WAYS WITH WORDS

(curs practic de limba englez pentru înv mântul la distan )

Anul I

Autor: Asist. univ. drd. Daniela LINGURARU

 CUPRINS
Introducere. Obiective

Partea I – Ways and Means

Lec ia 1. Cuvânt şi sunet. Transcrierea fonetic
Lec ia 2. Articolul
Lec ia 3. Substantivul: gen, num r, caz
Lec ia 4. Adjectivul şi gradele de compara ie
Lec ia 5. Adverbul
Lec ia 6. Demonstrativele
Lec ia 7. De la pronume la verb
Lec ia 8. Retur: de la verb la pronume
Lec ia 9. Pronumele şi adjectivele posesive
Lec ia 10. Pronumele reflexive
Lec ia 11. Pronumele reciproce
Lec ia 12. Pronumele relative
Lec ia 13. Pronumele nehot râte
Lec ia. 14. Pronumele interogative
Recapitulare
Test autoevaluare

Partea a doua – Up and Down the Way

Lec ia 15. Numeralul
Lec ia 16. Prepozi ia
Lec ia 17. Prezentul simplu
Lec ia 18. Prezentul simplu / prezentul continuu
Lec ia 19. Trecutul simplu / trecutul continuu
Lec ia 20. Prezentul perfect simplu / prezentul perfect continuu
Lec ia 21. Mai mult ca perfectul
Lec ia 22. Exprimarea viitorului (A. Viitorul simplu / viitorul continuu)
Lec ia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (B. Viitorul în trecut, viitorul perfect-simplu şi
continuu)
Lec ia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (C. Be Going To / Be To / Be About To)
Lec ia 25. Verbe şi expresii modale (A. CAN, COULD, BE ABLE TO, MAY, MIGHT,
MUST, HAVE TO, NEED, SHALL, SHOULD, OUGHT TO)
Lec ia 26. Verbe şi expresii modale (B. WILL, WOULD, WOULD RATHER /
SOONER, USED TO, BE TO, DARE)
Lec ia 27. Tipuri de condi ionale
Lec ia 28. Diateza pasiv
Recapitulare
Test autoevaluare

Cheia exerci iilor

Anexa 1 – Texte
Anexa 2 – Activit i comunicative
Anexa 3 - Functions Bank
Anexa 4 – Spelling
Anexa 5 – Verbe Neregulate
Anexa 6 –Glosar Român-Englez de termeni silvici

Bibliografie

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 INTRODUCERE

SCOPUL CURSULUI: Prezentul curs este destinat studen ilor de anul I de la

Facultatea de Silvicultur , Specializarea Silvicultur , regim
la distan . Atât partea de teorie cât şi cea aplicativ au fost
concepute în aşa fel încât s faciliteze familiarizarea
studen ilor cu structuri elementare ale limbii engleze sau
reactualizarea cunoştin elor fundamentale deja dobândite. O
aten ie special s-a acordat acelor registre lingvistice care
permit comunicarea în limba englez , cât şi termenilor
specifici specializ rii.
OBIECTIVELE 1. familiarizarea studen ilor cu diferitele aspecte ale limbii
PRINCIPALE: engleze
2. dezvoltarea abilit ii studen ilor de a comunica în limba
englez
3. însuşirea de c tre studen i a termenilor specifici
specializ rii
4. însuşirea şi folosirea limbajului adecvat pentru a descrie
activit i, situa ii etc.

MODUL DE La sfârşitul fiec rui semestru, studen ii vor fi examina i în

EVALUARE: cadrul unui colocviu; stabilirea notei finale se va face şi în
func ie de verific rile par iale de la cursurile de pe
parcursul semestrului.

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 PARTEA I – WAYS AND MEANS
Prima parte cuprinde no iuni introductive, elementare, care privesc atât
vocabularul, cât şi gramatica sau pronun ia. Structura compozit a acestei prime p r i
are drept scop construirea unui corpus de cunoştin e fundamentale care s constituie o
baz pentru informa ia ulterioar .
Pentru început se va insista asupra diferen elor de pronun ie între român şi
englez , mai precis asupra sunetelor şi grupurilor de sunete specifice limbii engleze.
Vor urma particularit ile esen iale ale substantivului şi articolului, o descriere a
pronumelui personal cu func ia de subiect şi o serie de alte no iuni cu privire la verbe,
adjective etc. necesare construirii unor enun uri simple.

Lec ia 1. CUVÂNT ŞI SUNET. TRANSCRIEREA FONETIC (Words

and Sounds)

În înv area oric rei limbi str ine, pronun ia este esen ial . Chiar dac în cazul
limbii engleze nu exist reguli de pronun ie atât de stricte sau de general valabile ca în
limba francez , de exemplu, cel pu in câteva simboluri şi caracteristici trebuie avute în
vedere.
În orice dic ionar englez-român, transcrierea fonetic va con ine şi un apostrof
care ne arat accentuarea. În englez , diferitele silabe ale unui cuvânt nu se pronun la
fel; drept urmare, în transcrierea fonetic , silaba accentuat este precedat de un
apostrof.

Ex. FOREST [‘forist] OFFENCE [∂′fens]

p dure ofens , delict

Un alt simbol particular care poate ap rea în interiorul parantezelor este [:], care
se plaseaz de obicei dup reprezentarea fonetic a unei vocale şi noteaz lungirea
vocalei de care a fost ataşat.

Ex. PLANT [pla:nt] - [a:] = A lung

plant , uzin

CLEAN [kli:n] - [i:] = I lung

curat

LAW [lo:] - [o:] = O lung

lege

MOON [mu:n] - [u:] = U lung

Vocala A poate avea trei reprezent ri fonetice: A normal – [a], pronun at

obişnuit, ca în cuvântul bas din român (englezescul BUS – [bas]); A lung – [a:], ca în
cuvintele: PLANT – [pla:nt] sau CAR – [ka:]) şi A scurt – [Λ], ca în CUT – [kΛt] sau
BUT – [bΛt]). Celelalte vocale vor avea doar reprezent ri scurte - normale ( e; o; u) şi
lungi (e:;o:; u:).

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 Semnul [æ] nu are corespondent în limba român . Este o vocal situat între E şi
A; se rosteşte E cu deschiderea gurii ca pentru A.

Ex. TRAFFIC [‘træfik] trafic

Sunetul [i] se pronun similar cu I din limba român .

Ex. IN [in] în

În unele transcrieri poate ap rea semnul fonetic [w] care desemneaz sunetul
semivocalic U, ca în cuvântul românesc CUAR . Acest sunet corespunde de regul
literei W, care se pronun doar când este urmat de o vocal sau când nu este urmat de
nici un alt sunet.

Ex. RAILWAY [‘reilwei] cale ferat

Semnul [∂] corespunde sunetului românesc .

Ex. BIRD [‘b∂:d] pas re

• Anumite asocieri de vocale cosilabice, cum ar fi OO se pot

pronun a în diferite moduri, în func ie de contextul consonantic.

Ex. OO – cel mai adesea [u:], ca în: FOOD [fu:d] – hran ,

mâncare
MOON [mu:n] – luna
sau [u], ca în: BOOK [buk] – carte
GOOD [gud] – bun, bun
Dar se va pronun a [o:] în cuvinte ca: DOOR [do:] – uş
FLOOR [flo:] – podea,
duşumea, etaj
[Λ] în cuvinte precum: FLOOD [flΛd] –
inunda ie, potop
BLOOD [blΛd] –
sânge
[u∂] în cuvintele: MOOR [mu∂] – b r gan,
ierburi, step
BOOR [bu∂] – opârlan

Grupul EE se pronun cel mai adesea [i:]:

Ex: BEEN [bi:n] – forma a treia a verbului BE
TREE [tri:] – copac, arbore, pom

De asemenea, grupul EA se va pronun a [i:], cu excep ia cazului

în care este urmat de consoana R sau în cuvinte ca BREAD.

Ex. DREAM [dri:m] – vis

TREAT [tri:t] – trata ie
Dar: BEAR [be∂] – urs; a suporta, a duce
DEAR [di∂] – drag( ), scump( )
BREAD [bred] – pâine

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 DEAF [def] – surd

Grupul AY se citeşte de obicei [ei] (ca diftongul românesc).

Ex. SAY [sei] – a spune
PAY [pei] – a pl ti
MAY [mei] – (luna) mai sau verbul modal
May
DAY [dei] – zi

Consoana R are mai multe reprezent ri fonetice în limba englez . Atunci când se
pronun foarte slab, ea corespunde unui sunet precedat de obicei de o vocal lung şi
este sau nu marcat grafic.

Ex. FLOOR [flo:] sau [flo:r] podea; etaj

CAR [ka:] sau [ka:r] maşin

Consoana C va avea drept corespondent grafic semnul [K].

Ex. CROP [krop] arboret; recolt

Consoanele B, D, G, L, M, N, P, S, T, V, Z sunt pronun ate asem n tor sunetelor

din limba român şi au semne grafice corespunz toare: [b], [d], [g], [l], [m], [n], [p], [s],
[t], [v], [z].
Sunetul Ş (rom. ŞCOAL ) este notat fonetic [∫]:

Ex. SHOP [∫op] magazin

Cu ajutorul lui [t∫] se marcheaz grupurile CE, CI:

Ex. CHAIR [t∫e∂] scaun

CHIN [t∫in] b rbie
CHAMBER [t∫eimb∂] camer
CHURN [t∫∂:n] bidon, recipient

De obicei, grupul grafic CH în pozi ie ini ial se pronun [t∫], cu excep ia

cuvintelor care provin din limba francez sau, uneori, a cuvintelor care îl con in pe O
dup CH:

Ex. CHALET [∫ælei] caban

CHOIR [kwai∂] cor
CHOLERA [‘kol∂r∂] holer

Sunetul J (rom. JOC) se noteaz [3], iar grupurile GE, GI [d3].

Ex. MEASURE [‘me3∂] m sur

JUNIPER [‘d3u:nip∂] ienup r
JOY [d3oi] bucurie

românesc este marcat în englez prin [ts].

Ex. BITS [bits] buc i; bi i
Nota ia fonetic a grupului GHE, GHI este [ge], respectiv [gi].

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 Ex. GET [get] a lua; a ob ine
GUITAR [gita:] chitar

Semnul [j] este, de obicei, corespondentul lui Y. Ex. YES [jes]. Pronun ia este
ca al unui [i] mai slab (ex. românescul IES).

Ex. NEW YORK [nju jo:k]

H ini ial nu se pronun decât în cuvinte precum:

Ex: HOUR [au∂] or

HONOUR [‘on∂] onoare

Grupul ING se pronun ca în limba român , dar G se aude mai slab: [ŋ].

Ex. SHOPPING [∫opiŋ] cump r turi

Z pronun at cu limba între din i este un sunet care nu are echivalent în limba
român şi care se noteaz [ð]. El apare în articolul hot rât THE şi în
pronumele/adjectivele demonstrative:

THIS [ðis] acesta, aceasta

THAT [ð∂t] sau [ðæt] acela, aceea
THESE [ði:z] aceştia, acestea
THOSE [ð∂us] aceia, acelea

Perechea surd a acestui sunet, care de asemenea nu are echivalent românesc,

este [θ] şi se pronun ca un S cu limba între din i.

Ex. THREE [θri:] trei

THISTLE [θisl] scai, ciulin

• majoritatea substantivelor şi adjectivelor formate din dou silabe au ceea ce

NOT : Cu privire la accentuarea silabelor este util de re inut c :

se numeşte FRONT STRESS (prima silab este accentuat ) – Ex. FLOWer;

• majoritatea verbelor formate din dou silabe au END STRESS (se

LITTle; VILLage; BOdy; FOrest etc.

• în cuvintele formate din trei silabe sau mai multe, putem deosebi dou
accentueaz a doua silab ) – Ex. forGIVE; aLLOW; coMMIT etc.

accente: primar (‘) şi secundar (˛) – Ex. Japanese [˛d3æp∂’ni:z]

APLICA II

1. Folosindu-v de sistemul de transcriere fonetic descris anterior, familiariza i-v cu

pronun ia urm toarelor cuvinte:

YEAR [j∂] an
MONTH [mΛnθ] lun ( a anului)
JANUARY [‘d3ænju∂ri] ianuarie
FEBRUARY [‘febru∂ri] februarie
MARCH [mart∫] martie

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 APRIL [‘eiprl] aprilie
MAY [mei] mai
JUNE [d3u:n] iunie
JULY [d3ulai] iulie
AUGUST [‘o:g∂st] august
SEPTEMBER [sep’temb∂] septembrie
OCTOBER [ok’toub∂] octombrie
NOVEMBER [no’vemb∂] noiembrie
DECEMBER [di’semb∂] decembrie
WEEK [wi:k] s pt mân
MONDAY [‘mΛndei] luni
TUESDAY [t∫ju:zdei] mar i
WEDNESDAY [‘wenzdei] miercuri
THURSDAY [‘θ∂:zdei] joi
FRIDAY [‘fraidei] vineri
SATURDAY [‘sæt∂dei] sâmb t
SUNDAY [‘sΛndei] duminic

NOTE:
a) în limba englez , zilele s pt mânii se scriu întotdeauna cu majuscul ;
b) înaintea zilelor s pt mânii (folosite adverbial) se foloseşte prepozi ia ON –
Ex. On Sunday I go to church. (Duminica merg la biseric .)
c) dac înaintea zilelor s pt mânii se afl cuvântul EVERY, nu folosim
prepozi ia ON – Ex. Every Sunday I go to church. (În fiecare duminic merg
la biseric .)

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Lec ia 2. ARTICOLUL (The Article)
În limba englez exist trei tipuri de articole: articolul hot rât (definite article),
articolul nehot rât (indefinite article), articolul zero (zero article) (substantivul nu este
înso it de nici un articol).
Pentru început re ine i care sunt formele articolului nehot rât: A şi/sau AN.
• A se pronun [∂] (form slab , atunci când este neaccentuat) sau [ei]
(form tare, când este accentuat) şi se foloseşte înaintea cuvintelor
care încep cu un sunet consonantic sau semiconsonantic
Ex: A DOG – un câine
A TREE – un arbore
A HOUSE – o cas
A EUROPEAN [ju∂r∂pi∂n] - un european
A UNIVERSITY [jn:niv∂:sti] - o universitate
A WINDOW [`windou] - o fereastr
A YEAR [j∂:] - un an

¾ Cuvintele care încep cu W sau Y şi, uneori, cele care încep cu

U sau E (U) (pronun at ju:) vor primi articolul A, deoarece
sunetelor [J] şi [W], numite semiconsoane, li se aplic
aceleaşi reguli ca şi consoanelor.

• AN se pronun [∂n] (form slab ) sau [æn] (form tare) şi se

foloseşte înaintea cuvintelor care încep cu un sunet vocalic sau H mut
(nepronun at):
Ex: AN APPLE – un m r
AN ORANGE – o portocal
AN HOUR [`au∂] - o or
AN HEIR [ε∂] - un moştenitor

Articolul hot rât are forma THE atât pentru singular cât şi pentru plural:
Ex: THE BOOK – cartea
THE BOOKS – c r ile
Pronun ia sa va fi îns definit în func ie de sunetul care urmeaz . Astfel, THE

• Înaintea sunetelor consonantice

se va pronun a [ð∂]:

Ex: THE STUDENT – studentul

• Înaintea sunetelor semiconsonantice (reprezentate de obicei prin

THE CONSEQUENCES – consecin ele

literele E, U, Y, W).
Ex: THE EUCALYPTUS – eucaliptul
THE USE – folosirea
THE YEW – tisa
THE WIND – vântul
THE se va pronun a [ði(:)] pentru sublinere, dup cum şi înaintea sunetelor
vocalice:
Ex: THE ENGINEER – inginerul

• Înaintea lui H mut:

THE ARTIST – artistul

Ex: THE HONOUR – onoarea

THE HONESTY – cinstea, sinceritatea
NOT : Vom folosi AN şi THE şi înaintea abrevierilor de genul : MP (Member of
Parliament) – an MP; the [ði:] MP.

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APLICA II

2. Citi i urm toarele cuvinte cu articol hot rât [ð∂] sau [ði(:)], apoi cu articolul nehot rât
[∂] sau [∂n]:
ANKLE, ARM, BELLY, BODY, HAIR, HAND, HEAD, HEEL, HIP,
KNEE, LEG, LIP, MOUTH, NECK, NOSE, NOSTRIL, PALM, SHOULDER,
THUMB, TOE, WAIST.

Lec ia 3. SUBSTANTIVUL: GEN, NUM R, CAZ (Nouns: Gender,

Number, Case)
În linii mari, în limba englez , substantivul se clasific în patru categorii:
1. substantive comune (common nouns): student, teacher, country,
flower, desk
2. substantive proprii (proper nouns): John, London, Mr. Jones
3. substantive abstracte (abstract nouns): love, window, beauty,
friendship
4. substantive colective (collective nouns): team, crowd, group.

GENUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

Patru vor fi şi genurile substantivelor din limba englez :

1. masculin (masculine gender): man, boy, father, housband, king, cock etc.
2. feminin (feminine gender): woman, girl, mother, wife, queen, hen etc.
3. comun (common gender): teacher (profesor/profesoar ), neighbour
(vecin/vecin )
4. neutru (neuter gender): dog, baby, summer, pride

Exist mai multe modalit i de formare a genului feminin sau masculin. Printre

• utilizarea unor substantive diferite la masculin şi, respectiv, feminin

cele mai des utilizate sunt:

Ex: man – woman

boy – girl
father – mother
king – queen
cock – hen

• utilizarea unor prefixe speciale fiec rui gen (MALE/FEMALE, HE/SHE,

dog – bitch

COCK/HEN, DOG/BITCH pentru animale şi BOY/GIRL, MAN/WOMAN

sau MALE/FEMALE pentru persoane; uneori, MAN şi WOMAN sunt
postpuse, tot pentru a indica genul – Ex. POLICEMAN/POLICEWOMAN)
Ex: male – camel - female – camel
he – elephant - she – elephant
cock – bird - hen – bird
dog – fox - bich – fox
boy-friend – girl friend
manservant – maidservant

• ad ugarea unor termina ii substantivelor masculine (-ESS, -INE etc)

male candidate – female candidate

Ex: actor – actress

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 lion – lioness
prince – princess
god – Goddess
hero – heroine

Mai rar, termina ia se adaug substantivelor feminine, astfel încât formeaz

masculinul de la feminin şi invers.
Ex: widow (v duv ) – widower (v duv)
bride (mireas ) – bridegroom (mire)

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR

În limba englez , pluralul se realizeaz cel mai adesea prin ad ugarea termina iei
–S formei de singular substantivului:
Ex: girl – girls
tree – trees
school – schools
Excep ie de la aceast regul fac urm toarele categorii:
1. substantivele terminate în –F sau –FE; în acest caz termina ia la
plural devine invariabil –VES,
ex: DWARF – DWARVES
LEAF – LEAVES
WOLF – WOLVES
WIFE – WIVES
KNIFE – KNIVES
HALF – HALVES
LIFE – LIVES
2. substantive ce au termina ia O precedat de o consoan ; acestea vor
primi la plural –ES.
Ex: HERO – HEROES
NEGRO – NEGROES
POTATO – POTATOES
TOMATO – TOMATOES
ECHO – ECHOES
NOT : Substantivele ce au termina ia O precedat de o vocal au plural regulat:
Ex: EMBRYO – EMBRYOS
RADIO – RADIOS
KANGAROO – KANGAROOS
De asemenea, cuvintele mai pu in frecvente sau provenite relativ recent din
limbile str ine (în special din limba italian ) vor primi –S la plural, chiar dac sunt
substantive în O precedate de consoan :
Ex: CASINO – CASINOS
PHOTO – PHOTOS
PIANO – PIANOS
KILO – KILOS
3. substantivelor ce se termin în –S, -CH, -Z, -X sau –SH li se adaug
vocala E de leg tur , înaintea lui –S:
Ex: BUS – BUSES
CLASS – CLASSES
WATCH – WATCHES
BOX – BOXES

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 BRUSH – BRUSHES
4. substantivele care se termin în Y: dac înaintea sunetului –Y se afl la
singular o consoan , atunci la plural termina ia –Y se schimb în –I şi va
fi urmat de termina ia –ES; dac termina ia –Y a unui substantiv la
singular este precedat de o vocal , atunci cuvântul primeşte la plural
doar termina ia –S:
Ex: BABY – BABIES
COUNTRY – COUNTRIES
FACTORY – FACTORIES
Dar: BOY – BOYS
DAY – DAYS
WAY – WAYS
5. substantivelor terminate în –TH li se adaug direct –S:
Ex: BATH – BATHS
MOUTH – MOUTHS
PATH – PATHS
6. formele neregulate la plural p strate din anglo-saxon :
Ex: MAN – MEN
WOMAN – WOMEN
CHILD – CHILDREN
OX - OXEN
TOOTH – TEETH
FOOT – FEET
MOUSE – MICE
7. substantivele de origine str in (greac , latin )
Ex: DATUM – DATA
PHENOMENON – PHENOMENA
ANALYSIS – ANALYSES
BASIS – BASES

CAZURI SPECIALE:

1) Unele substantive au aceeaşi form la singular şi plural

Ex: SHEEP – SHEEP
TROUT – TROUT
DEER – DEER
SALMON - SALMON
SPECIES – SPECIES
2) Unele substantive (de obicei, colective) se acord cu verbul fie la singular,
fie la plural
Ex: My family is large. (Familia mea este numeroas )
My family are in danger. (Membri familiei mele sunt în pericol.)
3) Unele substantive au form numai de plural dar se acord cu verbul numai la
singular.
Ex: NEWS (ştire, ştiri). The news is good. (Ştirea/ştirile/veştile sunt
bune).
4) Unele substantive au form numai de plural şi se acord numai la plural:
Ex: TROUSERS
JEANS
SCISSORS
5) Unele substantive au form numai la singular şi se acord cu verbul numai la
singular

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 a) nume de materii b) substantive abstracte
MONEY FRIENDSHIP
IRON KINDNESS
BREAD LOVE
SUGAR
MEAT
6) Exist o categorie de substantive care, deşi nu au decât form de singular în
limba englez , pot fi individualizate cu ajutorul unor cuantificatori.
Ex: AN ITEM OF - INFORMATION (o informa ie)
- KNOWLEDGE (o cunoştin /informa ie)

A PIECE OF - NEWS (o ştire, o noutate)

- INFORMATION (o informa ie)
- ADVICE (un sfat)
- NONSENSE (o prostie, un lucru f r logic )

A LOAF OF BREAD - o pâine, o franzel

TWO LOAVES OF BREAD - dou pâini
7) Substantivele compuse adaug de obicei un –S la ultimul element:
Ex: CLASSROOM – CLASSROOMS
HORSE RACE – HORSE RACES
Unele substantive compuse, de obicei cele alc tuite dintr-un substantiv şi
o construc ie prepozi ional , adaug –S la primul element:
Ex: MOTHER-IN-LAW – MOTHERS-IN-LAW
PASSER-BY – PASSERS-BY
În sfârşit, substantivele compuse în care primul element este MAN sau
WOMAN transform la plural ambele elemente:
Ex: MAN SINGER – MEN SINGERS
WOMAN DOCTOR – WOMEN DOCTORS.

SUBSTANTIVELE ÎN CAZUL GENITIV

Dintre cazurile substantivului, cel care prezint particularit i în ceea ce priveşte

forma şi care are şi cea mai mare utilitate este GENITIVUL.
Deosebim dou tipuri de genitiv în limba englez : Genitivul sintetic/saxon (The
Synthetic/Saxon Genitive) şi Genitivul Analitic/Prepozi ional (The Analytic/Of
Genitive).

Genitivul sintetic (the Synthetic Genitive)

Genitivul sintetic se formeaz prin ad ugarea particulei S precedate de un

apostrof la sfârşitul unui substantiv considerat posesorul unuia sau a mai multor obiecte.
Apostrof + S (‘s) este aşadar o marc a posesiei.
Ex: the mayor’s house (casa primarului)
the child’s toy (juc ria copilului)
Shakespeare’s plays (piesele lui Shakespeare)
Apostrof f r S se utilizeaz în urm toarele situa ii:
a) dup substantive nume de fiin e, la plural:
ex: the students’ books (c r ile studen ilor)
the engineers’ wages (salariul inginerilor)

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 Dar: the children’s toys (juc riile copiilor)
the women’s party (petrecerea/partidul femeilor)
b) dup nume proprii ce se termin în S, X, SH, TH:
ex: Dickens’ novels
Marx’ capital

Categoriile de substantive care prefer genitivul sintetic sunt:

1) Nume de persoane: Ex. the student’s book
2) Substantive ce denumesc animale de cas (pets): Ex. the dog’s tail
3) Substantive ce denumesc nave, vase, vapoare, b rci: Ex. the ship’s crew
4) Substantive proprii: Ex. Mr. Johnson’s flat
5) Substantive nume de ri (nu din punct de vedere geografic, ci politic, economic,
cultural): Ex. America’s industry, Finland’s forestry
6) Substantive ce denumesc stele, planete, etc. Ex. the Moon’s face;
the Sun’s rays
7)Substantive ce exprim diviziuni temporale sau spa iale:
Ex: yesterday’s newspaper (ziarul de ieri)
a month’s holiday (o vacan de o lun )
at a stone’s throw (la o arunc tur de b )
8)Diferite expresii: for God’s sake! - pentru numele lui Dumnezeu!
for mercy’s sake Fie- i / fie-v mil .
for pity’s sake

Genitivul analitic (The Analytic Gerund)

Esen ial pentru Genitivul Analitic este particula OF. Spre deosebire de genitivul
sintetic în a c rui structur posesorul precede „obiectul” posedat, aici ordinea este
urm toarea:
THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + THE + POSESOR (atunci când posesorul
este un obiect)
Ex: the wheel of the car (roata maşinii)
the colour of the tie (culoarea cravatei)
the trees of the forest (copacii din p dure/p durii)
Şi: THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + SUBSTANTIV PROPRIU (atunci când
posesorul este o persoan )
Ex: the tie of John (cravata lui John)

RECAPITULARE SUBSTANTIV

GEN
a) 4 genuri – masculin: brother
- feminin : sister
- comun: student
- neutru: happines.
b) modalit i de formare a genului – cuvinte diferite man/woman
- afixe: - he goat/she goat.
- prince – princess.
NUM R

• S: flower – flowers; photo – photos

Modalit i de formare a pluralului:

• ES: echo - echoes; bush - bushes

- 14 -
 •
•
VES: leaf – leaves; wolf – wolves

•
Man/men
Phenomenon/phenomena

CAZ
a) Genitivul sintetic Posesor(sg.)+apostrof+S+obiect
d t
Posesor(pl.)+apostrof+obiect posedat

b) Genitivul analitic – THE + obiect posedat + OF + THE + POSESOR

(când posesorul este un obiect)
– THE + OBIECT POSEDAT + OF + substantiv
propriu (când posesorul este o persoan )

APLICA II

3. G si i forma de feminin a urm toarelor substantive:

BACHELOR, BARMAN, BROTHER, GENTLEMAN, GRANDFATHER,
HERO, HUSBAND, NEIGHBOUR, UNCLE, WAITER.

4. Scrie i forma feminin sau, dup caz, masculin , a urm toarelor substantive nume de
animale:
BULL, DOG, DUCK, FOX, GOOSE, HEN, LION, RAM, STAG, STALLION.

5. Ad uga i –S sau –ES urm toarelor substantive pentru a forma pluralul:

BENCH, BUSH, CLIFF, FOX, HANDKERCHIEF, MATCH, MONTH,
POTATO, THIEF.

6. Scrie i urm toarele substantive la plural:

AFTERNOON, CHILD, FLOWER, GLASS, PEACH, PHENOMENON,
SANATORIUM, SISTER-IN-LAW, TOOTH, WOMAN.

7. Numerotate de la 1 la 16 sunt nume de grupuri de animale. Aceste substantive

colective se potrivesc cu unul sau mai multe din substantivele nume de animale din
dreapta. Descoperi i care sunt acestea:
a) brood bees, ants, chickens, wolves
b) colony birds
c) flight cattle
d) flock deer
e) herd OF dogs
f) litter fish
h) pack geese
i) shoal monkey
j) swarm sheep
k) troop whales

Ex: A FLIGHT OF BIRDS (un stol de p s ri)

8. Traduce i:
a) stiloul profesorului
b) geanta contabilului
c) coperta car ii

- 15 -
 d) prietenul lui Charles
e) batistele copiilor
f) ochii fetei
g) biroul func ionarului
h) piciorul mesei

Lec ia 4. ADJECTIVUL ŞI GRADELE DE COMPARA IE (The

Adjective and the degrees of comparison)

Adjectivele se împart în şase tipuri: calificative, posesive, interogative,

cantitative, demonstrative, şi distributive. Deocamdat ne vom referi la adjectivul
calificativ, urmând ca celelalte tipuri s fie abordate împreun cu pronumele
corespondente.

• Adjectivul calificativ este invariabil în gen şi num r şi este aşezat aproape

întotdeauna ÎN FA A substantivului pe care îl calific .
Ex: A FAST CAR (o maşin rapid )
A GOOD STUDENT (un student bun)
¾ postpunerea adjectivului reprezint un artificiu emfatic (ex: mother dear,
în loc de dear mother), în afara cazurilor când aceast ordine s-a stabilit
în limb cu titlul de regul (Ex: Court Martial, sum total, ambassador
extraordinary, Asia Minor) sau în expresii care arat dimensiunile,
timpul, sau atunci când e urmat de un complement prepozi ional (Ex.
two meters long; eight years old; a man difficult to please)

• Unele adjective se formeaz din substantive c rora li se adaug un sufix:

Ex: USEFUL (USE+FULL) – folositoare
USELESS (USE+LESS) – nefolositoare, inutile
CHILDISH (CHILD+ISH) – copil rie, copil resc
HAIRY (HAIR+Y) – p ros.
• Uneori, participiile prezente (formele în -ING) şi participiile trecute
(formele de tipul -ED) sunt folosite ca adjective calificative. Participiile
prezente au sens activ, iar cele trecute sens pasiv.
Ex: BORING – plictisitor BORED – plictisit
AMUSING - amuzant AMUSED – amuzat
INTERESTING – interesant INTERESTED – interesat
TIRING – obositor TIRED – obosit
FRIGHTENING – înfricoş tor FRIGHTENED – înfricoş tor
• Alt categorie de adjective se compune din 2 elemente care pot fi: adjective,
adverbe, substantive, participii.
Ex: GOOD-LOOKING (frumos, chipeş)
SHORT-SIGHTED (miop)
WELL-BRED (bine-crescut)
READY-MADE (de gata)
• Adjectivele care indic na ionalitatea se scriu totdeauna cu majuscule:
English, French, Romanian, Swiss, Finnish, American, Japanese etc.

- 16 -
 ¾ Aceleaşi adjective care indic na ionalitatea pot fi folosite ca
substantive, dac sunt precedate de articolul hot rât. Ele sunt
invariabile (nu primesc S la plural), dac se termin în:
- ch: The French – francezii
- sh: the Irish – irlandezii
- ss: the Swiss – elve ienii
- ese: the Chinese – chinezii
Primesc S la plural cele care se termin în:
- an: The Romanians – românii
Unele adjective pot fi utilizate ca substantive pentru a reprezenta o
categorie:
Ex: the poor – s racii/cei s racii
the young – tinerii/cei tineri
the blind – orbii/cei orbi
the dead – mor ii/cei mor i.
ATEN IE! Adjectivele substantivizate nu primesc niciodat –S.
TOPICA

Când dou sau mai multe adjective sunt folosite împreun :

1) adjectivele subiectives sau de opinie (BORING, LOVELY, UGLY) sunt
aşezate înaintea adjectivelor concrete (OLD, RED, SQUARE)
Ex: A GORGEOUS NEW DRESS
AN ACTIVE YOUNG LADY

SIZE → AGE → SHAPE → COLOUR → ORIGIN → MATERIAL →

2) adjectivele obiective sau concrete stau în urm toarea ordine:

DIMENSIUNE → VÂRST → FORM → CULOARE → ORIGINE →

PURPOSE

MATERIE → SCOP
Ex: A SMALL OVAL PLATE
A BLACK METAL WALKING STICK
De obicei nu se folosesc mai mult de trei adjective înaintea unui substantiv.

COMPARA IA ADJECTIVELOR

Adjectivele calificative formeaz în mod diferit comparativul şi superlativul (de

superioritate) în func ie de categoria din care fac parte: adjective scurte, adjective lungi

• Dac adjectivul se termin în –E mut, acesta se elimin la ad ugarea

sau adjective … neregulate. Astfel:

termina iei –ER şi –EST.

Ex: FINE – FINER – THE FINEST

• Pentru adjectivele terminate într-o consoan precedat de o vocal se

LARGE – LARGER – THE LARGEST

dubleaz consoana final :

• Adjectivele formate din dou silabe şi terminate în –Y formeaz

Ex: BIG – BIGGER – THE BIGGEST

comparativul şi superlativul schimbând –Y în –I şi ad ugând –ER, respectiv

-EST.
Ex: FRIENDLY – FRIENDLIER – THE FRIENDLIEST

• Adjectivele formate din dou silabe şi terminate în –OW sau –ER formeaz
TINY – TINIER – THE TINIEST.

comparativul şi superlativul tot cu ajutorul termina iilor –ER şi –EST.

- 17 -
 Ex: NARROW – NARROWER – THE NARROWEST

• Obiectivul de referin al compara iei este introdus prin THAN.

CLEVER – CLEVERER – THE CLEVEREST.

• Adjectivele lungi (cele care au de obicei mai mult de la 2 silabe) formeaz

Ex: Jane is taller than Mary.(Jane este mai înalt decât Mary.)

comparativul cu ajutorul lui MORE şi superlativul cu THE MOST.

Ex: IMPORTANT – MORE IMPORTANT – THE MOST

• Cele mai frecvente adjective neregulate sunt:

IMPORTANT

GOOD – BETTER – THE BEST

Bun – mai bun – cel mai bun.
BAD – WORSE – THE WORST
R u – mai r u – cel mai r u.
OLD – OLDER(mai vechi) - THE OLDEST(cel mai vechi)
- ELDER (mai b trân) – THE ELDEST (cel mai b trân)
FAR – FARTHER(mai îndep rtat) – THE FARTHEST(cel mai îndep rtat)
(dep rtat) - THE FURTHEST (cel mai târziu)

• Comparativul de egalitate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului: scurt,

- FURTHER (urm tor, în plus)

lung sau neregulat) astfel:

a) la afirmativ: AS + ADJECTIV+AS
Jane is as tall as Mary. (Jane e la fel de înalt ca Mary.)
b) la negativ: NOT AS + ADJECTIVE + AS
NOT SO + ADJECTIV + AS
Jane is not as (so) tall as Mary. (Jane nu e tot atât de înalt ca Mary)

• Compara ia a trei sau mai multe persoane sau lucruri se exprim la superlativ
prin urm toarele construc ii:
SUPERLATIV + OF (pentru persoane)
Ex: the finest of the three girls
SUPERLATIV + IN (pentru substantive ce indic locul)

•
Ex: the finest in the class
Creşterea paralel este exprimat prin urm toarea structur :
THE + COMPARATIV + THE + COMPARATIV (cu cât … cu atât)

•
Ex: the cleverer, the better
Creşterea sau descreşterea gradat este exprimat prin: COMPARATIV +
AND + COMPARATIV

•
Ex: (fatter and fatter, more and more expensive)
Comparativul de inferioritate se formeaz (indiferent de felul adjectivului)
prin LESS + forma pozitiv a adjectivului
Ex: less tall
less good

•
less important
Superlativul de inferioritate se formeaz dup urm toarea structur :
THE LEAST + ADJECTIVE + OF/IN/etc.
Ex: the least expensive of all cameras …

RECAPITULARE ADJECTIV

FORM – substantiv + sufix: CHILDISH

– participiu în ING/ED : boring, bored

- 18 -
 – compuse din (adjective, adverbe, participiu etc.): GOOD-
LOOKING

TOPICA – invariabil în gen şi num r, adjectivul este (aproape) întotdeauna

- opinie → dimensiune → vârst → form → culoare → origine →

plasat în fa a substantivului determinat

material → scop

COMPARA IE: adjectiv + ER: CLEVERER (mai deştept)

THE + adjectiv + EST : THE CLEVEREST (cel mai
deştept)

MORE + adjectiv: MORE INTERESTING (mai

interesant)
THE MOST + adjectiv: THE MOST INTERESTING
(cel mai interesant)

LESS + adjectiv: LESS IMPORTANT (mai pu in

important)
THE LEAST + adjectiv: + OF/IN : THE LEAST
IMPORTANT OF/IN (cel mai pu in important din/în)

GOOD – BETTER – THE BEST

BAD – WORSE – THE WORST

APLICA II

9. Cele mai frecvente sufixe adjectivale sunt: -AL, -OUS, -ABLE, -FUL, -Y, -ISH.
Forma i adjectivele corespunz toare urm toarelor substantive şi verbe.
BLOOD, CHILD, COLOUR, COURAGE, DANGER, DELIGHT, ENJOY,
HUMOUR, MILK, MONUMENT, NATION, PAIN, PARDON, PEACE, PREDICT,
RED, TRADITION, TREND, VARY, WEALTH.

10. Forma i adjectivele de la urm toarele substantive:

ACCIDENT, AFFECTION, BOY, CHARITY, CUSTOM, DANGER,
ECONOMY, EXPRESSION, FAITH, FIRE, HERO, INFLUENCE, MAN, MELODY,
PASSION, SKILL, WINTER.

UN (UNFORGETTABLE) → de neiertat
11. Sufixele adjectivelor negative din limba englez sunt:

DIS (DISCOURAGED) → descurajat

IM (IMPOSSIBLE) → imposibil
IN (INEXPLICABLE) → inexplicabil.
I (ILLEGAL) – ilegal.
Cu ajutorul sufixelor forma i antonimele adjectivelor de mai jos:
COMMON, CREDIBLE, GRATEFUL, HONOURABLE, PAINFUL,
PARTIAL, POLITE, OBEDIENT, VALUABLE.
12. Traduce i în limba român :
AGELESS FACE
FLAWLESS TECHNIQUE
FRIENDLESS MAN

- 19 -
 HOMELESS MEN
HOPELESS SITUATION
HEARTLESS WOMAN
MOTHERLESS CHILD
ODOURLESS SUBSTANCE
STAINLESS STEEL
TIMELESS VALUE
TUNELESS SONG

13. Citi i urm toarele adjective compuse. Pe care le-a i folosi pentru a v descrie pe voi

EASY-GOING → comod, indolent

înşiv ?

GOOD-LOOKING → frumos, ar tos, chipeş

GREY-HAIRED → grizonat
HARD-WORKING → harnic, muncitor
LEFT–HANDED → stângaci
MIDDLE-AGED → între dou vârste
OLD-FASHIONED → demodat, dep şit
SHORT-SIGHTED → miop, m rginit
SHORT-TEMPERED → iute la mânie irascibil, ar gos
STRONG-MINDED → hot rât, care ştie ce vrea.
WARM-HEARTED → binevoitor, s ritor, prietenos, inimos
WELL-BEHAVED → bine-crescut, manierat.
WELL-KNOWN → bine cunoscut, vestit, renumit
WELL-OFF → înst rit, bogat, cu dare de mân .
WORLD-FAMOUS → cunoscut în întreaga lume.

14. Pune i adjectivele în ordinea corect :

1. a brand-new/plastic/shopping/green bag
2. an English/young/interesting teacher
3. a brown/50-years-old/leather/beautiful wallet
4. a 25-year-old/Opera/tall singer
5. a Greek/beautiful/gold/ancient bracelet

15. Completa i tabelul:

ADJECTIV COMPARATIV SUPERLATIV

1. hard harder the hardest
2. lazy
3. happy
4. interesting
5. good
6. small
7. beautiful
8. old
9. captivating
10. cold
11. tall
12. clever
13. clumsy
14. bad

- 20 -
Lec ia 5. ADVERBUL, PE SCURT (The adverb, in short)
Adverbul este partea de vorbire care exprim o caracteristic a unui eveniment
sau a unei st ri, nuan ând sensul unui verb, adjective, adverb, substantiv etc.
În general adverbele sunt clasificate dup 2 criterii: form şi sens.
Din punct de vedere al formei, deosebim: adverbe simple (simple adverbs),
adverbele derivate (derived adverbs), adverbele compuse (compound adverbs), şi
expresiile adverbiale (adverbial phrases).
Adverbele simple sunt cuvintele folosite adverbial, f r nici un fel de afixe
(prefixe sau sufixe): IN, OUT, UP, DOWN, HERE, THERE, THEN, WELL, FAR,
FAST, NOW etc.
Ex: Come here! – Vino aici!
Adverbele derivate provin din diferite categorii (cel mai adesea din adjective)
„convertite” cu ajutorul prefixelor şi sufixelor: CLOCKWISE (în sensul acelor unui
ceasornic) → CLOCK + WISE; AJAR (A + JAR) (întredeschis), REPEATEDLY (în
mod repetat), MONTHLY (lunar) etc.
Adverbele compuse sunt prin defini ie combina ii de dou sau mai multe p r i
de vorbire.
Ex: OUTDOORS (afar ), TOMORROW (mâine), SOMEWHERE
(undeva), TODAY (azi) etc.
Expresiile adverbiale sunt combina ii de cuvinte care, împreun , au func ie
adverbial : AT LEAST (cel pu in), AT FIRST (la început), AT PRESENT (în prezent),
AT ONCE (imediat), IN ALL PROBABILITY (dup toate probabilit ile) etc.
Din punct de vedere al sensului, adverbele sunt: de mod, de loc, de timp,
interogative, negative etc.
Locul adverbului este, de obicei, la începutul sau la sfârşitul enun ului, uneori
poate sta înaintea adjectivului sau adverbului, niciodat îns între verb şi complementul
s u. Adverbul de timp (ALWAYS – mereu, OFTEN – adesea, etc.) se aşaz înaintea
verbului sau dup auxiliar. Adverbul care indic mai precis momentul
(IMMEDIATELY – imediat, SUDDENLY – brusc, TODAY - azi) se plaseaz de regul
la începutul sau la sfârşitul propozi iei. THERE (acolo), HERE (aici) şi adverbele de loc
se aşaz la sfârşitul propozi iei. ENOUGH (destul de) se pune dup adjective sau
adverb, înainte sau dup substantiv.
Ex: SURE ENOUGH – destul de sigur
ENOUGH BUTTER – destul unt
TOO MUCH/ TOO MANY – prea mult /prea mul i
TOO MUCH MONEY – prea mul i bani
TOO MANY CARS – prea multe maşini

APLICA II
16. Forma i adverbe de la urm toarele adjective:
ANXIOUS, EARLY, COMFORTABLE, FAST, FEARLESS, GOOD, HARD,
IMMEDIATE, KIND, LATE, LUCKY, NEAR, SUDDEN, TERRIBLE.

17. Aşeza i adverbele de mai jos în coloana corespunz toare:

ALWAYS, ALMOST, ANGRILY, CAREFULLY, FAIRLY, FIERCELY,
FOOLISHLY, INSISTENTLY, NEVER, OUTSIDE, OVERSEAS, SOON, SELDOM,
VERY, YESTERDAY.

Adverbe de mod Loc Timp Frecven Opinie Intensitate

Ex. INSISTENTLY … … … … …

- 21 -
 … … … … … …
… … … … … …

18. Transforma i urm toarele adverbe în adjective şi apoi în substantive:

BEAUTIFULLY, CAREFULLY, CHEMICALLY, CURIOUSLY,
DECENTLY, ENIGMATICALLY, ILLEGALLY, INVITINGLY.

Lec ia 6. DEMONSTRATIVELE (Demonstratives)

În limba englez pronumele şi adjectivele demonstrative au aceleaşi forme.
Pentru obiectele sau fiin ele aflate în apropierea noastr vom folosi THIS (acesta,
aceasta) sau THESE (aceştia, acestea), iar pentru cele aflate nu chiar în imediata noastr
vecin tate: THAT (acesta, aceea) sau THOSE (aceia, acelea).

Sg. THIS THAT

Pl. THESE THOSE

Ex: this house (aceast cas ) (this, that – adjective)

that house (casa aceea)

That is his house. (Aceea este casa lui.) (this, that → pronume)
This is my house. (Aceasta este casa mea.)

APLICA II

19. Trece i la plural:

a) this tree
b) that curtain
c) this flower
d) that hat
e) this carpet

20. Trece i la singular:

a) those old men
b) these maps
c) those big boys
d) these blue balls
e) these nice pictures

Lec ia 7. DE LA PRONUME LA VERB (Pronouns → verbs)

• Pronumele personale cu func ia de subiect din limba englez sunt:
I eu
You tu, dumneavoastr , d-voastr , voi
He el (folosit pentru persoane)
She ea (folosit pentru persoane)
el/ea (pentru un obiect, un animal, un copil mic, o plant )
We noi
They ei/ele

- 22 -
 • Formele literare ale verbului A FI (TO BE) la timpul prezent simplu:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ Interogativ – Negativ

I am Am I? I am not Am I not …?
You are Are you? You are not Are you not …?
He is Is he? He is not Is he not …?
She is Is she? She is not Is she not …?
It is Is it? It is not Is it not …?
We are Are we? We are not Are we not …?
They are Are they? They are not Are they not …?

Dup cum se poate observa în tabel, interogativul în cazul verbului TO BE se

realizeaz prin inversiunea formelor (verbul ia locul pronumelui subiect), iar nega ia
prin ad ugarea lui NOT imediat dup verbe. În englez colocvial întâlnim adesea
forme contrase, dup cum urmeaz :

Afirmativ Interogativ Interogativ – Negativ

I’m I’m not -

You’re You’re not/ you aren’t Aren’t you …?
He’s He’s not/ he isn’t Isn’t he …?
She’s She’s not/ she isn’t Isn’t she …?
It’s It’s not/ it isn’t Isn’t it …?
We’re We’re not/ we aren’t Aren’t we …?
They’re They’re not/ they aren’t Aren’t they …?

• Structura THERE + BE + substantiv ne serveşte pentru a indica existen a

unei fiin e sau a unui lucru:
Ex: There is someone at the door.
(Este cineva la uş .)
There are 2 apples on the table.

•
(Sunt dou mere pe mas .)

¾ Adjective: It is important. (E important.)

Structura IT + BE introduce:

¾ Date, distan e, temperatura, ora, starea vremii: It is April 1st. (E 1

aprilie) It is ten o’clock.(E ora 10)
¾ Identitatea: It is me.(Eu sunt.)

•
It is Alice. (E Alice.)
Verbul PLAY (a juca un joc, a se juca, a cânta la un instrument) are
urm toarele forme la prezentul simplu:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ

- 23 -
I play Do I play? I do not play
You play Do you play? You do not play
He plays Does he play? He does not play
She plays Does she play? She does not play
It plays Does it play? It does not play
We play Do we play? We do not play
They play Do they play? They do not play

Observa ii:
1. Verbele din limba englez (cu excep ia verbului TO BE) au la
prezentul simplu aceeaşi form (infinitivul) pentru toate persoanele, în
afar de persoana a treia singular (he, she, it) unde se adaug un S sau ES
(SAY – SAYS, GO – GOES, DO – DOES etc.)
2. Interoga ia şi nega ia se formeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului DO care la
persoana a III-a „preia” S-ul de la verbul de conjugat.
Forme contrase:
I don’t play – Eu nu (m ) joc / cânt.

• Verbul DO (ca verb propriu-zis, cu în eles deplin - a face) are urm toarele
He doesn’t play.

forme la prezentul simplu:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ

I do
Do I do? I do not do
You do
Do you do? You do not do
He does
Does he do? He does not do
She does
Does she do She does not do
It does
Does it do? It does not do
We do
Do we do? We do not do
They do
Do they do? They do not do

• Verbul HAVE (ca verb propriu-zis) cu în elesul A AVEA are formele:

Afirmativ Interogativ Negativ

I have I do not have Do I have?

You have You do not have Do you have?
He has He does not have Does he have?
She has She does not have Does she have?
It has It does not have Does it have?
We have We do not have Do we have?
They have They do not have Do they have?

Forme contrase : I’ve, you’ve, he’s, she’s, it’s, we’ve, they’ve.

I don’t have, he doesn’t have…

- 24 -
 HAVE poate forma negativul şi interogativul dup regula verbului TO BE (NOT
dup verb, respectiv inversiunea): Ex: I have not/ I haven’t; He has not/ He hasn’t şi
Have I? Has he?)
Aceste forme apar in registrului formal şi sunt, prin urmare, mai pu in folosite.
Uneori, HAVE se foloseşte împreun cu GOT pentru a ar ta posesia:
Ex: I have a house.
I have got /I’ve got a house.
Nega ia şi interoga ia se vor forma în acest caz dup modelul BE:
Ex. I have not got / haven’t got a house.
Have I got a house?
R spunsuri scurte
DA (yes) şi NU (no) sunt în general urmate de un r spuns: subiect şi verb
auxiliar (sau modal).
Ex: Do you play the piano? - Yes, I do
- No, I don’t.

Have you got a house? - Yes, I have.

- No, I haven’t.
Are you a student? - Yes, I am.
- No, I’m not.
De re inut:

™ To be afraid → I’m afraid of the dark. (M tem de întuneric.)

Expresii uzuale cu BE:

™ To be ashamed of → I’m ashamed of my behaviour. (Mi-e ruşine de felul

™ To be against → I’m against the death penalty. (Sunt împotriva pedepsei cu

cum m-am comportat.)

™ To be cold → I’m cold. (Mi-e frig.)

moartea.)

™ To be home → Janet is home. (Janet e acas .)

™ To be late → He’s late again. (Iar a întârziat.)
™ To be asleep → The baby is asleep. (Copilul a adormit.)
™ To be over → The war is over. (R zboiul s-a terminat.)
™ To be hungry → He is hungry. (Îi e foame.)
™ To be thirsty → The children are thirsty. (Copiilor le e sete.)
™ To be right → The President is always right.
™ To be wrong → He is never wrong.
™ To be busy → I like being busy.
™ To be tired → Are you tired?
™ To be good of → He is good at Mathematics.
™ To be in a hurry → This student is always in a hurry.
™ To be sick → The young woman is sick.
™ To be ill → Grandpa is ill.
Expresii uzuale cu HAVE:
™ To have guests – a avea musafiri
™ To have a headache – She has a headache.
™ To have a cigarette – a fuma, a lua o igar
™ To have a cold – a fi r cit/
™ To have a flu – a avea grip

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 ™ To have a both – a face baie
™ To have time – a avea timp
™ To have a toothache – He has a toothache.
™ To have trouble – a avea necazuri
™ To have a drink/meal – a bea/mânca a se servi cu …
™ To have a look – a privi, a arunca o privire
™
To have a sore throat → He has a sore throat.
To have a walk – a (se) plimba
™
Expresii uzuale cu DO:
™ To do the shopping – a face cump r turi
™ To do one’s homework – He always does his homework.
™ To do the housework – a face treburi prin cas
™ To do the cooking – a g ti
™ To do the ironing – a c lca (rufele)
™ To do the gardening – a se ocupa de gr din rit
™ To do a crossword puzzle – a dezlega cuvinte încrucişate
™ To do one’s duty – a-şi face datoria
ATEN IE!
] HOW DO YOU DO? - este un salut formal şi înseamn : Mă bucur să vă cunosc.
HOW ARE YOU? este un salut familiar şi înseamn : Ce mai faci?/Ce mai faceţi?, iar
HOW ARE YOU DOING? este tot un salut familiar şi înseamn : Cum te
descurci?/Cum îţi mai merge?
ATEN IE!!
Nu confunda i DO cu MAKE. Verbul MAKE (a face) are sensul general de A
CREA, A PRODUCE, A CONSTRUI, A CAUZA, A FACE S FIE sau A PREPARA.

Expresii uzuale cu MAKE:

™ To make a friend – a-şi face un prieten
™ To make the bed – a-şi face patul
™ To make a speech – a ine un discurs
™ To make a mistake – a face o greşeal
™ To make an offer – a face o ofert
™ To make plans – a face planuri

NOT : Folosim imperativul (infinitivul f r particula TO) pentru a da instruc iuni sau
sfaturi).
Ex. Check the weather forecast! (Verific /verifica i prognoza meteo!)
Vom forma negativul cu ajutorul lui DO NOT/DON’T + INFINITIVUL
SCURT.
Ex. Don’t do that! (Nu f /face i asta!)

REZUMAT - DE LA PRONUME LA VERB

PREZENTUL SIMPLU AL VERBELOR BE, HAVE, HAVE GOT, DO, MAKE

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I am right I am not right Am I right?
You are right You are not right Are you right?
He is right He is not right Is he right?
She is right She is not right Is she right?
It is right It is not right Is it right?
- 26 -
We are right We are not right Are we right?
They are right They are not right Are they right?
AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I have a cold. I do not have a cold. Do I have a cold?
You have a cold. You do not have a cold. Do you have a cold?
He has a cold He does not have a cold Does he have a cold?
She has a cold She does not have a cold Does she have a cold?
It has a cold It does not have a cold Does it have a cold?
We have a cold We do not have a cold Do we have a cold?
They have a cold They do not have a cold Do they have a cold?
AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I/you/we/they have got it. I/you/we/they have not got it. Have I/you/we/they
got it?
He/she/it has got it. He/she/it has not got it. Has he/she/it got it?

AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they do the gardening.
He/she does the gardening.

NEGATIV
I/you/we/they do not do the gardening.
He/she does not do the gardening.
INTEROGATIV
Do I/you/we/they do the gardening?
Does he/she do the gardening?
AFIRMATIV
I/you/we/they make the beds.
He/she makes the beds.
NEGATIV
I/you/we/they do not make the beds.
He/she does not make the beds.

INTEROGATIV
Do I/you/we/they make the beds?
Does he/she make the beds?
APLICA II

21. Completa i spa iile libere cu formele corespunz toare ale verbului TO BE, respectiv
TO HAVE:
a) He ……… a hard-working type of person.
b) They ……… in the seminar room now.
c) He ……… ten.
d) That man ……… a doctor’s degree.
e) These girls ……… Law students.
f) The colour of my pen ……… blue.

22. Scrie i formele verbale contrase corespunz toare exemplelor de mai jos:
Ex: He is not my colleague.
He’s not/He isn’t my colleague.

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 a) She is my friend.
b) They are not interpreters, they are translators.
c) The teacher is not nervous at all.
d) They are the new neighbours.
e) Their grandparents are not at home.

23. Transforma i urm toarele propozi ii la forma interogativ şi negativ :

a) He is a taxi-driver.
b) They are American tourists visiting Romania.
c) There is a flower-pot on the window-sill.
d) This coniferous tree has red wood.
e) It grows in hot climate.
f) She wants a bigger house.
g) They want to be free.
h) He has a younger sister in Connecticut.
i) He has got the flu.
j) Paul plays the piano beautifully.
k) The minister’s wife has got the prize.
l) He makes fun of other people.
m) Wild roses grow here.

Lec ia 8. RETUR: DE LA VERB LA PRONUME (From verbs to

pronouns)

În subcapitolul anterior am prezentat formele pronumelui personal în cazul

Nominativ (cu func ia de subiect). Când îndeplineşte func ia de obiect direct sau
indirect (cazul Acuzativ, respectiv Dativ), pronumele personal are urm toarele forme:
I – ME = mie, îmi, mi, pe mine, m
Ex. Ask me! – Întreab -m (pe mine)!
Grandpa always gives me money. (Bunicul îmi d întotdeauna bani.)
They call me Angel. (Mi se spune Angel.)
It reminds me of my childhood. (Îmi aminteşte de copil rie.)
YOU – YOU = ie, î i, i, pe tine, te sau vou , v , vi, pe voi
HE – HIM = lui, îi, pe el, îl
SHE – HER = ei , îi, pe ea, o
IT – IT = lui, ei, îi, pe el, pe ea, îl o
WE – US = nou , ne, ni, pe noi
THEY – THEM = lor, le , li, pe ei

APLICA II

24. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Ia-m cu tine!
2. M face mincinos.
3. Spune-i c totul e în regul .
4. Vorbeşte tu cu ei!
5. Întotdeauna o ajut m s -şi care bagajele.

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Lec ia 9. PRONUMELE ŞI AJECTIVELE POSESIVE (The Possessive
Pronouns and Adjectives)
ADJECTIVUL POSESIV
I – MY = meu, mea, mei, mele
YOU – YOUR = t u, ta, t i, tale,
vostru, voastr , voştri, voastre
HE – HIS = lui, s u, sa , s i, sale
SHE – HER = ei, s u, sa, s i, sale
IT – ITS = lui, ei, s u (exc.
persoane)
WE – OUR = nostru, noastr ,
noştri, noastre
THEY – THEIR = lor
PRONUMELE POSESIV
- MINE = al meu, a mea, ai mei, ale mele
- YOURS = al t u, a ta, ai t i, ale tale, al
vostru, a voastr , ai voştri, ale voastre
- HIS = al (a, ai, ale) lui, s u, sa, s i, sale
- HERS = al (a, ai, ale) ei, s u, sa, s i, sale
- ITS OWN = al (a, ai ale) lui, ei, s u, sa,
s i, sale (exc. persoane)
- OURS = al nostru, a noastr , ai noştri,
ale noastre
- THEIRS = al (a, ai, ale) lor

Întrucât îndeplinesc aceleaşi func ii morfosintactice, pronumele şi adjectivul

posesiv au aceleaşi caracteristici ca şi în limba român . Astfel, adjectivul posesiv
înso eşte substantivul pe care îl determin , în timp ce pronumele posesiv înlocuieşte un
substantiv:
Ex. I have a house. This is my house. This (house) is mine.
(Eu am o cas . Aceasta este casa mea. Aceasta (aceast cas ) este a mea.)
My parents are from Suceava. His are from Bucharest.
(P rin ii mei sunt din Suceava. Ai lui sunt din Bucureşti.)
Spre deosebire de limba român îns , adjectivul posesiv are form unic , nefiind
necesar acordul adjectivului posesiv cu substantivul pe care îl determin . De asemenea,
în limba englez adjectivul posesiv preced întotdeauna substantivul pe care îl
determin (ex. his map, their company, our future, her desire etc.).

APLICA II

25. Citi i lista de mai jos şi alc tui i apoi propozi ii utilizând adjectivul şi pronumele
posesiv.

ME MY PARENTS MY SISTER
a flat a one-storeyed house boat home
a dining room a drawing room study
a bedroom three bedrooms sitting room
a bathroom a gym-room
a kitchen a nursery
a garage
a cortyard
a penthouse
a barn
a cellar
a garden

Model: I have got a flat. It is my flat. It is mine.

My parents have got a one-storeyed house. It is their house. It is theirs.
My sister has got a boat home. It is her boat. It is hers.

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Lec ia 10. PRONUMELE REFLEXIVE (The Self Pronouns)
I – MY – MYSELF = m , mie, îmi, mi
YOU – YOUR – YOURSELF = te, ie, î i, i
HE – HIM – HIMSELF = se, lui, îşi, şi
SHE – HER – HERSELF = se, ei, îşi, şi
IT – IT – ITSELF = se, lui, ei etc. (neutru)
WE – OUR – OURSELVES = ne, nou , ni
YOU – YOUR – YOURSELVES = v , vou , vi
THEY – THEM – THEMSELVES = se, lor, le, li, îşi, şi

Sub denumirea de SELF PRONOUN sunt de fapt reunite dou categorii distincte
de pronume care coincid ca form :
a) Pronumele de înt rire (Emphatic Pronoun), care are rolul de a
sublinia substantivul pe care îl înso eşte:
Ex. John did it himself. (John însuşi/singur/f r ajutorul nim nui
a f cut-o).
The President himself attends the meeting. (Preşedintele
însuşi/în persoan ia parte la întrunire).
b) Pronumele reflexiv (Reflexive Pronoun), care indic faptul c
ac iunea verbului este îndreptat asupra subiectului acestuia.
Cu alte cuvinte, folosim pronumele reflexiv atunci când, într-o
propozi ie, subiectul şi obiectul coincid.
Ex. I make myself a coffee. (Îmi fac o cafea.)
He’s got himself a new car. (Şi-a cump rat o maşin nou .)
He simply loves himself! (Pur şi simplu se iubeşte pe sine. )

ATEN IE!
Multe verbe sunt reflexive în român şi intranzitive în englez , unde construc ia
este foarte rar .
Ex. a se b rbieri – to shave
a se gr bi – to hurry
a se sup ra – to get angry
a se culca – to go to bed
a se întâlni – to meet
a se îmbr ca – to dress/to get dressed
a se piept na – to comb
Cele mai fecvente verbe reflexive sunt: TO AMUSE ONESELF, TO CUT
ONESELF, TO ENJOY ONESELF, TO HELP ONESELF, TO HURT ONESELF, TO
INTRODUCE ONESELF, TO WASH ONESELF etc.
NOT : BY + PRONUME REFLEXIV are în elesul de SINGUR.
Ex. I live by myself. (I live alone.)

APLICA II

26. Completa i cu pronume reflexive:

1. She doesn’t live by … . She lives with friends.
2. He usually buys one for me and one for … .
3. Please dress … . It’s very late!
4. Help … to cake and tea!
5. Please make … at home!
6. I don’t need any help. I want to do it … .

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7. She cut … while peeling potatoes.
8. She looks at … in the mirror.
9. My sons prefer to do their homework by … .
10. We hurt .. while climbing that rocky mountain.

Lec ia 11. PRONUMELE RECIPROCE (The Reciprocal Pronouns)

Pronumele reciproce sunt: EACH OTHER (unul pe altul/cel lalt; una pe

alta/cealalt ) şi ONE ANOTHER (unii pe al ii; unele pe altele).
În general, este comun acceptat c EACH OTHER se refer la dou persoane, în
timp ce ONE ANOTHER la mai mult de dou . De multe ori îns , ele se înlocuiesc
reciproc.
Ex. The twins look very much like each other. (Gemenii seam n mult).
The members of this family always help one another. (Cei din familia lor se
ajut reciproc/unii pe al ii).

APLICA II

27. Sublinia i şi traduce i pronumele reciproce din enun urile urm toare:
1. We are not afraid of each other.
2. The two friends count on each other.
3. They like speaking of one another.
4. They look at each other and start laughing.
5. They consider each other very intelligent.
6. My cousin says that he and his brother are helping each other a lot.
7. They write to each other quite often.

Lec ia 12. PRONUMELE RELATIVE (The Relative Pronouns)

Pronumele relative sunt invariabile în gen şi num r şi introduc o subordonat
relativ , putând avea func ia de subiect sau complement. Pronumele relative cu func ia
de subiect sunt: WHO (pentru persoane), WHICH (pentru lucruri) şi THAT (pentru
persoane sau lucruri).
Ex. the man who/that speaks English (b rbatul care vorbeşte englezeşte)
the woman who/that understands Chinese (femeia care în elege chineza)
the people who/that pay on the spot (oamenii/cei care pl tesc pe loc)
the car which/that is parked (maşina care e parcat )
the cars which/that are parked (maşinile care sunt parcate)
Pronumele relativ cu func ia de complement sau atribut are aproximativ aceleaşi
forme: WHO (sau WHOM + PREPOZI IE) pentru persoane şi WHICH pentru lucruri.
Ex. the girl whom I saw (fata pe care am v zut-o)
the girl to whom I spoke (fata cu care am vorbit)
the house which he built (casa pe care a construit-o)
Uneori, pronumele cu func ie de complement se omite:
Ex. the girl I saw
the girl I spoke to
the house he built
Pentru exprimarea posesiei se foloseşte WHOSE pentru persoane şi WHOSE
sau WHICH + PREPOZI IE pentru lucruri.

- 31 -
 Ex. the people whose names appear on the list (oamenii/persoanele/cei ale c ror
nume apar pe list )
the tree whose bark/the bark of which is diseased (arborele a c rui scoar e
afectat de boal )

NOT : CEEA CE are ca echivalent în limba englez WHAT (atunci când

anun ceea ce urmeaz ) şi WHICH (atunci când CEEA CE reia ceva
ce l-a precedat).
Ex. what I want to say is that … (ceea ce vreau s spun este c …)
He denied it, which doesn’t surprise me. (A negat, ceea ce nu m
surprinde.)

APLICA II

28. Completa i urm toarele propozi ii cu WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHICH sau THAT:
1. He … makes no mistakes makes nothing.
2. The man to … I speak is my brother.
3. The girl … mother is ill has got a day off.
4. I like to help those … I love and … I know love me.
5. The aspen is a poplar tree … has especially tremulous leaves.
6. Any plant … produces some sort of flower is a flowering plant.
7. Do you know … Catherine works for?
8. The forest probationer, … seems very young, has a very good reputation.

Lec ia 13. PRONUMELE NEHOT RÂTE ŞI ADJECTIVELE

CORESPONDENTE (Indefinite Pronouns and Their Adjectival
Counterparts)

Din categoria “nehot râtelor” fac parte: pronumele cantitative şi adjectivele

partitive (SOME, ANY, NO), adjectivele şi pronumele distributive (EACH, EVERY,
ALL, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER) etc. În general, ele exprim cantitatea, num rul
nedefinit, varietatea etc.
Pronumele (cantitative) SOME, ANY şi NONE înlocuiesc substantive la plural
sau nenum rabile la singular. SOME se foloseşte în propozi ii afirmative, în întreb ri
(atunci când se aşteapt ca r spunsul s fie afirmativ) şi în oferte, invita ii sau cereri.
Ex. There are deer in the park. We saw some today. (Sunt cerbi în parc. Am
v zut câ iva ast zi)
The coffee is ready. Would you like some? (Cafeaua e gata.
Vrei/vre i(pu in )?)

NOT : SOME ca pronume se foloseşte şi cu sensul de UNII sau AL II.

Ex. Some say yes, some say no. (Unii spun da, al ii spun nu).

• Cuvinte compuse cu SOME:

SOMEBODY, SOMEONE – cineva
SOMETHING – ceva
SOMEHOW, SOMEWHAT – cumva
SOMEWHERE – undeva

ANY se foloseşte în propozi ii negative şi interogative.

Ex. I painfully need money but I don’t have any.
- 32 -
 Aren’t there any in the fridge?
NOT : ANY într-o propozi ie afirmativ are sensul de ORICARE.
Ex. Any of us is available on Monday. (Oricare dintre noi e disponibil lunea.)

• Cuvinte compuse cu ANY:

ANYBODY, ANYONE – oricine, oricare
ANYTHING – orice
ANYHOW – oricum
ANYWHERE - oriunde

NONE se foloseşte în propozi ii afirmative pentru a exprima nega ia.

Ex. If these are the kinds of fruit you want to give me, I’d rather have none.
(Dac acestea sunt fructele pe care vrei s mi le dai, aş prefera s nu iau nici unul)

NOT : Alt întrebuin are: None of us care about the matter. (Nici dintre noi nu-i pas
de aceast chestiune)

Din categoria pronumelor cantitative mai fac parte: MUCH, MANY, LITTLE şi FEW.
Dintre acestea, MANY şi FEW înlocuiesc substantive num rabile, iar MUCH şi
LITTLE înlocuiesc substantive nenum rabile.
Ex. Many are called but few are chosen. (Mul i (sunt) chema i, (dar) pu ini
(sunt) aleşi.)
He doesn’t spend much. In fact, he spends little. (Nu cheltuieşte mult. De
fapt, chiar foarte pu in)

NOTE: 1. MUCH şi MANY se folosesc în mod normal în propozi ii negative

şi interogative. În propozi ii afirmative se foloseşte mai ales A
LOT/LOTS sau A GREAT DEAL.
Ex. Her husband usually earns a great deal.
Do you have any grammar books? Yes, I buy lots.
2. MUCH şi MANY se pot combina cu HOW.
Ex. How much does it cost? (Cât cost ?)
How many have you got? (Câ i/câte ai?)

Pronumele distributive sunt: EACH, ALL, EVERYTHING,

EVERYONE/EVERYBODY, BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER.
EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) este folosit cu verbe la singular.
Ex. Each (of them/us/you) chooses the colour he prefers. (Fiecare dintre
ei/noi/voi alege ce culoare vrea).

ALL (toţi, toate) este urmat de verbe la plural.

Ex. All (of you) are welcome. (To i/toate sunte i bineveni i/binevenite.)
EVERYONE, EVERYBODY (toţi, toată lumea) şi EVERYTHING (tot,
toate lucrurile) se folosesc cu verbe la singular.
Ex. Everybody/everyone is present. (Toat lumea e prezent /to i sunt prezen i.)

BOTH (cei doi/cele două, amândoi/amândouă) poate fi sau nu urmat de OF:

Ex. Both (of them) are forest engineers. (Amândoi sunt ingineri silvici.)

NOT : ALL şi BOTH sunt plasate uneori înaintea verbului pentru a înt ri
subiectul pronominal:
Ex. You all are very kind to me.

- 33 -
 We both prefer tea to coffee.
Pronumele distributiv EITHER are în elesul “unul dintre cei doi”, iar NEITHER
– “nici unul dintre cei doi”.
Ex. Either/neither (of you) is good. (Oricare/nici unul din voi (nu) este bun).
Pronumele ONE are sensul: unul, una, un singur, o singură, un/o oarecare.
Ex. I would like a red one. (Aş dori unul/una roşie).

Aproape toate pronumele enumerate mai sus pot fi folosite adjectival,

determinând un substantiv sau înlocuitor al acestuia; unele dintre ele sunt întrebuin ate
şi ca adverb sau conjunc ie.
Ca adjectiv, SOME se poate traduce prin: VREUN , VREO, CEVA, NIŞTE,
CÂ IVA, CÂTEVA, CÂTVA, CEVA, UNII sau UNELE, într-o propozi ie afirmativ .
Uneori, SOME se foloseşte şi în întreb ri la care se aşteapt un r spuns afirmativ:
Ex. I want to buy some sugar and some sweets.
Would you like some cake?

Adjectivul ANY se traduce prin: VREUN, VREO, CEVA, CÂ IVA, CÂTEVA,

NIŞTE, UNII, UNELE într-o propozi ie interogativ sau negativ :
Ex. Have you got any news?
I haven’t got any money.

Adjectivul NO este echivalentul lui NONE şi are sensul de NICI UN, NICI O,
DELOC.
Ex. He gives no details.

• Cuvinte compuse cu NO:

NOBODY/NO ONE – nimeni
NOTHING – nimeni
NOWHERE – nic ieri

NOT : Adjectivele SOME, ANY şi NO sunt adesea numite partitive.

Adjectivele cantitative MANY şi FEW se folosesc cu substantive num rabile, iar

MUCH şi LITTLE cu substantive nenum rabile.

Ex. many newspapers; few inhabitants

much happiness; little concern

EACH (fiecare dintre ei/ele) poate fi, de asemenea, folosit adjectival:

Ex. Each child receives a prize.
Each flower has a different colour.

ALL (tot, toată, toţi, toate) se aşaz întotdeauna înaintea articolului hot rât şi
poate fi folosit adjectival sau adverbial.
Ex. all the people (toat lumea)
She is all upset. (E foarte tulburat )

EVERY poate însemna “considera i împreun ” sau considera i separat”. El

urmeaz de obicei unui substantiv la singular şi este corespondentul lui ALL (la plural).
Ex. Every girl has a white ribbon. (Fiecare fat are o panglic alb .)
Every citizen is vaccinated. (To i cet enii sunt vaccina i.)
We meet every day. (Ne întâlnim în fiecare zi.)
- 34 -
 We meet every other day. (Ne întâlnim o dat la dou zile/la ficare dou
zile.)

BOTH mai poate fi, în afar de pronume, adjectiv şi conjunc ie. El se foloseşte
înototdeauna f r articolul THE.
Ex. Both books are worth reading. (Ambele c r i merit s fie citite.)
It is both harmful and illegal. (E şi d un tor, şi ilegal.)

EITHER ca adjectiv are sensul “oricare din cei doi/din cele dou ”; ca adverb
înseamn aproximativ “nici”, iar în construc ia conjunctival EITHER … OR … , se
traduce prin “fie … , fie …”, “sau … , sau …”, “ori … , ori …”.
Ex. Either choice is fine. (Oricare alegere e bun .)
I don’t believe you either. (Nici eu nu te/v cred.)
You can either leave or stay. (Po i pleca sau r mâne.)

NEITHER (nici unul, nici celălalt) este forma negativ a lui EITHER, pe care îl
poate înlocui în oricare dintre func ii, cu excep ia adverbului, atunci când este vorba de
o nega ie.
Ex. Neither dress is suitable for the party. (Nici una dintre rochii nu e potrivit
pentru petrecere.)
Neither children nor animals are admitted. (Nici copiii, nici animalele nu sunt
admise.)

Adjectivul ONE înseamn “unul, una, un singur, o singur , un/o oarecare”.

Ex. a one-way ticket (un bilet dus)
I know one Mr. Thompson. (Cunosc un oarecare domn Thompson.)

WHOLE poate fi folosit ca adjectiv (întregul, întreaga, tot, toată), la fel ca

ENTIRE, sau ca substantiv (ansamblu, tot, întreg).
Ex. the whole/entire country (întreaga ar )
How much for the whole? (Cât face totul?)

REZUMAT PRONUME ŞI ADJECTIVE NEHOT RÂTE

SOME - adjectiv: Some people are in favour of this decision.

- pronume: Give me some!

ANY – adjectiv: Do you have any news?

- pronume: Any of us can do it.
NO – adjectiv: He has no money on him.

NONE – pronume: None of us know about it.

ALL – adjectiv: All the people are present.

- pronume: All’s well that ends well.
- adverb: She is all upset.

BOTH – adjectiv: Both possibilities are worth considering.

- pronume: I want both of them.
- conjunc ie: It is both useless and dangerous.

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EACH – adjectiv: Each day he calls me.
- pronume: Each of us has got a handbook.
EITHER – adjectiv: Either language is good.
- adverb: I don’t believe you either.
- conjunc ie: It’s either this or that.
- pronume: I can tell this to either of them.

NEITHER – adjectiv: Neither language is good.

- conjunc ie: Neither her son nor her daughter help her.
- pronume: Neither of them is available.

EVERY – adjectiv: Every step you take, I’m behind you.

ONE – adjectiv: I know one Mr. Thompson.

- pronume: Get me the blue one!

•
•
MULT, MULT … MUCH + SINGULAR
MUL I, MULTE … MANY + PLURAL
MUCH şi MAY se pot înlocui cu: A LOT OF, A GOOD DEAL OF, PLENTY OF.
•
•
CÂT, CÂT … HOW MUCH + SINGULAR

•
CÂ I, CÂTE … HOW MANY + PLURAL

•
PU IN, PU IN … LITTLE + SINGULAR

•
PU INI, PU INE … FEW + PLURAL

•
ATÂTA, ATÂT DE MULT … SO (AS) MUCH + SINGULAR

•
ATÂ IA, ATÂTEA … SO (AS) MANY + PLURAL

•
ATÂT DE PU IN/PU IN … SO (AS) LITTLE + SINGULAR

•
ATÂT DE PU INI/PU INE … SO (AS) FEW + PLURAL

•
PREA MULT/MULT … TOO MUCH + SINGULAR

•
PREA MUL I/MULTE … TOO MANY + PLURAL

•
MAI MULT/MULT /MUL I/MULTE .. MORE + SINGULAR/PLURAL
NU MAI MULT (…) … NO … MORE (LEFT)
NOT … ANY MORE (LEFT)

APLICA II

29. Alege i r spunsul corect:

1. There are two plays to choose from. Which … would you like to see?
a) ones
b) some
c) one
2. Is there any news for me? Yes, there is … .
a) one
b) some
c) ones
3. Do one of these tasks. Which is the easiest … ?
a) one
b) ones
c) some
4. They have a few houses for sale. I choose the smallest … .
a) one

- 36 -
b) some
c) ones
5. Do you have enough strength to bring it here? Well, I have … , but not too much.
a) some
b) one
c) ones

30. Completa i cu SOME sau ANY:

1. They’ve got … trees in the garden.
2. Are there … armchairs in the living-room?
3. Have I got … e-mails this morning?
4. Do you have … brothers in this school?
5. Have … apples, please.

31. Completa i cu MUCH sau MANY:

1. He doesn’t have … money.
2. Does she take … interest in it?
3. I haven’t … time.
4. Are there … students absent today?
5. He doesn’t know … English.
6. How … does this book cost?

32. Folosi i FEW sau A FEW, LITTLE sau A LITTLE pentru a completa urm toarele
propozi ii:
1. He is very ill, there is … hope for him.
2. There are … apples in the bowl, help yourself to some.
3. He can’t afford it as he has … money left.
4. … people admit they are wrong.
5. He has … friends willing to help him.

33. Sublinia i cuvântul corect:

1. There are none/no messages on the answering machine.
2. Sorry, I can’t hear either/neither of you properly.
3. I can’t come at the weekend. I’m busy both days/every day.
4. I can’t see no/any solution to the problem, I’m afraid.
5. If you have any/some problems, let me help you.
6. Now I want each/every of you to fill in these forms.
7. She doesn’t have much/many money.

34. Folosi i expresiile urm toare pentru a aproxima valorile de mai jos:
NONE OF THEM, MOST OF THEM, A FEW OF THEM, MANY OF THEM, SOME
OF THEM, ALL OF THEM.
1. 0% -
2. 5-25% -
3. 25-50% -
4. 50-75% -
5. 75-95% -
6. 100% -

35. Rescrie i a doua propozi ie în aşa fel încât s aib un sens similar cu prima. Folosi i
cuvintele din parantez .
1. The hotels are both unsuitable. (neither)

- 37 -
 … … … … … is suitable.
2. The two proposals are interesting. (both)
… … … … … are interesting.
3. These items of furniture aren’t expensive. (none)
… … … … … is expensive.
4. Not everybody listens to him. (all)
… … … … … listen to him.
5. We only want our wages. (all)
… … … … … is our wages.

Lec ia 14. PRONUMELE INTEROGATIVE (Interrogative Pronouns)

Pronumele interogative sunt: WHO, WHOM, WHOSE, WHAT, WHICH. Ele se
folosesc dup cum urmeaz :

persoane lucruri
subiect WHO WHAT
WHICH WHICH
complement WHOM, WHO WHAT
WHICH WHICH
posesiv WHOSE

Fiind invariabile, pronumele interogative au o singur form pentru singular,

plural, masculin sau feminin:
Ex. Who is that man?
Who are these girls?
Când WHO, WHAT, WHOSE şi WHICH sunt subiectul unei propozi ii,
verbul este la afirmativ:
Ex. Who judges? (Cine judec ?)
What happened? (Ce s-a întâmplat?)
Whose is that gun? (A cui este arma aceea?)
Which (one) belongs to him? (Care (dintre ei/ele) îi apar ine?)
Când WHO, WHOM, WHAT, WHOSE, WHICH sunt complementul unei
propozi ii, verbul este la interogativ. În acest caz, ordinea cuvintelor este urm toarea:
CUVÂNT INTEROGATIV + AUXILIAR + SUBIECT + VERB
Ex. Who(m) do you prefer? (Pe care-l/o preferi?)
What have you got there? (Ce ai acolo?)
Which (one) does does he want? (Pe care îl/o vrea?)
Atunci când au func ia de complement prepozi ional, pronumele interogative
transfer de obicei prepozi iile la sfârşitul propozi iei.
Ex. In what are you interested? (De ce eşti interesat?) – What are you interested in?
To which of you does he send letters? (C ruia dintre voi îi trimite scrisori?) –
Which of you does he send letters to?

NOTE: 1. WHICH se foloseşte într-un context cu alegere limitat . În rest se

foloseşte WHAT:
Ex. What do you see? (Ce vezi?)
Which one do you see? (Pe care dintre ei/ele îl/o vezi?)

2. WHAT şi WHICH sunt folosite şi ca adjective interogative,

p strând aceleaşi diferen e:

- 38 -
 Ex. What kind of books do you like? (Ce fel de c r i î i plac?)
Which book do you like? (Care carte î i place?)
¾ O categorie aparte o constituie adverbele interogative.Şi acestea se
folosesc in intreb ri, drept pentru care pozi ia lor este la început, înaintea
auxiliarului, subiectului şi verbului principal.
Ex. When do you think this might be over?
Where does he teach?
Why do you cry so much?
How do you spell your name?
How old is he?
How much is this?
How often do you go dancing?

3. WHAT + BE ? şi WHAT + BE … LIKE ? sunt întreb ri diferite:

Ex. What is Mr. Parker? – He’s a lawyer.
What is Mr. Parker like? – He’s short and arrogant.

RECAPITULARE ŞI APLICA II:

36. Completa i cu pronume interogative:

1. … do you find easier to learn, English or French?
2. … of the two players do you like better?
3. … is he, do you suppose?
4. … is the number of the your house?
5. … is the result?

37. Alc tui i dou întreb ri pentru fiecare propozi ie:

1. We see our daughter twice a week.
Whom … ?
Who … ?
2. Their son hates piano lessons.
Who … ?
What … ?
3. Helen says she disagrees.
Who … ?
What … ?
4. They always argue with him.
Who … ?
Whom … ?
38. Alc tui i întreb ri din cuvintele de mai jos:
1. Who/love/they?
2. Which/she/prefer?
3. What/your son/for a living?
4. What/mother/usually/make for breakfast?
5. Who/order/pizza?

39. Citi i cu aten ie textul urm tor şi formula i întreb ri referitoare la cuvintele scrise cu
italice.
If you want to buy a new car, you have to think about many things. Money is, of
course, one of them. But now you don’t have to pay in cash. You can get a car on
instalments, which is much better for you. You go to a car dealer and choose the car
- 39 -
you want to have. You pay a deposit, and… drive the car. Then you must pay monthly
instalments for four or five years. If you pay all the money, the car is yours, and you can
sell it …to buy another one. On instalments, of course.

1. What …?
2. How … ?
3. Where … ?
4. What … ?
5. What … ?
6. What … ?
7. When … ?

40. Completa i dup model :

1. John’s mother is Barbara. (possessive’s)
2. Her sister’s married. (contraction’s)
3. Barbara’s husband is Philip.
4. Peter’s family is quite big.
5. Alice’s her brother’s wife.

41. Pune i apostroful la locul corect.

My parents names are Michael and Georgiana. My fathers a journalist and my
mothers unemployed. Ive got two brothers and a sister. My brothers names are Ethan
and Shane. My sisters names Beverly. Shes married to Sean. Shes a teacher and hes a
banker.

42. Parafraza i urm toarele cuvinte:

Ex: aunt = my mother’s sister or my father’s sister
Uncle
Cousin
Grandfather
Grandmother

43. Alege i cuvântul corect:

1.They’re/there from London.
2.Their/there children are at school.
3.They’re/their not at home.
4.There/they’re aren’t any mirrors in this room.
5.They’re/their house is quite large.
6.There/their are two doors.
44. Dintre to i membrii familiei tale, care este:
a. the oldest
b. the smartest
c. the tallest
d. the most talented
e. the most ambitious
f. the richest
45. Dintre mijloacele de transport, care este:
a. the cheapest
b. the most comfortable
c. the least comfortable
d. the most expensive
e. the least dangerous
- 40 -
 f. the fastest
g. the most enjoyable
h. the most modern
46. Transforma i urm toarele expresii în adjective compuse şi derivate:
ex: a girl with fair hair → a fair-haired girl
a pullover made by hand → a hand–made pullover
a film having meaning → a meaningful film
1. a student who works hard
2. a man with blue eyes
3. a driver who does not take care
4. a blouse with short sleeves
5. a woman who looks good
6. a tree which is a hundred years old
7. a woman with a kind heart
8. a story which breaks the heart
9. a man who has courage
10. a man with a red face

47. Traduce i in limba român :

FIGURES OF SPEECH
a. As pretty as a picture – as ugly as a sin
As sour as lemon - as happy as a grin
As brave as a lion - as shy as a fox
As weak as a kitten - as strong as an ox
As thin as a shadow - as solid as a brick
As hungry as a bear - as full as a tick
As heavy as lead - as light as a feather
As steady as a rock - as uncertain as the weather
As hot as an oven - as cold as ice
As rich as Croesus - as poor as churchmice
As blind as a bat - as deaf as a post
As cool as a cucumber - as warm as a toast
As brittle as glass - as tough as gristle
As neat as a pin - as clean as a whistle
As dull as a dishwasher - as bright as a button
As generous as the day is long – as greedy as a glutton.
(FUN WITH ENGLISH, USIS ,1989)
b. 1. John is as busy as a bee.
2. I think he is as firm as a rock.
3. He is as brave as a lion.
4. My cousin is as happy as a king.
. 5. Sometimes he is as mute as a fish.
6. Her face is as red as a rose.
7. Waiting for the verdict he is as silent as a grave.
8. This boy is as gentle as a lamb.

48. Family Tree

Cele 14 persoane de mai jos formeaz 7 cupluri. Din informa iile care v sunt date,
afla i care sunt acestea. Observa i c sunt trei genera ii ale aceleiaşi familii.
Alec is Carol’s nephew and Leonard’s cousin.
Betty is Leonard’s mother and Margaret’s sister-in-law.

- 41 -
Carol is Edwin’s daughter and Margaret’s sister-in-law.
Donald is Gary’s brother-in-law and Alec’s uncle.
Edwin is Ivy’s grandfather and Margaret’s father-in-law.
Fiona is Carol’s mother and Alec’s grandmother.
Gary is Holly’s son-in-law and Neil’s brother-in-law.
Holly is Betty’s mother-in-law and Leonard’s grandmother.
Ivy is Gary’s niece and Donald’s daughter-in-law.
Jeremy is Donald’s father and Gordon’s father-in-law.
Katherine is Gary’s daughter-in-law and Margaret’s daughter-in-law.
Leonard is Jeremy’s grandson and Donald’s son.
Margaret is Leonard’s aunt and Fiona’s daughter-in-law.
Neil is Ivy’s father and Fiona’s son-in-law.

49. Forma i propozi ii scurte despre membrii familiei voastre.

50. G si i în coloana B corespondent pentru numele de animale din coloana A

A B

1.cow 1. kid
2.dog 2. duckling
3.horse 3. cub
4.duck 4. lamb
5.hen 5. puppy
6.lion 6. caterpillar
7.sheep 7. calf
8.goat 8. colt
9.cat 9. kitten
10.pig 10.piglet
11.insects 11.chick(en)
12.butterflies 12.larva

51. Traduce i in limba român :

Dear Cinderella,
Your jobs for tonight:
Sweep the chimney, scrub the floors, beat the carpets, hoover the stairs, dust the
furniture, polish the silver, make the beds, change the sheets, tidy the house, dig the
garden, clean out the fireplace, empty the rubbish, wash our underwear, mend the socks,
darn the shirts, iron the laundry, cook the supper, do the washing-up, dry the dishes, put
them away.
Don’t wait up for us .We might be late home.
The Ugly Sisters
(Guy Wellman - Wordbuilder)

52. Plasa i urm toarele substantive în coloana corespunz toare:

bark, beak, bleat, buzz, cage, chirp, claw, cluck, den, feather, fur, hiss, hive, hoof, horn,
howl, hutch, kennel, mane, neigh, nest, paw, pouch, purr, roar, scales, shell, skin,
squeak, stable, sty, tentacle, tusk, whiskers, wing, wool, zoo.
Animal Habitat Animal Sound Animal Coat Animal Body
… … … …
… … … …
- 42 -
 … … … …

53. Pune i urm toarele cuvinte şi expresii în grupuri în func ie de verbul cu care se
potrivesc (MAKE, DO, GO, HAVE). Unele cuvinte se folosesc cu dou dintre verbe:

a try, shopping, your best, a decision, money, a cake, a lot of work, well, dinner, the
shopping, war, an attempt, friends, the beds, a swim, housework, swimming, (for) a
walk, a go, on holiday,the washing up, skiing, nothing.

make→
do→
go→
have→

54. Completa i cu MAKE sau LET:

1. Some parents … their children eat things they don’t like.

2. Please … me know if anything changes.
3. My boss … me have lunch whenever I like.
4. That teacher … his students work very hard.

55. Forma i cuvinte compuse:

A B
pocket hostel
youth store
junk office
post shop
shop assistant
department money
shoe food

Ex: pocket-money
56. Completa i cu MAKE sau HAVE:

1. I intend to … German lessons.

2. Do you mind if I … a quick phone call?
3. I always … a shower in the morning.
4. He always … mistakes in writing.

57. Folosi i MAKE sau DO în propozi iile de mai jos :

1. Mother …….a cake every Saturday.

2. Please, don’t…… a mess!

3. Please sit down and……yourself at home!

4. Their aunt likes to ……….a crossword puzzle in her spare time.
5. He ……… his best to … enough money for his family.
6. It’s easy to ……….. mistakes in this exercise.
7. She prefers ……… the beds to ……….. the dishes.
8. In their family, it is the grandfather who ……….. the rules.
9. Never ………. plans before talking to me first.
10. He is too shy to ……….. a speech in front of so many people.

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58. Completa i a doua propozi ie în aşa fel încât s aib un sens similar cu prima.

1. John is a better game-keeper than George.

George’s not…………John.

2. I usually eat less than Michael.

I don’t …………… Michael.

3. No one in the team has better communication skills than him.

He has …………in the team.

4. The baby looks fatter this week than last.

The baby looks ………….. every week

59. Traduce i in limba englez :

1. Bagajele lui sunt mult mai grele decât ale mele.

2. Îi este foarte greu s aleag singur articole de mobil .
3. Veştile pe care mi le aduci nu sunt tocmai pl cute.
4. Bugetul pentru amenajarea p durilor de anul acesta este mai mare decât cel de anul
trecut.
5. D -mi un exemplu de animal d un tor p durii!
6. Informa iile cu privire la delictele silvice sunt inexacte.
7. Cele mai simple plante din regnul vegetal sunt bacteriile unicelulare şi algele.
8. Aş dori nişte trandafiri cu tulpini lungi, v rog.
9. Pe scurt, ecologia este o ştiin care ne ajut s in elegem rela iile dintre mediu şi
vie uitoarele acestuia.
10. Spune-le s nu mai ipe!
11. Care este grupa cu cel mai mic num r de studen i?
12. Cine are cel mai mic num r de ani din familia ta?
13. Cine cheltuie cel mai pu in din familia ta?
14. Cum ajung pe Strada Florilor?
15. Merge i vara pe litoral?
16. Nici unul dintre ei nu ştie adev rul.
17. Ştii cumva num rul ei de telefon?
18. Nu sta în picioare, ia loc, te rog!
19. Ce culoare are maşina vecinei tale?
20. Care cas e a ta?
21. Cine ştie lec ia?
22. Ce faci tu la serviciu?
23. Care este numele ei de domnişoar ? Dar prenumele?
24. Care este numele lui de familie? Dar de botez?
25. Cine îl ajut ?
26. Ce bei tu diminea a?
27. Care carte este a ta?
28. Care dintre cele dou c r i este a ei?
29. Care dintre cele dou portofele este al meu?
30. Ce zi este ast zi?
31. Ştii cine sunt ei?
32. Ai vreun prieten cu care s vorbeşti?
33. Vezi vreun om pe strad ?
34. O albin moart nu face miere.

- 44 -
35. Este mult lapte in frigider.
36. Cât vrei?
37. Câte vrei?
38. Nu ştie prea multe dar e pu in cam arogant.
39. Casa aceea alb este a prietenei mele, iar cea de al turi este a mea.
40. Diminea a sunte i la lucru sau acas ?
41. Ei nu sunt ingineri, ei sunt bancheri.
42. Câ i ani are?
43. Sunte i de serviciu ast zi?
44. Sunte i cet eni britanici?
45. Nu e prea comod s aştep i la vam .
46. To i prietenii mei sunt români!
47. Nu sunte i la şcoal ?
48. Imi pare r u c am întârziat.
49. Ai dreptate, tat l lui nu este medic, ci agent imobiliar.
50. Care este diferen a dintre un translator si un interpret?
51. Care sunt atribu iile unui decan?
52. Eşti ocupat?
53. Ce meserie ave i ? Cu ce v ocupa i?
54. Directorul acestei companii este un bun vorbitor de limba englez .
55. Fratele meu îşi spal singur c m şile.
56. Colega mea este un bun organizator, dar eu nu sunt.
57. Nu-mi amintesc numele lor.
58. Aminteşte-mi s le dau un telefon!
59. Vorbeşte-mi despre tine.
60. De ce nu vrei s urmezi nici un sfat?
61. Cum arat fiul lor?
62. Asta e a mea, cealalt e a ta.
63. Amândoi seam n cu mama lor.
64. Unde locuieşti?
65. M tem c ninge.
66. Fiecare dintre noi are nevoie de pu in sare dar nici pe departe atât de mult cât
m nânc unii.
67. Foloseşte mai pu in sare şi zah r în mâncare!

60. a) Completa i urm torul tabel:

CONIFEROUS DECIDUOUS EVERGREEN

Ash X
Birch
Elm
Fir
Larch
Maple
Oak
Pine
Spruce
Willow

Model: [ash, birch] → Neither of them is coniferous. They are both deciudous.
b) Analiza i urm toarele grupe de arbori dup modelul:

- 45 -
 [elm, fir] → One of them/the former is deciduous and the other/the latter is
evergreen.
[fir , larch]→
[maple, oak]→
[pine, willow]→
[larch, spruce]→

61. Formula i întreb ri la care s r spund cuvintele în bold:

1. Last year grew fewer species of oak in these areas.

2. They don’t understand what you want to say.
3. She doesn’t even consider coming to the meeting because she is not well.
4. They usually travel by train.
5. Nobody leaves the room until the meeting ends.

TEST AUTOEVALUARE

1. (1p.) Traduce i în limba englez :

a. ziarul de ieri
b. p rerea profesorilor
c. blana ursului
d. copacii din padure

2. (3p.) Traduce i in limba englez :

a) bun
mai bun
mai pu in bun
cel mai bun
la fel de bun ca
din ce în ce mai bun

b) s n tos
mai s n tos
mai important
cel mai important
cel mai r u
din ce în ce mai r u

3. (1p.) Traduce i in limba englez :

a. a face cump r turi
b. a lua o decizie
c. a lua prânzul
d. a merge într-o excursie
e. a merge la plimbare

4. (1p.) Trece i la negativ şi interogativ:

a. He is very good at English.

- 46 -
b. He makes mistakes in writing.

5. (4p.) Traduce i in limba englez :

a. De câ i bani ai nevoie?
b. M tuşa lor e mai în vârst decât a noastr .
c. Oriunde te-ai duce, adu- i aminte de sfaturile mele.
d. Ai aici doi brazi: unul argintiu şi unul alb.

- 47 -
PARTEA A DOUA - UP AND DOWN THE WAY
Lec ia 15. NUMERALUL (The Numeral)
În subcapitolul dedicat numeralului vor fi abordate numeralul cardinal şi ordinal,
urmate de o scurt prezentare a numeralului: frac ional, multiplicativ, distributiv,
precum şi de referiri succinte la unit i de m sur şi exprimare a timpului şi a vârstei în
limba englez .

Numeralul Cardinal (The Cardinal Numeral)

Numeralul cardinal se foloseşte pentru a exprima un num r exact de lucruri,
obiecte, fiin e, situa ii etc. Formele acestuia sunt urm toarele:
0 - zero, nought, oh, love, nil
1 – one
2 – two
3 – three
4 – four
5 – five
6 – six
7 – seven
8 – eight
9 – nine
10 – ten
11 – eleven
12 – twelve
13 – thirteen
14 – fourteen
15 – fifteen
16 – sixteen
17 – seventeen
18 – eighteen
19 – nineteen
20 - twenty
21 – twenty-one
22 – twenty-two
23 – twenty-three
29 – twenty-nine
30 – thirty
40 – forty
50 – fifty
60 – sixty
70 – seventy
80 – eighty
90 – ninety
100 – one hundred
101 - one hundred and one
105 – one hundred and five
125 – one hundred and twenty-five
200 – two hundred
201 – two hundred and one
1,000 – one thousand
1,001 – one thousand and one
- 48 -
 1,484 – one thousand four hundred and eighty-four
2,010 – two thousand and ten
10,000 – ten thousand
100,000 – one hundred thousand
1,000,000 – one million
5,000,000 – five million
1,000,000,000– one billion

Observa ii:
1. Dup cum se poate observa, cifra 0 are mai multe denumiri care vor fi folosite
în func ie de context. Astfel, ZERO se întâlneşte mai ales în engleza american , de
obicei în matematic , fizic sau pentru indicarea temperaturii. În engleza britanic , zero
matematic se numeşte NOUGHT. Când apare în numere de telefon (citite cifr cu cifr ),
zero se va pronun a [o]. Celelalte denumiri se folosesc pentru a exprima scoruri în jocuri
pe echipe (NIL), respectiv în tenis (LOVE).
2. Cu excep ia numeralelor cardinale 11 (eleven) şi 12 (twelve), urm toarele
numerale pân la 19 inclusiv se formeaz din unit i + termina ia TEEN (cu modific ri
ortografice şi fonetice la 13 si 15)
THREE→ THIRTEEN
FOUR→FOURTEEN
FIVE→FIFTEEN
SIX→SIXTEEN
SEVEN →SEVENTEEN
EIGHT→EIGHTEEN
NINE→NINETEEN
Sufixul TEEN la plural are valoare substantival :
Ex. He is still in his teens.
Re ine i de asemenea substantivele compuse TEENAGE şi TEENAGER.
3. Numeralele din zece în zece de la 20 la 90 se formeaz din unit i
+terminatia-TY (cu unele modific ri):
TWO→TWENTY
THREE→THIRTY
FOUR→FORTY
FIVE→FIFTY
SIX→SIXTY
SEVEN→SEVENTY
EIGHT→EIGHTY
NINE→NINETY
4. Numeralele care exprim zecile pot avea şi form de plural:
Ex: tens of shops (zeci de magazine)
the eighties (decada 80-89)
to count by tens (a num ra din 10 în 10)
5. Între zeci şi unit i se foloseşte întotdeauna o liniu de unire:
Ex: twenty-five, seventy-eight
6. HUNDRED şi THOUSAND sunt legate prin conjunc ia AND de numeralele
care urmeaz . Ex. 1,002 – one thousand and two
438 – four hundred and thirty-eight
7. Numeralele HUNDRED, THOUSAND şi MILLION nu se folosesc la plural
când sunt folosite adjectival (300 - three hundred, 4,000 - four thousand, 5,000,000 -
five million); ele primesc –S numai când au un în eles nedefinit (thousands and
thousands of people - mii şi mii de oameni).

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 8. În scris, desp r irea între mii şi milioane se face prin virgul (7,850 ;
2,500,000).
9. Pentru a exprima vârsta într-un mod mai elegant, se poate întrebuin a
numeralul cardinal corespunz tor zecilor, la plural, precedat de una din urm toarele
diviziuni: EARLY-, MID-, sau LATE-.
Ex: I am 21. I am in the early-twenties.
She is 35. She is in her mid-thirties.
He is 48 .He is in his late-forties.
10. Numeralele cardinale sunt cele folosite în calcule, dup cum urmeaz :
● adunare (addition)
6+4=10 → six plus four equals ten
→six and four is/are ten
● sc dere (subtraction)
10-3=7 →ten minus three is seven
→three from ten is seven
→ten take away three is seven
● înmul ire (multiplication)
5x7=35→five multiplied by seven equals thirty-five
→five times seven is thirty-five
→five sevens are thirty-five
● împ r ire (division)
12:4=3→twelve divided by four equals three
→twelve divided by four is three
12:5=2(rest 2)→ twelve divided by five is 2, remainder 2
● ridicare la putere (powers)
3³=27→three to the power three is twenty-seven
● extragerea r d cinii (roots)
√25=5→the square root of twenty-five is five
³√27=3→cube root of twenty-seven is three

Numeralul Ordinal (The Ordinal Numeral)

Numeralul ordinal se întrebuin eaz pentru a identifica sau indica un lucru în
cadrul unei serii sau succesiuni şi are urm toarele forme:

Numeral Ordinal Forma contras

the first the 1st
the second the 2nd
the third the 3rd
the fourth the 4th
the twenty-first the 21st
twenty-second the 22nd
the twenty-third the 23rd
the twenty-fourth the 24th
the thirtieth the 30th
the thirty-first the 31st
the fortieth the 40th
the fiftieth the 50th
the sixtieth the 60th
the seventieth the 70th
the eightieth the 80th
the ninetieth the 90th
the one hundredth the 100th

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 the one thousandth the 1,000th
the one millionth the 1,000,000th

Observa ii
1. Numeralul ordinal este precedat de articolul THE şi se formeaz prin
ad ugarea termina iei –TH numeralului cardinal, excep ie f când primele trei numerale
şi cele compuse cu ele (Ex: the first - primul; the second - al doilea/a doua; the third - al
treilea/a treia; the twenty-first - al dou zecişiunulea/a dou zecişiuna).
2. În cazul numeralelor ordinale compuse numai ultimul termen primeşte
termina ia –TH (the one hundred and eighty-seventh).
3. În exprimarea datei, se foloseşte numeralul ordinal, iar pentru exprimarea
anilor, cel cardinal (Ex. 27.09.1978 - the twenty-seventh of September nineteen seventy-
eight).

Numeralul frac ional (The Fractional Numeral)

Numeralul frac ional se prezint sub dou variante: frac ional comun
(common/vulgar fractions): 1/2 – a (one) half; 3/4 - three fourths/quarters; 3/5- three
fifths şi frac iile decimale (decimal fraction): 12.05 - twelve point oh five/twelve point
nought five). De remarcat faptul c în sistemul anglo-american se foloseşte punctul în
loc de virgul .

Numeralul Multiplicativ (The Multiplicative Numeral)

Numeralul multiplicativ are urm toarele forme:
1 x – single,once
2 x – double/twofold, twice
3 x – triple/treble/threefold, three times
4 x – fourfold, four times
10 x – tenfold, tentimes
100 x - a hundredfold, a hundred times
Aceste forme se folosesc pentru a ar ta propor ia în care creşte o cantitate sau se
intensific o ac iune.
Ex: It’s better to present an accurate fourfold classification of the materials.
They have twice as many books. (Ei au de dou ori mai multe c r i.)

Numeralul Distributiv ( The Distributive Numeral)

Acest numeral arat distribu ia sau gruparea:
Ex: They walk one by one/two by two/by twos/in twos. (câte unul/câte doi)

Unit i de m sur (Measurements)

1 inch = 2.54 centimetres
12 inches = 1 foot (pl. feet) = 0.3048 metre
3 feet = 1 yard = 0.9144 metre
3 miles = 4.83 kilometres
6 feet = 1 fathom (1 stânjen) = 185 centimetres
16 ouces = 1 pound (1 livr ) = 453.59 grams
2,000 pounds = 1 ton (1 ton ) = 907,18 kilograms
60 seconds(“) = 1 minute (‘)
60 minutes = 1 degree ( º ) (1 grad)
90 degrees = 1 right angle (1 unghi drept)
180 degrees = 1 straight angle (1 unghi de 180º)
360 degrees = 1 circle (1 cerc)
Ex: three pounds of flour

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 five feet tall/in height
a ten-ton lorry
a two-hour outing
an eight-inch ruler

Exprimarea timpului (Expressing Time)

1.00: It is one o’clock./It is one a.m./It is one o’clock a. m./It’s one o’clock sharp.
2.05: It’s five (minutes) past two.
3.10: It’s ten (minutes) past three.
4.15: It’s a quarter past four.
5.20: It’s twenty (minutes) past five.
6.25: It’s twenty-five (minutes) past six.
7.30: It’s half past sevent.
8.35: It’s twenty-five to nine.
9.40: It’s twenty (minutes) to ten
10.45: It’s a quarter to eleven.
11.50: It’s ten (minutes) to twelve.
12.55: It’s five (minutes) to one.
12.00: It’s noon/midday/midnight.
23.15: It’s a quarter past eleven at night/p.m.
15.00: It’s three o’clock in the afternoon/p.m
11.00: It’s eleven o’clock in the morning/a.m.
sau
11.30 – eleven thirty
12.45 – twelve forty-five
8.05 – eight oh five

Exprimarea vârstei (Expressing Age)

a) He is twenty-five.
b) He is thirty years old.
c) He has a twelve-year-old son.
d)All the seven-year-olds go to school in September.
e) My sister is a girl of eighteen.
f) He has a daughter aged sixteen.
g) She is in her teens.
h) They are in their mid-sixties.
i) I think she is over forty.
j) Two of her children are under 6.
k) All the students in this group are above the age of twenty-two.
l) None of my students is below the age of eighteen.
m) The over-eighteens are allowed to join the club.
n) The under-fourteens do not have indentity cards.

RECAPITULARE NUMERALE

Num r Numeral Numeral ordinal Numeral Numeral

cardinal multiplicativ distributiv
1 One the first once one by one

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2 Two the second twice two by
two/twos/in
twos
3 … … … …
4 … … … …
5 … … … …

APLICA II

62. Citi i şi scrie i cu litere urm toarele numerale:

a) numbers (numere): 12; 15; 21; 36; 50; 75; 99; 101; 248; 735; 1,850; 3,500;
9,999; 78,352; 515,966; 777,777; 9,542,386; 430,779,828;
b) hours (ore): 5.30; 7.45; 6.05; 11:12; 4:59; 12:55; 8:15; 10:00; 3:32; 2:01;
c) years (ani): 1848; 1216; 1989; 2005; 1821; 1978; 1700; 2000;
d) dates (date): 01.01.1950; 28.03.1969; 01.04.1975; 8.05.1981; 30.06.1987;
31.07.1992; 18.08.1999; 3.09.2000; 10.10.20002; 13.11.2004; 25.12.2007;
e) telephone numbers (numere de telefon): 53.11.24; 25.34.86; 132.11.28;
166.74.36; 233.44.88.

63. R spunde i la urm toarele întreb ri:

1. What time do you get up?
2. What time do you have breakfast?
3. What time do you go to work?
4. What time do you take a break?
5. What time do you get back home?
6. What time do you have dinner?
7. What time do you turn on your TV set?
8. What time do you go to bed?
9. How many students are there in your group?
10. How many times a semester do you come to courses?
11. How much do you pay for the courses?
12. How many courses a day do you have to attend?
13. When is your birthday?
14. When is your mother’s birthday?
15. When is our national holiday?
16. When is the last school-day?
17. What’s the date tomorrow?

64. Completa i urm torul tabel:

12 Twelve
12th
32nd
½
2/3
¾
780
9.5
250,000
27.09.1978
75%
5 x 6 = 30

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 25+75 = 100
20-6 = 14

65. Traduce i în limba englez :

12 linguri –
24 furculi e –
6 farfurioare -
4 pahare de ou –
64 farfurii –
13 solni e –
120 serve ele –
16 cu ite –

66. a. Citi i urm toarea list de responsabilit i:

Secretary 8.00: Arrive at work.
8.15: Open the letters and read them.
8.30-10.00: Answer the letters.
10.00: Make coffee for the boss.
10.05-12.00: Speak on the phone.
12.00-12.00: Have lunch.
12.30-3.30: Read reports and type summaries.
3.30: Make coffee for the boss.
3.35-4.00: Prepare daily accounts.
4.00: Go home.
Boss 10.00: Arrive at work.
10.05: Have coffee.
10.10-12.00: Make phone calls.
12.00-1.00: Have lunch with a client.
1.00-1.45: Meeting.
1.45-4.00: Check reports.
4.00-4.30: Check daily accounts.
4.30: Go home.
b. R spunde i la urm toarele întreb ri:
1. What time does the secretary/the boss arrive at work?
2. What time/ how many times does the boss have coffee?
3. What time does the boss go for lunch?
4. What time does the secretary/the boss go home?

67. R spunde i la urm toarea întrebare matematic :

Four add two, divided by three, subtract one, multiply by eight, take away four, times
three, plus two, minus four, halved, equals what?

68. Folosindu-v de un calendar pentru unul din anii 2004, 2005, 2006, 2007, r spunde i
la urm toarele întreb ri:
1. What day is the 2nd March?
2. What day is the 20th June?
3. What day is the 29th August?
4. What day is the 17th November?
5. What day is the 31st December?
6. What day is your birthday?
7. What day is the first Sunday in May?

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 8. What day is the second Wednesday in July?
9. What date is the last Thursday of October?
10. What day is Christmas Eve?

69. Alege i dou s pt mâni de vacan . Scrie i începutul şi data limit a perioadei.

70. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Sora ei are 15 ani. Este minor .
2. Cifra 13 poart ghinion.
3. Suntem 15 studen i în aceast grup .
4. Ea are treizeci şi ceva de ani, iar el aproape 40.
5. Profesorul de botanic are cam 30 de ani.
6. Câ i ani are?
7. Deschide i cartea la pagina 218 şi citi i exerci iile 9 şi 11.
8. Este a treia oar .
9. Aş dori o jum tate de kilogram de piersici şi dou kilograme de mere.
10. Îi scrie de dou ori pe zi.
11. Mii de microbişti urm resc meciul de ast zi.
12. În anii 80 era renumit în toat lumea.
13. Inten ioneaz s defrişeze 2/3 din aceast suprafa .
14. 70% din suprafa a jude ului e împ durit .
15. În Marea Britanie, orele de curs sunt de obicei de la 9 diminea a pân la 3 şi
jum tate sau 4 dup -mas .

Lec ia 16. PREPOZI IA (The Preposition )

Prepozi ia este partea de vorbire care leag diferite p r i de vorbire de substantive
sau substitutele acestora. Din punct de vedere al formei, prepozi iile pot fi:
a) scurte (by, from, in, on, at)
Ex. He usually comes by train. (De obicei vine cu trenul.)
He comes from Scotland. (El (pro)vine din Sco ia.)
She is in the third room on the left. (E în a treia camer pe dreapta.)
They go at the seaside every summer. (Ei merg pe litoral în fiecare var )
b) compuse (into, inside, within)
Ex. I have to go into town. (Trebuie s merg în oraş.)
Let’s go inside the house! (S mergem în cas !)
He has to deliver the report within 24 hours. (Trebuie s predea
raportul în decurs de 24 de ore.)
c) complexe (apart from, as for, because of, together with)
Ex. Apart from being a hypocrite, he is also a fraud. (În afar de faptul c e
ipocrit, mai e şi escroc.)
As for that poaching affair, I really do not know what to say. (Cât
despre chestiunea braconajului, nu ştiu ce s spun.)
He failed because of not getting there on time. (A dat greş fiindc
nu a ajuns acolo la timp.)
On Sunday , she goes for a walk together with her family.
(Duminica iese la plimbare împreun cu familia ei.)
d) expresii prepozi ionale (by means of, in front of, in spite of)
He measures the surfaces by means of a very complex instrument.
(M soar suprafe ele cu ajutorul unui instrument complex.)
There is a huge oak right in front of his house. (E un stejar uriaş
chiar în fa a casei lui.)

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 In spite of his meanness, he is a nice person to talk to. (În ciuda
meschin riei sale, e o persoan cu care e pl cut s vorbeşti.)

Din punct de vedere semantic prepozi iile se împart în dou categorii: una care
indic locul şi direc ia, şi alta care exprim timpul. Cele mai utilizate prepozi ii spa iale
sunt: ABOVE (deasupra), AMONG (printre), BEHIND (în spatele), BELOW (sub, de
mai jos), BETWEEN (între - de obicei dou elemente), IN (in), IN FRONT OF (în fa a),
NEAR (lâng ), ON (pe), OPPOSITE (vizavi), UNDER (dedesubt),etc. Cele mai
utilizate prepozi ii temporale sunt AT şi ON. Prepozi ia ON preced zilele s pt mânii
sau exprim o anumit dat , iar prepozi ia AT exprim o anumit or sau o anumit
vârst .
Ex. On Fridays she goes shopping.
On August 15 they celebrate their wedding anniversary.
The train leaves at 4 o’ clock.
At 15 she is quite well-built.

NOT : In limba englez exist un num r important de substantive, adjective şi verbe

care se folosesc numai cu anumite prepozi ii (hunger for, pleased with, to listen
to etc.).

WITH TO

Satisfied Married

Interested Surrounded

IN BY

ON TO

Rely Listen

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Approve Deal
APLICA II

71. Completa i cu AT, IN sau ON:

1. There is nobody … home.
2. His flat is … the 3rd floor.
3. There are a lot of printing mistakes … this page.
4. She has less than two dollars … her pocket.
5. There are no badgers … this wood.
6. We meet … noon.
7. Her brother is still … hospital.
8. The table is … the middle of the room.
9. People never stay … a queue here.
10. There is somebody … the phone.

72. Completa i cu prepozi iile potrivite:

1. I am not at all pleased … her behaviour.
2. She is different … her sister.
3. I am not accustomed … life in a hotel.
4. Women are usually afraid … spiders.
5. My brother is very good … English.
6. What she’s interested … is fitopathology.
7. When does your train leave … England?
8. The success of this campaign depends heavily … the volunteers.
9. He likes listening … talk-shows every evenung.
10. The river flows … the sea.
11. He considers hiding … the trees.
12. There is a fight … two gangs.
73. a) Citi i urm toarele exemple de prepozi ii şi adverbe de loc:
The first floor is, naturally, above the ground floor.
The ground floor is, therefore, below the first floor.
There’s a painting over the fireplace.
There’s a cupboard under the stairs.
There’s another cupboard in the kitchen.
There’s a balcony above and a terrace underneath.
The sitting room is downstairs.
The bedrooms are upstairs.
It’s warm inside.
It’s cold outside.
The book is on the table.
The TV aerial is on top of the roof.
b) Construi i cinci enun uri similare.

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74. G si i prepozi ia potrivit (OF, TO, ABOUT, IN, WITH) pentru fiecare dintre
adjectivele care urmeaz :
accustomed
afraid
angry
bored
capable
committed
different
excited
infected
interested
prepared
proud
scared
similar
sorry
tired
worried
wrong

75. Completa i:
1. Turn … right and walk … the crossroads.
2. Turn … left … the Forest Road.
3. My house is … Palmerston Road.
4. It’s the third house … the left.
5. Take the third turning … the left.
6. At the roundabout, turn … right.

76. IN, ON sau AT?

1. … + parts of day (Ex. evening)
2. … + longer religious holidays (Ex. Easter)
3. … + meal times (Ex. dinner)
4. … + special days (Ex. your birthday)
5. … + long periods (Ex. the eighteenth century)
6. … + clock times (Ex. five thirty)
7. … + day + part of day (Ex. Sunday morning)
8. … + seasons (Ex. the winter)
9. … + years (Ex. 1997)
10. … + days (Ex. Thursday)
11. … + dates (Ex. 1 June)
12. … + months (Ex. September)
13. … + the weekend
14. … + the moment.

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Lec ia 17. PREZENTUL SIMPLU (Present Tense Simple)

Timpul prezent simplu (PTS), prezentat şi în prima parte a cursului, are

aceeaşi form cu infinitivul scurt la toate persoanele, cu excep ia persoanei a III-a
singular.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I work I do not work Do I work?
You work You do not work Do you work?
He works He does not work Does he work?
She works She does not work Does she work?
It works It does not work Does it work?
We work We do not work Do we work?
They work They do not work Do they work?

Prezentul simplu se foloseşte în urm toarele situa ii:

1. pentru a prezenta adev ruri ştiin ifice, generale, st ri permanente de
lucruri, etc.
Ex. The Moon moves around the Earth.
Birds fly south in winter.
Three plus four equals seven.
Deciduous trees grow in warmer climates.
My parents live in Bucharest.

2. pentru activit i generale obişnuite, desf şurate la intervale regulate de

timp, aşadar cu o anumit frecven (dar şi pentru ac iuni care nu au loc niciodat )
Ex. He drinks tea every morning.
I go to work by train.
Most Sundays they stay at home.
She has a shower before going to bed.

3. când se vorbeşte despre orare şi programe fixe (în locul viitorului)

Ex. The plane takes off at 8 a.m.
The film starts at 10.30.
The tourists visit the British Museum the day after tomorrow.

4. în explica ii, demonstra ii sau indica ii scenice

Ex. I add the sugar to the egg yolks and place the basin over a saucepan
of hot water.
A window opens and a masked man enters the room.

5. în exclama ii introduse prin HERE sau THERE

Ex. Here comes the winner!
There she goes!

NOT : Prezentul simplu se mai foloseşte pentru ac iuni viitoare în subordonate

temporale sau condi ionale, în locul prezentului perfect şi în locul prezentului
continuu, cu verbe care nu se folosesc cu aspectul continuu (Ex. I forget your
name. – i-am uitat numele; You win! – Ai câştigat/Bine, câştigi tu…)

Adverbele care se utilizeaz cu aceast structur formeaz dou categorii:

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 1. adverbe sau locu iuni adverbiale ce desemneaz diferite diviziuni ale
zilei sau exprim repetabilitatea unei ac iuni din prezentul general, extins, f r ca
aceast ac iune s se desf şoare în momentul vorbirii; aceste adverbe stau de obicei la
sfârşitul enun ului, sau, uneori, la început.
Ex. in the morning (diminea a)
at noon (la prânz)
in the afternoon (dup amiaza )
in the evening (seara)
at night (noaptea)
at midnight (la miezul nop ii)
every day / week / months, etc (din dou în dou zile / s pt mâni / luni)
every fortnight (la fiecare 2 s pt mâni)

2. adverbe de frecven , care sunt de obicei plasate între subiect şi predicat

Ex. never (niciodat )
hardly ever (aproape niciodat )
not very often (nu foarte des)
rarely / seldom (rareori)
occasionally (ocazional)
sometimes (câteodat )
quite often (destul de des)
often (adesea)
very often (foarte des)
usually (de obicei)
almost always (aproape întotdeauna)
always (întotdeauna)

Lec ia 18. PREZENTUL SIMPLU vs. PREZENTUL CONTINUU

(Present Tense Simple vs. Present Tense Continuous)
Spre deosebire de prezentul simplu, prezentul continuu se formeaz cu ajutorul
unui auxiliar, la care se adaug verbul propriu-zis cu termina ia -ING.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I am working I am not working Am I working?
You are working You are not working Are you working?
He is working He is not working Is he working?
She is working She is not working Is she working?
It is working It is not working Is it working?
We are working We are not working Are we working?
They are working They are not working Are they working?

Prezentul continuu se foloseşte:

1. pentru ac iuni care se petrec în momentul vorbirii
Ex. Where is Ted? He is having a shower.
What are you doing? I’m trying to fix the toaster.

2. pentru ac iuni care au loc în preajma momentului vorbirii, nu neap rat

exact în momentul vorbirii (TODAY, THESE DAYS, AT THE MOMENT)
Ex. Mariah is writing a book at the moment.
John is looking for a job.

- 60 -
 We’re eating in the kitchen for the time being as they are
redecorating the living-room.
This week he is working in the nigh shift.

3. pentru ac iuni în schimbare sau în evolu ie în preajma momentului

vorbirii
Ex. My English is improving every day.
The traffic is getting worse and worse these days.

4. cu unul din adverbele: ALWAYS, FOREVER, CONSTANTLY, pentru a

exprima iritarea vorbitorului în leg tur cu o ac iune repetat
Ex. I can’t stand it anymore; he is constantly interrupting me!
He is always losing his keys.

5. cu verbul TO BE, dar numai cu referire la comportamentul cuiva pe

moment (caracter provizoriu sau excep ional; pentru o tr s tur permanent , specific ,
se va folosi prezentul simplu)
Ex. I usually get up at 6 a.m. but this week I’m getting up at 9.
He isn’t being too friendly tonight.
You are being aggressive.

6. în locul viitorului, pentru planuri personale, imediate

Ex.: He’s going to the movies tonight.
I’m paying a visit to my parents this weekend.

RECAPITULARE PTS / PTC (Contrastiv)

Present tense simple Present tense continuous

Inf.+S pers. a III-a sg.
1. activit i dintr-un prezent general, care 1. ac iuni dintr-un prezent care include
include momentul vorbirii
Ex. He works in a car factory.
2. activit i obişnuite repetate
Ex. I travel by train when I go to nespecific
Bucharest.
3. adev ruri general valabile.
Ex. Water freezes at 0 °C.
4. explica ii, demonstra ii, indica ii
Ex. I add water and stir.
5. exclama ii introduse prin HERE, THERE
Ex. There it is!
6. în subordonate, în locul viitorului
Ex. If/when he comes, I’ll let you know.
Sau pentru orare, programe fixe:
Ex. The train leaves at 8 a. m.
TO BE (present) + vb.ing
momentele vorbirii
Ex. She’s studying to get her driving
licence.
2. ac iuni temporare; comportament
Ex. This time, I’m travelling by plane.
3. ac iuni în schimbare în momentul vorbirii.
Ex.These children of yours are growing
fast.
4. activit i care au loc în momentul vorbirii
Ex. It’s snowing heavily outside.
5. activit i specifice repetate, care provoac
iritare
Ex. You are always losing your keys.
6. ac iuni viitoare cu caracter personal
Ex. They’re going camping next weekend.

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 Observa ie

Unele verbe nu pot fi folosite la aspectul continuu, de aceea se va prefera

prezentul simplu sau alt timp verbal. În cazul în care sunt folosite totuşi la forma
progresiv , sensul lor difer de cel al verbului la infinitiv / perfectul simplu. Astfel de
verbe sunt de obicei grupate în urm toarele categorii:
1. Verbe de percep ie - verbs of perception (FEEL, HEAR, NOTICE, SEE,
SMELL, TASTE).
2. Verbe de activitate mental - Mental Activity verbs / verbs of thinking
(BELIEVE, FORGET, GUESS, IMAGINE, MEAN, MIND, REALIZE, RECOGNIZE,
RECOLLECT, REGARD, REMEMBER, SUPPOSE, THINK, UNDERSTAND).
3. Verbe care exprim preferin a – Verbs of liking of disliking (ADMIRE,
DISLIKE, ENJOY, HATE, LIKE, LOATHE, LOVE, PREFER).
4. Verbe de posesie – Verbs of possession (BELONG, CONTAIN, HAVE,
HOLD, INCLUDE, KEEP, OWN, POSSESS).
5. Verbe existen iale – Verbs of being and existence (BE, CONSIST OF,
EXIST).
6. Verbe care exprim aparen a (APPEAR, LOOK LIKE, RESEMBLE,
SEEM).

Compara i:

1. SEE « It is difficult to see through this mist. (a discerne).

« It is difficult for me to see your point. (a în elege).
« I’m seeing my new manager next Monday. (a întâlni).
« She’s seeing him for some time now. (a se întâlni cu; a avea o rela ie).

2. HEAR « I hear her playing the piano downstairs.(a auzi).

« Hear me out. (a asculta pân la sfârşit).
« I’m hearing only good things about you! (a auzi, a afla).
« They are hearing the witness now. (a audia).
3. TASTE « He’s tasting the soup. (a gusta).
« The soup tastes good. (a avea gust).

4. SMELL « She’s smelling the flowers. (a mirosi).

« The flowers smell good. (a avea miros).

5. THINK « I think he’s perfectly right. (a crede, a fi de p rere).

« I’m thinking of buying a new house. (a se gândi, a inten iona).

6. HAVE « He has a nice estate somewhere in the south. (a avea, a poseda).

« He’s having a shower / problems / a party etc. (a face, a avea, a da).

7. BE « He is arrogant! ( caracteristic permanent ).

« He is being arrogant today! (caracteristic temporar ).

APLICA II

77. Completa i tabelul folosind a, b, c, d, e sau f :

a) permanent facts
b) habits and repeated actions
c) actions in progress at the moment of speaking

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 d) temporary actions happening “around now”
e) current trends and changing situations
f) irritating actions

1. Grandpa’s cutting broken branches from the tree.

2. The River Danube cuts Budapest in two.
3. I hate this institution! They’re constantly cutting wages!
4. The poor child is cutting teeth.
5. He can’t help cutting classes every two days.
6. They’re cutting more and more silver firs these days.

78. Completa i cu forma corect a timpului prezent simplu:

1. My family never (drink) tea.
2. You (think) it is the best idea?
3. How often you (go) to the market?
4. She (go) to church every Sunday morning.
5. Magnolias (be) shrubs or trees with fragrant flowers and an aromatic bark.
6. Flowering plants (fall) into two categories: dicots and monocots.
7. The fig-tree (have) broad leaves and (bear) soft pear-shaped fruit.
8. Bear (rely) on hearing and an acute sense of smell to locate food.
9. Deer (be) ruminant hoofed mammals.
10. The baby woodpecker (fly) within 30 days after hatching.

79. Completa i cu forma corect a timpului prezent continuu:

1. She (FEEL) much letter today.
2. They (WORK) on an interesting project.
3. Let’s go inside. It’s (GET) rather cold.
4. The teacher (WEAR) a light green dress.
5. She (BE) unreasonable asking this of you.
6. Granny (WATCH) a soap-opera on PRO TV.
7. The baby (SLEEP) at the moment.
8. Father (CHANGE) the flat tyre.
9. Clara (SWEEP) the floors downstairs.

80. Forma i întreb ri bazate pe propozi iile de mai jos, dup modelul:

MODEL: The students are waiting for the results of the exam.
What are the students waiting for?
Who’s waiting for the results of the exam?

1. The dean is speaking to the students. (Who? Whom?)

2. The policemen are chasing the thieves. (Who? Whom?)
3. The President is speaking about the new law. (Who? What?)
4. Grandpa is looking for his glasses. (Who? What?)

81. Folosi i prezentul simplu sau continuu:

1. Look! The bus (COME).
2. What your father (DO) for a living?
3. My folks (COME) from Transylvania.
4. You (WANT) a drink?
5. The plane (LEAVE) for Toronto at 10.30.
6. Chrysanthemums (BLOOM) all year round.

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7. She (GRAB) purse and (RUSH OUT).
8. He (DO) a research on land-slide.
9. How often you (SEE) a physician?
10. What on earth you (TALK) about?

82. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Se gândeşte s divor eze.
2. M v d cu el destul de des.
3. Doamna din stânga mea citeşte ziarul în acest moment.
4. Noi nu împrumut m niciodat bani de la prietenii noştri.
5. Stai locului când vorbesc cu tine.
6. Joac tenis de dou ori pe s pt mân .
7. Spune-mi, pietonii au prioritate când se afl pe trecerea de pietoni?
8. E unul dintre aceia care nu se opreşte niciodat la semafor.
9. De obicei, Carol merge la serviciu pe jos, dar în diminea a asta plou , aşa c merge
cu maşina.
10. Cine se scuz , se acuz .

Lec ia 19. TRECUTUL SIMPLU (Past Tense Simple)

Trecutul simplu (Past Tense Simple) exprim o ac iune trecut , încheiat , f r
nici o leg tur cu prezentul. Formele sale difer în func ie de tipul de verb; astfel, verbul
TO BE se va construi diferit de verbele regulate sau neregulate.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I was (am fost) I was not / wasn’t Was I?
You were (ai/a i fost) You were not / weren’t Were you?
He was (a fost) He was not / wasn’t Was he?
She was (a fost) She was not / wasn’t Was she?
It was (a fost) It was not / wasn’t Was it?
We were (am fost) We were not / weren’t Were we?
They were (au fost) They were not / weren’t Were they?

Unele verbe regulate formeaz afirmativul ad ugând termina ia –ED

infinitivului scurt (f r TO), iar negativul şi interogativul cu ajutorul auxiliarului DID +
infinitivul scurt al verbului de conjugat. Se foloseşte aceeaşi form pentru toate
persoanele.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I worked I did not / didn’t work Did I work?
You worked You did not / didn’t work Did you work?
He worked He did not / didn’t work Did he work?
She worked She did not / didn’t work Did she work?
It worked It did not / didn’t work Did it work?
We worked We did not / didn’t work Did we work?
They worked They did not / didn’t work Did they work?

NOT : Verbele terminate în:

1. - E; li se adaug numai –D
Ex. MOVE – MOVED

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 2. vocal + consoan
Ex. STOP – STOPPED
3. consoan + Y
- se schimb Y în I şi se adaug -ED.
Ex. TRY - TRIED

Formarea afirmativului verbelor neregulate nu urmeaz nici o regul , în ciuda

unor similitudini mai mult sau mai pu in aparente. În schimb, negativul şi interogativul
se construiesc cu ajutorul aceluiaşi DID.
Ex.: TO GO – WENT – GONE (forma a doua este past tense ).

NOT : Orice verb neregulat are trei forme: infinitivul scurt, past tense şi participiul
trecut; uneori, forma a doua şi a treia se confund .

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I went I did not / didn’t go Did I go?
You went You did not / didn’t go Did you go?
He went He did not / didn’t go Did he go?
She went She did not / didn’t go Did she go?
It went It did not / didn’t go Did it go?
We went We did not /didn’t go Did we go?
They went They did not / didn’t go Did they go?

Past Tense Simple se foloseşte pentru:

1. o ac iune finalizat în trecut (momentul ac iunii putând fi men ionat sau nu)
Ex. Their relatives from abroad arrived yesterday.
Christopher Columbus discovered America by accident, in 1492.
He finally killed the kidnapped.

2. o ac iune repetat , obişnuit în trecut (sau lipsa acesteia)

Ex. She always wore black.
I met him every day on my way to the office.

3. o ac iune în trecut (succesiune de ac iuni narate)

Ex. He picked up his hat, said good by and left.

4. ac iuni desf şurate pe o anumit perioad de timp în trecut

Ex. He worked as a forest ranger for twenty years.

NOT : Past Simple se mai foloseşte pentru ac iuni viitoare, în subordonate temporale şi
condi ionale, atunci când verbul din principal este la trecut.

TRECUTUL CONTINUU (Past Tense Continuous) se construieşte cu

ajutorul formei de trecut a lui BE + verbul de conjugat + ING.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I was working-lucram
You were working- lucrai
He was working-lucra
She was working-lucra
It was working-lucra
I was not working Was I working?
You were not working Were you working?
He was not working Was he working?
She was not working Was she working?
It was not working Was it working?

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We were working-lucram We were not working Were we working?
They were working-lucrau They were not working Were they working?

Trecutul continuu se foloseşte:

1. pentru a exprima o ac iune în desf şurare la un moment dat în trecut
Ex. When I arrived, the headmistress was talking on the phone.

2. cu referire la planuri care nu s-au materializat sau nu se vor materializa

Ex. I was coming to see you but unfortunately something came up.

3. ca echivalent la trecut al timpului prezent continuu

Ex. He said he was working as a timber-merchant. (temporar)
She was busy packing because she was taking off that night. (ac iune
viitoare)
He was always teasing me. (ac iune repetat care provoac iritare)

4. pentru descrieri în trecut

Ex. The flowers were blooming, the birds were singing and the breeze was
blowing softly.

APLICA II

83. Completa i urm torul tabel consultând anexa 5 cu verbele neregulate:

drive drove driven a conduce, a şofa

catch
bought
spent
a lua
forgotten
cut
learn
drew
a avea
wrote
study
been
gave
come
a aduce
drunk
forgive
taught
a gândi
made
done
tell
spoke
seen

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84. Completa i cu forma corect a timpului trecut simplu sau trecut continuu:
1. I (have not) any difficulties in English. My problem (be) French.
2. His grandchildren (watch) him while he (prune) the apple-trees.
3. As I (walk) through the park, I (see) one of my former colleagues.
4. Tom (wake up) because the children (make) noise.
5. What (happen) after he (leave)?

85. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Mereu m suna noaptea târziu.
2. Ca student era timid dar foarte sârguincios.
3. Tocmai m îmbr cam când am auzit pe cineva la uş .
4. Bunicul ne povestea iar noi îl ascultam cumin i.
5. Îşi lu p l ria, m nuşile şi bastonul, îşi salut colegii şi ieşi din cl dire f r zgomot.

Lec ia 20. PREZENTUL PERFECT SIMPLU VS. PREZENTUL

PERFECT CONTINUU (Present Perfect Simple vs. Present Perfect
Continuous)

Prezentul Perfect (Present Perfect) este un timp verbal specific limbii engleze,
care presupune o rela ie mai special între TRECUT şi PREZENT. Dup sistemul
englezesc, pe axa timpului exist o delimitare clar între ac iunile trecute, f r nici o
leg tur cu prezentul, şi ac iunile trecute care au o leg tur , un rezultat, o consecin în
prezent. Prima categorie este reflectat de timpul Past Tense, iar cea de a doua, de
Present Perfect.
Timpul Present Perfect Simple se formeaz cu ajutorul auxiliarului HAVE (la
timpul prezent) + verbul de conjugat (la participiu trecut, adic forma verbului + ED la
verbe regulate şi forma a treia a verbelor neregulate).

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I have worked I have not / haven’t worked Have I worked?
You have worked You have not / haven’t worked Have you worked?
He has worked He has not / hasn’t worked Has he worked?
She has worked She has not / hasn’t worked Has she worked?
It has worked It has not / hasn’t worked Has it worked?
We have worked We have not / haven’t worked Have we worked?
They have worked They have not / haven’t worked Have they worked?

Present Perfect Simple exprim :

1. ac iuni trecute, încheiate, dar care au o leg tur strâns cu prezentul
(ac iunea din trecut are consecin e în prezent)
Ex. He has cleaned his car.
I have made a mistake.

2. ac iuni recente, f r îns a se men iona exact momentul efectu rii lor
(adverbe: ALWAYS, RECENTLY, NEVER, LATELY, JUST, SO FAR)
Ex. I have always preferred peaches to oranges.
We have never been to England.
He has just come home.

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 3. activit i începute undeva în trecut dar care continu pân în prezent sau
într-o perioad de timp în care este inclus şi momentul comunic rii
Ex. I have been married for 2 years.
I’ve known him for 10 years.
I haven’t spoken to her since 1998.

NOT : - FOR arat perioada;

- SINCE arat momentul incipient al activit ii

Present Perfect Continuous este format din auxiliar HAVE (la prezent) +
BEEN (forma a treia a verbului BE) + verbul de conjugat (la participiu trecut).

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I have been working I have not been working Have I been working?
You have been working You have not been working Have you been working?
He has been working He has not been working Has he been working?
She has been working She has not been working Has she been working?
It has been working It has not been working Has it been working?
We have been working We have not been working Have we been working?
They have been working They have not been working Have they been working?

Acest timp verbal se utilizeaz pentru ac iuni care au început într-un moment
anterior celui în care se face comunicarea, şi care are o evolu ie sus inut , continuând
pân în momentul comunic rii.
Elementele temporale cel mai des utilizate cu aceast structur gramatical sunt
FOR şi SINCE.
Ex. I’ve been waiting for you for over an hour!
I’ve been waiting for you since one o’clock!

APLICA II

86. Completa i cu Present Perfect Simple sau cu Present Perfect Continuous:

1. I (WAIT) for you since eight o’clock. Where you (BE)?
2. I (WORK) so hard that I (NOT SEE) my friends for weeks.
3. I (LOOK) around for a new flat, but I (NOT FIND) one yet.
4. He just (GET) a new job and it’s on the other side of town.
5. I’m sorry it took me so long to write you back, but I (BE) really busy.

87. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. E cel mai interesant lucru pe care l-am auzit vreodat .
2. Nu l-am v zut de când a plecat din ar .
3. De când e c s torit?
4. M nânc de o or ; m tem c asta nu e bine.
5. De când speli?

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Lec ia 21. MAI MULT CA PERFECTUL (Past Perfect Simple vs. Past
Perfect Continuous)

Timpul mai mult ca perfect se formeaz cu auxiliarul HAVE la timpul trecut

(HAD) + verbul de conjugat la forma a treia.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I had worked (muncisem) I had not / hadn’t worked Had I worked?
You had worked You had not / hadn’t worked Had you worked?
He had worked He had not / hadn’t worked Had he worked?
She had worked She had not / hadn’t worked Had she worked?
It had worked It had not / hadn’t worked Had it worked?
We had worked He had not / hadn’t worked Had we worked?
They had worked They had not / hadn’t worked Had they worked?

Mai mult ca perfectul exprim o ac iune care a avut loc în trecut, înaintea altui
moment sau a altei ac iuni din trecut.
Ex. She showed me the hat she had bought.
(Mi-a ar tat p l ria pe care şi-a cump rat-o/şi-o cump rase).

/ / o
PAST PAST PAST PRESENT FUTURE
PERFECT TENSE

Past Perfect este folosit cu adverbele JUST, ALREADY, HARDLY,

SCARCELY, WHEN, BEFORE, este pentru a sugera anterioritatea, şi cu FOR pentru a
exprima o perioad de timp ce precede un moment din trecut.
Ex. By the time we got there they had already left.
She had had a poor image for about 20 years before a fortunate turn
made her emerge from obscurity.

Past Perfect Continuous se formeaz astfel: HAD + BEEN + forma în –

ING a verbului de conjugat.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I had been working
You had been working
He had been working
She had been working
It had been working
We had been working
They had been working
I had not been working
You had not been working
He had not been working
She had not been working
It had not been working
We had not been working
They had not been working
Had I been working?
Had you been working?
Had he been working?
Had she been working?
Had it been working?
Had we been working?
Had they been working?

Acest timp verbal exprim o ac iune trecut în desf şurare sau în curs de
desf şurare în trecut şi terminat înaintea altei ac iuni trecute şi terminate. Ca şi Past
Perfect Simple, se foloseşte cu conjunc iile FOR sau SINCE.
Ex.: They had been working on that project for a year when the company went
bankrupt.

APLICA II

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88. Traduce i în limba englez :
1. Când am ajuns acas era linişte, to i se duseser la culcare.
2. M-am scuzat c am întârziat şi am explicat c maşina avusese o pan în drum spre
cas .
3. Mi-am cump rat un calculator nou anul trecut pentru c cel vechi se stricase.
4. Ce fusese oare în tot acest timp?
5. Locuiau de genera ii în casa aceea.

Lec ia 22. EXPRIMAREA VIITORULUI (Expressing Future) – A.

Viitorul Simplu (Future Simple / The Simple Future )

Viitorul simplu se formeaz cu SHALL / WILL + infinitivul scurt.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I shall work / I’ll work I shall not work Will I work?
You shall work / You’ll work You will not work Will you work?
He will work / He’ll work He will not work Will he work?
She shall work She will not work Will she work?
It shall work It will not work Will it work?
We shall work We will not work Will we work?
They shall work They will not work Will they work?

Dup cum se poate observa din exemplu de conjugare, SHALL este rezervat,
teoretic, persoanei întâia (singular şi plural). Practic, îns , SHALL tinde din ce în ce mai
mult s fie înlocuit cu WILL.
Dintre timpurile verbale, viitorul simplu este poate cel mai neutru, deoarece el
nu tr deaz în nici un fel atitudinea vorbitorului, iar uneori nici nu sugereaz cât de
apropiat sau îndep rtat este momentul din viitor când va avea loc ac iunea. El nu face
decât s expun o prognoz referitoare la un eveniment sau ac iune viitoare.
Ex. His daughter will move to another school.
I shall be twenty-seven next month.
It will rain.

Viitorul Continuu (Future Continuous)

Viitorul continuu se formeaz cu ajutorul lui BE (la viitorul simplu) urmat de

verbul de conjugat cu termina ia –ING.
AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV
I will be working I will not be working Will I be working?
You will be working You will not be working Will you be working?
He will be working He will not be working Will he be working?
She will be working She will not be working Will she be working?
It will be working It will not be working Will it be working?
We will be working We will not be working Will we be working?
They will be working They will not be working Will they be working?

Exprim o ac iune care va fi în curs de desf şurare într-un moment sau o

perioad din viitor.
Ex. Where will you be working in six months’ time?

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 During the holidays I will be sleeping all day.

Lec ia 23. Exprimarea viitorului (Expressing Future) – B.

Viitorul în trecut (Future in the Past)

Viitorul trecut (Future in the Past) se utilizeaz dup un Past Tense în propozi ia
principal (SHALL-SHOULD; WILL-WOULD).
Ex. He promised he would help me.
Mi-a promis / c m va ajuta /.

Viitorul perfect (Future Perfect)

Viitorul perfect se formeaz cu SHALL sau WILL + HAVE + forma a treia a

verbului de conjugat şi exprim o ac iune care va avea loc în viitor, într-un moment
anterior momentului desf şur rii unei alte ac iuni viitoare.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I will have worked I will not have worked Will I have worked?
You will have worked You will not have worked Will you have worked?
He will have worked He will not have worked Will he have worked?
She will have worked She will not have worked Will she have worked?
It will have worked It will not have worked Will it have worked?
We will have worked We will not have worked Will we have worked?
They will have worked They will not have worked Will they have worked?

Ex. By the time I’m 63 I will have retired from work.

(Pân la vârsta de 63 de ani m voi fi pensionat).

Viitorul Perfect Continuu (Future Perfect Continuous)

Viitorul perfect continuu se formeaz dup urm toarea structur : WILL +

HAVE BEEN + verb –ING şi exprim o ac iune început înaintea unui moment din
viitor, care va fi fost în curs de desf şurare pân în acel moment dat.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I will have been working I will not have been working Will I have been working?

Ex. When you come back, I shall have been working for several hours.
By the end of 2007, I shall have been working in this field for 20 years.

Lec ia 24. Exprimarea viitorului (Expressing Future) – C.

BE GOING TO Future

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 Se formeaz cu TO BE + GOING TO + INFINITIV şi se foloseşte pentru a
exprima inten ia sau probabilitatea de a face ceva în viitor ori pentru a preciza o
întâmplare în viitor.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I am going to work I am not going to work Am I going to work?
You are going to work You are not going to work Are you going to work?
He is going to work He is not going to work Is he going to work?
She is going to work She is not going to work Is she going to work?
It is going to work It is not going to work Is it going to work?
We are going to work We are not going to work Are we going to work?
They are going to work They are not going to work Are they going to work?

Ex. My brother is going to study Forestry at university.

Mr. and Mrs. Connery are going to move to Liverpool when they
finish their training.
I’m going to call Brad Pitt this afternoon.
Be careful! It’s going to fall!
They are going to open a new factory somewhere in the outskirts.
The boss is going to lower our rates.

Viitorul cu BE TO (BE TO Future)

Se formeaz cu ajutorul verbului TO BE (prezent simplu) + infinitivul lung şi se

refer la planuri, aranjamente, ordine.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I am to work I am not to work Am I to work?
You are to work You are not to work Are you to work?
He is to work He is not to work Is he to work?
She is to work She is not to work Is she to work?
It is to work It is not to work Is it to work?
We are to work We are not to work Are we to work?
They are to work They are not to work Are they to work?

Ex. We are to meet them tomorrow at 5.

You are to stay in bed for a fun days.

Viitorul cu ABOUT TO (BE ABOUT Future)

Se formeaz cu BE ABOUT + infinitiv şi se refer la o ac iune iminent din

viitorul foarte apropiat.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I am about to work I am not about to work Am I about to work?
You are about to work You are not about to work Are you about to work?
He is about to work He is not about to work Is he about to work?
She is about to work She is not about to work Is she about to work?
It is about to work It is not about to work Is it about to work?
We are about to work We are not about to work Are we about to work?
They are about to work They are about to work Are they about to work?

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 Ex. She is about to cry.
He is about to be elected president.

NOTE: 1. Prezentul simplu şi prezentul continuu pot fi de asemenea, folosite cu sens de

viitor.
Ex. The meeting starts at 10 tomorrow.
He’s flying to Bucharest to attend the conference.

2. Viitorul nu se foloseşte niciodat în propozi ii temporale sau condi ionale

atunci când în principal se afl un timp prezent sau viitor sau când verbul este la
modul imperativ; în aceste situa ii, viitorul se înlocuieşte, pentru a exprima un
raport de simultaneitate, cu prezentul, iar de anterioritate cu prezentul perfect.
Ex. Tell her to call me when she arrives.
If it rains, I will take my umbrella.
I’ll tell him when he comes.
I’ll take care of this if / when the rain has stopped.

RECAPITULARE VIITOR

FELUL VIITORULUI FORMA CIRCUMSTAN E EXEMPLU

1. Viitorul simplu SHALL WILL+inf - ac iuni viitoare They say it will
- prognoze. snow.
2. Viitor continuu - ac iuni desf şurate I’ll be studying
SHALL într-un moment din for my final exam
WILL+BE+vb.ING viitor this time next
month.
- viitorul propozi iilor
3. Viitorul în trecut SHOULD/WOULD subordonate a c rei They said it
+inf. principal con ine un would rain.
verb la timp trecut.
- ac iune viitoare By the end of the
4. Viitorul perfect SHALL + WILL + anterioar altui moment semester we shall
simplu HAVE + BEEN + specificat din viitor. have studied all
3rd. form the English
tenses.
- ac iune viitoare în Until lunch time
5. Viitorul perfect SHALL/WILL plin desf şurare we shall have
continuu +HAVE BEEN +vb. anterioar , unui been working for
ING moment / unei ac iuni this project.
din viitor.
6. Viitorul cu GOING BE+GOING TO+inf. - inten ie I’m going to buy
TO - ac iune viitoare, myself a new car.
iminent
The Prime
7. Viitorul cu BE TO BE (present)+TO + - planuri (oficiale), Minister is to visit
inf. ordine our town soon.
8. Viitorul cu ABOUT BE (present)+ BOUT - ac iune iminent , în He is about to
TO + TO + inf. viitorul apropiat. leave the country.
- planuri oficiale The meeting
9. Prezentul simplu - propozi ii temporale starts at 10

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 sau condi ionale. tomorrow
morning.
10. Prezentul continuu - ac iuni viitoare I’m visiting my
planificate de vorbitor. grandparents this
weekend.

APLICA II

89. R spunde i la urm toarele întreb ri, folosind, pe cât posibil, Future Tense şi Future
Continuous:
1. What will your life be like in 20 years’ time?
2. Will you be living in the same town / village?
3. Will you still need to speak English?
4. Will you be doing the same job?
5. Will you be wearing the same kind of clothes?
6. Will you be as fit as you are today?
90. a) Alc tui i-v un program pentru mâine şi spune i ce ve i face la anumite ore ale
zilei.
b) Transforma i enun urile de mai sus în aşa fel încât ele s exprime ceea ce ve i fi f cut
pân la sfârşitul zilei de mâine.

91. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Îl voi vedea s pt mâna viitoare.
2. Voi şti r spunsul pân mâine.
3. Aceşti puie i urmeaz s fie transplanta i.
4. Îi voi da de veste imediat ce soseşte.
5. Ce vei face mâine pe vremea asta?
6. Pân ce te vei trezi tu, eu î i voi fi preg tit deja micul dejun.
7. De azi într-o s pt mân sunt 3 ani de când lucreaz la ocolul silvic.
8. Cine o s conduc pân la Bucureşti?
9. Ce va spune tat l t u când va auzi?

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Lec ia 25. VERBE ŞI EXPRESII MODALE (Modal Verbs and
Expressions) – A.

Modalele constituie o categorie aparte de verbe, atât în privin a formei (ele fiind
defective şi folosite împreun cu alte verbe), cât şi a sensului (modalele exprimând
atitudinea vorbitorului fa de enun , astfel încât ac iunea la care face referire verbul
no ional este v zut ca fiind posibil , probabil , necesar , obligatorie, de dorit etc.)
Verbele modale nu pot fi conjugate la toate timpurile din cauz c le lipsesc
anumite forme verbale (de aceea sunt numite "verbe defective"). Cu excep ia lui BE
TO şi HAVE TO, nici un verb modal nu primeşte -S la persoana a treia plural, iar
predicatul îl alc tuiesc împreun cu un verb la infinitiv (infinitivul scurt).
Modalele formeaz interogativul şi negativul f r ajutorul auxiliarului, dup
modelul lui BE.
Dintre verbele modale, probabil cea mai mare acoperire o are CAN, urmat în
deaproape de "ruda" sa, COULD. Verbul CAN are aceeaşi form pentru toate
persoanele la indicativ prezent.

AFIRMATIV NEGATIV INTEROGATIV

I can work I cannot/can't work Can I work?
You can work You can't work Can you work?
He can work He can’t work Can he work?
She can work She can work Can she work?
It can work It can’t work Can it work?
We can work We can’t work Can we work?
They can work They can't work Can they work?

CAN exprim în primul rând capacitatea fizic sau intelectual (ability) de

efectuare a unei ac iuni.
Ex. He can work for hours on end without getting tired.
Tom can speak five foreign languages.
Îl folosim pe CAN atunci când cerem permisiunea s facem ceva, sau pentru a
exprima o cerere, o rug minte politicoas .
Ex. Can I borrow your umbrella?
Can I open the window?
Can you wait for a few minutes?
Posibilitatea (posibility) datorit circumstan elor se exprim tot cu ajutorul lui
CAN.
Ex. It snows in the mountains. You can go skiing.

NOT : La negativ, CAN (cannot,can't) exprim o deduc ie negativ despre un

eveniment
în prezent sau în trecut.
Ex. You can't be hungry.You've just eaten.
It's still early. He can't have got home yet.
He can't be watching TV now. He's got a lot of homework to do.

COULD este, în linii mari, corespondentul la trecut al lui CAN, având aceleaşi
întrebuin ri.
Ex. I could run faster than you when we were young. (ability)
On Sunday mornings we could get up late. (permission)
We could ski at Predeal last year. (possibility)
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 Could you help me? (asking - mai politicos decât CAN)
He couldn't have left without calling first. (deduc ie)

NOT : COULD + infinitiv perfect este folosit pentru a exprima capacitatea nerealizat
de efectuare a unei ac iuni în trecut.
Ex: You could have helped me. (Ai fi putut s m aju i.)

Dac modalul COULD poate fi considerat forma de trecut a lui CAN (al turi de
WAS/WERE ABLE TO), la viitor CAN poate fi înlocuit de WILL BE ABLE TO.

TRECUT PREZENT VIITOR

I could speak English. I can speak English. I will be able to speak English in a few
weeks’ time.

MAY este folosit pentru a cere sau acorda permisiunea (permission),

surclasându-le pe CAN şi COULD pe o scal a polite ii.
Ex. May I go home? (Am I allowed/permitted to go?)
May I help you? Yes, you may.
No, you may not.
De asemenea, atât MAY cât şi perechea sa, MIGHT, pot exprima o cerere sau o
rug minte politicoas .
Ex. May (Might) I use your phone? (MIGHT arat , în acest caz, un grad
de nesiguran cu privire la r spuns)
Tot interşanjabile sunt MAY şi MIGHT cât priveşte exprimarea posibilit ii
(possibility), de obicei în prezent sau viitor.
Ex. Grandma may/might come today/tomorrow.
Aspectul continuu îns îl prefer mai ales pe MAY, la fel ca şi "varianta
perfect " a posibilit ii.
Ex. He may be repairing his car.
He may have become a forest-organizer, but I'm not sure.
MIGHT, pe de alt parte, este preferat pentru exprimarea reproşului fa de o
ac iune trecut sau, la prezent, în cereri insistente.
Ex. You might have warned me about this.
You might as well help me.

MUST, HAVE TO, NEED exprim o obliga ie (obligation). Dintre acestea,

MUST este cel mai puternic, exprimând atât o obliga ie intern , subiectiv (adic
p rerea vorbitorului, convingerea sa c actiunea respectiv este necesar ), cât şi
obliga ia ce deriv din constrângere (prin regulamente, legi etc.). HAVE TO este o
alternativ mai slab pentru MUST, la prezent, şi îl înlocuieşte la trecut şi viitor; cât
despre NEED, acesta se foloseşte cu valoare de prezent şi viitor, mai ales în propozi ii
negative şi interogative.

TRECUT PREZENT VIITOR

Had to Must Will have to

Ex. Sorry I couldn't come, but I had to tidy up my room.

I can't possibly come. I must tidy up my room.
Saturday morning is out of the question;
I will have to tidy up my room.

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Compara i:
I must go. (Trebuie s plec - este decizia mea, eu singur îmi impun
aceast obliga ie.)
You have to go. (Trebuie s pleci – îndemnul/sugestia/ordinul, obliga ie
impus din exterior ;"you have to go, you'll be late", la fel de bine prima poate fi
inlocuit prin “Have got to - I've got to go”)
Dar: One must obey the law.
Pedestrians must not cross de street when the traffic light is red.
(obliga ii impuse din exterior, dar oficiale, valabile pentru toat lumea)

MUST se mai foloseşte pentru a exprima reproşul fa de o ac iune din prezent

(neap rat la forma interogativ ), sau sfaturi, recomand ri, invita ii, precum şi o deduc ie
logic .
Ex. Must you always get on my nerves?
You must try these boots on! They are so cool!
You must use my PC whenever you need it. (Insist s -l foloseşti, chiar
te rog...)
She must be at home. (Sigur e acas .)
În propozi iile interogative, NEED în locul lui MUST arat c vorbitorul se
aşteapt la un r spuns negativ.
Ex. Need I wash the dishes? (Chiar trebuie s sp l vasele?)
No, you needn't.
La negativ trecut, NEED exprim o ac iune care a fost efectuat , deşi nu era
necesar .
Ex. You needn't have washed the dishes.

Verbul modal SHALL este folosit pentru a exprima obliga ia (obligation) în

stilul oficial (acte, regulamente), la prezent, afirmativ sau negativ, numai la persoana a
doua şi a treia.
Ex. All shall perish.
The accused shall pay a certain amount of money to the injured part.
La interogativ, SHALL se foloseşte numai la persoana I singular sau plural, de
obicei pentru a cere un sfat, o sugestie, un ordin, sau pentru a face o ofert .
Ex. What shall I do?
Shall we go to the opera?
Shall I help you?
Verbul modal SHOULD exprim obliga ia moral (moral obligation),
necesitatea logic (logical necessity), sau sfatul (advice), la prezent, viitor şi trecut.
Ex. This book is very interesting. You should read it.
You should be/should have been more attentive during the lessons.
SHOULD mai poate exprima o presupunere (supposition) sau o deduc ie
(deduction).
Ex. He should be there by now.
De asemenea, mai exprim reproşul (reproach) la prezent, viitor sau trecut,
acceptând ambele aspecte, simplu şi continuu, precum şi uimirea, iritarea sau
nedumerirea vorbitorului.
Ex. How should I know that?

OUGHT TO indic obliga ia sau datoria, de obicei sub form de sfat de c tre
vorbitor, la fel ca SHOULD. De altfel, OUGHT TO reprezint o alternativ a lui
SHOULD.
Ex. You ought to finish this research project by the end of the semester.
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 WILL se foloseşte pentru a exprima:
a) o invita ie - Will you have another cup of coffee?
b) o cerere sau o rug minte - Will you do that for me?
c) voin a, hot rârea de a efectua o ac iune - He will study Law whatever his
parents might say.
d) un ordin - You will do as I tell you or else ...
e) o ac iune repetat , un obicei al unei persoane - He will gaze at the sea for
hours and never get bored.
f) o ac iune spontan , nepremeditat (la persoana I, de obicei contras în 'll)- I
could really use a cup of water or soda now. – I’ll fetch you a glass of sparkling water.
Will that do?)

Lec ia 26. VERBE ŞI EXPRESII MODALE (Modal Verbs and

Expressions) – B.

WILL se foloseşte pentru a exprima:

a) o invita ie - Will you have another cup of coffee?
b) o cerere sau o rug minte - Will you do that for me?
c) voin a, hot rârea de a efectua o ac iune - He will study Law whatever his
parents might say.
d) un ordin - You will do as I tell you or else ...
e) o ac iune repetat , un obicei al unei persoane - He will gaze at the sea for
hours and never get bored.
f) o ac iune spontan , nepremeditat (la persoana I, de obicei contras în 'll)- I
could really use a cup of water or soda now. – I’ll fetch you a glass of sparkling water.
Will that do?)

WOULD este folosit ca form de PAST TENSE a lui WILL, ca în:

I will get that for you.
He said he would get that for me.
sau
I won't get that for you.
He said he wouldn't get that for me.
Ca şi WILL, arat insisten a cu care se efectueaz o ac iune în trecut.
Ex. He would gaze at the stars for hours and never get bored.
De asemenea, WOULD este folosit şi pentru a exprima probabilitatea.
Ex. The phone is ringing. That would be John.

NOT : WOULD + RATHER/SOONER + infinitivul scurt exprim preferin a:

Ex. I would rather watch the movie than read the book.
I'd sooner go home than stay here in cold.
I'd rather he left.

USED TO se foloseşte numai la trecut pentru a exprima o ac iune repetat (un

obicei trecut care numai este practicat în prezent). El poate fi înlocuit de WOULD.

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 Ex. When I was young I used to travel a lot.

BE TO exprim , la fel ca WILL, o comand (de obicei la persoana a treia), dar

poate exprima şi o ac iune planificat .
Ex. They are to clean the house before noon.
The competition is to start this week.

In sfârşit, verbul modal DARE are sensul de "a îndr zni", "a avea curajul" şi se
foloseşte în special în propozi ii interogative şi negative.
Ex. How dare you say that to me?
He dared not tell his father about his deed.

APLICA II

92. Observa i sensul verbelor modale din urm toarele proverbe şi din textul b.
a) 1. An empty sack cannot stand upright.
2. I cannot be your friend and your flatterer too.
3. He that goes barefoot must not plant thorns.
4. All men must die.
5. Everything must have a beginning.
6. An ill tongue may do much.
7. A fool may give a wise man counsel.
8. The rich man may dine when he will, the poor man when he may.
b) " I'd rather be a sparrow than a snail -
Yes, I would, if I could, I surely would.
I'd rather be a hammer than a nail -
Yes, I would, if I could, I surely would."
(Simon and Garfunkel’s EL CONDOR PASA)

93. Completa i urm toarele propozi ii cu CAN sau CAN'T :

1. In Romania, you................. drive until you are 18.
2. If you join the library, you............... borrow books.
3. I'm afraid you................. go in without a ticket.
4. I don't think you................ take photos in this museum.

94. În urm toarele propozi ii, WILL este folosit cu sensuri diferite. Decide i care din
urm toarele "etichete" se potrivesc fiec reia dintre propozi ii:
DECISION INVITATION OFFER PREDICTION
PROMISE REFUSAL REQUEST THREAT
1. I'll kick you out!
2. I don't think I'll be able to make it.
3. I'm sure everything will be all right.
4. Will you come to the exhibition with me?
5. I know! I'll take bus instead.
6. I'll write twice a week. Is that good enough?
7. I'll do that for you, if you like.
8. Will you close that window, please?

95. Completa i urm toarele propozi ii:

A good teacher must......................
A good teacher mustn't...................

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 A good manager must.....................
A good manager mustn't..................
A good secretary must...................
A good secretary mustn't.................
A good salespernon must................
A good salesperson mustn't..............
In my job I must............................
In my job I mustn't .........................
(Ex. leave the office in working hours; treat the students badly; enjoy meeting
people; listen to the staff; make decisions without thinking; tell lies to sell a product;
type well etc.)

96. Completa i :
YOU CAN:
1. wake up when you hear the...............
2. clean the floor with a......................
3. cook on the...............................
4. put the cups into the .................
5. wash the dishes in the..................
6. put your clothes into the...............
7. put on your.....................when you go to bed
8. put water into the......................

97. Rescrie i urm toarele propozi ii folosind o form potrivit a verbului NEED.
1. It isn't necessary for you to buy apples. I've got some already.
2. It wasn't necessary for them to work on Sundays.
3. My visit to the cardiologist was a waste of time. My heart is fine.
4. It is important that you should listen carefully to what the teacher says.
5. You are not required to attend these courses.

98. Sublinia i verbul modal corect:

1. Look at the clouds.It can/might/may rain.
2. Laura isn't at home.She can/must/mustn't be at work.
3. I'm not sure where he is.He could/can/must be at lunch.
4. Would/should/will you help me carry these boxes, please.
5. That can't/mustn't/may not be the forest inspector. He's away at a conference.
6. Might/may/can I ask you a rather personal question?
7. I think you should/can/might spend less time watching television.
8. Excuse me, could/might/will you tell me which street this is?

99. Transforma i urm toarele propozi ii folosind structura WOULD + MIND + VERB +
ING:
Ex. Could you possibly repeat that, please?
Would you mind repeating that?
1. Do you think you could open the window?
2. I'd be grateful if you could translate that for me.
3. I wonder if you could pack the young plants for me.

100. Completa i cu un verb modal potrivit.

1. How...............one prevent the bank slide?
2. All the forest-organisers....................be present.
3..................we speak Romanian during the English class?

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4...................I be there at 8 o'clock sharp?
5. Nobody..................tell whether he's right or wrong.
6. You...................open your books now.
7. All poachers....................be punished.

101. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Pot s intru?
2. Ai putea s m aju i?
3. Vezi maşina aceea roşie? E a şefului meu.
4. În eleg ce spui dar nu pot vorbi englezeşte.
5. Cum îndr zneşti s o contrazici pe propia ta mam ?
6. S - i fac o cafea f r zah r?
7. Ai fi putut s -mi spui adev rul.
8. Este posibil ca ei s discute chiar acum despre chestiunea braconajului.
9. Tat l Nataliei trebuie s aib aproape 70 de ani.
10. Doctorul trebuie s fie pe drum în acest moment.

Lec ia 27. TIPURI DE CONDI IONALE (If Clauses)

PROPOZI IA SECUNDAR PROPOZI IA PRINCIPAL

Condition Result
0. If sales increase we make profit
1. If it rains we will have a good crop
2. If I had enough money I would go around the world
3. If I told you the truth then you would have gotten ill.

NOT : În general, subjonctivul prezent are aceeaşi form cu Past Tense, verbul TO BE
îns constituie o excep ie. În subordonate conditionale de tipul 2,
BE va avea o singura form pentru toate persoanele: WERE.
Ex. If she were at home, I would pay her a visit. (Dac ar fi acas , aş vizita-o.)
De asemenea, subjonctivul perfect, care se foloseşte în condi ionale de tipul
3, coincide cu forma de Past Perfect, dar aici nu exist excep ii în cazul verbului
BE.
Ex. If you/he/she had been at home, I would have paid you/him/her/them a visit.

APLICA II

102. G si i corespondent în coloana B:

A B
If you prune those apple-trees you would have had tulips by now.
If you had planted the bulbs in the autumn
they wouldn’t have died.
If you hack the bark off trees you would now be able to boast of a bed
of roses.
If you sowed some flower seeds in that you will have a good crop of apples next

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patch of ground summer.
If you had watered these roses they might die.

103. Completa i cu forma corect a verbului:

1. If we (help) her in time, we (save) her life.
2. If they (warn) me, I (not go) there.
3. If they (play) better, they (won) the match.
4. I (come) if you (call) me.

104. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Sun -m dac î i creşte temperatura.
2. Dac m vor invita la petrecere la timp, m voi duce.
3. Nu voi merge la petrecere decât dac m invit la timp.
4. Dac se va face frig nu voi merge la mare.
5. Dac aş fi în locul t u, m-aş gândi de dou ori.
6. Ce ai fi f cut dac nu eram noi?
7. Dac n-ai fi fost tu, am fi murit de sete.
8. Dac i-aş fi acceptat cererea în c s torie aş fi fost acum o so ie tân r şi bogat .

105. Transforma i urm toarele condi ionale de tipul 1 şi 2 în condi ionale de tipul 2 şi 3.
1. If one of my colleagues cuts himself badly, I take him to a medical centre
immediately.
2. If I clean the cut with water and antiseptic, it will surely get better.
3. If I have a clean bandage at hand, I wrap it loosely around the cut.
4. If one of my collegues breaks his leg, I try not to move him.

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Lec ia 28. DIATEZA PASIV (The Passive Voice)
Diateza este categoria gramatical specific verbului. În limba englez exist
dou diateze marcate formal: diateza activ şi diateza pasiv .
Un verb este la diateza activ (ACTIVE VOICE) atunci când subiectul
gramatical este cel care desf şoar ac iunea, şi la diateza pasiv (PASSIVE VOICE)
atunci când subiectul gramatical suport ac iunea s vârşit de complementul direct al
propozi iei (şi subiectul logic al ac iunii).
Ex. Active Voice – Subiect + Predicat + Complement
John builds houses.
John construieşte case.
Passive Voice - Subiect gramatical + Predicat + Complement
These houses are built by John.
Aceste case sunt construite de John.
Nu toate verbele suport aceast transformare activ-pasiv ci, de obicei, cele
tranzitive (care admit un complement direct).
Principalele transform ri de la diateza activ la diateza pasiv sunt:
1. complementul direct devine subiect;
2. subiectul devine agentul ac iunii (precedat de BY );
3. BE preia timpul verbului principal (la diateza activ );
4. verbul principal (la diateza activ ) devine participiu trecut.

Timpul verbal Diateza activ Diateza pasiv

Present Simple
Present Continuous
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Present Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Simple
Future Simple
Going To Future
Modal Present
Modal Perfect
Present Infinitive
Perfect Infinitive
He steals cars.
He is stealing a car.
He stole a car.
When I approached the
institution, he was stealing
a car.
He has stolen a car.
I found out he had stolen a
car.
He will steal a car.
He is going to steal a car.
He might steal a car.
He would have stolen a car
if you had told him to.
to steal
to have stolen
Cars are stolen (by him).
A car is being stolen (by
him).
A car was stolen (by him).
When I approached the
institution, a car was being
stolen (by him).
A car has been stolen (by
him).
I found out a car had been
stolen (by him).
A car will be stolen (by
him).
A car is going to be stolen
(by him).
A car might be stolen (by
him).
A car would have been
stolen (by him).
to be stolen
to have been stolen

NOTE: 1) Pasivul se foloseşte pentru a sublinia ac iunea şi nu agentul, sau atunci când
agentul este necunoscut, lipsit de importan sau evident.
Ex. The cellar was entirely flooded.
He was elected President.
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 2) Expresiile impersonale din limba român pot fi redactate în limba englez cu
ajutorul subiectului impersonal THEY sau cu ajutorul diatezei pasive.
Ex. Se spune c va izbucni r zboiul.
They say the war will break out.
It is said that the war will break out.
Se spune despre el c e înst rit.
They say he is a well-off person.
He is said to be a well-off person.
3) Eventualele prepozi ii sunt plasate dup verbul pasiv.
Ex. Grandpa will take care of the garden.
The garden will be taken care of by grandpa.

RECAPITULARE ŞI APLICA II

106. Completa i urm torul tabel:

Tense Active Passive

He was opening the gate.

The letter has been sent.

She is thought to have been
arrested.
They will lock the safe.
The Police caught the thief.
Our house is being painted by
decorators.
The Government will
reduce taxes.
These dogs must be kept on a leash
all the time.
Someone should have fixed
the doorbell by now.

107. Traduce i urm toarele proverbe:

1. A tree which is often transplanted bears no fruit.
2. Never answer a question until it is asked.
3. He that measures not himself is measured.
4. A poet is born not made.
5. They are well guided that God guides.

108. Trece i urm toarele propozi ii la diateza pasiv :

1. Little strokes fell great oaks.
2. They saw a large, cat-like animal in the field yesterday.
3. I have just insured my car against accidents.
4. They are building a new school in the village.
5. They told me to leave.
6. He suggests climbing the mountain from the other side.
7. I am not speaking to her at the moment.
8. They are launching a new product on the market.

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9. She has told me a lot of interesting things.
10. I couldn't use my pen as my brother had broken it.
11. They will have read the book by then.
12. The dentist is filling his tooth.

109. Trece i urm toarele propozi ii la diateza activ :

1. The matter was much talked about.
2. The evil-doer hasn't been found yet.
3. This point wasn't agreed upon.
4. The doctor will be sent for at once.
5. This museum is visited by thousands of people every year.

110. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Nu s-a dormit în acest pat.
2. Acest arbore secular n-ar trebui t iat/doborât.
3. Copiii au fost bine îngriji i.
4. B trânul a fost c lcat de o maşin .
5. Nu-i place s se uite lumea insistent la ea.
6. Aceast carte nu a fost înc tradus în limba român .
7. Copacii aceştia înc nu au fost cur a i de crengi uscate.
8. Ai fost invitat la petrecere.
9. I s-au pus câteva întreb ri simple.
10. Va fi tradus acest articol pân la sfârşitul anului?

111. Folosi i informa iile de mai jos pentru a construi enun uri urmând sugestiile din
paranteze:
1. (ability; past time): to pass the exam yesterday.
2. (ability; future time): to solve this equation.
3. (permission; present time): to pick flowers in your garden.
4. (permission; past time): to wear my new necklace.
5. (obligation; past time): to help my parents with their work.
6. (necessity; past time): not to send him a telegram.
7. (possibility; future time): to find her tomorrow.
8. (promise; future time): to get a nice present for him.
9. (reproach; past time): to work harder.
10. (habit; past time): live in a very old house.

112. Trece i verbele din urm torul text de la diateza pasiv la diateza activ .

Bleeding can usually be stopped by applying pressure to the cut for two or three
minutes. The cut can then be carefully inspected. If it has bled freely any germs will
normally have been washed away by the blood. If the cut is deep and the edges cannot
be pulled together with a dressing, consult the doctor or a nurse. A tetanus injection may
be needed.
If burns cause severe blistering or break the skin, the doctor should be consulted.
Sunburn should, if possible, be prevented by avoiding long exposure and covering
exposed areas adequately. It may be treated by calamine lotion and soluble aspirin to
relieve the pain.

113. Folosi i urm toarele informa ii pentru a formula întreb ri pentru r spunsurile a-g :

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November 17th 1558 - English Queen Mary died and Elisabeth I took the throne. She
ruled for 45 years.
November 18th 1928 – Walt Disney’s Mickey Mouse made his first appearance in
the film Steamboat Willie.
1976 – Spain established democracy after Franco’s 37-year
dictatorship.
November 19th 1493 – Cristopher Columbus discovered Carribean Island Puerto
Rico.
1795 – The pencil as we know it today was invented by Frenchman
N. J. Conte.
November 20th 1925 – Robert Kennedy (brother of J. F. K) was born in
Massachussetts. He became a senator for the Democrat Party but was
assassinated in 1968.
1947 – Princess Elisabeth (later Queen Elisabeth II) married Duke
Philip Mountbatten in London’s Webminster Abbey.

a - 45 years – Ex. How long did Elisabeth I rule for?

b - Steamboat Willie
c - 37 years
d - 1493
e - the pencil
f - Democrat
g - Westminster Abbey

114. Traduce i în limba englez :

1. Plou .
2. În aceast regiune plou rareori.
3. Plou de când am ajuns acas .
4. A plouat şi ieri.
5. Ultima dat când m-am uitat pe fereastr , ploua.
6. Vom face o plimbare dac va sta ploaia.
7. Nu vede p durea din cauza copacilor.
8. D -i ceva de mâncare dac -i este foame.
9. Aş traduce-o dac aş avea un dic ionar.
10. Ai fi mul umit dac ar trebui s stai acolo.
11. Nu era nevoie s ne aştepta i.
12. Mai degrab aş muri decât s cedez.
13. Obişnuiam s fumez mult.
14. Chiar trebuie s plec.
15. Dac ar fi fost b iat l-aş fi numit dup tat l meu.
16. Form m diateza pasiv cu ajutorul verbului auxiliar "to be".
17. Profesorul scrie pe tabl cu cret colorat .
18. O vezi?
19. La ce te ui i?
20. M simt mult mai bine acum.

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 TEST AUTOEVALUATIV

1. (1,5p.) Scrie i urm toarele numerale cu litere sau cifre dup caz:
a) (numbers) 0; 48; 83; 129; 2;475; 75; 840; 150; 770; 220; 2,5; 18,15; 2/3;
3/4; primul; al treilea; al nuoazecişinou lea; de trei ori; doi câte doi.
b) (time) 10:30; 11:05; 12:15; 7:45; 8:00.
c) (years) 1821; 1900; 1907.
d) (dates) 1.06.1944; 27.09.2010.
e) (operations) 5+2=7; 5-2=3; 5x2=10; 5:2=2 rest 1.

2. (1p.) Completa i cu prepozi ia potrivit :

a) Why go … foot when you can get there … car or, at any rate, … horseback?
b) We were supposed to meet … the morning, but we met … noon.
c) He is particularly interested … the study of evergreens.
d) You cannot let him down; he depends … you.
e) I'm telling you; there's nobody … home.

3. (1p.) Transforma i urm toarele propozi ii la negativ şi interogativ:

a) He studies English literature at Oxford.
b) He has been studying for a few hours now.
c) Both brothers studied Low abroad.
d) They could come on Monday.

4. (1,5p.) Trece i urm toarele propozi ii la diateza pasiv :

a) He sent me a telegram.
b) Everybody sould buy this dictionary.
c) She was lying the table this time next week.

5. (5p.) Translate into English:

a) Plou de la ora trei.
b) Mâine pe vremea asta voi zbura c tre Londra.
c) Când eram în liceu obişnuiam s mergem în excursii împreun .
d) Tocmai ieşeam din cas când a început s sune telefonul.
e) Nu suport oamenii care m întreab de familia mea.
f) Se face târziu şi ar trebui s te duci acas .
g) Trebuie s lu m o hot râre cât mai curând posibil.
h) V deranjeaz dac aprind o igar ?
i) Dac s-ar tunde ar ar ta mult mai bine.
f) Dac mi-ai fi spus la timp, aş fi f cut ceva.

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CHEIA EXERCI IILOR
3. spinster, barmaid, sister, lady, grandmother, heroine, wife, neighbour, aunt, waitress.

4. cow, bitch, drake, vixen, gander, cock/rooster, lioness, ewe, hind, mare.

5. benches, bushes, cliffs, foxes, handkerchieves, matches, months, potatoes, thieves.

6. afternoons, children, flowers, glasses, peaches, phenomena, sanatoria, sisters-in-law,

teeth, women.

7. a brood of chickens, a colony of ants/bees/birds, a flight of birds/geese, a flock of

birds/geese/sheep, a litter of puppies, a pack of dogs/wolves, a shoal of fish/whales, a
swarm of bees, a troop of ants/monkeys.

9. bloody, childish, colourful, courageous, dangerous, delightful, enjoyable, humorous,

milky, monumental, national, painful, pardonable, peaceful, predictable, reddish,
traditional, trendy, variable, wealthy.

10. accidental, affectionate, boyish, charitable, customary, dangerous, economic/al,

expressive, faithful, fiery, heroic, influential, manly, melodious, passionate, skilful,
wintry.

11. uncommon, incredible, ungrateful, dishonourable, unpainful, impartial, impolite,

disobedient, invaluable.

15. hard – harder – the hardest

lazy – lazier – the laziest
happy – happier – the happiest
interesting – more interesting – the most interesting
good – better – the best
small – smaller – the smallest
beautiful – more beautiful – the most beautiful
old – older/elder – the oldest/eldest
captivating – more captivating – the most captivating
cold – colder – the coldest
tall – taller – the tallest
clever – cleverer – the cleverest
clumsy – clumsier – the clumsiest
bad – worse – the worst

16. anxiously, early, comfortably, fast, fearlessly, well, hard/ly, immediately, kindly,
late/ly, luckily, near/ly, suddenly, terribly.

19. a) these trees, b) those curtains, c) these flowers, d) those hats, e) these carpets.

20. a) that old man, b) this map, c) that big boy, d) this blue ball, e) this nice picture.

21. a) is, b) are, c) is, d) has, e) are, f) is.

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22. a) She’s my friend.
b) They’re not/they aren’t interpreters, they’re translators.
c) The teacher’s not/the teacher isn’t nervous at all.
d) They’re the new neighbours.
e) Their grandparents aren’t at home.

23. a) He is not a taxi-driver.

Is he a taxi-driver?
b) They are not American tourists visiting Romania.
Are they American students visiting Romania?
c) There isn’t a flower pot on the window sill.
Is there a flower pot on the window sill?
d) This coniferous tree does not have red wood.
Does this coniferous tree have red wood?
e) It does not grow in hot climate.
Does it grow in hot climate?
f) She does not want a bigger house.
Does she want a bigger house?
g) They do not want to be free.
Do they want to be free?
h) He does not have a younger sister in Connecticut.
Does he have a younger sister in Connecticut?
i) He has not got the flu.
Has he got the flu?
j) Paul does not play the piano beautifully.
Does Paul play the piano beautifully?
k) The minister’s wife has got the prize.
Has the minister’s wife got the prize?
l) He does not make fun of other people.
Does he make fun of other people?
m) Wild roses do not grow here.
Do wild roses grow here?

24. 1. Take me with you!

2. He calls me a liar.
3. Tell him/her that everything is OK.
4. Talk to them yourself!
5. We always help her carry her luggage.

26. 1. herself, 2. himself, 3. yourself, 4. yourself, 5. yourself, 6. myself, 7. herself, 8.

herself, 9. themselves, 10. ourselves.

28. 1. who, 2. whom, 3. whose, 4. whom, who, 5. which/that, 6. which/that, 7. whom, 8.

who/that.

29. 1c, 2b, 3a, 4a, 5a.

30. 1 – some, 2 – any, 3 – any, 4 – any, 5 – some.

31. 1 – much, 2 – much, 3 – much, 4 – many, 5 – much, 6 – much.

32. 1 – little, 2 – a few, 3 – little, 4 – few, 5 – few/a few.

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33. 1 – no, 2 – either, 3 – both days, 4 – any, 5 – any, 6 – each, 7 – much.
34. 1 – none of them, 2 – a few of them, 3 – some of them, 4 – many of them, 5 – most
of them, 6 – all of them.

35. 1. Neither of the hotels is suitable.

2. Both proposals are interesting.
3. None of the items of furniture is expensive.
4. Not all of them listen to him.
5. All we want is our wages.

37. 1 – Whom do we see twice a week?

- Who sees our daughter twice a week?
2 – Who hates piano lessons?
- What does their son hate?
3 – Who says she disagrees?
- What does Helen say?
4 – Who argues always with him?
- Whom do they always argue with?

40. 3 – possessive ‘s, 4 – possessive ‘s, 5 – contraction ‘s, possessive ‘s.

41. My parents’ names are Michael and Georgiana. My father’s a journalist and my
mother’s unemployed. I’ve got two brothers and a sister. My brothers’ names are Ethan
and Shane. My sister’s name’s Beverly. She’s married to Sean. She’s a teacher and he’s
a banker.

43. 1 – they’re, 2 – their, 3 – they’re, 4 – there, 5 – their, 6 – there.

46. 1 – a hard-working student

2 – a blue-eyed man
3 – a careless driver
4 – a short-sleeved blouse
5 – a good-looking woman
6 – a hundred-year old tree
7 – a kind-hearted woman
8 – a heart-breaking story
9 – a courageous man
10 – a red-faced man

48. Alec & Katherine, Betty & Donald, Carol & Neil, Edwin & Fiona, Gary &
Margaret, Holly & Jeremy, Ivy & Leonard.

49. pocket money, youth hostel, junk food, post office, shop assistant, department store,
shoe shop.

53. – make: the beds, an attempt, a cake, friends, war, dinner, a decision, money;
- do: the washing up, the housework, nothing, a lot of work, the shopping, well,
your best;
- go: swimming, skiing, shopping, for a walk, on holiday;
- have; a baby, a swim, a try, a go, a walk, a lot of work, dinner, friends, nothing,
money.

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54. 1 – make, 2 – let, 3 – lets, 4 – makes.
56. 1 – have, 2 – make, 3 – have, 4 – makes.

57. 1 – makes, 2 – make, 3 – make, 4 – do, 5 – does, make, 6 – make, 7 – making,

doing, 8 – makes, 9 – make, 10 – make.

58. 1. George is not as good a game-keeper as John.

2. I don’t eat as much as Michael.
3. He has the best communication skills in the team.
4. The baby looks fatter every week.

TEST RECAPITULATIV
1. a) yesterday’s newspaper
b) the teachers’ opinions
c) the bear’s fur
d) the trees of the wood

2. a) good, better, less good, the best, as good as, better and better;
b) healthy, healthier, more important, the most important, the worst, worse and worse.

3. a) to do the shopping
b) to make a decision
c) to have lunch
d) the trees of the wood
e) to go for a walk

4. a) He is not very good at English.

Is he very good at English?
b) He does not make mistakes in writing.
Does he make mistakes in writing?

5. a) How much money do you need?

b) Their aunt is older than ours.
c) Wherever you go, remember my advice.
d) You’ve got here two fir-trees: a silver one and a white one.

65. twelve spoons, twenty-four forks, six saucers, four egg-cups, sixty-four plates,
thirteen salt cellars, one hundred and twenty-two napkins, sixteen knives.

71. 1 – at, 2 – on, 3 – on, 4 – in, 5 – in, 6 – at, 7 – in, 8 – on, 9 – in, 10 – on.

72. 1 – with, 2 – from, 3 – to, 4 – of, 5 – at, 6 – in, 7 – for, 8 – on, 9 – to, 10 – into, 11 –
among, 12 – between, 13 – until.

76. 1 – in, 2 – at, 3 – at, 4 – on, 5 – in, 6 – at, 7 – on, 8 – in, 9 – in, 10 – on, 11 – on, 12
– in, 13 – at, 14 – at.

77. 1c, 2a, 3f, 4d, 5b, 6c.

79. 1 – is feeling, 2 – are working, 3 – (‘s) getting, 4 – is wearing, 5 – is being, 6 – is

watching, 7 – is sleeping, 8 – is changing, 9 – is sweeping.

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81. 1 – prezent continuu, 2 – prezent simplu, 3 – simplu, 4 – simplu, 5 – simplu, 6 –
simplu, 7 – simplu, simplu, 8 – continuu, 9 – simplu, 10 – continuu.

85. 1 – He would always call me/he was always calling me late at night.
2 – As a student he was shy but extremely hard-working.
3 – I was just getting dressed when I heard somebody at the door.
4 – Grandpa would tell us stories and we would listen to him obediently.
5 – He took his hat, gloves and cane, said good-bye to his colleagues and got out of
the building without any noise.

87. 1. It’s the most interesting thing that I have ever heard.
2. I haven’t seen him since he left the country.
3. How long has he been married (for)?
4. He has been eating for an hour; I’m afraid that’s not very good.
5. How long have you been washing (for)?

88. 1. When I got home it was silence.

2. I apologized for being late and I explained that my car had had a flat tyre on the
way home.
3. I bought myself a new computer last year because the old one had got broken.
4. What had he been all this time?
5. They had been living for generations in that house.

94. 1 – threat, 2 – refusal, 3 – prediction, 4 – invitation, 5 – decision, 6 – promise, 7 –

offer, 8 – request.

97. 1. You needn’t buy apples.

2. They needn’t have worked on Sundays.
3. I needn’ have visited the cardiologist.

101. 1 – May/can I come in?

2. Could you help me?
3. Can/do you see the red car? It belongs to my boss.
4. I understand what you say but I cannot speak English.
5. How dare you contradict your own mother?
6 – Shall I make you a black coffee?
7 – You could/might have told me the truth.
8 – They may be talking about poaching this very moment.
9 – Natalie’s father must be almost 70.
10 – The doctor must be on his way now.

110. 1. This bed hasn’t been slept in.

2. This venerable tree shouldn’t be cut/felled.
3. The children were well taken care of.
4. The old man was run over by a car.
5. She doesn’t like being stared at.
6. This book hasn’t been translated into Romanian yet.
7. These trees have not yet been pruned.
8. You have been invited to the party.
9. He was asked some simple questions.
10. Will this article be/have been translated by the end of the year.

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114. 1. It is raining.
2. In this region it seldom rains.
3. It has been raining since I got home.
4. It rained yesterday too.
5. The last time I looked out of the window, it was raining.
6. We will go for a walk if the rain stops.
7. He can’t see the wood for the trees.
8. Give him something to eat if he is hungry.
9. I would translate it if I had a dictionary.
10. You would be pleased if you had to stay there.
11. You needn’t have waited for us.
12. I’d rather die than give in.
13. I used to smoke a lot.
14. I really must be going.
15. Had she been a boy, I would have named him after my father.
16. We form/one forms the passive voice by means of/with the auxiliary BE.
17. The teacher writes/is writing on the blackboard with coloured chalk.
18. Can you see her/it?
19. What are you looking at?
20. I feel/I’m feeling much better.

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APPENDIX 1 – TEXTE

STEMS

The stem is a plant’s … -ground support structure, bearing its leaves, … and
flowers. It also forms part of a plant’s transport system. Xylem tissue carries minerals
and water from the roots to the rest of the plant, … phloem tissue conveys nutrients
produced in the leaves.
There are two types of stem: herbaceous (non-woody) stems, which die at the
end of each growing season; and woody stems, which develop continuously, adding a
ring consisting of secondary xylem and secondary phloem every growing season. There
are three kinds of woody plants: vines, trees and shrubs. Vines are rarely … . They
climb, wind or … over some support. Trees, on the other hand, have a single stem
(trunk), with a branching head, and are usually quite tall. As for shrubs, their stem is not
very tall as they branch close to the … .

1. a) over b) above c) off

2. a) buds b) terminal buds c) catkins
3. a) whereas b) while c) meanwhile
4. a) upright b) straight c) erect
5. a) scatter b) spread c) develop
6. a) ground b) land c) earth

LEAVES

A typical leaf consists of a thin flat lamina (…) supported by a network of veins,
a petiole (leaf-stalk), and a leaf base, where the petiole joins the stem. Leaves … be
classified as simple, in which the lamina is a single unit, or … , in which the lamina is
divided into separate leaflets. Compound leaves may be pinnate, with pinnae (leaflets)
on both sides of a rachis (main axis), or palmate, with leaflets arising from a single point
at the tip of the petiole. … leaves are usually simple and slender, and have a tough waxy
surface. … more delicate leaves, they often last for several … .

1. a) blade b) plate c) scale

2. a) might b) should c) can
3. a) compound b) composite c) combined
4. a) resinous b) conifer c) deciduous
5. a) alike b) like c) unlike
6. a) seasons b) years c) seed year

FLOWERS

Flowers are the sites of sexual reproduction in flowering plants (angiosperms).

The male reproductive organ is the stamen; the female structure consists of the ovary,
style and stigma.
Flowering plants fall into two categories: dicotyledons and monocotyledons
(known as dicots and monocots). In dicot flowers, there is a distinction between the

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outer sepals, which are usually larger and colourful. In monocot flowers, the petals and
sepals are similar, and are known collectively as tepals.
Flowers also vary in their shape (cruciform, stellate, saucer-shaped, cup-shaped,
bell-shaped, tubular, funnel-shaped, trumpet-shaped, pea-like, rosette etc.), growth habit
(erect, nodding, pendent), coloration (self-coloured, bicoloured, picotee, striped), and
petal arrangements (recurved, reflexed, single, semi-double, double, fully-double).

Describe the following flowers, using the above-mentioned criteria: carnation,

chrysanthemum, daffodil, daisy, dandelion, hyacinth, lily of the valley, Madonna lily,
magnolia, petunia, poppy, rose, snowdrop, tulip, violet, water lily.

MOSS

Read the following text and put the verbs in the Past Tense Simple.

Mosses are simple evergreen plants that are rootless but with a stem carrying
leaves and spore capsules which are seen in spring. They form a soft cushion and the
deep springy layers represent as many years of growing. The fronds of some species are
loose while others form tight cushions. They like shade and moisture and though they
can withstand severe winter frosts, their main danger is from the people who give little
thought to the destruction of habitat, by ripping it off the tree stump or boulders.

FUNGI

Choose the right form:

The autumn woods in Bukowina are a profusion of fungi. A good number is/are
edible but some are highly poisonous. The nut-brown cap and the golden yellow
chanterelle are the most/most favoured but the death-cap lives/leaves up to its name, is
responsible for many of the deaths from fungus-poisoning. It is yellowish-green above
and white below/underneath.
Most fungi are saporphytic – they obtain their nutrients from decay but a
few are parasitic extracting nutrients from the trees. The victim is as usual/usually old or
already damaged. Before going under the bridge formed by the fractured silver birch
observe the razor strop fungus. Once used for sharpening razors, as pin-cushions or
sliced as cork, it is not edible. The host tree will die.
Not all partnerships are one-sided or parasitic. In the case of the lichens
the alga and the fungus have a symbiotic relationship – that is, one cannot live without
the other. Though the species are very different, their relationship benefits each other
(for example in tropical areas birds find food by entering in/entering the open mouth of
crocodiles to clean worms from their teeth; in return, the birds raise the alarm when
there is any/some danger).

FINLAND

Finland’s … to the rest of the continent are old, close and still developing
strongly. Geographically, the country has a very … location. It is really one vast forest,
in which lakes, rivers, cropland and pastures are interspersed with towns and villages.
All in all, forests cover nearly 80 per cent of the total land area.

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 A nation of five million people inhabits this country. People and forest … lived
together in a unique relationship … centuries, if not millennia.
Finland lies in the boreal coniferous zone. Although dozens of tree species are
…, pine and spruce have a share of nearly 80 per cent between them. Boreal coniferous
forests have their … distinct ecology, of which resilience and a remarkable capacity for
self-renewal are the characteristic features.

1. a) relations b) connections c) ties

2. a) north-western b) northern c) southern
3. a) has b) had c) have
4. a) for b) along c) over
5. a) find b) found c) founded
6. a) private b) proper c) own

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APPENDIX 2 – ACTIVIT I COMUNICATIVE
1. Say how to do things.
Example: To keep the doctor away, eat an apple a day.
Or: You keep the doctor away by eating an apple a day.

a) turn on the TV / press this button

b) get to the town centre / take a trolley-bus
c) find out a phone number / call directory enquiries
d) make some coffee / …
e) prevent land-slip / …
f) extinguish a stem-fire / …

2. Look at the following phrases and match them with their possible meanings below:

1. You must be joking.

2. Excuse me!
3. Yes, I suppose so.
4. I don’t quite follow.
5. Well, that’s very kind of you, but…
6. Well, you asked for it.
7. Bad luck!

a) I don’t understand what you’re saying.

b) It’s your fault.
c) I must refuse your offer.
d) I’m sorry you weren’t successful.
e) You’re right, but I wish you weren’t.
f) What you’re asking of me is ridiculous / impossible.
g) Can you explain what you’re doing?

3. Ask and say how often / when you do the things below:

•
•
go to the dentist

•
watch TV

•
wear trousers

•
do the shoppings
study

Use: never, hardly ever, sometimes/occasionally, quite/very often, usually, once a

week/day/month, in the evenings, at weekends, on holiday etc.
Model: I hardly ever watch TV.
I usually wear jeans at weekends.

4. Discuss your likes and dislikes with a partner. Try to use the following patterns to
agree or disagree:
ex. A: I like …
B: So do I. / Do you? I don’t.
Or: A: I don’t like…
B: Neither do I. / Don’t you? I do.

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5. Complete the following table, after you’ve discussed with your partner.

Do you like… ? YOU YOUR PARTNER

travelling
meeting people
making decisions
making things
working in a team
working with machines
working with figures
studying Botany

6. Talk about things which you used to do or used to like.

7. Consider the following jobs: doctor, engineer, teacher, accountant, secretary, travel
agent, attorney at law, caretaker, chimney-sweeper. Complete the following:
A … works in a … .
A … has to be a very … person.
His is a good/bad job because… .
Mine is a good/bad job because… .

8. Complete the following table (using: every day/Monday, never, once a week, twice a
month, three times a year etc.), after you have discussed with your partner.

In your job, how often do YOU YOUR PARTNER

you… ?
travel by train
use a computer
use English or another
foreign language
go on delegations

9. Describe a daily routine at work.

10. Explain what people generally do when they:

a) take their leave
b) meet someone in the street
c) go to a birthday party

11. Describe the most beautiful or interesting place you have ever visited. If necessary,
use the following directions:
It’s – half an hour’s drive from…
- X kilometres from…
- situated in…
- in central…
- along the coast from…
- mid-way between…

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APPENDIX 3 – FUNCTIONS BANK
I. Introducing oneself - I’m …
- My name is…
- Let me introduce myself… (formal)

II. Greetings for first meetings – How do you do?

- I’m (very) pleased/delighted to meet you. (formal)
- It’s very nice to meet you.
- Nice/good to meet you, at last.
- Pleased to meet you, too.

III. Introducing people – I’d like you to meet...

- May I introduce…
- I’d like to introduce…
- Can I introduce…
- I want you to meet…

IV. Daily greetings – Hello. How are you? – R: Very well, thanks.
- Hi. How are you doing? R: I’m fine thanks.
- Good morning. How are things? / How have things been doing? –
R: Not too bad.
- Good afternoon. Is everything OK / all right? – R; Fine, thanks.

Also: How was your holiday/trip? – R: Very good/interesting.

How did the meeting go? – R: Very well.
How did you enjoy the film? - R: Very much.

VI. Invitations - I was wondering if you would like to join us for a meal.
- Would you like to visit our gardens?
- How about going to a movie tonight?
- Why don’t you join us for a drink?
- What about going out for a meal?
- Why not come round for a drink?

VII. Accepting invitations – Thank you very much. That would be very nice.
- That’s very kind of you. I’d like that very much.
- Thank you for inviting me. I’d love to come.
- I’ll look forward to it.
- Thanks. That’s a good idea. / What a good idea! / That
sounds fun.

VIII. Declining invitations – Thank you for inviting me, but I’m afraid I can’t come /
/ unfortunately I won’t be able to come.

IX. Thanking people for hospitality – Thank you very much. I really appreciate your
hospitality.
- It’s been a very pleasant weekend.
- It was very kind of you to invite me.
- Thank you very much for everything.
- Thanks for asking me out. It was great fun.

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X. Responding to thanks – That’ s quite all right.
- That’s OK.
- It was no trouble.
- You’re welcome.
- Don’t mention it.

XI. Offering – Would you like a cup of coffee? – R: Yes, please.

- Shall I pick you up at the airport?
- Would you like me to try to change the tickets for you?
- How about going for a cup of coffee? – R: No, thank you.
- Do you want another cup of coffee?
- Do you want me to photocopy this for you? – R: Yes, if you’re sure it’s
no trouble. / Yes, that would be very nice of you.

Other questions: Where do you live?

Which part of the country are you from?
What do you do for a living?
Have you got a family?
Do you travel much in your job?

LIKES

I (really) like/enjoy/love + noun/…ing

I’m (very/really) fond of/interested in/keen on + noun/…ing
I find …ing (really) interesting/enjoyable/relaxing/fascinating/exciting etc.

DISLIKES

I don’t (really) like + noun/…ing

I (really/absolutely) hate/detest/can’t bear/can’t stand + noun/…ing
I’m not (very/really) fond of/interested in/keen on + noun/…ing
I find …ing (a bit/rather) boring/dull/tiring etc.

PREFERENCES

I prefer tennis/playing tennis to badminton/playing badminton.

I’d (I would) rather dance than jog.

ASKING FOR AND EXPRESSING OPINIONS

What do you think of …?

How do you feel about … ?
What’s your opinions of … ?

I think …
I believe …
In my opinion, …
In my view, …

It seems to me that …

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From my point of view, I think …
As far as I’m concerned, …
If you ask me, … (informal)

ASKING FOR ADVICE

I’m not sure what to do …

You know more than me about …
Could you/can you/I was wondering if you could give me some advice?
I’d appreciate/I’d welcome your advice/some advice, if you don’t mind.
What would you do in my place/in my position/if you were me?

MAKING A REQUEST

Please shut the door.

Could/would you shut the door, please?
Would you mind shutting the door (please)?
Do you think you could shut the door?
I wonder if you don’t mind shutting the door/if you could shut the door?

ASKING FOR AND GIVING DIRECTIONS

Excuse me, could you tell me the way/direct me to the station?

Excuse me, could you tell me where the station is, please?

DESCRIBING PEOPLE

He/she’s got short/shoulder-length/long straight/curly/wavy

blonde/fair/red/brown/dark/black hair.
He’s bald.

He/she’s fairly/quite/very/extremely thin/slim/plump/fat/well-built.

He/she’s tall/short/medium height.

He/she’s got a pale/fair/dark complexion.

He/she’s got a fringe/freckles/a scar.

He’s got a beard/a moustache.

INTERRUPTING

Excuse me, may I interrupt/break in ?

Sorry to interrupt, but …
Hold on a minute! (informal)

ASKING THE SPEAKER TO SPEAK MORE CLEARLY

Could you speak up please?

Could you speak more slowly?
I’m afraid I didn’t catch that.
Could you repeat that?

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ASKING THE SPEAKER TO CLARIFY SOMETHING

Could you explain that?

Do you mean …?
What does X mean?

AGREEING

I couldn’t agree more.

I quite/absolutely/entirely agree.
That’s absolutely true.
That’s a very good point.

DISAGREEING

I couldn’t agree less.

I really don’t agree.
Not at all.
I disagree.
Nonsense! (informal)

AGREEING WITH RESERVATIONS

I agree with you, but …

That’s true, but …
I agree with you up to a point.
Yes, but what about …
Yes, but on the other hand …

GIVING INSTRUCTIONS, WARNINGS, ADVICE

Do/don’t write …
You must/mustn’t/needn’t write …
You should/shouldn’t write …
You’d (had) better (not) write …
Don’t forget to …
It’s a good idea to …
Another possibility is to …
The best thing is to …
The worst thing is to …
On no account write …
Never/always write …
How about …?
What about …?
Have you thought of …?
Why don’t you …?
If I were you, I’d …

USEFUL QUESTIONS FOR TRAVELLING

How long does it take to get to …?

How far is it to …?

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What’s the cheapest/quickest way I can get there?
What’s the difference in price between X and Y?
Which platform is it? (railway station)
Which is it? (train)
Which gate is it? (airport departure)
Which desk is it? (airport check in)
Which belt is it? (airport baggage reclaim)
Which bus is it?
Which number is it? (bus)
Which stop is it? (bus)

POLITE REQUESTS

I wonder if you could help me?

Would you mind …?
Could you possibly …?

POSITIVE RESPONSES

I’d be delighted.
It’d be a pleasure.
I’d be glad to.
Certainly.
Of course.

NEGATIVE RESPONSES

I’m afraid I can’t.

I’d love to but I’m afraid it’s just not possible.

SAYING GOODBYE

Goodbye. Hope to see you soon.

“Bye. It was great knowing you.
Keep in touch.
So long. Don’t forget to write.

WISHING PEOPLE LUCK

Good luck!
All the best.
I hope everything goes well.
Break a leg! (informal)

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APPENDIX 4 – SPELLING
PREZENTUL SIMPLU
La persoana a treia singular, verbul la prezentul simplu se termin în –S. În cazul
verbelor care se termin în O, SA, CH, SH, X se adaug –ES.
Ex. He goes/misses/watches/wishes/relaxes.

PREZENTUL CONTINUU (sau ad ugarea termina iei –ING în general)

Se elimin E final atunci când se adaug termina ia –ING unui verb (dar se p streaz
dublu E).
Ex. decide – deciding, write – writing DAR see – seeing, agree – agreeing
Când verbul se termin în grupul –IE, prin ad ugarea lui -ING acesta devine
-YING.
Ex. die – dying, lie – lying DAR hurry – hurrying
Uneori consoana final se dubleaz . Acest lucru se întâmpl atunci cînd verbul se
termin în “consoan -vocal -consoan ”.
Ex. plan – planning, stop – stopping DAR meet – meeting, work – working

TRECUTUL SIMPLU (sau ad ugarea tremina iei –ED în general)

Când un verb se termin în CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform în IE.
Ex. try – tried, deny – denied, hurry – hurried, copy – copied
Uneori se dubleaz consoana final . Aceasta se întâmpl când verbul se termin în
“consoan -vocal -consoan ”.
Ex. plan – planned, regret – regretted, stop – stopped DAR meet – meeting

PLURALUL SUBSTANTIVELOR
Pentru forma de plural a substantivelor se adaug de obicei –S. Dup grupurile finale –
CH, -SH, -SS, -X se adaug –ES.
Ex. match – matches, wish – wishes, glass – glasses, box – boxes
Majoritatea substantivelor care se termin în –O formeaz pluralul cu ajutorul lui –S,
unele îns au –ES.
Ex. kilos, photos, pianos, studios DAR heroes, potatoes, tomatoes
Când un substantiv se termin în CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform în –IES.
Ex. party – parties, story – stories DAR day –days, journey – journeys

ADVERBE
Majoritatea adverbelor se formeaz prin ad ugarea termina iei -LY unui adjectiv.
Uneori se omite E final.
Ex. safe – safely, strange – strangely DAR true – truly, whole – wholly
Când un adjectiv se termin în CONSOAN + Y, Y-ul se transform în –ILY.
Ex. easy – easily, angry – angrily
Când un adjectiv se termin în CONSOAN + LE, E se transform în Y.
Ex. probable – probably, sensible – sensibly
Când un adjectiv se termin în –IC, se adaug –ALLY, cu o singur excep ie.
Ex. automatic – automatically, romantic – romantically DAR public – publicly
Sufixul –FUL are un singur L. Când se adaug –LY pentru formarea adverbelor, vom
avea dublu L.
Ex. successful – successfully

IE SAU EI?
Regula este urm toarea: I înainte de E, cu excep ia cazului în care dup C urmeaz
sunetul /i:/.

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Ex. field, believe, science DAR receive

LITERE CARE NU SE PRONUN

În urmîtoarele cuvinte, literele subliniate nu se pronun :
BT – doubt
MB – plumber, thumb
GN – sign, foreign
KN – know, knife
PS – psychology, psychiatrist
SC – science, descend
WH – who
WR – wrong, write

SUBSTANTIVE ŞI VERBE CU C ŞI S
Ex. advice, practice (substantive); advise, practise (verbe)

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APPENDIX 5 – VERBE NEREGULATE

be was/were been
bear bore born
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bet bet bet/betted
bite bit bitten/bit
bleed bled bled
blow blew blown
break broke broken
breed bred bred
bring brought brought
build built built
burn burnt/burned burnt/burned
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed
drink drank drunk
drive drove driven
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feed fed fed
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen
get got got
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit
hold held held

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hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
kneel knelt knelt
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
lean leant/leaned leant/leaned
learn learnt/learned learnt/learned
leave left left
lend lent lent
let let let
lie lay lain
light lit/lighted lit/lighted
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
seek sought sought
sell sold sold
send sent sent
set set set
shake shook shaken
shoot shot shot
show showed shown
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
spread spread spread
stand stood stood
steal stole stolen
swear swore sworn
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore tore
tell told told
think thought thought

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throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken
wear wore worn
weep wept wept
win won won

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APPENDIX 6 - GLOSAR ROMÂN-ENGLEZ DE TERMENI
SILVICI

A - ace de r şinoase – needles

administra ia p durilor – board of woods and forests
administra ia forestier – forest administration; forest department
afin – bogbil-berry; shrub; bilberry
agent silvic – forest officer
agriş – gooseberry-bush
a altoi – to en-graft
altoi – graft
alun – hazelnut; European haze
aluniş – hazel-grove
alunecarea malurilor – bank slide
alunecarea terenului – land-slip; earth-slide
amenajarea p durilor – forest management
amenajist – forest-organizer
ament – catkin
amestec individual de arbori – mixture by single trees
an de ghind – mast year
an de s mân – seed year
anin alb – grey alder
anin negru – black alder
anin verde – green alder
ap freatic - ground water
arbore – tree
arbore de p dure – forest tree
arbore foios – broad-leaved tree
arbore pitic – dwarf tree
arbore de r şinoase – resinous tree
arboret – crop; stand
arboret amestecat – mixed crop/stand
arboret artificial – artificial stand
arboret de larice – larch-stand/crop
arboret echien – even-aged stand
arboret etajat – storezed stand
arboret natural – natural stand
arbori dominan i – overtopped trees
arbust arborescent – shrub
arbust tufos – bush
a arde – to burn
arm de vân toare – sporting gun; fowling piece
ar ar – maple
aval – downstream
avers – shower of rain

B - bac – berry
baraj – barrage; dam
blan de vânat – fur
a bracona – to poach

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 braconaj – poaching
braconier – poacher
brad alb – white fir
brad argintiu – silver fir
br det – silver fir wood
brigad silvic – forest district
brigadier silvic – chief guard; forester
buletin meteo – weather report
burni – drizzle
buruian – weed
buştean – bolt; log
butuc – block
buturug – dead stump

C - canton de paz – forest range

canton de p durar (locuin a p durarului) – forest-guard lodge; forest house
canton de vân toare – shooting district
carne de vânat – venison
carpen – hornbeam
c derea frunzelor – fall of the leaves; leaf-fall
c derea semin elor – seeds fall
c lin – cranberry; snowball tree
c prioar – doe
c tin – seabucktorn; sallow thorn; willow thorn
castan – chestnut tree
castor – beaver; castor
cerb – stag; red-deer
cherestea – sawn timber
chiparos – czpress
cintez – chaffinch
cioar – crow
cioc nitoare – woodpecker
ciocârlie – skylark
ciot – snag
ciut – hind
câine ciob nesc – sheperd’s dog
câine de vân toare – sporting dog; hound
câmpie – plain
cârti – mole
clean – chub
cleşte – tungs
coac z – red courant bush
se coace – to ripen; to mature
coaj de fructe – peel
coaj de arbori – bark; rind, cortex
coarn – cornel-cherry; dog-berry
cocor – crane
cocostârc – white stork
cod silvic – forest code; forest laws
colin – hill
comer – trade; commerce
con – cone

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 coroan de arbore – crown
co ofan – magpie
crâng – coppice
cuc – cuckoo

D - defrişare – deforestation
delict de pescuit – offence/delinquency against fishing regulations
delict de vân toare – offence/delinquency against fishing regulations
delict silvic – offence/delinquency against forest laws
dendrometrie – forest measurement
desiş – thicket
desp durire – deforestation
a despica – to split the wood; to cleave the wood
dezghe – thaw
a dezr d cina – to uproot; to root up
dihor – polecat; fitchet
director silvic – conservator of woods and forests
direc ia silvic – commissionership of forests
dud - mulberry

E - a exploata p durea – to cut; to fell; to exploit

exploatarea p durilor (disciplin ) – forest utilisation

F - fag – beech
fazan – pheasant
f get – beech-forest; beech-crop; beech-grove
ferig – male fern; shield fern; lady fern
fier str u – saw
fier str u cu lan – chain-saw
frasin – ash
frunz – leaf
fum – smoke

G - gard viu – living hedge

ghimpe – thorn
ghind – acorn

H - hârtie milimetric – scale paper

hotar de p dure – boundary of forest

I - iarb – grass
ignifug – fireproof
incendiu de arbore – stem-fire
incendiu de coroan – crown-fire
incendiu de p dure – forest-fire
incendiu de sol – ground-fire
incendiu de suprafa – surface-fire
incendiu generalizat – extended
inel anual – annual ring; annual layer
inel de creştere – growth ring

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 inspector silvic – forest inspector; forest master
Î - împ durire – afforestation
a înflori – to flower; to blossom; to bloom
a înfrunzi – to leaf
înghe – frost

L - lapovi – sleet
larice – European larch
l cr mioar – may-lily; lily of the valley
l star – sprout; shoot
lemn – wood; timber
lemn brut – raw wood
lemn de foc – firewood
lemn de foioase – broadleaved wood
lemn de r şinoase – coniferous wood
lemn pentru c rbuni – charcoal wood
lemn putred – rotten wood
lichen – lichen
liliac (zool.) – bat
liliac (bot.) – lilac
lup – wolf

M - margine de p dure – border

materie prim – raw material
m ceş – dog rose
m r p dure – crab tree
mesteac n – common birch
molid – spruce
mucegai – mould
mugure – bud
muşchi – moss
muşuroi – mole-hill

N - nev stuic – weasel

nisip – sand
nod – knot
nuc – walnut tree
nuia – rod
nurc – mink

O - ocol silvic – ranger-district

ogar – greyhound
omid – nun moth; gipsy moth; caterpillar

P - pagub , prejudiciu – damage

pas re de prad – bird of prey
paznic de p dure – auxiliary forest guard
p durar – forest ranger; forest guard
p dure – forest; wood(s); wodland
p dure de foioase – broad-leaved forest
p dure de r şinoase – coniferous forest; resinous forest
p durice – small wood; grove
p str v – trout

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 a p şuna – to graze; to pasture
pepinier silvic – nursery
pescar – fisher; fisherman
a pescui – to fish
piele de c prioar – roe-skin
piele de urs – bear-skin
pin – pine
plop – poplar
prepeli – quail
pup z – hoopoe

R - ramur – twig
ramur – antler
ran (coaj , lemn) – wound
ras – race
r d cin – root
r şin – resin
regn – kingdom
regn animal – animal kingdom
regn vegetal – vegetable kingdom
regulament de vân toare – hunting-regulation
reîmp durire – reforestation; reafforesting
a reînfrunzi – to put forth again
repopularea p durii – restocking
rezerva ie cinegetic – game-reserve
rezerva ie faunistic – game and bird sanctuary
rezerva ie floristic – plant and tree sanctuary
rezerva ie piscicol – fishery-reserve
râm – earth-worm
râs – lynx
rou – dew

S - salcie – willow
s mân – seed
scoar – coarse bark
ser – greenhouse
sev – sap
silvicultor – forester; silviculturist (sens restrâns)
sâmbure – pip; stone
soc – elder berry
sol – soil
sol argilos – clay soil
sol brun – brown earth
sol brun de p dure
sol ml ştinos – marshy soil
sol nisipos – sandy soil
sol pietros – stony soil
sol profund – deep soil
sol salin – saline soil
specie – species
spin – thorny

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 stagiar silvic – forest probationer
stejar – oak

Ş - şcoal superioar de silvicultur – forest-college; high forest-highschool

şef de echip – foreman
şef de ocol silvic – range-officer
şoarece de p dure – woodmouse
şoim – falcon

T - tax – duty
t iere – felling; cutting
tei – lime
tis – yew-tree
topirea z pezii – melting of snow
topor – axe
tratarea semin elor – treatment of seed
trunchi – stem
tuf riş – brushwood
tuie – American arbor vitae; northern white cedar
tulpin – stalk; leading-stem
turb – peat; turf
turb rie – peatland
turturic – turtle dove

- arc – enclosure; sheepfold

eav – pipe
ân ari – mosquitos

U - ulm de câmp – common elm; field elm

ulm de munte – witch elm; mountain elm
umed – moist
undi – angle
unealt silvic – forest tool
urs – bear
ursoaic – she-bear
urzic – nettle
a usca – to dry; to season

V - vale – valley
venit – income; revenue
viespi – wasps
viezure – badger
viscol – snowstorm
a vâna – to chase
vân toare – hunting
vân tor – hunter; huntsman
vârst – age
vârst medie – average age; mean age
vâsc – mistletoe
vulpe – fox

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Z - z pad – snow
ziua arborelui – tree-planting
zâmbru – Swiss stone pine; alpine stone pine; cembran pine
zmeur - raspberry

- 115 -
 BIBLIOGRAFIE SELECTIV

1. B descu, A. (1966) Gramatica limbii engleze, Ed. Ştiin ific , Bucureşti

2. Emmerson, P. (2002) Business Grammar Builder, Macmillan
3. Gruia, G. (2000) English Grammar and Lexical Exercises, Grupus
4. Morovec-Ocampo, A.; Farrugia, A. (2002) Limba engleză: gramatica de bază cu
exerciţii, Teora, Bucureşti
5. Palmer, F. R. (1965) A Linguistic Study of the English Verb, London
6. Ur, P. (1996) A Course in Language Teaching, Cambridge University Press
7. Vereş, G.; Cehan, A.; Andriescu, I. (1996) A Student’s Companion to English
Grammar, Ed. Universit ii “Alexandru Ioan Cuza”, Iaşi

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