
EVERYONE, EVERYBODY (toi, toat lumea) si EVERYTHING (tot,
toate lucrurile) se Iolosesc cu verbe la singular.
Ex. Evervbodv/evervone is present. (Toat lumea e prezent/toti sunt prezenti.)

BOTH (cei doi/cele dou, amandoi/amandou) poate Ii sau nu urmat de OF:
Ex. Both (of them) are forest engineers. (Amndoi sunt ingineri silvici.)

NOT: ALL si BOTH sunt plasate uneori naintea verbului pentru a ntri
subiectul pronominal:
Ex. You all are verv kind to me.
- 33 -
We both prefer tea to coffee.
Pronumele distributiv EITHER are ntelesul 'unul dintre cei doi, iar NEITHER
'nici unul dintre cei doi.
Ex. Either/neither (of vou) is good. (Oricare/nici unul din voi (nu) este bun).

Pronumele ONE are sensul: unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare.
Ex. I would like a red one. (As dori unul/una rosie).

Aproape toate pronumele enumerate mai sus pot Ii Iolosite adjectival,
determinnd un substantiv sau nlocuitor al acestuia; unele dintre ele sunt ntrebuintate
si ca adverb sau conjunctie.
Ca adjectiv, SOME se poate traduce prin: VREUN , VREO, CEVA, NISTE,
CTIVA, CTEVA, CTVA, CEVA, UNII sau UNELE, ntr-o propozitie aIirmativ.
Uneori, SOME se Ioloseste si n ntrebri la care se asteapt un rspuns aIirmativ:
Ex. I want to buv some sugar and some sweets.
Would vou like some cake?

Adjectivul ANY se traduce prin: VREUN, VREO, CEVA, CTIVA, CTEVA,
NISTE, UNII, UNELE ntr-o propozitie interogativ sau negativ:
Ex. Have vou got anv news?
I havent got anv monev.

Adjectivul NO este echivalentul lui NONE si are sensul de NICI UN, NICI O,
DELOC.
Ex. He gives no details.

Cuvinte compuse cu NO:
NOBODY/NO ONE nimeni
NOTHING nimeni
NOWHERE nicieri

NOT: Adjectivele SOME, ANY si NO sunt adesea numite partitive.

Adjectivele cantitative MANY si FEW se Iolosesc cu substantive numrabile, iar
MUCH si LITTLE cu substantive nenumrabile.

Ex. manv newspapers, few inhabitants
much happiness, little concern

EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) poate Ii, de asemenea, Iolosit adjectival:
Ex. Each child receives a pri:e.
Each flower has a different colour.

ALL (tot, toat, toi, toate) se asaz ntotdeauna naintea articolului hotrt si
poate Ii Iolosit adjectival sau adverbial.
Ex. all the people (toat lumea)
She is all upset. (E Ioarte tulburat)

EVERY poate nsemna 'considerati mpreun sau considerati separat. El
urmeaz de obicei unui substantiv la singular si este corespondentul lui ALL (la plural).
Ex. Everv girl has a white ribbon. (Fiecare Iat are o panglic alb.)
Everv citi:en is vaccinated. (Toti cettenii sunt vaccinati.)
We meet everv dav. (Ne ntlnim n Iiecare zi.)
- 34 -
We meet everv other dav. (Ne ntlnim o dat la dou zile/la Iicare dou
zile.)

BOTH mai poate Ii, n aIar de pronume, adjectiv si conjunctie. El se Ioloseste
nototdeauna Ir articolul THE.
Ex. Both books are worth reading. (Ambele crti merit s Iie citite.)
It is both harmful and illegal. (E si duntor, si ilegal.)

EITHER ca adjectiv are sensul 'oricare din cei doi/din cele dou; ca adverb
nseamn aproximativ 'nici, iar n constructia conjunctival EITHER . OR . , se
traduce prin 'Iie . , Iie ., 'sau . , sau ., 'ori . , ori ..
Ex. Either choice is fine. (Oricare alegere e bun.)
I dont believe vou either. (Nici eu nu te/v cred.)
You can either leave or stav. (Poti pleca sau rmne.)

NEITHER (nici unul, nici cellalt) este Iorma negativ a lui EITHER, pe care l
poate nlocui n oricare dintre Iunctii, cu exceptia adverbului, atunci cnd este vorba de
o negatie.
Ex. Neither dress is suitable for the partv. (Nici una dintre rochii nu e potrivit
pentru petrecere.)
Neither children nor animals are admitted. (Nici copiii, nici animalele nu sunt
admise.)

Adjectivul ONE nseamn 'unul, una, un singur, o singur, un/o oarecare.
Ex. a one-wav ticket (un bilet dus)
I know one Mr. Thompson. (Cunosc un oarecare domn Thompson.)

WHOLE poate Ii Iolosit ca adjectiv (intregul, intreaga, tot, toat), la Iel ca
ENTIRE, sau ca substantiv (ansamblu, tot, intreg).
Ex. the whole/entire countrv (ntreaga tar)
How much for the whole? (Ct Iace totul?)


REZUMAT PRONUME I AD1ECTIVE NEHOTRATE

SOME - adjectiv: Some people are in favour of this decision.
- pronume: Give me some'

ANY adjectiv: Do vou have anv news?
- pronume: Anv of us can do it.
NO adjectiv: He has no monev on him.

NONE pronume: None of us know about it.

ALL adjectiv: All the people are present.
- pronume: Alls well that ends well.
- adverb: She is all upset.

BOTH adjectiv: Both possibilities are worth considering.
- pronume: I want both of them.
- conjunctie: It is both useless and dangerous.

- 35 -
EACH adjectiv: Each dav he calls me.
- pronume: Each of us has got a handbook.
EITHER adjectiv: Either language is good.
- adverb: I dont believe vou either.
- conjunctie: Its either this or that.
- pronume: I can tell this to either of them.

NEITHER adjectiv: Neither language is good.
- conjunctie: Neither her son nor her daughter help her.
- pronume: Neither of them is available.

EVERY adjectiv: Everv step vou take, Im behind vou.

ONE adjectiv: I know one Mr. Thompson.
- pronume: Get me the blue one'

MULT, MULT . MUCH SINGULAR
MULTI, MULTE . MANY PLURAL
MUCH si MAY se pot nlocui cu: A LOT OF, A GOOD DEAL OF, PLENTY OF.
CT, CT . HOW MUCH SINGULAR
CTI, CTE . HOW MANY PLURAL
PUTIN, PUTIN . LITTLE SINGULAR
PUTINI, PUTINE . FEW PLURAL
ATTA, ATT DE MULT . SO (AS) MUCH SINGULAR
ATTIA, ATTEA . SO (AS) MANY PLURAL
ATT DE PUTIN/PUTIN . SO (AS) LITTLE SINGULAR
ATT DE PUTINI/PUTINE . SO (AS) FEW PLURAL
PREA MULT/MULT . TOO MUCH SINGULAR
PREA MULTI/MULTE . TOO MANY PLURAL
MAI MULT/MULT/MULTI/MULTE .. MORE SINGULAR/PLURAL
NU MAI MULT (.) . NO . MORE (LEFT)
NOT . ANY MORE (LEFT)




APLICAII

29. Alegeti rspunsul corect:
1. There are two plays to choose Irom. Which . would you like to see?
a) ones
b) some
c) one
2. Is there any news Ior me? Yes, there is . .
a) one
b) some
c) ones
3. Do one oI these tasks. Which is the easiest . ?
a) one
b) ones
c) some
4. They have a Iew houses Ior sale. I choose the smallest . .
a) one
- 36 -
b) some
c) ones
5. Do you have enough strength to bring it here? Well, I have . , but not too much.
a) some
b) one
c) ones

30. Completati cu SOME sau ANY:
1. They`ve got . trees in the garden.
2. Are there . armchairs in the living-room?
3. Have I got . e-mails this morning?
4. Do you have . brothers in this school?
5. Have . apples, please.

31. Completati cu MUCH sau MANY:
1. He doesn`t have . money.
2. Does she take . interest in it?
3. I haven`t . time.
4. Are there . students absent today?
5. He doesn`t know . English.
6. How . does this book cost?

32. Folositi FEW sau A FEW, LITTLE sau A LITTLE pentru a completa urmtoarele
propozitii:
1. He is very ill, there is . hope Ior him.
2. There are . apples in the bowl, help yourselI to some.
3. He can`t aIIord it as he has . money leIt.
4. . people admit they are wrong.
5. He has . Iriends willing to help him.

33. Subliniati cuvntul corect:
1. There are none/no messages on the answering machine.
2. Sorry, I can`t hear either/neither oI you properly.
3. I can`t come at the weekend. I`m busy both days/every day.
4. I can`t see no/any solution to the problem, I`m aIraid.
5. II you have any/some problems, let me help you.
6. Now I want each/every oI you to Iill in these Iorms.
7. She doesn`t have much/many money.

34. Folositi expresiile urmtoare pentru a aproxima valorile de mai jos:
NONE OF THEM, MOST OF THEM, A FEW OF THEM, MANY OF THEM, SOME
OF THEM, ALL OF THEM.
1. 0 -
2. 5-25 -
3. 25-50 -
4. 50-75 -
5. 75-95 -
6. 100 -

35. Rescrieti a doua propozitie n asa Iel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima. Folositi
cuvintele din parantez.
1. The hotels are both unsuitable. (neither)
- 37 -
. . . . . is suitable.
2. The two proposals are interesting. (both)
. . . . . are interesting.
3. These items oI Iurniture aren`t expensive. (none)
. . . . . is expensive.
4. Not everybody listens to him. (all)
. . . . . listen to him.
5. We only want our wages. (all)
. . . . . is our wages.


Lecia 14. PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (Interrogative Pronouns)

Pronumele interogative sunt: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH. Ele se
Iolosesc dup cum urmeaz:

persoane lucruri
WHO WHAT subiect
WHICH WHICH
WHOM, WHO WHAT complement
WHICH WHICH
posesiv WHOSE

Fiind invariabile, pronumele interogative au o singur Iorm pentru singular,
plural, masculin sau Ieminin:
Ex. Who is that man?
Who are these girls?
Cnd WHO, WHAT, WHOSE si WHICH sunt subiectul unei propozitii,
verbul este la aIirmativ:
Ex. Who fudges? (Cine judec?)
What happened? (Ce s-a ntmplat?)
Whose is that gun? (A cui este arma aceea?)
Which (one) belongs to him? (Care (dintre ei/ele) i apartine?)
Cnd WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHOSE, WHICH sunt complementul unei
propozitii, verbul este la interogativ. n acest caz, ordinea cuvintelor este urmtoarea:
CUVNT INTEROGATIV AUXILIAR SUBIECT VERB
Ex. Who(m) do vou prefer? (Pe care-l/o preIeri?)
What have vou got there? (Ce ai acolo?)
Which (one) does does he want? (Pe care l/o vrea?)
Atunci cnd au Iunctia de complement prepozitional, pronumele interogative
transIer de obicei prepozitiile la sIrsitul propozitiei.
Ex. In what are vou interested? (De ce esti interesat?) What are vou interested in?
To which of vou does he send letters? (Cruia dintre voi i trimite scrisori?)
Which of vou does he send letters to?

NOTE: 1. WHICH se Ioloseste ntr-un context cu alegere limitat. n rest se
Ioloseste WHAT:
Ex. What do vou see? (Ce vezi?)
Which one do vou see? (Pe care dintre ei/ele l/o vezi?)

2. WHAT si WHICH sunt Iolosite si ca adjective interogative,
pstrnd aceleasi diIerente:
- 38 -
Ex. What kind of books do vou like? (Ce Iel de crti ti plac?)
Which book do vou like? (Care carte ti place?)
O categorie aparte o constituie adverbele interogative.Si acestea se
Iolosesc in intrebri, drept pentru care pozitia lor este la nceput, naintea
auxiliarului, subiectului si verbului principal.
Ex. When do vou think this might be over?
Where does he teach?
Whv do vou crv so much?
How do vou spell vour name?
How old is he?
How much is this?
How often do vou go dancing?

3. WHAT BE ? si WHAT BE . LIKE ? sunt ntrebri diIerite:
Ex. What is Mr. Parker? Hes a lawver.
What is Mr. Parker like? Hes short and arrogant.


RECAPITULARE I APLICAII:

36. Completati cu pronume interogative:
1. . do you Iind easier to learn, English or French?
2. . oI the two players do you like better?
3. . is he, do you suppose?
4. . is the number oI the your house?
5. . is the result?

37. Alctuiti dou ntrebri pentru Iiecare propozitie:
1. We see our daughter twice a week.
Whom . ?
Who . ?
2. Their son hates piano lessons.
Who . ?
What . ?
3. Helen says she disagrees.
Who . ?
What . ?
4. They always argue with him.
Who . ?
Whom . ?
38. Alctuiti ntrebri din cuvintele de mai jos:
1. Who/love/they?
2. Which/she/preIer?
3. What/your son/Ior a living?
4. What/mother/usually/make Ior breakIast?
5. Who/order/pizza?

39. Cititi cu atentie textul urmtor si Iormulati ntrebri reIeritoare la cuvintele scrise cu
italice.

II you want to buy a new car, you have to think about manv things. Money is, oI
course, one oI them. But now you don`t have to pay in cash. You can get a car on
instalments, which is much better Ior you. You go to a car dealer and choose the car
- 39 -
vou want to have. You pay a deposit, and. drive the car. Then you must pay monthlv
instalments Ior Iour or Iive years. If vou pav all the monev, the car is yours, and you can
sell it .to buy another one. On instalments, oI course.

1. What .?
2. How . ?
3. Where . ?
4. What . ?
5. What . ?
6. What . ?
7. When . ?

40. Completati dup model :
1. John`s mother is Barbara. (possessive`s)
2. Her sister`s married. (contraction`s)
3. Barbara`s husband is Philip.
4. Peter`s Iamily is quite big.
5. Alice`s her brother`s wiIe.

41. Puneti apostroIul la locul corect.
My parents names are Michael and Georgiana. My Iathers a journalist and my
mothers unemployed. Ive got two brothers and a sister. My brothers names are Ethan
and Shane. My sisters names Beverly. Shes married to Sean. Shes a teacher and hes a
banker.

42. ParaIrazati urmtoarele cuvinte:
Ex: aunt my mother`s sister or my Iather`s sister
Uncle
Cousin
GrandIather
Grandmother

43. Alegeti cuvntul corect:
1.They`re/there Irom London.
2.Their/there children are at school.
3.They`re/their not at home.
4.There/they`re aren`t any mirrors in this room.
5.They`re/their house is quite large.
6.There/their are two doors.
44. Dintre toti membrii Iamiliei tale, care este:
a. the oldest
b. the smartest
c. the tallest
d. the most talented
e. the most ambitious
I. the richest

45. Dintre mijloacele de transport, care este:
a. the cheapest
b. the most comIortable
c. the least comIortable
d. the most expensive
e. the least dangerous
- 40 -
I. the Iastest
g. the most enjoyable
h. the most modern

46. TransIormati urmtoarele expresii n adjective compuse si derivate:
ex: a girl with Iair hair a Iair-haired girl
a pullover made by hand a handmade pullover
a Iilm having meaning a meaningIul Iilm
1. a student who works hard
2. a man with blue eyes
3. a driver who does not take care
4. a blouse with short sleeves
5. a woman who looks good
6. a tree which is a hundred years old
7. a woman with a kind heart
8. a story which breaks the heart
9. a man who has courage
10. a man with a red Iace

47. Traduceti in limba romn:

FIGURES OF SPEECH
a. As pretty as a picture as ugly as a sin
As sour as lemon - as happy as a grin
As brave as a lion - as shy as a Iox
As weak as a kitten - as strong as an ox
As thin as a shadow - as solid as a brick
As hungry as a bear - as Iull as a tick
As heavy as lead - as light as a Ieather
As steady as a rock - as uncertain as the weather
As hot as an oven - as cold as ice
As rich as Croesus - as poor as churchmice
As blind as a bat - as deaI as a post
As cool as a cucumber - as warm as a toast
As brittle as glass - as tough as gristle
As neat as a pin - as clean as a whistle
As dull as a dishwasher - as bright as a button
As generous as the day is long as greedy as a glutton.
(FUN WITH ENGLISH, USIS ,1989)
b. 1. John is as busy as a bee.
2. I think he is as Iirm as a rock.
3. He is as brave as a lion.
4. My cousin is as happy as a king.
. 5. Sometimes he is as mute as a Iish.
6. Her Iace is as red as a rose.
7. Waiting Ior the verdict he is as silent as a grave.
8. This boy is as gentle as a lamb.

48. Family Tree
Cele 14 persoane de mai jos Iormeaz 7 cupluri. Din inIormatiile care v sunt date,
aIlati care sunt acestea. Observati c sunt trei generatii ale aceleiasi Iamilii.
Alec is Carol`s nephew and Leonard`s cousin.
Betty is Leonard`s mother and Margaret`s sister-in-law.
- 41 -
Carol is Edwin`s daughter and Margaret`s sister-in-law.
Donald is Gary`s brother-in-law and Alec`s uncle.
Edwin is Ivy`s grandIather and Margaret`s Iather-in-law.
Fiona is Carol`s mother and Alec`s grandmother.
Gary is Holly`s son-in-law and Neil`s brother-in-law.
Holly is Betty`s mother-in-law and Leonard`s grandmother.
Ivy is Gary`s niece and Donald`s daughter-in-law.
Jeremy is Donald`s Iather and Gordon`s Iather-in-law.
Katherine is Gary`s daughter-in-law and Margaret`s daughter-in-law.
Leonard is Jeremy`s grandson and Donald`s son.
Margaret is Leonard`s aunt and Fiona`s daughter-in-law.
Neil is Ivy`s Iather and Fiona`s son-in-law.

49. Formati propozitii scurte despre membrii Iamiliei voastre.

50. Gsiti n coloana B corespondent pentru numele de animale din coloana A

A B

1.cow 1. kid
2.dog 2. duckling
3.horse 3. cub
4.duck 4. lamb
5.hen 5. puppy
6.lion 6. caterpillar
7.sheep 7. calI
8.goat 8. colt
9.cat 9. kitten
10.pig 10.piglet
11.insects 11.chick(en)
12.butterIlies 12.larva

51. Traduceti in limba romn:

Dear Cinderella,
Your jobs Ior tonight:
Sweep the chimney, scrub the Iloors, beat the carpets, hoover the stairs, dust the
Iurniture, polish the silver, make the beds, change the sheets, tidy the house, dig the
garden, clean out the Iireplace, empty the rubbish, wash our underwear, mend the socks,
darn the shirts, iron the laundry, cook the supper, do the washing-up, dry the dishes, put
them away.
Don`t wait up Ior us .We might be late home.
The Ugly Sisters
(Guy Wellman - Wordbuilder)

52. Plasati urmtoarele substantive n coloana corespunztoare:
bark, beak, bleat, buzz, cage, chirp, claw, cluck, den, Ieather, Iur, hiss, hive, hooI, horn,
howl, hutch, kennel, mane, neigh, nest, paw, pouch, purr, roar, scales, shell, skin,
squeak, stable, sty, tentacle, tusk, whiskers, wing, wool, zoo.

Animal Habitat Animal Sound Animal Coat Animal Body
. . . .
. . . .
- 42 -
. . . .

53. Puneti urmtoarele cuvinte si expresii n grupuri n Iunctie de verbul cu care se
potrivesc (MAKE, DO, GO, HAVE). Unele cuvinte se Iolosesc cu dou dintre verbe:

a try, shopping, your best, a decision, money, a cake, a lot oI work, well, dinner, the
shopping, war, an attempt, Iriends, the beds, a swim, housework, swimming, (Ior) a
walk, a go, on holiday,the washing up, skiing, nothing.

make
do
go
have

54. Completati cu MAKE sau LET:

1. Some parents . their children eat things they don`t like.
2. Please . me know iI anything changes.
3. My boss . me have lunch whenever I like.
4. That teacher . his students work very hard.

55. Formati cuvinte compuse:
A B
pocket hostel
youth store
junk oIIice
post shop
shop assistant
department money
shoe Iood

Ex: pocket-money
56. Completati cu MAKE sau HAVE:

1. I intend to . German lessons.
2. Do you mind iI I . a quick phone call?
3. I always . a shower in the morning.
4. He always . mistakes in writing.

57. Folositi MAKE sau DO n propozitiile de mai jos :

1. Mother ...a cake every Saturday.
2. Please, don`t.. a mess!

3. Please sit down and..yourselI at home!
4. Their aunt likes to ....a crossword puzzle in her spare time.
5. He ... his best to . enough money Ior his Iamily.
6. It`s easy to ..... mistakes in this exercise.
7. She preIers ... the beds to ..... the dishes.
8. In their Iamily, it is the grandIather who ..... the rules.
9. Never .... plans beIore talking to me Iirst.
10. He is too shy to ..... a speech in Iront oI so many people.

- 43 -
58. Completati a doua propozitie n asa Iel nct s aib un sens similar cu prima.

1. John is a better game-keeper than George.
George`s not....John.

2. I usually eat less than Michael.
I don`t ..... Michael.

3. No one in the team has better communication skills than him.
He has ....in the team.

4. The baby looks Iatter this week than last.
The baby looks ...... every week

59. Traduceti in limba englez:

1. Bagajele lui sunt mult mai grele dect ale mele.
2. i este Ioarte greu s aleag singur articole de mobil.
3. Vestile pe care mi le aduci nu sunt tocmai plcute.
4. Bugetul pentru amenajarea pdurilor de anul acesta este mai mare dect cel de anul
trecut.
5. D-mi un exemplu de animal duntor pdurii!
6. InIormatiile cu privire la delictele silvice sunt inexacte.
7. Cele mai simple plante din regnul vegetal sunt bacteriile unicelulare si algele.
8. As dori niste trandaIiri cu tulpini lungi, v rog.
9. Pe scurt, ecologia este o stiint care ne ajut s intelegem relatiile dintre mediu si
vietuitoarele acestuia.
10. Spune-le s nu mai tipe!
11. Care este grupa cu cel mai mic numr de studenti?
12. Cine are cel mai mic numr de ani din Iamilia ta?
13. Cine cheltuie cel mai putin din Iamilia ta?
14. Cum ajung pe Strada Florilor?
15. Mergeti vara pe litoral?
16. Nici unul dintre ei nu stie adevrul.
17. Stii cumva numrul ei de teleIon?
18. Nu sta n picioare, ia loc, te rog!
19. Ce culoare are masina vecinei tale?
20. Care cas e a ta?
21. Cine stie lectia?
22. Ce Iaci tu la serviciu?
23. Care este numele ei de domnisoar? Dar prenumele?
24. Care este numele lui de Iamilie? Dar de botez?
25. Cine l ajut?
26. Ce bei tu dimineata?
27. Care carte este a ta?
28. Care dintre cele dou crti este a ei?
29. Care dintre cele dou portoIele este al meu?
30. Ce zi este astzi?
31. Stii cine sunt ei?
32. Ai vreun prieten cu care s vorbesti?
33. Vezi vreun om pe strad?
34. O albin moart nu Iace miere.
- 44 -
35. Este mult lapte in Irigider.
36. Ct vrei?
37. Cte vrei?
38. Nu stie prea multe dar e putin cam arogant.
39. Casa aceea alb este a prietenei mele, iar cea de alturi este a mea.
40. Dimineata sunteti la lucru sau acas?
41. Ei nu sunt ingineri, ei sunt bancheri.
42. Cti ani are?
43. Sunteti de serviciu astzi?
44. Sunteti cetteni britanici?
45. Nu e prea comod s astepti la vam.
46. Toti prietenii mei sunt romni!
47. Nu sunteti la scoal?
48. Imi pare ru c am ntrziat.
49. Ai dreptate, tatl lui nu este medic, ci agent imobiliar.
50. Care este diIerenta dintre un translator si un interpret?
51. Care sunt atributiile unui decan?
52. Esti ocupat?
53. Ce meserie aveti ? Cu ce v ocupati?
54. Directorul acestei companii este un bun vorbitor de limba englez.
55. Fratele meu si spal singur cmsile.
56. Colega mea este un bun organizator, dar eu nu sunt.
57. Nu-mi amintesc numele lor.
58. Aminteste-mi s le dau un teleIon!
59. Vorbeste-mi despre tine.
60. De ce nu vrei s urmezi nici un sIat?
61. Cum arat Iiul lor?
62. Asta e a mea, cealalt e a ta.
63. Amndoi seamn cu mama lor.
64. Unde locuiesti?
65. M tem c ninge.
66. Fiecare dintre noi are nevoie de putin sare dar nici pe departe att de mult ct
mnnc unii.
67. Foloseste mai putin sare si zahr n mncare!

60. a) Completati urmtorul tabel:

CONIFEROUS DECIDUOUS EVERGREEN
Ash X
Birch
Elm
Fir
Larch
Maple
Oak
Pine
Spruce
Willow

b) Analizati urmtoarele grupe de arbori dup modelul:
Model: |ash, birch| Neither oI them is coniIerous. They are both deciudous.
- 45 -
|elm, Iir| One oI them/the Iormer is deciduous and the other/the latter is
evergreen.
|Iir , larch|
|maple, oak|
|pine, willow|
|larch, spruce|

61. Formulati ntrebri la care s rspund cuvintele n bold:

1. Last year grew Iewer species oI oak in these areas.
2. They don`t understand what you want to say.
3. She doesn`t even consider coming to the meeting because she is not well.
4. They usually travel by train.
5. Nobody leaves the room until the meeting ends.






TEST AUTOEVALUARE

1. (1p.) Traduceti n limba englez:
a. ziarul de ieri
b. prerea proIesorilor
c. blana ursului
d. copacii din padure

2. (3p.) Traduceti in limba englez:
a) bun
mai bun
mai putin bun
cel mai bun
la Iel de bun ca
din ce n ce mai bun

b) sntos
mai sntos
mai important
cel mai important
cel mai ru
din ce n ce mai ru

3. (1p.) Traduceti in limba englez:
a. a Iace cumprturi
b. a lua o decizie
c. a lua prnzul
d. a merge ntr-o excursie
e. a merge la plimbare

4. (1p.) Treceti la negativ si interogativ:
a. He is very good at English.
- 46 -
b. He makes mistakes in writing.

5. (4p.) Traduceti in limba englez:
a. De cti bani ai nevoie?
b. Mtusa lor e mai n vrst dect a noastr.
c. Oriunde te-ai duce, adu-ti aminte de sIaturile mele.
d. Ai aici doi brazi: unul argintiu si unul alb.













































- 47 -
PARTEA A DOUA - UP AND DOWN THE WAY

Lecia 15. NUMERALUL (The Numeral)

n subcapitolul dedicat numeralului vor Ii abordate numeralul cardinal si ordinal,
urmate de o scurt prezentare a numeralului: Iractional, multiplicativ, distributiv,
precum si de reIeriri succinte la unitti de msur si exprimare a timpului si a vrstei n
limba englez.

Numeralul Cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral)
Numeralul cardinal se Ioloseste pentru a exprima un numr exact de lucruri,
obiecte, Iiinte, situatii etc. Formele acestuia sunt urmtoarele:
0 - zero, nought, oh, love, nil
1 one
2 two
3 three
4 Iour
5 Iive
6 six
7 seven
8 eight
9 nine
10 ten
11 eleven
12 twelve
13 thirteen
14 Iourteen
15 IiIteen
16 sixteen
17 seventeen
18 eighteen
19 nineteen
20 - twenty
21 twenty-one
22 twenty-two
23 twenty-three
29 twenty-nine
30 thirty
40 Iorty
50 IiIty
60 sixty
70 seventy
80 eighty
90 ninety
100 one hundred
101 - one hundred and one
105 one hundred and Iive
125 one hundred and twenty-Iive
200 two hundred
201 two hundred and one
1,000 one thousand
1,001 one thousand and one
- 48 -
1,484 one thousand Iour hundred and eighty-Iour
2,010 two thousand and ten
10,000 ten thousand
100,000 one hundred thousand
1,000,000 one million
5,000,000 Iive million
1,000,000,000 one billion

Observatii:
1. Dup cum se poate observa, ciIra 0 are mai multe denumiri care vor Ii Iolosite
n Iunctie de context. AstIel, ZERO se ntlneste mai ales n engleza american, de
obicei n matematic, Iizic sau pentru indicarea temperaturii. n engleza britanic, zero
matematic se numeste NOUGHT. Cnd apare n numere de teleIon (citite ciIr cu ciIr),
zero se va pronunta |o|. Celelalte denumiri se Iolosesc pentru a exprima scoruri n jocuri
pe echipe (NIL), respectiv n tenis (LOVE).
2. Cu exceptia numeralelor cardinale 11 (eleven) si 12 (twelve), urmtoarele
numerale pn la 19 inclusiv se Iormeaz din unitti terminatia TEEN (cu modiIicri
ortograIice si Ionetice la 13 si 15)
THREE THIRTEEN
FOURFOURTEEN
FIVEFIFTEEN
SIXSIXTEEN
SEVEN SEVENTEEN
EIGHTEIGHTEEN
NINENINETEEN
SuIixul TEEN la plural are valoare substantival :
Ex. He is still in his teens.
Retineti de asemenea substantivele compuse TEENAGE si TEENAGER.
3. Numeralele din zece n zece de la 20 la 90 se Iormeaz din unitti
terminatia-TY (cu unele modiIicri):
TWOTWENTY
THREETHIRTY
FOURFORTY
FIVEFIFTY
SIXSIXTY
SEVENSEVENTY
EIGHTEIGHTY
NINENINETY
4. Numeralele care exprim zecile pot avea si Iorm de plural:
Ex: tens of shops (zeci de magazine)
the eighties (decada 80-89)
to count bv tens (a numra din 10 n 10)
5. ntre zeci si unitti se Ioloseste ntotdeauna o liniut de unire:
Ex: twentv-five, seventv-eight
6. HUNDRED si THOUSAND sunt legate prin conjunctia AND de numeralele
care urmeaz. Ex. 1,002 one thousand and two
438 four hundred and thirtv-eight
7. Numeralele HUNDRED, THOUSAND si MILLION nu se Iolosesc la plural
cnd sunt Iolosite adjectival (300 - three hundred, 4,000 - four thousand, 5,000,000 -
five million); ele primesc S numai cnd au un nteles nedeIinit (thousands and
thousands of people - mii si mii de oameni).
- 49 -
8. n scris, desprtirea ntre mii si milioane se Iace prin virgul (7,850 ;
2,500,000).
9. Pentru a exprima vrsta ntr-un mod mai elegant, se poate ntrebuinta
numeralul cardinal corespunztor zecilor, la plural, precedat de una din urmtoarele
diviziuni: EARLY-, MID-, sau LATE-.
Ex: I am 21. I am in the earlv-twenties.
She is 35. She is in her mid-thirties.
He is 48 .He is in his late-forties.
10. Numeralele cardinale sunt cele Iolosite n calcule, dup cum urmeaz:
adunare (addition)
6410 six plus Iour equals ten
six and Iour is/are ten
scdere (subtraction)
10-37 ten minus three is seven
three Irom ten is seven
ten take away three is seven
nmultire (multiplication)
5x735Iive multiplied by seven equals thirty-Iive
Iive times seven is thirty-Iive
Iive sevens are thirty-Iive
mprtire (division)
12:43twelve divided by Iour equals three
twelve divided by Iour is three
12:52(rest 2) twelve divided by Iive is 2, remainder 2
ridicare la putere (powers)
327three to the power three is twenty-seven
extragerea rdcinii (roots)
\255the square root oI twenty-Iive is Iive
\273cube root oI twenty-seven is three

Numeralul Ordinal (The Ordinal Numeral)
Numeralul ordinal se ntrebuinteaz pentru a identiIica sau indica un lucru n
cadrul unei serii sau succesiuni si are urmtoarele Iorme:

Numeral Ordinal Forma contras
the Iirst
the second
the third
the Iourth
the twenty-Iirst
twenty-second
the twenty-third
the twenty-Iourth
the thirtieth
the thirty-Iirst
the Iortieth
the IiItieth
the sixtieth
the seventieth
the eightieth
the ninetieth
the one hundredth
the 1
st

the 2
nd

the 3
rd

the 4
th

the 21
st

the 22
nd

the 23
rd

the 24
th

the 30
th

the 31
st

the 40
th

the 50
th

the 60
th

the 70
th

the 80
th

the 90
th

the 100
th

- 50 -
the one thousandth
the one millionth
the 1,000
th

the 1,000,000
th


Observatii
1. Numeralul ordinal este precedat de articolul THE si se Iormeaz prin
adugarea terminatiei TH numeralului cardinal, exceptie Icnd primele trei numerale
si cele compuse cu ele (Ex: the first - primul; the second - al doilea/a doua; the third - al
treilea/a treia; the twentv-first - al douzecisiunulea/a douzecisiuna).
2. n cazul numeralelor ordinale compuse numai ultimul termen primeste
terminatia TH (the one hundred and eightv-seventh).
3. n exprimarea datei, se Ioloseste numeralul ordinal, iar pentru exprimarea
anilor, cel cardinal (Ex. 27.09.1978 - the twentv-seventh of September nineteen seventv-
eight).

Numeralul Iractional (The Fractional Numeral)
Numeralul Iractional se prezint sub dou variante: Iractional comun
(common/vulgar fractions): 1/2 a (one) half; 3/4 - three fourths/quarters; 3/5- three
fifths si Iractiile decimale (decimal fraction): 12.05 - twelve point oh five/twelve point
nought five). De remarcat Iaptul c n sistemul anglo-american se Ioloseste punctul n
loc de virgul.

Numeralul Multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral)
Numeralul multiplicativ are urmtoarele Iorme:
1 x single,once
2 x double/twoIold, twice
3 x triple/treble/threeIold, three times
4 x IourIold, Iour times
10 x tenIold, tentimes
100 x - a hundredIold, a hundred times
Aceste Iorme se Iolosesc pentru a arta proportia n care creste o cantitate sau se
intensiIic o actiune.
Ex: Its better to present an accurate fourfold classification of the materials.
Thev have twice as manv books. (Ei au de dou ori mai multe crti.)

Numeralul Distributiv ( The Distributive Numeral)
Acest numeral arat distributia sau gruparea:
Ex: Thev walk one bv one/two bv two/bv twos/in twos. (cte unul/cte doi)

Unitti de msur (Measurements)
1 inch 2.54 centimetres
12 inches 1 Ioot (pl. Ieet) 0.3048 metre
3 Ieet 1 yard 0.9144 metre
3 miles 4.83 kilometres
6 Ieet 1 Iathom (1 stnjen) 185 centimetres
16 ouces 1 pound (1 livr) 453.59 grams
2,000 pounds 1 ton (1 ton) 907,18 kilograms
60 seconds(') 1 minute ()
60 minutes 1 degree ( ) (1 grad)
90 degrees 1 right angle (1 unghi drept)
180 degrees 1 straight angle (1 unghi de 180)
360 degrees 1 circle (1 cerc)
Ex: three pounds of flour
- 51 -
five feet tall/in height
a ten-ton lorrv
a two-hour outing
an eight-inch ruler

Exprimarea timpului (Expressing Time)
1.00: It is one o`clock./It is one a.m./It is one o`clock a. m./It`s one o`clock sharp.
2.05: It`s Iive (minutes) past two.
3.10: It`s ten (minutes) past three.
4.15: It`s a quarter past Iour.
5.20: It`s twenty (minutes) past Iive.
6.25: It`s twenty-Iive (minutes) past six.
7.30: It`s halI past sevent.
8.35: It`s twenty-Iive to nine.
9.40: It`s twenty (minutes) to ten
10.45: It`s a quarter to eleven.
11.50: It`s ten (minutes) to twelve.
12.55: It`s Iive (minutes) to one.
12.00: It`s noon/midday/midnight.
23.15: It`s a quarter past eleven at night/p.m.
15.00: It`s three o`clock in the aIternoon/p.m
11.00: It`s eleven o`clock in the morning/a.m.
sau
11.30 eleven thirty
12.45 twelve Iorty-Iive
8.05 eight oh Iive

Exprimarea vrstei (Expressing Age)
a) He is twenty-Iive.
b) He is thirty years old.
c) He has a twelve-year-old son.
d)All the seven-year-olds go to school in September.
e) My sister is a girl oI eighteen.
I) He has a daughter aged sixteen.
g) She is in her teens.
h) They are in their mid-sixties.
i) I think she is over Iorty.
j) Two oI her children are under 6.
k) All the students in this group are above the age oI twenty-two.
l) None oI my students is below the age oI eighteen.
m) The over-eighteens are allowed to join the club.
n) The under-Iourteens do not have indentity cards.





RECAPITULARE NUMERALE

Numr Numeral
cardinal
Numeral ordinal Numeral
multiplicativ
Numeral
distributiv
1 One the Iirst once one by one
- 52 -
2 Two the second twice two by
two/twos/in
twos
3 . . . .
4 . . . .
5 . . . .

APLICAII

62. Cititi si scrieti cu litere urmtoarele numerale:
a) numbers (numere): 12; 15; 21; 36; 50; 75; 99; 101; 248; 735; 1,850; 3,500;
9,999; 78,352; 515,966; 777,777; 9,542,386; 430,779,828;
b) hours (ore): 5.30; 7.45; 6.05; 11:12; 4:59; 12:55; 8:15; 10:00; 3:32; 2:01;
c) years (ani): 1848; 1216; 1989; 2005; 1821; 1978; 1700; 2000;
d) dates (date): 01.01.1950; 28.03.1969; 01.04.1975; 8.05.1981; 30.06.1987;
31.07.1992; 18.08.1999; 3.09.2000; 10.10.20002; 13.11.2004; 25.12.2007;
e) telephone numbers (numere de teleIon): 53.11.24; 25.34.86; 132.11.28;
166.74.36; 233.44.88.

63. Rspundeti la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What time do you get up?
2. What time do you have breakIast?
3. What time do you go to work?
4. What time do you take a break?
5. What time do you get back home?
6. What time do you have dinner?
7. What time do you turn on your TV set?
8. What time do you go to bed?
9. How many students are there in your group?
10. How many times a semester do you come to courses?
11. How much do you pay Ior the courses?
12. How many courses a day do you have to attend?
13. When is your birthday?
14. When is your mother`s birthday?
15. When is our national holiday?
16. When is the last school-day?
17. What`s the date tomorrow?

64. Completati urmtorul tabel:

12 Twelve
12
th

32
nd


2/3

780
9.5
250,000
27.09.1978
75
5 x 6 30
- 53 -
2575 100
20-6 14

65. Traduceti n limba englez:

12 linguri
24 Iurculite
6 IarIurioare -
4 pahare de ou
64 IarIurii
13 solnite
120 servetele
16 cutite

66. a. Cititi urmtoarea list de responsabilitti:
Secretary 8.00: Arrive at work.
8.15: Open the letters and read them.
8.30-10.00: Answer the letters.
10.00: Make coIIee Ior the boss.
10.05-12.00: Speak on the phone.
12.00-12.00: Have lunch.
12.30-3.30: Read reports and type summaries.
3.30: Make coIIee Ior the boss.
3.35-4.00: Prepare daily accounts.
4.00: Go home.
Boss 10.00: Arrive at work.
10.05: Have coIIee.
10.10-12.00: Make phone calls.
12.00-1.00: Have lunch with a client.
1.00-1.45: Meeting.
1.45-4.00: Check reports.
4.00-4.30: Check daily accounts.
4.30: Go home.
b. Rspundeti la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What time does the secretary/the boss arrive at work?
2. What time/ how many times does the boss have coIIee?
3. What time does the boss go Ior lunch?
4. What time does the secretary/the boss go home?

67. Rspundeti la urmtoarea ntrebare matematic:
Four add two, divided by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away Iour, times
three, plus two, minus Iour, halved, equals what?

68. Folosindu-v de un calendar pentru unul din anii 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, rspundeti
la urmtoarele ntrebri:
1. What day is the 2
nd
March?
2. What day is the 20
th
June?
3. What day is the 29
th
August?
4. What day is the 17
th
November?
5. What day is the 31
st
December?
6. What day is your birthday?
7. What day is the Iirst Sunday in May?
- 54 -
8. What day is the second Wednesday in July?
9. What date is the last Thursday oI October?
10. What day is Christmas Eve?

69. Alegeti dou sptmni de vacant. Scrieti nceputul si data limit a perioadei.

70. Traduceti n limba englez :
1. Sora ei are 15 ani. Este minor.
2. CiIra 13 poart ghinion.
3. Suntem 15 studenti n aceast grup.
4. Ea are treizeci si ceva de ani, iar el aproape 40.
5. ProIesorul de botanic are cam 30 de ani.
6. Cti ani are?
7. Deschideti cartea la pagina 218 si cititi exercitiile 9 si 11.
8. Este a treia oar.
9. As dori o jumtate de kilogram de piersici si dou kilograme de mere.
10. i scrie de dou ori pe zi.
11. Mii de microbisti urmresc meciul de astzi.
12. n anii 80 era renumit n toat lumea.
13. Intentioneaz s deIriseze 2/3 din aceast supraIat.
14. 70 din supraIata judetului e mpdurit.
15. n Marea Britanie, orele de curs sunt de obicei de la 9 dimineata pn la 3 si
jumtate sau 4 dup-mas.


Lecia 16. PREPOZIIA (The Preposition )

Prepozitia este partea de vorbire care leag diIerite prti de vorbire de substantive
sau substitutele acestora. Din punct de vedere al Iormei, prepozitiile pot Ii:
a) scurte (bv, from, in, on, at)
Ex. He usuallv comes bv train. (De obicei vine cu trenul.)
He comes from Scotland. (El (pro)vine din Scotia.)
She is in the third room on the left. (E n a treia camer pe dreapta.)
Thev go at the seaside everv summer. (Ei merg pe litoral n Iiecare var)
b) compuse (into, inside, within)
Ex. I have to go into town. (Trebuie s merg n oras.)
Lets go inside the house' (S mergem n cas!)
He has to deliver the report within 24 hours. (Trebuie s predea
raportul n decurs de 24 de ore.)
c) complexe (apart from, as for, because of, together with)
Ex. Apart from being a hvpocrite, he is also a fraud. (n aIar de Iaptul c e
ipocrit, mai e si escroc.)
As for that poaching affair, I reallv do not know what to sav. (Ct
despre chestiunea braconajului, nu stiu ce s spun.)
He failed because of not getting there on time. (A dat gres Iiindc
nu a ajuns acolo la timp.)
On Sundav , she goes for a walk together with her familv.
(Duminica iese la plimbare mpreun cu Iamilia ei.)
d) expresii prepozitionale (bv means of, in front of, in spite of)
He measures the surfaces bv means of a verv complex instrument.
(Msoar supraIetele cu ajutorul unui instrument complex.)
There is a huge oak right in front of his house. (E un stejar urias
chiar n Iata casei lui.)
- 55 -
In spite of his meanness, he is a nice person to talk to. (n ciuda
meschinriei sale, e o persoan cu care e plcut s vorbesti.)

Din punct de vedere semantic prepozitiile se mpart n dou categorii: una care
indic locul si directia, si alta care exprim timpul. Cele mai utilizate prepozitii spatiale
sunt: ABOVE (deasupra), AMONG (printre), BEHIND (n spatele), BELOW (sub, de
mai jos), BETWEEN (ntre - de obicei dou elemente), IN (in), IN FRONT OF (n Iata),
NEAR (lng), ON (pe), OPPOSITE (vizavi), UNDER (dedesubt),etc. Cele mai
utilizate prepozitii temporale sunt AT si ON. Prepozitia ON preced zilele sptmnii
sau exprim o anumit dat, iar prepozitia AT exprim o anumit or sau o anumit
vrst.
Ex. On Fridavs she goes shopping.
On August 15 thev celebrate their wedding anniversarv.
The train leaves at 4 o clock.
At 15 she is quite well-built.

NOT: In limba englez exist un numr important de substantive, adjective si verbe
care se Iolosesc numai cu anumite prepozitii (hunger for, pleased with, to listen
to etc.).





WITH TO













IN BY



SatisIied Married












Interested Surrounded



















- 56 -
ON TO








Rely Listen




Approve Deal











APLICAII

71. Completati cu AT, IN sau ON:
1. There is nobody . home.
2. His Ilat is . the 3
rd
Iloor.
3. There are a lot oI printing mistakes . this page.
4. She has less than two dollars . her pocket.
5. There are no badgers . this wood.
6. We meet . noon.
7. Her brother is still . hospital.
8. The table is . the middle oI the room.
9. People never stay . a queue here.
10. There is somebody . the phone.

72. Completati cu prepozitiile potrivite:
1. I am not at all pleased . her behaviour.
2. She is diIIerent . her sister.
3. I am not accustomed . liIe in a hotel.
4. Women are usually aIraid . spiders.
5. My brother is very good . English.
6. What she`s interested . is Iitopathology.
7. When does your train leave . England?
8. The success oI this campaign depends heavily . the volunteers.
9. He likes listening . talk-shows every evenung.
10. The river Ilows . the sea.
11. He considers hiding . the trees.
12. There is a Iight . two gangs.
73. a) Cititi urmtoarele exemple de prepozitii si adverbe de loc:
The Iirst Iloor is, naturally, above the ground Iloor.
The ground Iloor is, thereIore, below the Iirst Iloor.
There`s a painting over the Iireplace.
There`s a cupboard under the stairs.
There`s another cupboard in the kitchen.
There`s a balcony above and a terrace underneath.
The sitting room is downstairs.
The bedrooms are upstairs.
It`s warm inside.
It`s cold outside.
The book is on the table.
The TV aerial is on top oI the rooI.
b) Construiti cinci enunturi similare.
- 57 -

74. Gsiti prepozitia potrivit (OF, TO, ABOUT, IN, WITH) pentru Iiecare dintre
adjectivele care urmeaz:
accustomed
aIraid
angry
bored
capable
committed
diIIerent
excited
inIected
interested
prepared
proud
scared
similar
sorry
tired
worried
wrong

75. Completati:
1. Turn . right and walk . the crossroads.
2. Turn . leIt . the Forest Road.
3. My house is . Palmerston Road.
4. It`s the third house . the leIt.
5. Take the third turning . the leIt.
6. At the roundabout, turn . right.

76. IN, ON sau AT?
1. . parts oI day (Ex. evening)
2. . longer religious holidays (Ex. Easter)
3. . meal times (Ex. dinner)
4. . special days (Ex. your birthday)
5. . long periods (Ex. the eighteenth century)
6. . clock times (Ex. Iive thirty)
7. . day part oI day (Ex. Sunday morning)
8. . seasons (Ex. the winter)
9. . years (Ex. 1997)
10. . days (Ex. Thursday)
11. . dates (Ex. 1 June)
12. . months (Ex. September)
13. . the weekend
14. . the moment.






- 58 -
Lecia 17. PREZENTUL SIMPLU (Present Tense Simple)

Timpul prezent simplu (PTS), prezentat si n prima parte a cursului, are
aceeasi Iorm cu inIinitivul scurt la toate persoanele, cu exceptia persoanei a III-a
singular.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I work I do not work Do I work?
You work You do not work Do you work?
He works He does not work Does he work?
She works She does not work Does she work?
It works It does not work Does it work?
We work We do not work Do we work?
They work They do not work Do they work?

Prezentul simplu se Ioloseste n urmtoarele situatii:
1. pentru a prezenta adevruri stiintiIice, generale, stri permanente de
lucruri, etc.
Ex. The Moon moves around the Earth.
Birds flv south in winter.
Three plus four equals seven.
Deciduous trees grow in warmer climates.
Mv parents live in Bucharest.

2. pentru activitti generale obisnuite, desIsurate la intervale regulate de
timp, asadar cu o anumit Irecvent (dar si pentru actiuni care nu au loc niciodat)
Ex. He drinks tea everv morning.
I go to work bv train.
Most Sundavs thev stav at home.
She has a shower before going to bed.

3. cnd se vorbeste despre orare si programe Iixe (n locul viitorului)
Ex. The plane takes off at 8 a.m.
The film starts at 10.30.
The tourists visit the British Museum the dav after tomorrow.

4. n explicatii, demonstratii sau indicatii scenice
Ex. I add the sugar to the egg volks and place the basin over a saucepan
of hot water.
A window opens and a masked man enters the room.

5. n exclamatii introduse prin HERE sau THERE
Ex. Here comes the winner'
There she goes'

NOT: Prezentul simplu se mai Ioloseste pentru actiuni viitoare n subordonate
temporale sau conditionale, n locul prezentului perIect si n locul prezentului
continuu, cu verbe care nu se Iolosesc cu aspectul continuu (Ex. I forget vour
name. Ti-am uitat numele; You win! Ai cstigat/Bine, cstigi tu.)

Adverbele care se utilizeaz cu aceast structur Iormeaz dou categorii:
- 59 -
1. adverbe sau locutiuni adverbiale ce desemneaz diIerite diviziuni ale
zilei sau exprim repetabilitatea unei actiuni din prezentul general, extins, Ir ca
aceast actiune s se desIsoare n momentul vorbirii; aceste adverbe stau de obicei la
sIrsitul enuntului, sau, uneori, la nceput.
Ex. in the morning (dimineata)
at noon (la prnz)
in the afternoon (dup amiaza )
in the evening (seara)
at night (noaptea)
at midnight (la miezul noptii)
everv dav / week / months, etc (din dou n dou zile / sptmni / luni)
everv fortnight (la Iiecare 2 sptmni)

2. adverbe de Irecvent, care sunt de obicei plasate ntre subiect si predicat
Ex. never (niciodat)
hardlv ever (aproape niciodat)
not verv often (nu Ioarte des)
rarelv / seldom (rareori)
occasionallv (ocazional)
sometimes (cteodat)
quite often (destul de des)
often (adesea)
verv often (Ioarte des)
usuallv (de obicei)
almost alwavs (aproape ntotdeauna)
alwavs (ntotdeauna)


Lecia 18. PREZENTUL SIMPLU vs. PREZENTUL CONTINUU
(Present Tense Simple vs. Present Tense Continuous)

Spre deosebire de prezentul simplu, prezentul continuu se Iormeaz cu ajutorul
unui auxiliar, la care se adaug verbul propriu-zis cu terminatia -ING.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I am working I am not working Am I working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
He is working He is not working Is he working?
She is working She is not working Is she working?
It is working It is not working Is it working?
We are working We are not working Are we working?
They are working They are not working Are they working?

Prezentul continuu se Ioloseste:
1. pentru actiuni care se petrec n momentul vorbirii
Ex. Where is Ted? He is having a shower.
What are vou doing? Im trving to fix the toaster.

2. pentru actiuni care au loc n preajma momentului vorbirii, nu neaprat
exact n momentul vorbirii (TODAY, THESE DAYS, AT THE MOMENT)
Ex. Mariah is writing a book at the moment.
John is looking for a fob.
- 60 -
Were eating in the kitchen for the time being as thev are
redecorating the living-room.
This week he is working in the nigh shift.

3. pentru actiuni n schimbare sau n evolutie n preajma momentului
vorbirii
Ex. Mv English is improving everv dav.
The traffic is getting worse and worse these davs.

4. cu unul din adverbele: ALWAYS, FOREVER, CONSTANTLY, pentru a
exprima iritarea vorbitorului n legtur cu o actiune repetat
Ex. I cant stand it anvmore, he is constantlv interrupting me'
He is alwavs losing his kevs.

5. cu verbul TO BE, dar numai cu reIerire la comportamentul cuiva pe
moment (caracter provizoriu sau exceptional; pentru o trstur permanent, speciIic,
se va Iolosi prezentul simplu)
Ex. I usuallv get up at 6 a.m. but this week Im getting up at 9.
He isnt being too friendlv tonight.
You are being aggressive.

6. n locul viitorului, pentru planuri personale, imediate
Ex.: Hes going to the movies tonight.
Im paving a visit to mv parents this weekend.


RECAPITULARE PTS / PTC (Contrastiv)

Present tense simple
InI.S pers. a III-a sg.
Present tense continuous
TO BE (present) vb.ing
1. activitti dintr-un prezent general, care
include momentul vorbirii
Ex. He works in a car factorv.
1. actiuni dintr-un prezent care include
momentele vorbirii
Ex. Shes studving to get her driving
licence.
2. activitti obisnuite repetate
Ex. I travel bv train when I go to
Bucharest.
2. actiuni temporare; comportament
nespeciIic
Ex. This time, Im travelling bv plane.
3. adevruri general valabile.
Ex. Water free:es at 0 C.
3. actiuni n schimbare n momentul vorbirii.
Ex.These children of vours are growing
fast.
4. explicatii, demonstratii, indicatii
Ex. I add water and stir.
4. activitti care au loc n momentul vorbirii
Ex. Its snowing heavilv outside.
5. exclamatii introduse prin HERE, THERE
Ex. There it is'
5. activitti speciIice repetate, care provoac
iritare
Ex. You are alwavs losing vour kevs.
6. n subordonate, n locul viitorului
Ex. If/when he comes, Ill let vou know.
Sau pentru orare, programe Iixe:
Ex. The train leaves at 8 a. m.
6. actiuni viitoare cu caracter personal
Ex. Thevre going camping next weekend.



- 61 -
Observaie

Unele verbe nu pot Ii Iolosite la aspectul continuu, de aceea se va preIera
prezentul simplu sau alt timp verbal. n cazul n care sunt Iolosite totusi la Iorma
progresiv, sensul lor diIer de cel al verbului la inIinitiv / perIectul simplu. AstIel de
verbe sunt de obicei grupate n urmtoarele categorii:
1. Verbe de perceptie - verbs of perception (FEEL, HEAR, NOTICE, SEE,
SMELL, TASTE).
2. Verbe de activitate mental - Mental Activitv verbs / verbs of thinking
(BELIEVE, FORGET, GUESS, IMAGINE, MEAN, MIND, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE,
RECOLLECT, REGARD, REMEMBER, SUPPOSE, THINK, UNDERSTAND).
3. Verbe care exprim preIerinta Jerbs of liking of disliking (ADMIRE,
DISLIKE, ENJOY, HATE, LIKE, LOATHE, LOVE, PREFER).
4. Verbe de posesie Jerbs of possession (BELONG, CONTAIN, HAVE,
HOLD, INCLUDE, KEEP, OWN, POSSESS).
5. Verbe existentiale Jerbs of being and existence (BE, CONSIST OF,
EXIST).
6. Verbe care exprim aparenta (APPEAR, LOOK LIKE, RESEMBLE,
SEEM).

Comparati:

1. SEE It is difficult to see through this mist. (a discerne).
It is difficult for me to see vour point. (a ntelege).
Im seeing mv new manager next Mondav. (a ntlni).
Shes seeing him for some time now. (a se ntlni cu; a avea o relatie).

2. HEAR I hear her plaving the piano downstairs.(a auzi).
Hear me out. (a asculta pn la sIrsit).
Im hearing onlv good things about vou! (a auzi, a aIla).
Thev are hearing the witness now. (a audia).
3. TASTE Hes tasting the soup. (a gusta).
The soup tastes good. (a avea gust).

4. SMELL Shes smelling the flowers. (a mirosi).
The flowers smell good. (a avea miros).

5. THINK I think hes perfectlv right. (a crede, a Ii de prere).
Im thinking of buving a new house. (a se gndi, a intentiona).

6. HAVE He has a nice estate somewhere in the south. (a avea, a poseda).
Hes having a shower / problems / a partv etc. (a Iace, a avea, a da).

7. BE He is arrogant! ( caracteristic permanent).
He is being arrogant todav! (caracteristic temporar).

APLICAII

77. Completati tabelul Iolosind a, b, c, d, e sau I :
a) permanent Iacts
b) habits and repeated actions
c) actions in progress at the moment oI speaking
- 62 -
d) temporary actions happening 'around now
e) current trends and changing situations
I) irritating actions

1. Grandpa`s cutting broken branches Irom the tree.
2. The River Danube cuts Budapest in two.
3. I hate this institution! They`re constantly cutting wages!
4. The poor child is cutting teeth.
5. He can`t help cutting classes every two days.
6. They`re cutting more and more silver Iirs these days.

78. Completati cu Iorma corect a timpului prezent simplu:
1. My Iamily never (drink) tea.
2. You (think) it is the best idea?
3. How oIten you (go) to the market?
4. She (go) to church every Sunday morning.
5. Magnolias (be) shrubs or trees with Iragrant Ilowers and an aromatic bark.
6. Flowering plants (Iall) into two categories: dicots and monocots.
7. The Iig-tree (have) broad leaves and (bear) soIt pear-shaped Iruit.
8. Bear (rely) on hearing and an acute sense oI smell to locate Iood.
9. Deer (be) ruminant hooIed mammals.
10. The baby woodpecker (Ily) within 30 days aIter hatching.

79. Completati cu Iorma corect a timpului prezent continuu:
1. She (FEEL) much letter today.
2. They (WORK) on an interesting project.
3. Let`s go inside. It`s (GET) rather cold.
4. The teacher (WEAR) a light green dress.
5. She (BE) unreasonable asking this oI you.
6. Granny (WATCH) a soap-opera on PRO TV.
7. The baby (SLEEP) at the moment.
8. Father (CHANGE) the Ilat tyre.
9. Clara (SWEEP) the Iloors downstairs.

80. Formati ntrebri bazate pe propozitiile de mai jos, dup modelul:

MODEL: The students are waiting Ior the results oI the exam.
What are the students waiting Ior?
Who`s waiting Ior the results oI the exam?

1. The dean is speaking to the students. (Who? Whom?)
2. The policemen are chasing the thieves. (Who? Whom?)
3. The President is speaking about the new law. (Who? What?)
4. Grandpa is looking Ior his glasses. (Who? What?)

81. Folositi prezentul simplu sau continuu:
1. Look! The bus (COME).
2. What your Iather (DO) Ior a living?
3. My Iolks (COME) Irom Transylvania.
4. You (WANT) a drink?
5. The plane (LEAVE) Ior Toronto at 10.30.
6. Chrysanthemums (BLOOM) all year round.
- 63 -
7. She (GRAB) purse and (RUSH OUT).
8. He (DO) a research on land-slide.
9. How oIten you (SEE) a physician?
10. What on earth you (TALK) about?

82. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Se gndeste s divorteze.
2. M vd cu el destul de des.
3. Doamna din stnga mea citeste ziarul n acest moment.
4. Noi nu mprumutm niciodat bani de la prietenii nostri.
5. Stai locului cnd vorbesc cu tine.
6. Joac tenis de dou ori pe sptmn.
7. Spune-mi, pietonii au prioritate cnd se aIl pe trecerea de pietoni?
8. E unul dintre aceia care nu se opreste niciodat la semaIor.
9. De obicei, Carol merge la serviciu pe jos, dar n dimineata asta plou, asa c merge
cu masina.
10. Cine se scuz, se acuz.



Lecia 19. TRECUTUL SIMPLU (Past Tense Simple)

Trecutul simplu (Past Tense Simple) exprim o actiune trecut, ncheiat, Ir
nici o legtur cu prezentul. Formele sale diIer n Iunctie de tipul de verb; astIel, verbul
TO BE se va construi diIerit de verbele regulate sau neregulate.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I was (am Iost) I was not / wasn`t Was I?
You were (ai/ati Iost) You were not / weren`t Were you?
He was (a Iost) He was not / wasn`t Was he?
She was (a Iost) She was not / wasn`t Was she?
It was (a Iost) It was not / wasn`t Was it?
We were (am Iost) We were not / weren`t Were we?
They were (au Iost) They were not / weren`t Were they?

Unele verbe regulate Iormeaz aIirmativul adugnd terminatia ED
inIinitivului scurt (Ir TO), iar negativul si interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului DID
inIinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat. Se Ioloseste aceeasi Iorm pentru toate
persoanele.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I worked I did not / didn`t work Did I work?
You worked You did not / didn`t work Did you work?
He worked He did not / didn`t work Did he work?
She worked She did not / didn`t work Did she work?
It worked It did not / didn`t work Did it work?
We worked We did not / didn`t work Did we work?
They worked They did not / didn`t work Did they work?

NOT: Verbele terminate n:
1. - E; li se adaug numai D
Ex. MOVE MOVED
- 64 -
2. vocal consoan
Ex. STOP STOPPED
3. consoan Y
- se schimb Y n I si se adaug -ED.
Ex. TRY - TRIED

Formarea aIirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul, n ciuda
unor similitudini mai mult sau mai putin aparente. n schimb, negativul si interogativul
se construiesc cu ajutorul aceluiasi DID.
Ex.: TO GO WENT GONE (Iorma a doua este past tense ).

NOT: Orice verb neregulat are trei Iorme: inIinitivul scurt, past tense si participiul
trecut; uneori, Iorma a doua si a treia se conIund.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I went I did not / didn`t go Did I go?
You went You did not / didn`t go Did you go?
He went He did not / didn`t go Did he go?
She went She did not / didn`t go Did she go?
It went It did not / didn`t go Did it go?
We went We did not /didn`t go Did we go?
They went They did not / didn`t go Did they go?

Past Tense Simple se Ioloseste pentru:
1. o actiune Iinalizat n trecut (momentul actiunii putnd Ii mentionat sau nu)
Ex. Their relatives from abroad arrived vesterdav.
Christopher Columbus discovered America bv accident, in 1492.
He finallv killed the kidnapped.

2. o actiune repetat, obisnuit n trecut (sau lipsa acesteia)
Ex. She alwavs wore black.
I met him everv dav on mv wav to the office.

3. o actiune n trecut (succesiune de actiuni narate)
Ex. He picked up his hat, said good bv and left.

4. actiuni desIsurate pe o anumit perioad de timp n trecut
Ex. He worked as a forest ranger for twentv vears.

NOT: Past Simple se mai Ioloseste pentru actiuni viitoare, n subordonate temporale si
conditionale, atunci cnd verbul din principal este la trecut.


TRECUTUL CONTINUU (Past Tense Continuous) se construieste cu
ajutorul Iormei de trecut a lui BE verbul de conjugat ING.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I was working-lucram I was not working Was I working?
You were working- lucrai You were not working Were you working?
He was working-lucra He was not working Was he working?
She was working-lucra She was not working Was she working?
It was working-lucra It was not working Was it working?
- 65 -
We were working-lucram We were not working Were we working?
They were working-lucrau They were not working Were they working?

Trecutul continuu se Ioloseste:
1. pentru a exprima o actiune n desIsurare la un moment dat n trecut
Ex. When I arrived, the headmistress was talking on the phone.

2. cu reIerire la planuri care nu s-au materializat sau nu se vor materializa
Ex. I was coming to see vou but unfortunatelv something came up.

3. ca echivalent la trecut al timpului prezent continuu
Ex. He said he was working as a timber-merchant. (temporar)
She was busv packing because she was taking off that night. (actiune
viitoare)
He was alwavs teasing me. (actiune repetat care provoac iritare)

4. pentru descrieri n trecut
Ex. The flowers were blooming, the birds were singing and the bree:e was
blowing softlv.


APLICAII

83. Completati urmtorul tabel consultnd anexa 5 cu verbele neregulate:

drive drove driven a conduce, a soIa
catch
bought
spent
a lua
Iorgotten
cut
learn
drew
a avea
wrote
study
been
gave
come
a aduce
drunk
Iorgive
taught
a gndi
made
done
tell
spoke
seen

- 66 -
84. Completati cu Iorma corect a timpului trecut simplu sau trecut continuu:
1. I (have not) any diIIiculties in English. My problem (be) French.
2. His grandchildren (watch) him while he (prune) the apple-trees.
3. As I (walk) through the park, I (see) one oI my Iormer colleagues.
4. Tom (wake up) because the children (make) noise.
5. What (happen) aIter he (leave)?

85. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Mereu m suna noaptea trziu.
2. Ca student era timid dar Ioarte srguincios.
3. Tocmai m mbrcam cnd am auzit pe cineva la us.
4. Bunicul ne povestea iar noi l ascultam cuminti.
5. si lu plria, mnusile si bastonul, si salut colegii si iesi din cldire Ir zgomot.



Lecia 20. PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU VS. PREZENTUL
PERFECT CONTINUU (Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect
Continuous)

Prezentul PerIect (Present Perfect) este un timp verbal speciIic limbii engleze,
care presupune o relatie mai special ntre TRECUT si PREZENT. Dup sistemul
englezesc, pe axa timpului exist o delimitare clar ntre actiunile trecute, Ir nici o
legtur cu prezentul, si actiunile trecute care au o legtur, un rezultat, o consecint n
prezent. Prima categorie este reIlectat de timpul Past Tense, iar cea de a doua, de
Present PerIect.
Timpul Present PerIect Simple se Iormeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului HAVE (la
timpul prezent) verbul de conjugat (la participiu trecut, adic Iorma verbului ED la
verbe regulate si Iorma a treia a verbelor neregulate).

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I have worked I have not / haven`t worked Have I worked?
You have worked You have not / haven`t worked Have you worked?
He has worked He has not / hasn`t worked Has he worked?
She has worked She has not / hasn`t worked Has she worked?
It has worked It has not / hasn`t worked Has it worked?
We have worked We have not / haven`t worked Have we worked?
They have worked They have not / haven`t worked Have they worked?

Present PerIect Simple exprim:
1. actiuni trecute, ncheiate, dar care au o legtur strns cu prezentul
(actiunea din trecut are consecinte n prezent)
Ex. He has cleaned his car.
I have made a mistake.

2. actiuni recente, Ir ns a se mentiona exact momentul eIecturii lor
(adverbe: ALWAYS, RECENTLY, NEVER, LATELY, JUST, SO FAR)
Ex. I have alwavs preferred peaches to oranges.
We have never been to England.
He has fust come home.

- 67 -
3. activitti ncepute undeva n trecut dar care continu pn n prezent sau
ntr-o perioad de timp n care este inclus si momentul comunicrii
Ex. I have been married for 2 vears.
Ive known him for 10 vears.
I havent spoken to her since 1998.


NOT: - FOR arat perioada;
- SINCE arat momentul incipient al activittii

Present PerIect Continuous este Iormat din auxiliar HAVE (la prezent)
BEEN (Iorma a treia a verbului BE) verbul de conjugat (la participiu trecut).

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I have been working I have not been working Have I been working?
You have been working You have not been working Have you been working?
He has been working He has not been working Has he been working?
She has been working She has not been working Has she been working?
It has been working It has not been working Has it been working?
We have been working We have not been working Have we been working?
They have been working They have not been working Have they been working?

Acest timp verbal se utilizeaz pentru actiuni care au nceput ntr-un moment
anterior celui n care se Iace comunicarea, si care are o evolutie sustinut, continund
pn n momentul comunicrii.
Elementele temporale cel mai des utilizate cu aceast structur gramatical sunt
FOR si SINCE.
Ex. Ive been waiting for vou for over an hour'
Ive been waiting for vou since one oclock!


APLICAII

86. Completati cu Present PerIect Simple sau cu Present PerIect Continuous:
1. I (WAIT) Ior you since eight o`clock. Where you (BE)?
2. I (WORK) so hard that I (NOT SEE) my Iriends Ior weeks.
3. I (LOOK) around Ior a new Ilat, but I (NOT FIND) one yet.
4. He just (GET) a new job and it`s on the other side oI town.
5. I`m sorry it took me so long to write you back, but I (BE) really busy.

87. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. E cel mai interesant lucru pe care l-am auzit vreodat.
2. Nu l-am vzut de cnd a plecat din tar.
3. De cnd e cstorit?
4. Mnnc de o or; m tem c asta nu e bine.
5. De cnd speli?






- 68 -
Lecia 21. MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL (Past Perfect Simple vs. Past
Perfect Continuous)

Timpul mai mult ca perIect se Iormeaz cu auxiliarul HAVE la timpul trecut
(HAD) verbul de conjugat la Iorma a treia.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I had worked (muncisem) I had not / hadn`t worked Had I worked?
You had worked You had not / hadn`t worked Had you worked?
He had worked He had not / hadn`t worked Had he worked?
She had worked She had not / hadn`t worked Had she worked?
It had worked It had not / hadn`t worked Had it worked?
We had worked He had not / hadn`t worked Had we worked?
They had worked They had not / hadn`t worked Had they worked?

Mai mult ca perIectul exprim o actiune care a avut loc n trecut, naintea altui
moment sau a altei actiuni din trecut.
Ex. She showed me the hat she had bought.
(Mi-a artat plria pe care si-a cumprat-o/si-o cumprase).

/ / o
PAST PAST PAST PRESENT FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE

Past PerIect este Iolosit cu adverbele JUST, ALREADY, HARDLY,
SCARCELY, WHEN, BEFORE, este pentru a sugera anterioritatea, si cu FOR pentru a
exprima o perioad de timp ce precede un moment din trecut.
Ex. Bv the time we got there thev had alreadv left.
She had had a poor image for about 20 vears before a fortunate turn
made her emerge from obscuritv.

Past PerIect Continuous se Iormeaz astIel: HAD BEEN Iorma n
ING a verbului de conjugat.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I had been working I had not been working Had I been working?
You had been working You had not been working Had you been working?
He had been working He had not been working Had he been working?
She had been working She had not been working Had she been working?
It had been working It had not been working Had it been working?
We had been working We had not been working Had we been working?
They had been working They had not been working Had they been working?

Acest timp verbal exprim o actiune trecut n desIsurare sau n curs de
desIsurare n trecut si terminat naintea altei actiuni trecute si terminate. Ca si Past
PerIect Simple, se Ioloseste cu conjunctiile FOR sau SINCE.
Ex.: Thev had been working on that profect for a vear when the companv went
bankrupt.



APLICAII
- 69 -

88. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Cnd am ajuns acas era liniste, toti se duseser la culcare.
2. M-am scuzat c am ntrziat si am explicat c masina avusese o pan n drum spre
cas.
3. Mi-am cumprat un calculator nou anul trecut pentru c cel vechi se stricase.
4. Ce Iusese oare n tot acest timp?
5. Locuiau de generatii n casa aceea.


Lecia 22. EXPRIMAREA VIITORULUI (Expressing Future) - A.

Viitorul Simplu (Future Simple / The Simple Future )

Viitorul simplu se Iormeaz cu SHALL / WILL inIinitivul scurt.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I shall work / I`ll work I shall not work Will I work?
You shall work / You`ll work You will not work Will you work?
He will work / He`ll work He will not work Will he work?
She shall work She will not work Will she work?
It shall work It will not work Will it work?
We shall work We will not work Will we work?
They shall work They will not work Will they work?

Dup cum se poate observa din exemplu de conjugare, SHALL este rezervat,
teoretic, persoanei ntia (singular si plural). Practic, ns, SHALL tinde din ce n ce mai
mult s Iie nlocuit cu WILL.
Dintre timpurile verbale, viitorul simplu este poate cel mai neutru, deoarece el
nu trdeaz n nici un Iel atitudinea vorbitorului, iar uneori nici nu sugereaz ct de
apropiat sau ndeprtat este momentul din viitor cnd va avea loc actiunea. El nu Iace
dect s expun o prognoz reIeritoare la un eveniment sau actiune viitoare.
Ex. His daughter will move to another school.
I shall be twentv-seven next month.
It will rain.

Viitorul Continuu (Future Continuous)

Viitorul continuu se Iormeaz cu ajutorul lui BE (la viitorul simplu) urmat de
verbul de conjugat cu terminatia ING.
AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I will be working I will not be working Will I be working?
You will be working You will not be working Will you be working?
He will be working He will not be working Will he be working?
She will be working She will not be working Will she be working?
It will be working It will not be working Will it be working?
We will be working We will not be working Will we be working?
They will be working They will not be working Will they be working?

Exprim o actiune care va Ii n curs de desIsurare ntr-un moment sau o
perioad din viitor.
Ex. Where will vou be working in six months time?
- 70 -
During the holidavs I will be sleeping all dav.


Lecia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (Expressing Future) - B.



Viitorul n trecut (Future in the Past)

Viitorul trecut (Future in the Past) se utilizeaz dup un Past Tense n propozitia
principal (SHALL-SHOULD; WILL-WOULD).
Ex. He promised he would help me.
Mi-a promis / c m va ajuta /.

Viitorul perfect (Future Perfect)

Viitorul perIect se Iormeaz cu SHALL sau WILL HAVE Iorma a treia a
verbului de conjugat si exprim o actiune care va avea loc n viitor, ntr-un moment
anterior momentului desIsurrii unei alte actiuni viitoare.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I will have worked I will not have worked Will I have worked?
You will have worked You will not have worked Will you have worked?
He will have worked He will not have worked Will he have worked?
She will have worked She will not have worked Will she have worked?
It will have worked It will not have worked Will it have worked?
We will have worked We will not have worked Will we have worked?
They will have worked They will not have worked Will they have worked?

Ex. Bv the time Im 63 I will have retired from work.
(Pn la vrsta de 63 de ani m voi Ii pensionat).

Viitorul Perfect Continuu (Future Perfect Continuous)

Viitorul perIect continuu se Iormeaz dup urmtoarea structur: WILL
HAVE BEEN verb ING si exprim o actiune nceput naintea unui moment din
viitor, care va Ii Iost n curs de desIsurare pn n acel moment dat.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I will have been working I will not have been working Will I have been working?

Ex. When vou come back, I shall have been working for several hours.
Bv the end of 2007, I shall have been working in this field for 20 vears.



Lecia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (Expressing Future) - C.



BE GOING TO Future

- 71 -
Se Iormeaz cu TO BE GOING TO INFINITIV si se Ioloseste pentru a
exprima intentia sau probabilitatea de a Iace ceva n viitor ori pentru a preciza o
ntmplare n viitor.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I am going to work I am not going to work Am I going to work?
You are going to work You are not going to work Are you going to work?
He is going to work He is not going to work Is he going to work?
She is going to work She is not going to work Is she going to work?
It is going to work It is not going to work Is it going to work?
We are going to work We are not going to work Are we going to work?
They are going to work They are not going to work Are they going to work?

Ex. Mv brother is going to studv Forestrv at universitv.
Mr. and Mrs. Connerv are going to move to Liverpool when thev
finish their training.
Im going to call Brad Pitt this afternoon.
Be careful' Its going to fall'
Thev are going to open a new factorv somewhere in the outskirts.
The boss is going to lower our rates.

Viitorul cu BE TO (BE TO Future)

Se Iormeaz cu ajutorul verbului TO BE (prezent simplu) inIinitivul lung si se
reIer la planuri, aranjamente, ordine.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I am to work I am not to work Am I to work?
You are to work You are not to work Are you to work?
He is to work He is not to work Is he to work?
She is to work She is not to work Is she to work?
It is to work It is not to work Is it to work?
We are to work We are not to work Are we to work?
They are to work They are not to work Are they to work?

Ex. We are to meet them tomorrow at 5.
You are to stav in bed for a fun davs.


Viitorul cu ABOUT TO (BE ABOUT Future)

Se Iormeaz cu BE ABOUT inIinitiv si se reIer la o actiune iminent din
viitorul Ioarte apropiat.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I am about to work I am not about to work Am I about to work?
You are about to work You are not about to work Are you about to work?
He is about to work He is not about to work Is he about to work?
She is about to work She is not about to work Is she about to work?
It is about to work It is not about to work Is it about to work?
We are about to work We are not about to work Are we about to work?
They are about to work They are about to work Are they about to work?
- 72 -

Ex. She is about to crv.
He is about to be elected president.

NOTE: 1. Prezentul simplu si prezentul continuu pot Ii de asemenea, Iolosite cu sens de
viitor.
Ex. The meeting starts at 10 tomorrow.
Hes flving to Bucharest to attend the conference.

2. Viitorul nu se Ioloseste niciodat n propozitii temporale sau conditionale
atunci cnd n principal se aIl un timp prezent sau viitor sau cnd verbul este la
modul imperativ; n aceste situatii, viitorul se nlocuieste, pentru a exprima un
raport de simultaneitate, cu prezentul, iar de anterioritate cu prezentul perIect.
Ex. Tell her to call me when she arrives.
If it rains, I will take mv umbrella.
Ill tell him when he comes.
Ill take care of this if / when the rain has stopped.


RECAPITULARE VIITOR

FELUL VIITORULUI FORMA CIRCUMSTANTE EXEMPLU
1. Viitorul simplu SHALL WILLinI - actiuni viitoare
- prognoze.
Thev sav it will
snow.
2. Viitor continuu
SHALL
WILLBEvb.ING
- actiuni desIsurate
ntr-un moment din
viitor
Ill be studving
for mv final exam
this time next
month.

3. Viitorul n trecut

SHOULD/WOULD
inI.
- viitorul propozitiilor
subordonate a crei
principal contine un
verb la timp trecut.

Thev said it
would rain.

4. Viitorul perIect
simplu

SHALL WILL
HAVE BEEN
3rd. Iorm
- actiune viitoare
anterioar altui moment
speciIicat din viitor.
Bv the end of the
semester we shall
have studied all
the English
tenses.

5. Viitorul perIect
continuu

SHALL/WILL
HAVE BEEN vb.
ING
- actiune viitoare n
plin desIsurare
anterioar, unui
moment / unei actiuni
din viitor.
Until lunch time
we shall have
been working for
this profect.
6. Viitorul cu GOING
TO
BEGOING TOinI. - intentie
- actiune viitoare,
iminent
Im going to buv
mvself a new car.

7. Viitorul cu BE TO

BE (present)TO
inI.

- planuri (oIiciale),
ordine
The Prime
Minister is to visit
our town soon.
8. Viitorul cu ABOUT
TO
BE (present) BOUT
TO inI.
- actiune iminent, n
viitorul apropiat.
He is about to
leave the countrv.

9. Prezentul simplu
- planuri oIiciale
- propozitii temporale
The meeting
starts at 10
- 73 -
sau conditionale. tomorrow
morning.
10. Prezentul continuu - actiuni viitoare
planiIicate de vorbitor.
Im visiting mv
grandparents this
weekend.



APLICAII

89. Rspundeti la urmtoarele ntrebri, Iolosind, pe ct posibil, Future Tense si Future
Continuous:
1. What will your liIe be like in 20 years` time?
2. Will you be living in the same town / village?
3. Will you still need to speak English?
4. Will you be doing the same job?
5. Will you be wearing the same kind oI clothes?
6. Will you be as Iit as you are today?
90. a) Alctuiti-v un program pentru mine si spuneti ce veti Iace la anumite ore ale
zilei.
b) TransIormati enunturile de mai sus n asa Iel nct ele s exprime ceea ce veti Ii Icut
pn la sIrsitul zilei de mine.

91. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. l voi vedea sptmna viitoare.
2. Voi sti rspunsul pn mine.
3. Acesti puieti urmeaz s Iie transplantati.
4. i voi da de veste imediat ce soseste.
5. Ce vei Iace mine pe vremea asta?
6. Pn ce te vei trezi tu, eu ti voi Ii pregtit deja micul dejun.
7. De azi ntr-o sptmn sunt 3 ani de cnd lucreaz la ocolul silvic.
8. Cine o s conduc pn la Bucuresti?
9. Ce va spune tatl tu cnd va auzi?



















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Lecia 25. VERBE I EXPRESII MODALE (Modal Verbs and
Expressions) - A.

Modalele constituie o categorie aparte de verbe, att n privinta Iormei (ele Iiind
deIective si Iolosite mpreun cu alte verbe), ct si a sensului (modalele exprimnd
atitudinea vorbitorului Iat de enunt, astIel nct actiunea la care Iace reIerire verbul
notional este vzut ca Iiind posibil, probabil, necesar, obligatorie, de dorit etc.)
Verbele modale nu pot Ii conjugate la toate timpurile din cauz c le lipsesc
anumite Iorme verbale (de aceea sunt numite verbe deIective). Cu exceptia lui BE
TO si HAVE TO, nici un verb modal nu primeste -S la persoana a treia plural, iar
predicatul l alctuiesc mpreun cu un verb la inIinitiv (inIinitivul scurt).
Modalele Iormeaz interogativul si negativul Ir ajutorul auxiliarului, dup
modelul lui BE.
Dintre verbele modale, probabil cea mai mare acoperire o are CAN, urmat n
deaproape de ruda sa, COULD. Verbul CAN are aceeasi Iorm pentru toate
persoanele la indicativ prezent.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I can work I cannot/cant work Can I work?
You can work You cant work Can you work?
He can work He can`t work Can he work?
She can work She can work Can she work?
It can work It can`t work Can it work?
We can work We can`t work Can we work?
They can work They cant work Can they work?


CAN exprim n primul rnd capacitatea Iizic sau intelectual (ability) de
eIectuare a unei actiuni.
Ex. He can work for hours on end without getting tired.
Tom can speak five foreign languages.
l Iolosim pe CAN atunci cnd cerem permisiunea s Iacem ceva, sau pentru a
exprima o cerere, o rugminte politicoas.
Ex. Can I borrow vour umbrella?
Can I open the window?
Can vou wait for a few minutes?
Posibilitatea (posibility) datorit circumstantelor se exprim tot cu ajutorul lui
CAN.
Ex. It snows in the mountains. You can go skiing.

NOT: La negativ, CAN (cannot,cant) exprim o deductie negativ despre un
eveniment
n prezent sau n trecut.
Ex. You cant be hungrv.Youve fust eaten.
Its still earlv. He cant have got home vet.
He cant be watching TJ now. Hes got a lot of homework to do.

COULD este, n linii mari, corespondentul la trecut al lui CAN, avnd aceleasi
ntrebuintri.
Ex. I could run faster than vou when we were voung. (ability)
On Sundav mornings we could get up late. (permission)
We could ski at Predeal last vear. (possibility)
- 75 -
Could vou help me? (asking - mai politicos dect CAN)
He couldnt have left without calling first. (deductie)

NOT: COULD inIinitiv perIect este Iolosit pentru a exprima capacitatea nerealizat
de eIectuare a unei actiuni n trecut.
Ex: You could have helped me. (Ai Ii putut s m ajuti.)

Dac modalul COULD poate Ii considerat Iorma de trecut a lui CAN (alturi de
WAS/WERE ABLE TO), la viitor CAN poate Ii nlocuit de WILL BE ABLE TO.

TRECUT PREZENT VIITOR
I could speak English. I can speak English. I will be able to speak English in a Iew
weeks` time.

MAY este Iolosit pentru a cere sau acorda permisiunea (permission),
surclasndu-le pe CAN si COULD pe o scal a politetii.
Ex. Mav I go home? (Am I allowed/permitted to go?)
Mav I help vou? Yes, vou mav.
No, vou mav not.
De asemenea, att MAY ct si perechea sa, MIGHT, pot exprima o cerere sau o
rugminte politicoas.
Ex. Mav (Might) I use vour phone? (MIGHT arat, n acest caz, un grad
de nesigurant cu privire la rspuns)
Tot intersanjabile sunt MAY si MIGHT ct priveste exprimarea posibilittii
(possibility), de obicei n prezent sau viitor.
Ex. Grandma mav/might come todav/tomorrow.
Aspectul continuu ns l preIer mai ales pe MAY, la Iel ca si varianta
perIect a posibilittii.
Ex. He mav be repairing his car.
He mav have become a forest-organi:er, but Im not sure.
MIGHT, pe de alt parte, este preIerat pentru exprimarea reprosului Iat de o
actiune trecut sau, la prezent, n cereri insistente.
Ex. You might have warned me about this.
You might as well help me.

MUST, HAVE TO, NEED exprim o obligatie (obligation). Dintre acestea,
MUST este cel mai puternic, exprimnd att o obligatie intern, subiectiv (adic
prerea vorbitorului, convingerea sa c actiunea respectiv este necesar), ct si
obligatia ce deriv din constrngere (prin regulamente, legi etc.). HAVE TO este o
alternativ mai slab pentru MUST, la prezent, si l nlocuieste la trecut si viitor; ct
despre NEED, acesta se Ioloseste cu valoare de prezent si viitor, mai ales n propozitii
negative si interogative.

TRECUT PREZENT VIITOR
Had to Must Will have to

Ex. Sorrv I couldnt come, but I had to tidv up mv room.
I cant possiblv come. I must tidv up mv room.
Saturdav morning is out of the question,
I will have to tidv up mv room.


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Comparati:
I must go. (Trebuie s plec - este decizia mea, eu singur mi impun
aceast obligatie.)
You have to go. (Trebuie s pleci ndemnul/sugestia/ordinul, obligatie
impus din exterior ;you have to go, youll be late, la Iel de bine prima poate Ii
inlocuit prin 'Have got to - Ive got to go)
Dar: One must obev the law.
Pedestrians must not cross de street when the traffic light is red.
(obligatii impuse din exterior, dar oIiciale, valabile pentru toat lumea)

MUST se mai Ioloseste pentru a exprima reprosul Iat de o actiune din prezent
(neaprat la Iorma interogativ), sau sIaturi, recomandri, invitatii, precum si o deductie
logic.
Ex. Must vou alwavs get on mv nerves?
You must trv these boots on' Thev are so cool'
You must use mv PC whenever vou need it. (Insist s-l Iolosesti, chiar
te rog...)
She must be at home. (Sigur e acas.)
n propozitiile interogative, NEED n locul lui MUST arat c vorbitorul se
asteapt la un rspuns negativ.
Ex. Need I wash the dishes? (Chiar trebuie s spl vasele?)
No, vou neednt.
La negativ trecut, NEED exprim o actiune care a Iost eIectuat, desi nu era
necesar.
Ex. You neednt have washed the dishes.

Verbul modal SHALL este Iolosit pentru a exprima obligatia (obligation) n
stilul oIicial (acte, regulamente), la prezent, aIirmativ sau negativ, numai la persoana a
doua si a treia.
Ex. All shall perish.
The accused shall pav a certain amount of monev to the infured part.
La interogativ, SHALL se Ioloseste numai la persoana I singular sau plural, de
obicei pentru a cere un sIat, o sugestie, un ordin, sau pentru a Iace o oIert.
Ex. What shall I do?
Shall we go to the opera?
Shall I help vou?

Verbul modal SHOULD exprim obligatia moral (moral obligation),
necesitatea logic (logical necessity), sau sIatul (advice), la prezent, viitor si trecut.
Ex. This book is verv interesting. You should read it.
You should be/should have been more attentive during the lessons.
SHOULD mai poate exprima o presupunere (supposition) sau o deductie
(deduction).
Ex. He should be there bv now.
De asemenea, mai exprim reprosul (reproach) la prezent, viitor sau trecut,
acceptnd ambele aspecte, simplu si continuu, precum si uimirea, iritarea sau
nedumerirea vorbitorului.
Ex. How should I know that?

OUGHT TO indic obligatia sau datoria, de obicei sub Iorm de sIat de ctre
vorbitor, la Iel ca SHOULD. De altIel, OUGHT TO reprezint o alternativ a lui
SHOULD.
Ex. You ought to finish this research profect bv the end of the semester.
- 77 -

WILL se Ioloseste pentru a exprima:
a) o invitatie - Will vou have another cup of coffee?
b) o cerere sau o rugminte - Will vou do that for me?
c) vointa, hotrrea de a eIectua o actiune - He will studv Law whatever his
parents might sav.
d) un ordin - You will do as I tell vou or else ...
e) o actiune repetat, un obicei al unei persoane - He will ga:e at the sea for
hours and never get bored.
I) o actiune spontan, nepremeditat (la persoana I, de obicei contras n ll)- I
could reallv use a cup of water or soda now. Ill fetch vou a glass of sparkling water.
Will that do?)




Lecia 26. VERBE I EXPRESII MODALE (Modal Verbs and
Expressions) - B.


WILL se Ioloseste pentru a exprima:
a) o invitatie - Will vou have another cup of coffee?
b) o cerere sau o rugminte - Will vou do that for me?
c) vointa, hotrrea de a eIectua o actiune - He will studv Law whatever his
parents might sav.
d) un ordin - You will do as I tell vou or else ...
e) o actiune repetat, un obicei al unei persoane - He will ga:e at the sea for
hours and never get bored.
I) o actiune spontan, nepremeditat (la persoana I, de obicei contras n ll)- I
could reallv use a cup of water or soda now. Ill fetch vou a glass of sparkling water.
Will that do?)

WOULD este Iolosit ca Iorm de PAST TENSE a lui WILL, ca n:
I will get that for vou.
He said he would get that for me.
sau
I wont get that for vou.
He said he wouldnt get that for me.
Ca si WILL, arat insistenta cu care se eIectueaz o actiune n trecut.
Ex. He would ga:e at the stars for hours and never get bored.
De asemenea, WOULD este Iolosit si pentru a exprima probabilitatea.
Ex. The phone is ringing. That would be John.



NOT: WOULD RATHER/SOONER inIinitivul scurt exprim preIerinta:
Ex. I would rather watch the movie than read the book.
Id sooner go home than stav here in cold.
Id rather he left.

USED TO se Ioloseste numai la trecut pentru a exprima o actiune repetat (un
obicei trecut care numai este practicat n prezent). El poate Ii nlocuit de WOULD.
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Ex. When I was voung I used to travel a lot.


BE TO exprim, la Iel ca WILL, o comand (de obicei la persoana a treia), dar
poate exprima si o actiune planiIicat.
Ex. Thev are to clean the house before noon.
The competition is to start this week.

In sIrsit, verbul modal DARE are sensul de a ndrzni, a avea curajul si se
Ioloseste n special n propozitii interogative si negative.
Ex. How dare vou sav that to me?
He dared not tell his father about his deed.

APLICAII

92. Observati sensul verbelor modale din urmtoarele proverbe si din textul b.
a) 1. An empty sack cannot stand upright.
2. I cannot be your Iriend and your Ilatterer too.
3. He that goes bareIoot must not plant thorns.
4. All men must die.
5. Everything must have a beginning.
6. An ill tongue may do much.
7. A Iool may give a wise man counsel.
8. The rich man may dine when he will, the poor man when he may.
b) I'd rather be a sparrow than a snail -
Yes, I would, iI I could, I surely would.
Id rather be a hammer than a nail -
Yes, I would, iI I could, I surely would.
(Simon and GarIunkel`s EL CONDOR PASA)

93. Completati urmtoarele propozitii cu CAN sau CANT :
1. In Romania, you................. drive until you are 18.
2. II you join the library, you............... borrow books.
3. Im aIraid you................. go in without a ticket.
4. I dont think you................ take photos in this museum.

94. n urmtoarele propozitii, WILL este Iolosit cu sensuri diIerite. Decideti care din
urmtoarele etichete se potrivesc Iiecreia dintre propozitii:
DECISION INVITATION OFFER PREDICTION
PROMISE REFUSAL REQUEST THREAT
1. Ill kick you out!
2. I dont think Ill be able to make it.
3. Im sure everything will be all right.
4. Will you come to the exhibition with me?
5. I know! Ill take bus instead.
6. Ill write twice a week. Is that good enough?
7. Ill do that Ior you, iI you like.
8. Will you close that window, please?

95. Completati urmtoarele propozitii:
A good teacher must......................
A good teacher mustnt...................
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A good manager must.....................
A good manager mustnt..................
A good secretary must...................
A good secretary mustnt.................
A good salespernon must................
A good salesperson mustnt..............
In my job I must............................
In my job I mustnt .........................
(Ex. leave the oIIice in working hours; treat the students badly; enjoy meeting
people; listen to the staII; make decisions without thinking; tell lies to sell a product;
type well etc.)

96. Completati :
YOU CAN:
1. wake up when you hear the...............
2. clean the Iloor with a......................
3. cook on the...............................
4. put the cups into the .................
5. wash the dishes in the..................
6. put your clothes into the...............
7. put on your.....................when you go to bed
8. put water into the......................

97. Rescrieti urmtoarele propozitii Iolosind o Iorm potrivit a verbului NEED.
1. It isnt necessary Ior you to buy apples. Ive got some already.
2. It wasnt necessary Ior them to work on Sundays.
3. My visit to the cardiologist was a waste oI time. My heart is Iine.
4. It is important that you should listen careIully to what the teacher says.
5. You are not required to attend these courses.

98. Subliniati verbul modal corect:
1. Look at the clouds.It can/might/may rain.
2. Laura isnt at home.She can/must/mustnt be at work.
3. Im not sure where he is.He could/can/must be at lunch.
4. Would/should/will you help me carry these boxes, please.
5. That cant/mustnt/may not be the Iorest inspector. Hes away at a conIerence.
6. Might/may/can I ask you a rather personal question?
7. I think you should/can/might spend less time watching television.
8. Excuse me, could/might/will you tell me which street this is?

99. TransIormati urmtoarele propozitii Iolosind structura WOULD MIND VERB
ING:
Ex. Could you possibly repeat that, please?
Would you mind repeating that?
1. Do you think you could open the window?
2. Id be grateIul iI you could translate that Ior me.
3. I wonder iI you could pack the young plants Ior me.

100. Completati cu un verb modal potrivit.
1. How...............one prevent the bank slide?
2. All the Iorest-organisers....................be present.
3..................we speak Romanian during the English class?
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4...................I be there at 8 oclock sharp?
5. Nobody..................tell whether hes right or wrong.
6. You...................open your books now.
7. All poachers....................be punished.

101. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Pot s intru?
2. Ai putea s m ajuti?
3. Vezi masina aceea rosie? E a seIului meu.
4. nteleg ce spui dar nu pot vorbi englezeste.
5. Cum ndrznesti s o contrazici pe propia ta mam?
6. S-ti Iac o caIea Ir zahr?
7. Ai Ii putut s-mi spui adevrul.
8. Este posibil ca ei s discute chiar acum despre chestiunea braconajului.
9. Tatl Nataliei trebuie s aib aproape 70 de ani.
10. Doctorul trebuie s Iie pe drum n acest moment.



Lecia 27. TIPURI DE CONDIIONALE (If Clauses)


PROPOZITIA SECUNDAR PROPOZITIA PRINCIPAL
Condition Result
0. II sales increase we make proIit
1. II it rains we will have a good crop
2. II I had enough money I would go around the world
3. II I told you the truth then you would have gotten ill.


NOT: n general, subjonctivul prezent are aceeasi Iorm cu Past Tense, verbul TO BE
ns constituie o exceptie. n subordonate conditionale de tipul 2,
BE va avea o singura Iorm pentru toate persoanele: WERE.
Ex. If she were at home, I would pav her a visit. (Dac ar Ii acas, as vizita-o.)
De asemenea, subjonctivul perIect, care se Ioloseste n conditionale de tipul
3, coincide cu Iorma de Past PerIect, dar aici nu exist exceptii n cazul verbului
BE.
Ex. If vou/he/she had been at home, I would have paid vou/him/her/them a visit.


APLICAII

102. Gsiti corespondent n coloana B:


A B
II you prune those apple-trees you would have had tulips by now.
II you had planted the bulbs in the autumn they wouldn`t have died.
II you hack the bark oII trees you would now be able to boast oI a bed
oI roses.
II you sowed some Ilower seeds in that you will have a good crop oI apples next
- 81 -
patch oI ground summer.
II you had watered these roses they might die.




103. Completati cu Iorma corect a verbului:
1. II we (help) her in time, we (save) her liIe.
2. II they (warn) me, I (not go) there.
3. II they (play) better, they (won) the match.
4. I (come) iI you (call) me.


104. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Sun-m dac ti creste temperatura.
2. Dac m vor invita la petrecere la timp, m voi duce.
3. Nu voi merge la petrecere dect dac m invit la timp.
4. Dac se va Iace Irig nu voi merge la mare.
5. Dac as Ii n locul tu, m-as gndi de dou ori.
6. Ce ai Ii Icut dac nu eram noi?
7. Dac n-ai Ii Iost tu, am Ii murit de sete.
8. Dac i-as Ii acceptat cererea n cstorie as Ii Iost acum o sotie tnr si bogat.

105. TransIormati urmtoarele conditionale de tipul 1 si 2 n conditionale de tipul 2 si 3.
1. II one oI my colleagues cuts himselI badly, I take him to a medical centre
immediately.
2. II I clean the cut with water and antiseptic, it will surely get better.
3. II I have a clean bandage at hand, I wrap it loosely around the cut.
4. II one oI my collegues breaks his leg, I try not to move him.























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Lecia 28. DIATEZA PASIV (The Passive Voice)

Diateza este categoria gramatical speciIic verbului. n limba englez exist
dou diateze marcate Iormal: diateza activ si diateza pasiv.
Un verb este la diateza activ (ACTIVE VOICE) atunci cnd subiectul
gramatical este cel care desIsoar actiunea, si la diateza pasiv (PASSIVE VOICE)
atunci cnd subiectul gramatical suport actiunea svrsit de complementul direct al
propozitiei (si subiectul logic al actiunii).
Ex. Active Voice Subiect Predicat Complement
John builds houses.
John construieste case.
Passive Voice - Subiect gramatical Predicat Complement
These houses are built bv John.
Aceste case sunt construite de John.
Nu toate verbele suport aceast transIormare activ-pasiv ci, de obicei, cele
tranzitive (care admit un complement direct).
Principalele transIormri de la diateza activ la diateza pasiv sunt:
1. complementul direct devine subiect;
2. subiectul devine agentul actiunii (precedat de BY );
3. BE preia timpul verbului principal (la diateza activ);
4. verbul principal (la diateza activ) devine participiu trecut.


Timpul verbal Diateza activ Diateza pasiv
Present Simple He steals cars. Cars are stolen (by him).
Present Continuous He is stealing a car. A car is being stolen (by
him).
Past Simple He stole a car. A car was stolen (by him).
Past Continuous When I approached the
institution, he was stealing
a car.
When I approached the
institution, a car was being
stolen (by him).
Present PerIect Simple He has stolen a car. A car has been stolen (by
him).
Past PerIect Simple I Iound out he had stolen a
car.
I Iound out a car had been
stolen (by him).
Future Simple He will steal a car. A car will be stolen (by
him).
Going To Future He is going to steal a car. A car is going to be stolen
(by him).
Modal Present He might steal a car. A car might be stolen (by
him).
Modal PerIect He would have stolen a car
iI you had told him to.
A car would have been
stolen (by him).
Present InIinitive to steal to be stolen
PerIect InIinitive to have stolen to have been stolen



NOTE: 1) Pasivul se Ioloseste pentru a sublinia actiunea si nu agentul, sau atunci cnd
agentul este necunoscut, lipsit de important sau evident.
Ex. The cellar was entirelv flooded.
He was elected President.
- 83 -
2) Expresiile impersonale din limba romn pot Ii redactate n limba englez cu
ajutorul subiectului impersonal THEY sau cu ajutorul diatezei pasive.
Ex. Se spune c va izbucni rzboiul.
Thev sav the war will break out.
It is said that the war will break out.
Se spune despre el c e nstrit.
Thev sav he is a well-off person.
He is said to be a well-off person.
3) Eventualele prepozitii sunt plasate dup verbul pasiv.
Ex. Grandpa will take care of the garden.
The garden will be taken care of bv grandpa.


RECAPITULARE I APLICAII

106. Completati urmtorul tabel:


Tense Active Passive
He was opening the gate.


The letter has been sent.
She is thought to have been
arrested.
They will lock the saIe.
The Police caught the thieI.
Our house is being painted by
decorators.
The Government will
reduce taxes.

These dogs must be kept on a leash
all the time.
Someone should have Iixed
the doorbell by now.



107. Traduceti urmtoarele proverbe:
1. A tree which is oIten transplanted bears no Iruit.
2. Never answer a question until it is asked.
3. He that measures not himselI is measured.
4. A poet is born not made.
5. They are well guided that God guides.

108. Treceti urmtoarele propozitii la diateza pasiv:
1. Little strokes Iell great oaks.
2. They saw a large, cat-like animal in the Iield yesterday.
3. I have just insured my car against accidents.
4. They are building a new school in the village.
5. They told me to leave.
6. He suggests climbing the mountain Irom the other side.
7. I am not speaking to her at the moment.
8. They are launching a new product on the market.
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9. She has told me a lot oI interesting things.
10. I couldnt use my pen as my brother had broken it.
11. They will have read the book by then.
12. The dentist is Iilling his tooth.

109. Treceti urmtoarele propozitii la diateza activ:
1. The matter was much talked about.
2. The evil-doer hasnt been Iound yet.
3. This point wasnt agreed upon.
4. The doctor will be sent Ior at once.
5. This museum is visited by thousands oI people every year.

110. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Nu s-a dormit n acest pat.
2. Acest arbore secular n-ar trebui tiat/dobort.
3. Copiii au Iost bine ngrijiti.
4. Btrnul a Iost clcat de o masin.
5. Nu-i place s se uite lumea insistent la ea.
6. Aceast carte nu a Iost nc tradus n limba romn.
7. Copacii acestia nc nu au Iost curtati de crengi uscate.
8. Ai Iost invitat la petrecere.
9. I s-au pus cteva ntrebri simple.
10. Va Ii tradus acest articol pn la sIrsitul anului?

111. Folositi inIormatiile de mai jos pentru a construi enunturi urmnd sugestiile din
paranteze:
1. (ability; past time): to pass the exam yesterday.
2. (ability; Iuture time): to solve this equation.
3. (permission; present time): to pick Ilowers in your garden.
4. (permission; past time): to wear my new necklace.
5. (obligation; past time): to help my parents with their work.
6. (necessity; past time): not to send him a telegram.
7. (possibility; Iuture time): to Iind her tomorrow.
8. (promise; Iuture time): to get a nice present Ior him.
9. (reproach; past time): to work harder.
10. (habit; past time): live in a very old house.

112. Treceti verbele din urmtorul text de la diateza pasiv la diateza activ.

Bleeding can usually be stopped by applying pressure to the cut Ior two or three
minutes. The cut can then be careIully inspected. II it has bled Ireely any germs will
normally have been washed away by the blood. II the cut is deep and the edges cannot
be pulled together with a dressing, consult the doctor or a nurse. A tetanus injection may
be needed.
II burns cause severe blistering or break the skin, the doctor should be consulted.
Sunburn should, iI possible, be prevented by avoiding long exposure and covering
exposed areas adequately. It may be treated by calamine lotion and soluble aspirin to
relieve the pain.

113. Folositi urmtoarele inIormatii pentru a Iormula ntrebri pentru rspunsurile a-g :


- 85 -

November 17th 1558 - English Queen Mary died and Elisabeth I took the throne. She
ruled Ior 45 years.
November 18th 1928 Walt Disney`s Mickey Mouse made his Iirst appearance in
the Iilm Steamboat Willie.
1976 Spain established democracy aIter Franco`s 37-year
dictatorship.
November 19th 1493 Cristopher Columbus discovered Carribean Island Puerto
Rico.
1795 The pencil as we know it today was invented by Frenchman
N. J. Conte.
November 20th 1925 Robert Kennedy (brother oI J. F. K) was born in
Massachussetts. He became a senator Ior the Democrat Party but was
assassinated in 1968.
1947 Princess Elisabeth (later Queen Elisabeth II) married Duke
Philip Mountbatten in London`s Webminster Abbey.



a - 45 years Ex. How long did Elisabeth I rule Ior?
b - Steamboat Willie
c - 37 years
d - 1493
e - the pencil
I - Democrat
g - Westminster Abbey

114. Traduceti n limba englez:
1. Plou.
2. n aceast regiune plou rareori.
3. Plou de cnd am ajuns acas.
4. A plouat si ieri.
5. Ultima dat cnd m-am uitat pe Iereastr, ploua.
6. Vom Iace o plimbare dac va sta ploaia.
7. Nu vede pdurea din cauza copacilor.
8. D-i ceva de mncare dac-i este Ioame.
9. As traduce-o dac as avea un dictionar.
10. Ai Ii multumit dac ar trebui s stai acolo.
11. Nu era nevoie s ne asteptati.
12. Mai degrab as muri dect s cedez.
13. Obisnuiam s Iumez mult.
14. Chiar trebuie s plec.
15. Dac ar Ii Iost biat l-as Ii numit dup tatl meu.
16. Formm diateza pasiv cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar to be.
17. ProIesorul scrie pe tabl cu cret colorat.
18. O vezi?
19. La ce te uiti?
20. M simt mult mai bine acum.




- 86 -


TEST AUTOEVALUATIV


1. (1,5p.) Scrieti urmtoarele numerale cu litere sau ciIre dup caz:
a) (numbers) 0; 48; 83; 129; 2;475; 75; 840; 150; 770; 220; 2,5; 18,15; 2/3;
3/4; primul; al treilea; al nuoazecisinoulea; de trei ori; doi cte doi.
b) (time) 10:30; 11:05; 12:15; 7:45; 8:00.
c) (years) 1821; 1900; 1907.
d) (dates) 1.06.1944; 27.09.2010.
e) (operations) 527; 5-23; 5x210; 5:22 rest 1.

2. (1p.) Completati cu prepozitia potrivit:
a) Why go . Ioot when you can get there . car or, at any rate, . horseback?
b) We were supposed to meet . the morning, but we met . noon.
c) He is particularly interested . the study oI evergreens.
d) You cannot let him down; he depends . you.
e) Im telling you; theres nobody . home.

3. (1p.) TransIormati urmtoarele propozitii la negativ si interogativ:
a) He studies English literature at OxIord.
b) He has been studying Ior a Iew hours now.
c) Both brothers studied Low abroad.
d) They could come on Monday.

4. (1,5p.) Treceti urmtoarele propozitii la diateza pasiv:
a) He sent me a telegram.
b) Everybody sould buy this dictionary.
c) She was lying the table this time next week.

5. (5p.) Translate into English:
a) Plou de la ora trei.
b) Mine pe vremea asta voi zbura ctre Londra.
c) Cnd eram n liceu obisnuiam s mergem n excursii mpreun.
d) Tocmai ieseam din cas cnd a nceput s sune teleIonul.
e) Nu suport oamenii care m ntreab de Iamilia mea.
I) Se Iace trziu si ar trebui s te duci acas.
g) Trebuie s lum o hotrre ct mai curnd posibil.
h) V deranjeaz dac aprind o tigar?
i) Dac s-ar tunde ar arta mult mai bine.
I) Dac mi-ai Ii spus la timp, as Ii Icut ceva.










- 87 -


CHEIA EXERCIIILOR

3. spinster, barmaid, sister, lady, grandmother, heroine, wiIe, neighbour, aunt, waitress.

4. cow, bitch, drake, vixen, gander, cock/rooster, lioness, ewe, hind, mare.

5. benches, bushes, cliIIs, Ioxes, handkerchieves, matches, months, potatoes, thieves.

6. aIternoons, children, Ilowers, glasses, peaches, phenomena, sanatoria, sisters-in-law,
teeth, women.

7. a brood oI chickens, a colony oI ants/bees/birds, a Ilight oI birds/geese, a Ilock oI
birds/geese/sheep, a litter oI puppies, a pack oI dogs/wolves, a shoal oI Iish/whales, a
swarm oI bees, a troop oI ants/monkeys.

9. bloody, childish, colourIul, courageous, dangerous, delightIul, enjoyable, humorous,
milky, monumental, national, painIul, pardonable, peaceIul, predictable, reddish,
traditional, trendy, variable, wealthy.

10. accidental, aIIectionate, boyish, charitable, customary, dangerous, economic/al,
expressive, IaithIul, Iiery, heroic, inIluential, manly, melodious, passionate, skilIul,
wintry.

11. uncommon, incredible, ungrateIul, dishonourable, unpainIul, impartial, impolite,
disobedient, invaluable.

15. hard harder the hardest
lazy lazier the laziest
happy happier the happiest
interesting more interesting the most interesting
good better the best
small smaller the smallest
beautiIul more beautiIul the most beautiIul
old older/elder the oldest/eldest
captivating more captivating the most captivating
cold colder the coldest
tall taller the tallest
clever cleverer the cleverest
clumsy clumsier the clumsiest
bad worse the worst

16. anxiously, early, comIortably, Iast, Iearlessly, well, hard/ly, immediately, kindly,
late/ly, luckily, near/ly, suddenly, terribly.

19. a) these trees, b) those curtains, c) these Ilowers, d) those hats, e) these carpets.

20. a) that old man, b) this map, c) that big boy, d) this blue ball, e) this nice picture.

21. a) is, b) are, c) is, d) has, e) are, I) is.

- 88 -
22. a) She`s my Iriend.
b) They`re not/they aren`t interpreters, they`re translators.
c) The teacher`s not/the teacher isn`t nervous at all.
d) They`re the new neighbours.
e) Their grandparents aren`t at home.

23. a) He is not a taxi-driver.
Is he a taxi-driver?
b) They are not American tourists visiting Romania.
Are they American students visiting Romania?
c) There isn`t a Ilower pot on the window sill.
Is there a Ilower pot on the window sill?
d) This coniIerous tree does not have red wood.
Does this coniIerous tree have red wood?
e) It does not grow in hot climate.
Does it grow in hot climate?
I) She does not want a bigger house.
Does she want a bigger house?
g) They do not want to be Iree.
Do they want to be Iree?
h) He does not have a younger sister in Connecticut.
Does he have a younger sister in Connecticut?
i) He has not got the Ilu.
Has he got the Ilu?
j) Paul does not play the piano beautiIully.
Does Paul play the piano beautiIully?
k) The minister`s wiIe has got the prize.
Has the minister`s wiIe got the prize?
l) He does not make Iun oI other people.
Does he make Iun oI other people?
m) Wild roses do not grow here.
Do wild roses grow here?

24. 1. Take me with you!
2. He calls me a liar.
3. Tell him/her that everything is OK.
4. Talk to them yourselI!
5. We always help her carry her luggage.

26. 1. herselI, 2. himselI, 3. yourselI, 4. yourselI, 5. yourselI, 6. myselI, 7. herselI, 8.
herselI, 9. themselves, 10. ourselves.

28. 1. who, 2. whom, 3. whose, 4. whom, who, 5. which/that, 6. which/that, 7. whom, 8.
who/that.

29. 1c, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a.

30. 1 some, 2 any, 3 any, 4 any, 5 some.

31. 1 much, 2 much, 3 much, 4 many, 5 much, 6 much.

32. 1 little, 2 a Iew, 3 little, 4 Iew, 5 Iew/a Iew.
- 89 -

33. 1 no, 2 either, 3 both days, 4 any, 5 any, 6 each, 7 much.
34. 1 none oI them, 2 a Iew oI them, 3 some oI them, 4 many oI them, 5 most
oI them, 6 all oI them.

35. 1. Neither oI the hotels is suitable.
2. Both proposals are interesting.
3. None oI the items oI Iurniture is expensive.
4. Not all oI them listen to him.
5. All we want is our wages.

37. 1 Whom do we see twice a week?
- Who sees our daughter twice a week?
2 Who hates piano lessons?
- What does their son hate?
3 Who says she disagrees?
- What does Helen say?
4 Who argues always with him?
- Whom do they always argue with?

40. 3 possessive s, 4 possessive s, 5 contraction s, possessive s.

41. My parents` names are Michael and Georgiana. My Iather`s a journalist and my
mother`s unemployed. I`ve got two brothers and a sister. My brothers` names are Ethan
and Shane. My sister`s name`s Beverly. She`s married to Sean. She`s a teacher and he`s
a banker.

43. 1 they`re, 2 their, 3 they`re, 4 there, 5 their, 6 there.

46. 1 a hard-working student
2 a blue-eyed man
3 a careless driver
4 a short-sleeved blouse
5 a good-looking woman
6 a hundred-year old tree
7 a kind-hearted woman
8 a heart-breaking story
9 a courageous man
10 a red-Iaced man

48. Alec Katherine, Betty Donald, Carol Neil, Edwin Fiona, Gary
Margaret, Holly Jeremy, Ivy Leonard.

49. pocket money, youth hostel, junk Iood, post oIIice, shop assistant, department store,
shoe shop.

53. - make: the beds, an attempt, a cake, Iriends, war, dinner, a decision, money;
- do: the washing up, the housework, nothing, a lot oI work, the shopping, well,
your best;
- go: swimming, skiing, shopping, Ior a walk, on holiday;
- have; a baby, a swim, a try, a go, a walk, a lot oI work, dinner, Iriends, nothing,
money.
- 90 -

54. 1 make, 2 let, 3 lets, 4 makes.
56. 1 have, 2 make, 3 have, 4 makes.

57. 1 makes, 2 make, 3 make, 4 do, 5 does, make, 6 make, 7 making,
doing, 8 makes, 9 make, 10 make.

58. 1. George is not as good a game-keeper as John.
2. I don`t eat as much as Michael.
3. He has the best communication skills in the team.
4. The baby looks Iatter every week.

TEST RECAPITULATIV
1. a) yesterday`s newspaper
b) the teachers` opinions
c) the bear`s Iur
d) the trees oI the wood

2. a) good, better, less good, the best, as good as, better and better;
b) healthy, healthier, more important, the most important, the worst, worse and worse.

3. a) to do the shopping
b) to make a decision
c) to have lunch
d) the trees oI the wood
e) to go Ior a walk

4. a) He is not very good at English.
Is he very good at English?
b) He does not make mistakes in writing.
Does he make mistakes in writing?

5. a) How much money do you need?
b) Their aunt is older than ours.
c) Wherever you go, remember my advice.
d) You`ve got here two Iir-trees: a silver one and a white one.

65. twelve spoons, twenty-Iour Iorks, six saucers, Iour egg-cups, sixty-Iour plates,
thirteen salt cellars, one hundred and twenty-two napkins, sixteen knives.

71. 1 at, 2 on, 3 on, 4 in, 5 in, 6 at, 7 in, 8 on, 9 in, 10 on.

72. 1 with, 2 Irom, 3 to, 4 oI, 5 at, 6 in, 7 Ior, 8 on, 9 to, 10 into, 11
among, 12 between, 13 until.

76. 1 in, 2 at, 3 at, 4 on, 5 in, 6 at, 7 on, 8 in, 9 in, 10 on, 11 on, 12
in, 13 at, 14 at.

77. 1c, 2a, 3I, 4d, 5b, 6c.

79. 1 is Ieeling, 2 are working, 3 (s) getting, 4 is wearing, 5 is being, 6 is
watching, 7 is sleeping, 8 is changing, 9 is sweeping.
- 91 -

81. 1 prezent continuu, 2 prezent simplu, 3 simplu, 4 simplu, 5 simplu, 6
simplu, 7 simplu, simplu, 8 continuu, 9 simplu, 10 continuu.

85. 1 He would always call me/he was always calling me late at night.
2 As a student he was shy but extremely hard-working.
3 I was just getting dressed when I heard somebody at the door.
4 Grandpa would tell us stories and we would listen to him obediently.
5 He took his hat, gloves and cane, said good-bye to his colleagues and got out oI
the building without any noise.

87. 1. It`s the most interesting thing that I have ever heard.
2. I haven`t seen him since he leIt the country.
3. How long has he been married (Ior)?
4. He has been eating Ior an hour; I`m aIraid that`s not very good.
5. How long have you been washing (Ior)?

88. 1. When I got home it was silence.
2. I apologized Ior being late and I explained that my car had had a Ilat tyre on the
way home.
3. I bought myselI a new computer last year because the old one had got broken.
4. What had he been all this time?
5. They had been living Ior generations in that house.

94. 1 threat, 2 reIusal, 3 prediction, 4 invitation, 5 decision, 6 promise, 7
oIIer, 8 request.

97. 1. You needn`t buy apples.
2. They needn`t have worked on Sundays.
3. I needn` have visited the cardiologist.

101. 1 May/can I come in?
2. Could you help me?
3. Can/do you see the red car? It belongs to my boss.
4. I understand what you say but I cannot speak English.
5. How dare you contradict your own mother?
6 Shall I make you a black coIIee?
7 You could/might have told me the truth.
8 They may be talking about poaching this very moment.
9 Natalie`s Iather must be almost 70.
10 The doctor must be on his way now.

110. 1. This bed hasn`t been slept in.
2. This venerable tree shouldn`t be cut/Ielled.
3. The children were well taken care oI.
4. The old man was run over by a car.
5. She doesn`t like being stared at.
6. This book hasn`t been translated into Romanian yet.
7. These trees have not yet been pruned.
8. You have been invited to the party.
9. He was asked some simple questions.
10. Will this article be/have been translated by the end oI the year.
- 92 -


114. 1. It is raining.
2. In this region it seldom rains.
3. It has been raining since I got home.
4. It rained yesterday too.
5. The last time I looked out oI the window, it was raining.
6. We will go Ior a walk iI the rain stops.
7. He can`t see the wood Ior the trees.
8. Give him something to eat iI he is hungry.
9. I would translate it iI I had a dictionary.
10. You would be pleased iI you had to stay there.
11. You needn`t have waited Ior us.
12. I`d rather die than give in.
13. I used to smoke a lot.
14. I really must be going.
15. Had she been a boy, I would have named him aIter my Iather.
16. We Iorm/one Iorms the passive voice by means oI/with the auxiliary BE.
17. The teacher writes/is writing on the blackboard with coloured chalk.
18. Can you see her/it?
19. What are you looking at?
20. I Ieel/I`m Ieeling much better.



























- 93 -

APPENDIX 1 - TEXTE

STEMS

The stem is a plant`s . -ground support structure, bearing its leaves, . and
Ilowers. It also Iorms part oI a plant`s transport system. Xylem tissue carries minerals
and water Irom the roots to the rest oI the plant, . phloem tissue conveys nutrients
produced in the leaves.
There are two types oI stem: herbaceous (non-woody) stems, which die at the
end oI each growing season; and woody stems, which develop continuously, adding a
ring consisting oI secondary xylem and secondary phloem every growing season. There
are three kinds oI woody plants: vines, trees and shrubs. Vines are rarely . . They
climb, wind or . over some support. Trees, on the other hand, have a single stem
(trunk), with a branching head, and are usually quite tall. As Ior shrubs, their stem is not
very tall as they branch close to the . .

1. a) over b) above c) oII
2. a) buds b) terminal buds c) catkins
3. a) whereas b) while c) meanwhile
4. a) upright b) straight c) erect
5. a) scatter b) spread c) develop
6. a) ground b) land c) earth


LEAVES

A typical leaI consists oI a thin Ilat lamina (.) supported by a network oI veins,
a petiole (leaI-stalk), and a leaI base, where the petiole joins the stem. Leaves . be
classiIied as simple, in which the lamina is a single unit, or . , in which the lamina is
divided into separate leaIlets. Compound leaves may be pinnate, with pinnae (leaIlets)
on both sides oI a rachis (main axis), or palmate, with leaIlets arising Irom a single point
at the tip oI the petiole. . leaves are usually simple and slender, and have a tough waxy
surIace. . more delicate leaves, they oIten last Ior several . .

1. a) blade b) plate c) scale
2. a) might b) should c) can
3. a) compound b) composite c) combined
4. a) resinous b) coniIer c) deciduous
5. a) alike b) like c) unlike
6. a) seasons b) years c) seed year


FLOWERS

Flowers are the sites oI sexual reproduction in Ilowering plants (angiosperms).
The male reproductive organ is the stamen; the Iemale structure consists oI the ovary,
style and stigma.
Flowering plants Iall into two categories: dicotyledons and monocotyledons
(known as dicots and monocots). In dicot Ilowers, there is a distinction between the
- 94 -
outer sepals, which are usually larger and colourIul. In monocot Ilowers, the petals and
sepals are similar, and are known collectively as tepals.
Flowers also vary in their shape (cruciIorm, stellate, saucer-shaped, cup-shaped,
bell-shaped, tubular, Iunnel-shaped, trumpet-shaped, pea-like, rosette etc.), growth habit
(erect, nodding, pendent), coloration (selI-coloured, bicoloured, picotee, striped), and
petal arrangements (recurved, reIlexed, single, semi-double, double, Iully-double).

Describe the following flowers, using the above-mentioned criteria. carnation,
chrvsanthemum, daffodil, daisv, dandelion, hvacinth, lilv of the vallev, Madonna lilv,
magnolia, petunia, poppv, rose, snowdrop, tulip, violet, water lilv.


MOSS

Read the following text and put the verbs in the Past Tense Simple.

Mosses are simple evergreen plants that are rootless but with a stem carrying
leaves and spore capsules which are seen in spring. They Iorm a soIt cushion and the
deep springy layers represent as many years oI growing. The Ironds oI some species are
loose while others Iorm tight cushions. They like shade and moisture and though they
can withstand severe winter Irosts, their main danger is Irom the people who give little
thought to the destruction oI habitat, by ripping it oII the tree stump or boulders.


FUNGI

Choose the right form.

The autumn woods in Bukowina are a proIusion oI Iungi. A good number is/are
edible but some are highly poisonous. The nut-brown cap and the golden yellow
chanterelle are the most/most Iavoured but the death-cap lives/leaves up to its name, is
responsible Ior many oI the deaths Irom Iungus-poisoning. It is yellowish-green above
and white below/underneath.
Most Iungi are saporphytic they obtain their nutrients Irom decay but a
Iew are parasitic extracting nutrients Irom the trees. The victim is as usual/usually old or
already damaged. BeIore going under the bridge Iormed by the Iractured silver birch
observe the razor strop Iungus. Once used Ior sharpening razors, as pin-cushions or
sliced as cork, it is not edible. The host tree will die.
Not all partnerships are one-sided or parasitic. In the case oI the lichens
the alga and the Iungus have a symbiotic relationship that is, one cannot live without
the other. Though the species are very diIIerent, their relationship beneIits each other
(Ior example in tropical areas birds Iind Iood by entering in/entering the open mouth oI
crocodiles to clean worms Irom their teeth; in return, the birds raise the alarm when
there is any/some danger).


FINLAND

Finland`s . to the rest oI the continent are old, close and still developing
strongly. Geographically, the country has a very . location. It is really one vast Iorest,
in which lakes, rivers, cropland and pastures are interspersed with towns and villages.
All in all, Iorests cover nearly 80 per cent oI the total land area.
- 95 -
A nation oI Iive million people inhabits this country. People and Iorest . lived
together in a unique relationship . centuries, iI not millennia.
Finland lies in the boreal coniIerous zone. Although dozens oI tree species are
., pine and spruce have a share oI nearly 80 per cent between them. Boreal coniIerous
Iorests have their . distinct ecology, oI which resilience and a remarkable capacity Ior
selI-renewal are the characteristic Ieatures.

1. a) relations b) connections c) ties
2. a) north-western b) northern c) southern
3. a) has b) had c) have
4. a) Ior b) along c) over
5. a) Iind b) Iound c) Iounded
6. a) private b) proper c) own







































- 96 -
APPENDIX 2 - ACTIVITI COMUNICATIVE

1. Say how to do things.
Example: To keep the doctor away, eat an apple a day.
Or: You keep the doctor away by eating an apple a day.

a) turn on the TV / press this button
b) get to the town centre / take a trolley-bus
c) Iind out a phone number / call directory enquiries
d) make some coIIee / .
e) prevent land-slip / .
I) extinguish a stem-Iire / .


2. Look at the Iollowing phrases and match them with their possible meanings below:

1. You must be joking.
2. Excuse me!
3. Yes, I suppose so.
4. I don`t quite Iollow.
5. Well, that`s very kind oI you, but.
6. Well, you asked Ior it.
7. Bad luck!

a) I don`t understand what you`re saying.
b) It`s your Iault.
c) I must reIuse your oIIer.
d) I`m sorry you weren`t successIul.
e) You`re right, but I wish you weren`t.
I) What you`re asking oI me is ridiculous / impossible.
g) Can you explain what you`re doing?


3. Ask and say how oIten / when you do the things below:

go to the dentist
watch TV
wear trousers
do the shoppings
study

Use: never, hardly ever, sometimes/occasionally, quite/very oIten, usually, once a
week/day/month, in the evenings, at weekends, on holiday etc.
Model: I hardly ever watch TV.
I usually wear jeans at weekends.

4. Discuss your likes and dislikes with a partner. Try to use the Iollowing patterns to
agree or disagree:
ex. A: I like .
B: So do I. / Do you? I don`t.
Or: A: I don`t like.
B: Neither do I. / Don`t you? I do.
- 97 -
5. Complete the Iollowing table, aIter you`ve discussed with your partner.

Do you like. ? YOU YOUR PARTNER
travelling
meeting people
making decisions
making things
working in a team
working with machines
working with Iigures
studying Botany

6. Talk about things which you used to do or used to like.

7. Consider the Iollowing jobs: doctor, engineer, teacher, accountant, secretary, travel
agent, attorney at law, caretaker, chimney-sweeper. Complete the Iollowing:
A . works in a . .
A . has to be a very . person.
His is a good/bad job because. .
Mine is a good/bad job because. .

8. Complete the Iollowing table (using: every day/Monday, never, once a week, twice a
month, three times a year etc.), aIter you have discussed with your partner.

In your job, how oIten do
you. ?
YOU YOUR PARTNER
travel by train
use a computer
use English or another
Ioreign language

go on delegations

9. Describe a daily routine at work.

10. Explain what people generally do when they:
a) take their leave
b) meet someone in the street
c) go to a birthday party

11. Describe the most beautiIul or interesting place you have ever visited. II necessary,
use the Iollowing directions:
It`s halI an hour`s drive Irom.
- X kilometres Irom.
- situated in.
- in central.
- along the coast Irom.
- mid-way between.





- 98 -
APPENDIX 3 - FUNCTIONS BANK
I. Introducing oneselI - I`m .
- My name is.
- Let me introduce myselI. (Iormal)

II. Greetings Ior Iirst meetings How do you do?
- I`m (very) pleased/delighted to meet you. (Iormal)
- It`s very nice to meet you.
- Nice/good to meet you, at last.
- Pleased to meet you, too.

III. Introducing people I`d like you to meet...
- May I introduce.
- I`d like to introduce.
- Can I introduce.
- I want you to meet.

IV. Daily greetings Hello. How are you? R: Very well, thanks.
- Hi. How are you doing? R: I`m Iine thanks.
- Good morning. How are things? / How have things been doing?
R: Not too bad.
- Good aIternoon. Is everything OK / all right? R; Fine, thanks.

Also: How was your holiday/trip? R: Very good/interesting.
How did the meeting go? R: Very well.
How did you enjoy the Iilm? - R: Very much.

VI. Invitations - I was wondering iI you would like to join us Ior a meal.
- Would you like to visit our gardens?
- How about going to a movie tonight?
- Why don`t you join us Ior a drink?
- What about going out Ior a meal?
- Why not come round Ior a drink?

VII. Accepting invitations Thank you very much. That would be very nice.
- That`s very kind oI you. I`d like that very much.
- Thank you Ior inviting me. I`d love to come.
- I`ll look Iorward to it.
- Thanks. That`s a good idea. / What a good idea! / That
sounds Iun.

VIII. Declining invitations Thank you Ior inviting me, but I`m aIraid I can`t come /
/ unIortunately I won`t be able to come.

IX. Thanking people Ior hospitality Thank you very much. I really appreciate your
hospitality.
- It`s been a very pleasant weekend.
- It was very kind oI you to invite me.
- Thank you very much Ior everything.
- Thanks Ior asking me out. It was great Iun.

- 99 -
X. Responding to thanks That` s quite all right.
- That`s OK.
- It was no trouble.
- You`re welcome.
- Don`t mention it.

XI. OIIering Would you like a cup oI coIIee? R: Yes, please.
- Shall I pick you up at the airport?
- Would you like me to try to change the tickets Ior you?
- How about going Ior a cup oI coIIee? R: No, thank you.
- Do you want another cup oI coIIee?
- Do you want me to photocopy this Ior you? R: Yes, iI you`re sure it`s
no trouble. / Yes, that would be very nice oI you.


Other questions: Where do you live?
Which part oI the country are you Irom?
What do you do Ior a living?
Have you got a Iamily?
Do you travel much in your job?


LIKES

I (really) like/enjoy/love noun/.ing
I`m (very/really) Iond oI/interested in/keen on noun/.ing
I Iind .ing (really) interesting/enjoyable/relaxing/Iascinating/exciting etc.

DISLIKES

I don`t (really) like noun/.ing
I (really/absolutely) hate/detest/can`t bear/can`t stand noun/.ing
I`m not (very/really) Iond oI/interested in/keen on noun/.ing
I Iind .ing (a bit/rather) boring/dull/tiring etc.

PREFERENCES

I preIer tennis/playing tennis to badminton/playing badminton.
I`d (I would) rather dance than jog.

ASKING FOR AND EXPRESSING OPINIONS

What do you think oI .?
How do you Ieel about . ?
What`s your opinions oI . ?

I think .
I believe .
In my opinion, .
In my view, .

It seems to me that .
- 100 -
From my point oI view, I think .
As Iar as I`m concerned, .
II you ask me, . (inIormal)

ASKING FOR ADVICE

I`m not sure what to do .
You know more than me about .
Could you/can you/I was wondering iI you could give me some advice?
I`d appreciate/I`d welcome your advice/some advice, iI you don`t mind.
What would you do in my place/in my position/iI you were me?

MAKING A REQUEST

Please shut the door.
Could/would you shut the door, please?
Would you mind shutting the door (please)?
Do you think you could shut the door?
I wonder iI you don`t mind shutting the door/iI you could shut the door?

ASKING FOR AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

Excuse me, could you tell me the way/direct me to the station?
Excuse me, could you tell me where the station is, please?

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

He/she`s got short/shoulder-length/long straight/curly/wavy
blonde/Iair/red/brown/dark/black hair.
He`s bald.

He/she`s Iairly/quite/very/extremely thin/slim/plump/Iat/well-built.
He/she`s tall/short/medium height.

He/she`s got a pale/Iair/dark complexion.

He/she`s got a Iringe/Ireckles/a scar.
He`s got a beard/a moustache.

INTERRUPTING

Excuse me, may I interrupt/break in ?
Sorry to interrupt, but .
Hold on a minute! (inIormal)

ASKING THE SPEAKER TO SPEAK MORE CLEARLY

Could you speak up please?
Could you speak more slowly?
I`m aIraid I didn`t catch that.
Could you repeat that?

- 101 -
ASKING THE SPEAKER TO CLARIFY SOMETHING

Could you explain that?
Do you mean .?
What does X mean?

AGREEING

I couldn`t agree more.
I quite/absolutely/entirely agree.
That`s absolutely true.
That`s a very good point.

DISAGREEING

I couldn`t agree less.
I really don`t agree.
Not at all.
I disagree.
Nonsense! (inIormal)

AGREEING WITH RESERVATIONS

I agree with you, but .
That`s true, but .
I agree with you up to a point.
Yes, but what about .
Yes, but on the other hand .

GIVING INSTRUCTIONS, WARNINGS, ADVICE

Do/don`t write .
You must/mustn`t/needn`t write .
You should/shouldn`t write .
You`d (had) better (not) write .
Don`t Iorget to .
It`s a good idea to .
Another possibility is to .
The best thing is to .
The worst thing is to .
On no account write .
Never/always write .
How about .?
What about .?
Have you thought oI .?
Why don`t you .?
II I were you, I`d .

USEFUL QUESTIONS FOR TRAVELLING

How long does it take to get to .?
How Iar is it to .?
- 102 -
What`s the cheapest/quickest way I can get there?
What`s the diIIerence in price between X and Y?
Which platIorm is it? (railway station)
Which is it? (train)
Which gate is it? (airport departure)
Which desk is it? (airport check in)
Which belt is it? (airport baggage reclaim)
Which bus is it?
Which number is it? (bus)
Which stop is it? (bus)

POLITE REQUESTS

I wonder iI you could help me?
Would you mind .?
Could you possibly .?

POSITIVE RESPONSES

I`d be delighted.
It`d be a pleasure.
I`d be glad to.
Certainly.
OI course.

NEGATIVE RESPONSES

I`m aIraid I can`t.
I`d love to but I`m aIraid it`s just not possible.

SAYING GOODBYE

Goodbye. Hope to see you soon.
'Bye. It was great knowing you.
Keep in touch.
So long. Don`t Iorget to write.

WISHING PEOPLE LUCK

Good luck!
All the best.
I hope everything goes well.
Break a leg! (inIormal)









- 103 -
APPENDIX 4 - SPELLING

PREZENTUL SIMPLU
La persoana a treia singular, verbul la prezentul simplu se termin n S. n cazul
verbelor care se termin n O, SA, CH, SH, X se adaug ES.
Ex. He goes/misses/watches/wishes/relaxes.

PREZENTUL CONTINUU (sau adugarea terminatiei ING n general)
Se elimin E Iinal atunci cnd se adaug terminatia ING unui verb (dar se pstreaz
dublu E).
Ex. decide deciding, write writing DAR see seeing, agree agreeing
Cnd verbul se termin n grupul IE, prin adugarea lui -ING acesta devine
-YING.
Ex. die dying, lie lying DAR hurry hurrying
Uneori consoana Iinal se dubleaz. Acest lucru se ntmpl atunci cnd verbul se
termin n 'consoan-vocal-consoan.
Ex. plan planning, stop stopping DAR meet meeting, work working

TRECUTUL SIMPLU (sau adugarea treminatiei ED n general)
Cnd un verb se termin n CONSOAN Y, Y-ul se transIorm n IE.
Ex. try tried, deny denied, hurry hurried, copy copied
Uneori se dubleaz consoana Iinal. Aceasta se ntmpl cnd verbul se termin n
'consoan-vocal-consoan.
Ex. plan planned, regret regretted, stop stopped DAR meet meeting

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Pentru Iorma de plural a substantivelor se adaug de obicei S. Dup grupurile Iinale
CH, -SH, -SS, -X se adaug ES.
Ex. match matches, wish wishes, glass glasses, box boxes
Majoritatea substantivelor care se termin n O Iormeaz pluralul cu ajutorul lui S,
unele ns au ES.
Ex. kilos, photos, pianos, studios DAR heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
Cnd un substantiv se termin n CONSOAN Y, Y-ul se transIorm n IES.
Ex. party parties, story stories DAR day days, fourney fourneys

ADVERBE
Majoritatea adverbelor se Iormeaz prin adugarea terminatiei -LY unui adjectiv.
Uneori se omite E Iinal.
Ex. safe safely, strange strangely DAR true trulv, whole whollv
Cnd un adjectiv se termin n CONSOAN Y, Y-ul se transIorm n ILY.
Ex. easy easily, angry angrily
Cnd un adjectiv se termin n CONSOAN LE, E se transIorm n Y.
Ex. probable probably, sensible sensibly
Cnd un adjectiv se termin n IC, se adaug ALLY, cu o singur exceptie.
Ex. automatic automatically, romantic romantically DAR public publicly
SuIixul FUL are un singur L. Cnd se adaug LY pentru Iormarea adverbelor, vom
avea dublu L.
Ex. successful successfully


IE SAU EI?
Regula este urmtoarea: I nainte de E, cu exceptia cazului n care dup C urmeaz
sunetul /i:/.
- 104 -
Ex. field, believe, science DAR receive

LITERE CARE NU SE PRONUNT
n urmtoarele cuvinte, literele subliniate nu se pronunt:
BT doubt
MB plumber, thumb
GN sign, foreign
KN know, knife
PS psvchologv, psvchiatrist
SC science, descend
WH who
WR wrong, write

SUBSTANTIVE SI VERBE CU C SI S
Ex. advice, practice (substantive); advise, practise (verbe)





































- 105 -

APPENDIX 5 - VERBE NEREGULATE


be was/were been
bear bore born
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bet bet bet/betted
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
Iall Iell Iallen
Ieed Ied Ied
Ieel Ielt Ielt
Iight Iought Iought
Iind Iound Iound
Ily Ilew Ilown
Iorget Iorgot Iorgotten
Iorgive Iorgave Iorgiven
Ireeze Iroze Irozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held
- 106 -
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave leIt leIt
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore tore
tell told told
think thought thought
- 107 -
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weep wept wept
win won won














































- 108 -

APPENDIX 6 - GLOSAR ROMAN-ENGLEZ DE TERMENI
SILVICI

A - ace de rsinoase needles
administratia pdurilor board oI woods and Iorests
administratia Iorestier Iorest administration; Iorest department
aIin bogbil-berry; shrub; bilberry
agent silvic Iorest oIIicer
agris gooseberry-bush
a altoi to en-graIt
altoi graIt
alun hazelnut; European haze
alunis hazel-grove
alunecarea malurilor bank slide
alunecarea terenului land-slip; earth-slide
amenajarea pdurilor Iorest management
amenajist Iorest-organizer
ament catkin
amestec individual de arbori mixture by single trees
an de ghind mast year
an de smnt seed year
anin alb grey alder
anin negru black alder
anin verde green alder
ap Ireatic - ground water
arbore tree
arbore de pdure Iorest tree
arbore Ioios broad-leaved tree
arbore pitic dwarI tree
arbore de rsinoase resinous tree
arboret crop; stand
arboret amestecat mixed crop/stand
arboret artiIicial artiIicial stand
arboret de larice larch-stand/crop
arboret echien even-aged stand
arboret etajat storezed stand
arboret natural natural stand
arbori dominanti overtopped trees
arbust arborescent shrub
arbust tuIos bush
a arde to burn
arm de vntoare sporting gun; Iowling piece
artar maple
aval downstream
avers shower oI rain

B - bac berry
baraj barrage; dam
blan de vnat Iur
a bracona to poach
- 109 -
braconaj poaching
braconier poacher
brad alb white Iir
brad argintiu silver Iir
brdet silver Iir wood
brigad silvic Iorest district
brigadier silvic chieI guard; Iorester
buletin meteo weather report
burnit drizzle
buruian weed
bustean bolt; log
butuc block
buturug dead stump

C - canton de paz Iorest range
canton de pdurar (locuinta pdurarului) Iorest-guard lodge; Iorest house
canton de vntoare shooting district
carne de vnat venison
carpen hornbeam
cderea Irunzelor Iall oI the leaves; leaI-Iall
cderea semintelor seeds Iall
clin cranberry; snowball tree
cprioar doe
ctin seabucktorn; sallow thorn; willow thorn
castan chestnut tree
castor beaver; castor
cerb stag; red-deer
cherestea sawn timber
chiparos czpress
cintez chaIIinch
cioar crow
ciocnitoare woodpecker
ciocrlie skylark
ciot snag
ciut hind
cine ciobnesc sheperd`s dog
cine de vntoare sporting dog; hound
cmpie plain
crtit mole
clean chub
cleste tungs
coacz red courant bush
se coace to ripen; to mature
coaj de Iructe peel
coaj de arbori bark; rind, cortex
coarn cornel-cherry; dog-berry
cocor crane
cocostrc white stork
cod silvic Iorest code; Iorest laws
colin hill
comert trade; commerce
con cone
- 110 -
coroan de arbore crown
cotoIan magpie
crng coppice
cuc cuckoo

D - deIrisare deIorestation
delict de pescuit oIIence/delinquency against Iishing regulations
delict de vntoare oIIence/delinquency against Iishing regulations
delict silvic oIIence/delinquency against Iorest laws
dendrometrie Iorest measurement
desis thicket
despdurire deIorestation
a despica to split the wood; to cleave the wood
dezghet thaw
a dezrdcina to uproot; to root up
dihor polecat; Iitchet
director silvic conservator oI woods and Iorests
directia silvic commissionership oI Iorests
dud - mulberry


E - a exploata pdurea to cut; to Iell; to exploit
exploatarea pdurilor (disciplin) Iorest utilisation


F - Iag beech
Iazan pheasant
Iget beech-Iorest; beech-crop; beech-grove
Ierig male Iern; shield Iern; lady Iern
Iierstru saw
Iierstru cu lant chain-saw
Irasin ash
Irunz leaI
Ium smoke

G - gard viu living hedge
ghimpe thorn
ghind acorn

H - hrtie milimetric scale paper
hotar de pdure boundary oI Iorest

I - iarb grass
igniIug IireprooI
incendiu de arbore stem-Iire
incendiu de coroan crown-Iire
incendiu de pdure Iorest-Iire
incendiu de sol ground-Iire
incendiu de supraIat surIace-Iire
incendiu generalizat extended
inel anual annual ring; annual layer
inel de crestere growth ring
- 111 -
inspector silvic Iorest inspector; Iorest master
- mpdurire aIIorestation
a nIlori to Ilower; to blossom; to bloom
a nIrunzi to leaI
nghet Irost

L - lapovit sleet
larice European larch
lcrmioar may-lily; lily oI the valley
lstar sprout; shoot
lemn wood; timber
lemn brut raw wood
lemn de Ioc Iirewood
lemn de Ioioase broadleaved wood
lemn de rsinoase coniIerous wood
lemn pentru crbuni charcoal wood
lemn putred rotten wood
lichen lichen
liliac (zool.) bat
liliac (bot.) lilac
lup wolI

M - margine de pdure border
materie prim raw material
mces dog rose
mr pduret crab tree
mesteacn common birch
molid spruce
mucegai mould
mugure bud
muschi moss
musuroi mole-hill

N - nevstuic weasel
nisip sand
nod knot
nuc walnut tree
nuia rod
nurc mink

O - ocol silvic ranger-district
ogar greyhound
omid nun moth; gipsy moth; caterpillar

P - pagub, prejudiciu damage
pasre de prad bird oI prey
paznic de pdure auxiliary Iorest guard
pdurar Iorest ranger; Iorest guard
pdure Iorest; wood(s); wodland
pdure de Ioioase broad-leaved Iorest
pdure de rsinoase coniIerous Iorest; resinous Iorest
pdurice small wood; grove
pstrv trout
- 112 -
a psuna to graze; to pasture
pepinier silvic nursery
pescar Iisher; Iisherman
a pescui to Iish
piele de cprioar roe-skin
piele de urs bear-skin
pin pine
plop poplar
prepelit quail
pupz hoopoe

R - ramur twig
ramur antler
ran (coaj, lemn) wound
ras race
rdcin root
rsin resin
regn kingdom
regn animal animal kingdom
regn vegetal vegetable kingdom
regulament de vntoare hunting-regulation
rempdurire reIorestation; reaIIoresting
a renIrunzi to put Iorth again
repopularea pdurii restocking
rezervatie cinegetic game-reserve
rezervatie Iaunistic game and bird sanctuary
rezervatie Iloristic plant and tree sanctuary
rezervatie piscicol Iishery-reserve
rm earth-worm
rs lynx
rou dew


S - salcie willow
smnt seed
scoart coarse bark
ser greenhouse
sev sap
silvicultor Iorester; silviculturist (sens restrns)
smbure pip; stone
soc elder berry
sol soil
sol argilos clay soil
sol brun brown earth
sol brun de pdure
sol mlstinos marshy soil
sol nisipos sandy soil
sol pietros stony soil
sol proIund deep soil
sol salin saline soil
specie species
spin thorny
- 113 -
stagiar silvic Iorest probationer
stejar oak

S - scoal superioar de silvicultur Iorest-college; high Iorest-highschool
seI de echip Ioreman
seI de ocol silvic range-oIIicer
soarece de pdure woodmouse
soim Ialcon

T - tax duty
tiere Ielling; cutting
tei lime
tis yew-tree
topirea zpezii melting oI snow
topor axe
tratarea semintelor treatment oI seed
trunchi stem
tuIris brushwood
tuie American arbor vitae; northern white cedar
tulpin stalk; leading-stem
turb peat; turI
turbrie peatland
turturic turtle dove

- tarc enclosure; sheepIold
teav pipe
tntari mosquitos

U - ulm de cmp common elm; Iield elm
ulm de munte witch elm; mountain elm
umed moist
undit angle
unealt silvic Iorest tool
urs bear
ursoaic she-bear
urzic nettle
a usca to dry; to season

V - vale valley
venit income; revenue
viespi wasps
viezure badger
viscol snowstorm
a vna to chase
vntoare hunting
vntor hunter; huntsman
vrst age
vrst medie average age; mean age
vsc mistletoe
vulpe Iox


- 114 -
Z - zpad snow
ziua arborelui tree-planting
zmbru Swiss stone pine; alpine stone pine; cembran pine
zmeur - raspberry
















































- 115 -
- 116 -




BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV



1. Bdescu, A. (1966) Gramatica limbii engle:e, Ed. StiintiIic, Bucuresti
2. Emmerson, P. (2002) Business Grammar Builder, Macmillan
3. Gruia, G. (2000) English Grammar and Lexical Exercises, Grupus
4. Morovec-Ocampo, A.; Farrugia, A. (2002) Limba engle:. gramatica de ba: cu
exerciii, Teora, Bucuresti
5. Palmer, F. R. (1965) A Linguistic Studv of the English Jerb, London
6. Ur, P. (1996) A Course in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press
7. Veres, G.; Cehan, A.; Andriescu, I. (1996) A Students Companion to English
Grammar, Ed. Universittii 'Alexandru Ioan Cuza, Iasi